Supplementary Materials A
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SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS A
This document lists the items of all scales that were used in the analyses.
Language Stimulation
1. Mother teaches the child simple manners (please, thank you, I’m sorry). [Yes/No]
2. Mother encourages the child to talk and listened to his/her speech. [Yes/No]
3. The child is permitted choice among what was offered for breakfast or lunch (e.g., ‘I
want to eat jam–bread for the breakfast’). [Yes/No]
4. Mother uses correct grammar and pronunciation. [Yes/No]
5. Mother’s voice conveys positive feelings about the child. [Yes/No]
6. Mother uses a sophisticated sentence structure and vocabulary. [Yes/No]
7. Mother corrects the child’s incomplete sentences with a positive approach (without anger
and sarcasm). [Yes/No]
8. (Maternal report) How frequently do you or someone from the family reads a book to
your child? [Everyday; a few times a week; once a week; less than once a week; never;
family not literate]
Availability of Learning materials
1. Child has toys that teach colors, sizes, and shapes. [Yes/No]
2. Child has at least one jigsaw puzzle. [Yes/No]
3. Child has a tape or a CD player and at least two children’s tapes or CDs. [Yes/No]
4. Child has toys (e.g., blocks, legos, Play-doh) that support creativity. [Yes/No] 2
5. Child has toys requiring fine motor coordination (e.g., beads, small blocks, play clothing
for dolls). [Yes/No]
6. Child has toys that help teach numbers. [Yes/No]
7. Child has at least three children’s books. [Yes/No]
8. At least 10 books are visible in the home. [Yes/No]
9. Child has color pencils, chalk, or markers. [Yes/No]
10. Child has a real or a toy musical instrument. [Yes/No]
11. (Maternal report) Do you buy and read a newspaper or a magazine at least once a week?
[We buy and I read; we buy but I do not read; we do not buy; mother not literate]
12. (Maternal report) Do you help your child learn basic shapes such as a square, a triangle,
and a circle? [Yes, whenever I have an opportunity; yes, every now and then; no, I do not
bother]
Maternal Warmth and Responsiveness
All items were rated Yes/No.
1. Mother held the child close for at least 5 minutes during the visit.
2. Mother conversed with the child at least twice during the visit.
3. Mother answers the child’s questions or requests verbally.
4. Mother generally responds verbally to the child’s speech.
5. Mother caressed, kissed, cuddled or hugged the child at least once during the visit.
6. Mother helped the child demonstrate his/her achievements (e.g., eating his/her meal
alone, carrying his/her own things) during the visit.
7. Mother introduced the interviewer to the child. 3
8. The child’s artwork is displayed in the house.
Support for Child Care from the Neighbors and Extended Family
All items had the following response options: Very true, true, not sure, false, completely false.
1. When I need to go to somewhere, I can ask someone in our neighborhood
to take care of my children.
2. When my child has a problem, I can share it with someone in my
neighborhood.
3. When I have a problem, my neighbors lend a hand to me.
4. Someone in my neighborhood helps me when I am sick.
5. Someone from the family will come when I need help.
6. Someone from the family really tries to lend a hand to me.
7. I can get support someone from the family when I am upset.
Frequency of Depressive Symptoms During the Last Week
All items had the following response options: Never, a little, somewhat, quite, a lot.
1. Thoughts of ending your life.
2. Feeling of loneliness.
3. Feeling melancholic / sad.
4. Not to be interested in anything.
5. Feelings of hopelessness about the future.
6. Feelings of worthlessness / seeing yourself as worthless. 4
Quality of the Physical Environment
All items were rated Yes/No.
1. The building seems safe.
2. The playground outside seems safe.
3. Inside of the apartment is dark or dreary.
4. The environment seems aesthetically pleasing.
5. There is at least 10 square meters of space per person in the home.
6. The home is reasonably clean and there is nothing that may endanger the health of a child such as excess humidity, mold, insects, extreme hot or cold.
7. The mess is at an acceptable level (no piles of dirty dishes, dirty laundry, left over foods).