Chapter 1: What Is Biology
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Biology EOC Review What is Biology?______Biochemistry Isotopes: 9 Characteristics of Living Things: A______M______Bonding (2 types) A______R______ Ionic: A______R______ Covalent: G______U______H______Water (H2O): Diagram: Steps of the Scientific Method: Polar covalent compound 1. ______5. ______ Hydrogen bonding 2. ______6. ______ Most cells have ~70% water 3. ______7. ______4. ______8. ______Chemical Equations (Reactions) Hydrolysis: breaking down substances Hypothesis: Condensation: building substances o Also called a dehydration synthesis Experiment: pH & pH scale Control group: Experimental group: o Independent variable:______o Dependent variable:______
Theory:
Safety in the Lab:
More acidic = more H+ ions in solution More basic= less H+ ions in solution Organic Molecules: backbone of life Contain the element ______ 4 types of organic compounds 1. Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) Building blocks: Monosaccharides vs .Polysaccharides Functions:______ Ex: sugars, starches 2. Lipids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO) Building blocks: 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule 4. Nucleic Acids Functions:______ Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, Examples: phosphorous (CHNOP) 3. Proteins Building blocks: nucleotides Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, (CHNO) Function:______ Building blocks: amino acids Examples: Functions:______ Examples: Enzymes . Acts as a ______and ______Microscopes . Acts as a ______to speed up chemical Light microscope: simple or compound reactions by lowering the activation energy o What can it view? ______ Electron microscope: transmission or scanning o What can it view? ______ Field of view: high power (view smaller things) or low power (view bigger things) Total magnification: eye lens x objective lens
Cells Robert Hooke: ______ Schleiden and Schwann: ______1. All living organisms are made up of _____ 2. All cells come from cells that ______3. ______are the basic unit of structure and function of Nucleus The Boss all living things Endoplasmic Carries food, nutrients, proteins reticulum throughout cell Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells Mitochondria Powerhouse Golgi body Ribosomes Vacuole Lysosomes Destroys old worn out cells and/or organelles Cell wall Support Center Levels of organization: Chloroplast Green Sugar Shack Cell membrane Eukaryotic Cells: 1. Structure Plant cells vs. Animal cells
2. Lipid bilayer with proteins Hydrophobic: ______ Hydrophilic: ______
Cell Transport (2 Types) 2..1. Passive Transport (goes with the concentration gradient: High Low) Diffusion: ______ Cell specialization: ______ Facilitated diffusion: ______ Osmosis: ______Organelles: Function Nickname Cell Bouncer membrane Cytoplasm Holds organelles in place White light: ROYGBIV o Most light for photosynthesis is from red, blue, and violet part of spectrum
o Hypertonic solution:______o Hypotonic solution: ______o Isotonic solution: ______
2. Active Transport (goes against the concentration gradient: LowHigh) Uses ______ Transports larger substances Endocytosis: Exocytosis Energy in Cells, Photosynthesis, Cell Chemosynthesis: makes food using chemicals (no Respiration light) ATP: energy molecule of a cell Autotrophs: ______o Adenosine Triphosphate Heterotrophs: ______o Diagram: Cell respiration: o Chemical energy Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 o In plant and animal cells o Light energy o C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP o In plant cells only o 1st step: Glycolysis in the cytoplasm (makes 2 o Building reaction makes food (sugar) ATP) o Takes place in chlorophyll (chloroplasts) o 2 reactions: ______(light reactions) ______(dark reactions or Calvin Cycle) Total = _____ ATP . 2 types of cell division: Mitosis . 1 division . Somatic (body) cells . Daughter cells identical to parent . 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) . 1 2 identical cells . 2n 2n
Structure of a chromosome:
Cell Growth and Reproduction . Steps of Mitosis: PMAT (asexual reproduction) . Limits to cell size: o Diffusion not efficient over long distances o Surface area to volume ratio o DNA cannot make enough proteins for big cell . Cell cycle: Interphase, PMAT, Cytokinesis . Human chromosomes: o 2n= ______which = ______o Somatic (body cells): ______o n = ______which = ______o Gametes (sex cells): ______. Steps of meiosis: Meiosis I and II Diagram: o Sexual reproduction o PMAT I and II o Egg + sperm = zygote (fertilized egg)
DNA . DNA: ______ Where does this happen? ______. RNA: ______ 2 steps: . Watson and Crick: ______o Transcription . Shape of DNA: ______. Where does it happen? ______. What is made? ______. 4 nitrogen bases: o Translation o Adenine-A . Where does it happen? ______o Thymine-T . What is made? ______o Guanine-G o Cytosine-C Codon:______
DNA Replication: What happens?
How does it happen?
When does it happen?
Result: ½ ______and ½ ______DNA RNA 3 Types of RNA: Name: Messenger RNA: carries DNA’s instructions out of the ______to the ______Sugar: Ribosomal RNA: ______ Transfer RNA: ______Shape: Genetics Location in cell: . Gregor Mendel: pea plants o 3 laws (principles) . Dominance Nitrogen bases: . Segregation . Independent assortment Protein Synthesis: Making ______. Genotypes: o Chain of ______o TT: homozygous dominant o Ex: tall plant is its genotype TT or Tt? o Tt: heterozygous Cross the tall plant with a short plant (tt) to find o tt: homozygous recessive out If all offspring are tall, the genotype is ___ . Homozygous: ______ If offspring are tall and short, the genotype is Tt . Heterozygous: ______Incomplete dominance: ______ Ex: red + white = pink . Crosses (Punnett Squares) Ex: cat with no tail + cat with long tail = cat with short tail o Monohybrid cross (_____trait) . Ex: Tt x Tt Codominance:______ Ex: black chicken + white chicken = speckled or checkered chicken Ex: red cows + white cows= roan cows (red and white patches)
Sex-linked (X-linked) disorders: found on ______ Hemophilia: ______ Red-green colorblindness: ______ Why does this mostly affect males? ______
o Dihybrid cross (_____traits) Pedigrees: map ______. Ex: TtBb x TtBb TB Tb tB tb : ______: ______TB TTBB TTBb TtBB TtBb Tb Normal: tB Carrier: tb Has trait: Phenotypic ratio: ______Married:
. Test Cross Has children: o Done to determine the genotype of a parent 23 pairs of chromosomes Karyotype: picture of ______o 22 pair are ______ Can detect aneuploidies (wrong # of chromosomes) o 1 pair are ______o Ex: Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Genetic disorders: a lot are recessive o Caused by nondisjunction: ______o PKU: ______o Sickle-cell anemia: ______o Cystic fibrosis: ______o Tay-Sachs: ______ Dominant genetic disorder: ______
Mutations: Point mutation: 1 base pair is affected o Ex: substitution Abnormal Frameshift mutation: 1 base pair is ______or Normal ______ Chromosomal mutations o Addition, deletion, insertion, inversion o Whole parts of ______involved Polygenic traits: ______
Multiple alleles:______ Blood typing (3 alleles: IA,IB, and i) o Charles Drew: ______Blood Type Genotypes Blood Type Phenotypes
Gene Mapping: Human Genome Project . Cloning: ______. Transgenic organism: ______Human Heredity o Ex: Gene Therapy: used to treat genetic disorders (changing DNA)
Gel Electrophoresis: DNA is cut into different sized fragments . Apply an electric current to move DNA fragments o Smaller fragments move ______
Early Earth Earth’s history: 4 eras: ______Recombinant DNA: used to ______ Types of fossils from the fossil record: ______
Origin of Life: Alexander Oparin: ______“primordial soup” Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation): ______ Biogenesis: ______. Francesco Redi: ______. Louis Pasteur: ______. Their experiments disproved abiogenesis DNA Fingerprinting: comparing DNA Miller and Urey: recreated conditions of early earth Used to identify individuals (suspects, paternity) in a lab to see if they could produce the believed st Who has exact DNA? ______1 organic molecules Whodunit? o Ex: dolphin and a shark Divergent evolution: from a common ancestor o Adaptive radiation
Classification/Taxonomy
How organisms are classified Aristotle: plant or animal Evolution Linnaeus: modern system binomial nomenclature o Scientific names are in Latin o 1st name: ______2nd name: ______Evolution means: ______o Humans: ______Charles Darwin Wrote ______ 6 Kingdoms: Natural selection (visited Galapagos Islands) ______o Studied finches and tortoises ______o “Survival of the Fittest” ______. The best adapted will survive and reproduce Evidence for Evolution: K: ______(Largest) Fossil record P: ______C: ______Vestigial structures O: ______F: ______Comparative embryology G: ______S: ______(most specific) Biochemistry
Homologous structures Dichotomous Key: way to identify and classify an organism by using ______
Patterns of Evolution: Bacteria and Viruses Convergent evolution: NOT related but look alike Viruses: Structure: o Outer protein coat (______) and an inner core of DNA or RNA NONLIVING Can only reproduce in a ______Now in 2 groups: 2 life cycles: short (______) and long (______) Viral replication kills host cell in the process o How do you treat a virus? ______
Bacteriophage Retrovirus Alexander Fleming (1928) o Discovered penicillin (1st antibiotic) from bread mold . How it kills: ______ Good bacteria: found in ______and ______ Bad bacteria: called ______
Bacteria: Protists and Fungi Prokaryotes or eukaryotes? ______Protists: Structure: Prokaryotes or eukaryotes? ______3 shapes: o Protozoans: ______. Coccus: ______ Algae: ______. Bacillus: ______o Carry out ______. Spirilla: ______ Decomposers: ______
o 3 arrangements: Fungi: . Diplo-: ______ Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeast), and . Strepto-: ______heterotrophs . Staphylo-: ______ Cell walls made of ______ Zygomycotes: produce ______o Ex: ______ Ascomycotes: produce ______in an Nonvascular ______(example: mosses) ______ Vascular ______, ______, and o Ex: ______ Basidiomycotes: produce ______in a . Has xylem (carries ______) and phloem ______(carries ______) o Ex: ______ Deuteromycotes are called ______fungi Monocots vs. Dicots: o Ex: ______# of seed Veins in Vascular Flower leaves leaves bundles parts Importance: are decomposers, aid in alcoholic Monocot fermentation, make foods Can be harmful: can act as parasite on plants and animals, can be poisonous, can cause disease Dicot Plants
Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs Plant hormones: ______ 3 main structures: Auxins: ______o Roots: ______ Gibberellins: ______o Stems: ______ Cytokinins: ______o Leaves: ______Plant reproduction Cell walls made of ______ Male parts: ______ Stomata (stoma): ______ Female parts: ______ Guard cells: ______ Pollination: ______ Fertilization: ______+ ______= ______ Germination: ______
Vascular vs. Nonvascular plants Coelenterates (Cnidarians) Mollusca: Univalves
Mollusca: Bivalves
Mollusca: Cephalopods
Annelids
Platyhelminthes
Nematodes
Arthropods: Arachnids
Arthropods: Insects
Plant Tropisms: Arthropods: Myriapods Hydrotropism: ______Arthropods: Phototropism: ______Crustaceans Geo/gravitropism: ______ Thigmotropism: ______Echinoderms Animals INVERTABRATE ANIMAL Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs Type: Characteristics: Examples: Invertebrates: ______Covering: Vertebrates: ______Fish Warm or cold-blooded? Do they have a cell wall? ______Internal or external fertilization? How are eggs laid? Phylum Examples Limbs: Porifera Covering: o Habituation: ______Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external o Dominance hierarchy: ______Amphibians fertilization? o Circadian rhythm: ______How are eggs laid? Limbs: o Nocturnal: ______Covering: o Diurnal: ______Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external o Hibernation: ______Reptiles fertilization? How are eggs laid? o Estivation: ______Limbs: o Courtship: ______Covering: Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external Birds fertilization? Human Body How are eggs laid? All body systems make work together to maintain Limbs: ______. (the body uses positive and negative Covering: feedback systems) Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external Mammals fertilization? How are eggs laid? Limbs: VERTABRATE ANIMALS
Body System Structures Function Behavior: ______ Innate behavior: ______Integumentary Protection Learned behavior: ______Arteries, veins, Circulatory capillaries, RBC o Imprinting: ______o Conditioning: ______Lungs. Trachea, bronchi, Respiratory bronchioles, nose, pharynx Mouth, esophagus, Digestive small/large intestines, pancreas, liver, gall bladder Storage and Urinary/Excretory excretion of urine
Protection and Skeletal support. Movement.
Movement Carbon cycle: Muscular Support Problems with the carbon cycle: White blood cells, Immune antibodies
Transmit & receive Nervous messages to/from body Male (testes) Reproductive Female (ovaries) pituitary, thyroid, Endocrine adrenals, pancreas Nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen gas cannot be used by plants . Must be converted into a usable form (______) done by bacteria
Ecology: The study of ______Ecology 3 parts to the biosphere: ______Water cycle: Biotic vs. abiotic factors: Problems with the water cycle: o Biotic: ______o Abiotic: ______Levels of organization: species population community ecosystem biome
Habitat: ______ Niche: ______ Predator: ______ Prey: who is being hunted and eaten . Ultimate source of energy is the SUN!! . Only 10% of energy gets passed on
Symbiosis: Close relationship between 2 organisms Succession Mutualism: ______ Change in the environment over time (occurs in Parasitism: ______) Commensalism: ______ Primary succession: starts with bare land o Pioneer species: ______
Getting energy: Secondary succession: starts with some life but has been Producers: ______disrupted o Examples: Climax community: ______ Carrying capacity: population has reached the ______it can support Consumers: ______oHerbivores:
oCarnivores: J-Curve: S-Curve: oOmnivores:
oScavengers:
oDecomposers:
Biomes: based on ______ Terrestrial or aquatic Examples: tundra, desert, grassland, tropical rainforest… etc.
Food chain: ______Example:
Food web: ______ Example: