<p> 1</p><p>SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS A</p><p>This document lists the items of all scales that were used in the analyses.</p><p>Language Stimulation</p><p>1. Mother teaches the child simple manners (please, thank you, I’m sorry). [Yes/No]</p><p>2. Mother encourages the child to talk and listened to his/her speech. [Yes/No]</p><p>3. The child is permitted choice among what was offered for breakfast or lunch (e.g., ‘I </p><p> want to eat jam–bread for the breakfast’). [Yes/No]</p><p>4. Mother uses correct grammar and pronunciation. [Yes/No]</p><p>5. Mother’s voice conveys positive feelings about the child. [Yes/No]</p><p>6. Mother uses a sophisticated sentence structure and vocabulary. [Yes/No]</p><p>7. Mother corrects the child’s incomplete sentences with a positive approach (without anger </p><p> and sarcasm). [Yes/No]</p><p>8. (Maternal report) How frequently do you or someone from the family reads a book to </p><p> your child? [Everyday; a few times a week; once a week; less than once a week; never; </p><p> family not literate]</p><p>Availability of Learning materials</p><p>1. Child has toys that teach colors, sizes, and shapes. [Yes/No]</p><p>2. Child has at least one jigsaw puzzle. [Yes/No]</p><p>3. Child has a tape or a CD player and at least two children’s tapes or CDs. [Yes/No]</p><p>4. Child has toys (e.g., blocks, legos, Play-doh) that support creativity. [Yes/No] 2</p><p>5. Child has toys requiring fine motor coordination (e.g., beads, small blocks, play clothing </p><p> for dolls). [Yes/No]</p><p>6. Child has toys that help teach numbers. [Yes/No]</p><p>7. Child has at least three children’s books. [Yes/No]</p><p>8. At least 10 books are visible in the home. [Yes/No]</p><p>9. Child has color pencils, chalk, or markers. [Yes/No]</p><p>10. Child has a real or a toy musical instrument. [Yes/No]</p><p>11. (Maternal report) Do you buy and read a newspaper or a magazine at least once a week? </p><p>[We buy and I read; we buy but I do not read; we do not buy; mother not literate]</p><p>12. (Maternal report) Do you help your child learn basic shapes such as a square, a triangle, </p><p> and a circle? [Yes, whenever I have an opportunity; yes, every now and then; no, I do not </p><p> bother]</p><p>Maternal Warmth and Responsiveness</p><p>All items were rated Yes/No.</p><p>1. Mother held the child close for at least 5 minutes during the visit. </p><p>2. Mother conversed with the child at least twice during the visit. </p><p>3. Mother answers the child’s questions or requests verbally. </p><p>4. Mother generally responds verbally to the child’s speech. </p><p>5. Mother caressed, kissed, cuddled or hugged the child at least once during the visit.</p><p>6. Mother helped the child demonstrate his/her achievements (e.g., eating his/her meal </p><p> alone, carrying his/her own things) during the visit. </p><p>7. Mother introduced the interviewer to the child. 3</p><p>8. The child’s artwork is displayed in the house. </p><p>Support for Child Care from the Neighbors and Extended Family</p><p>All items had the following response options: Very true, true, not sure, false, completely false.</p><p>1. When I need to go to somewhere, I can ask someone in our neighborhood </p><p> to take care of my children. </p><p>2. When my child has a problem, I can share it with someone in my </p><p> neighborhood. </p><p>3. When I have a problem, my neighbors lend a hand to me.</p><p>4. Someone in my neighborhood helps me when I am sick.</p><p>5. Someone from the family will come when I need help.</p><p>6. Someone from the family really tries to lend a hand to me.</p><p>7. I can get support someone from the family when I am upset.</p><p>Frequency of Depressive Symptoms During the Last Week</p><p>All items had the following response options: Never, a little, somewhat, quite, a lot.</p><p>1. Thoughts of ending your life.</p><p>2. Feeling of loneliness. </p><p>3. Feeling melancholic / sad.</p><p>4. Not to be interested in anything. </p><p>5. Feelings of hopelessness about the future. </p><p>6. Feelings of worthlessness / seeing yourself as worthless. 4</p><p>Quality of the Physical Environment</p><p>All items were rated Yes/No.</p><p>1. The building seems safe.</p><p>2. The playground outside seems safe.</p><p>3. Inside of the apartment is dark or dreary. </p><p>4. The environment seems aesthetically pleasing. </p><p>5. There is at least 10 square meters of space per person in the home.</p><p>6. The home is reasonably clean and there is nothing that may endanger the health of a child such as excess humidity, mold, insects, extreme hot or cold. </p><p>7. The mess is at an acceptable level (no piles of dirty dishes, dirty laundry, left over foods). </p>