<p> Biology EOC Review What is Biology?______Biochemistry Isotopes: 9 Characteristics of Living Things: A______M______Bonding (2 types) A______R______ Ionic: A______R______ Covalent: G______U______H______Water (H2O): Diagram: Steps of the Scientific Method:  Polar covalent compound 1. ______5. ______ Hydrogen bonding 2. ______6. ______ Most cells have ~70% water 3. ______7. ______4. ______8. ______Chemical Equations (Reactions)  Hydrolysis: breaking down substances Hypothesis:  Condensation: building substances o Also called a dehydration synthesis Experiment: pH & pH scale  Control group:  Experimental group: o Independent variable:______o Dependent variable:______</p><p>Theory:</p><p>Safety in the Lab:</p><p> More acidic = more H+ ions in solution  More basic= less H+ ions in solution Organic Molecules: backbone of life  Contain the element ______ 4 types of organic compounds 1. Carbohydrates  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)  Building blocks: Monosaccharides vs .Polysaccharides  Functions:______ Ex: sugars, starches 2. Lipids  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)  Building blocks: 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule 4. Nucleic Acids  Functions:______ Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,  Examples: phosphorous (CHNOP) 3. Proteins  Building blocks: nucleotides  Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, (CHNO)  Function:______ Building blocks: amino acids  Examples:  Functions:______ Examples: Enzymes . Acts as a ______and ______Microscopes . Acts as a ______to speed up chemical  Light microscope: simple or compound reactions by lowering the activation energy o What can it view? ______ Electron microscope: transmission or scanning o What can it view? ______ Field of view: high power (view smaller things) or low power (view bigger things)  Total magnification: eye lens x objective lens</p><p>Cells  Robert Hooke: ______ Schleiden and Schwann: ______1. All living organisms are made up of _____ 2. All cells come from cells that ______3. ______are the basic unit of structure and function of Nucleus The Boss all living things Endoplasmic Carries food, nutrients, proteins reticulum throughout cell  Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells Mitochondria Powerhouse Golgi body Ribosomes Vacuole Lysosomes Destroys old worn out cells and/or organelles Cell wall Support Center  Levels of organization: Chloroplast Green Sugar Shack  Cell membrane  Eukaryotic Cells: 1. Structure  Plant cells vs. Animal cells</p><p>2. Lipid bilayer with proteins  Hydrophobic: ______ Hydrophilic: ______</p><p>Cell Transport (2 Types) 2..1. Passive Transport (goes with the concentration gradient: High  Low)  Diffusion: ______ Cell specialization: ______ Facilitated diffusion: ______ Osmosis: ______Organelles: Function Nickname Cell Bouncer membrane Cytoplasm Holds organelles in place  White light: ROYGBIV o Most light for photosynthesis is from red, blue, and violet part of spectrum</p><p> o Hypertonic solution:______o Hypotonic solution: ______o Isotonic solution: ______</p><p>2. Active Transport (goes against the concentration gradient: LowHigh)  Uses ______ Transports larger substances Endocytosis: Exocytosis Energy in Cells, Photosynthesis, Cell  Chemosynthesis: makes food using chemicals (no Respiration light)  ATP: energy molecule of a cell  Autotrophs: ______o Adenosine Triphosphate  Heterotrophs: ______o Diagram:  Cell respiration: o Chemical energy  Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2 o In plant and animal cells o Light energy o C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP o In plant cells only o 1st step: Glycolysis  in the cytoplasm (makes 2 o Building reaction  makes food (sugar) ATP) o Takes place in chlorophyll (chloroplasts) o 2 reactions:  ______(light reactions)  ______(dark reactions or Calvin Cycle) Total = _____ ATP . 2 types of cell division: Mitosis . 1 division . Somatic (body) cells . Daughter cells identical to parent . 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) . 1  2 identical cells . 2n  2n</p><p>Structure of a chromosome:</p><p>Cell Growth and Reproduction . Steps of Mitosis: PMAT (asexual reproduction) . Limits to cell size: o Diffusion not efficient over long distances o Surface area to volume ratio o DNA cannot make enough proteins for big cell . Cell cycle: Interphase, PMAT, Cytokinesis . Human chromosomes: o 2n= ______which = ______o Somatic (body cells): ______o n = ______which = ______o Gametes (sex cells): ______. Steps of meiosis: Meiosis I and II Diagram: o Sexual reproduction o PMAT I and II o Egg + sperm = zygote (fertilized egg)</p><p>DNA . DNA: ______ Where does this happen? ______. RNA: ______ 2 steps: . Watson and Crick: ______o Transcription . Shape of DNA: ______. Where does it happen? ______. What is made? ______. 4 nitrogen bases: o Translation o Adenine-A . Where does it happen? ______o Thymine-T . What is made? ______o Guanine-G o Cytosine-C Codon:______</p><p>DNA Replication:  What happens?</p><p> How does it happen?</p><p> When does it happen?</p><p> Result: ½ ______and ½ ______DNA RNA 3 Types of RNA: Name:  Messenger RNA: carries DNA’s instructions out of the ______to the ______Sugar:  Ribosomal RNA: ______ Transfer RNA: ______Shape: Genetics Location in cell: . Gregor Mendel: pea plants o 3 laws (principles) . Dominance Nitrogen bases: . Segregation . Independent assortment Protein Synthesis:  Making ______. Genotypes: o Chain of ______o TT: homozygous dominant o Ex: tall plant  is its genotype TT or Tt? o Tt: heterozygous  Cross the tall plant with a short plant (tt) to find o tt: homozygous recessive out  If all offspring are tall, the genotype is ___ . Homozygous: ______ If offspring are tall and short, the genotype is Tt . Heterozygous: ______Incomplete dominance: ______ Ex: red + white = pink . Crosses (Punnett Squares)  Ex: cat with no tail + cat with long tail = cat with short tail o Monohybrid cross (_____trait) . Ex: Tt x Tt Codominance:______ Ex: black chicken + white chicken = speckled or checkered chicken  Ex: red cows + white cows= roan cows (red and white patches)</p><p>Sex-linked (X-linked) disorders: found on ______ Hemophilia: ______ Red-green colorblindness: ______ Why does this mostly affect males? ______</p><p> o Dihybrid cross (_____traits) Pedigrees: map ______. Ex: TtBb x TtBb TB Tb tB tb : ______: ______TB TTBB TTBb TtBB TtBb Tb Normal: tB Carrier: tb Has trait: Phenotypic ratio: ______Married:</p><p>. Test Cross Has children: o Done to determine the genotype of a parent  23 pairs of chromosomes Karyotype: picture of ______o 22 pair are ______ Can detect aneuploidies (wrong # of chromosomes) o 1 pair are ______o Ex: Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21)  Genetic disorders: a lot are recessive o Caused by nondisjunction: ______o PKU: ______o Sickle-cell anemia: ______o Cystic fibrosis: ______o Tay-Sachs: ______ Dominant genetic disorder: ______</p><p>Mutations:  Point mutation: 1 base pair is affected o Ex: substitution Abnormal  Frameshift mutation: 1 base pair is ______or Normal ______ Chromosomal mutations o Addition, deletion, insertion, inversion o Whole parts of ______involved Polygenic traits: ______</p><p>Multiple alleles:______ Blood typing (3 alleles: IA,IB, and i) o Charles Drew: ______Blood Type Genotypes Blood Type Phenotypes</p><p>Gene Mapping: Human Genome Project . Cloning: ______. Transgenic organism: ______Human Heredity o Ex: Gene Therapy: used to treat genetic disorders (changing DNA)</p><p>Gel Electrophoresis: DNA is cut into different sized fragments . Apply an electric current to move DNA fragments o Smaller fragments move ______</p><p>Early Earth  Earth’s history: 4 eras: ______Recombinant DNA: used to ______ Types of fossils from the fossil record: ______</p><p>Origin of Life:  Alexander Oparin: ______“primordial soup”  Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation): ______ Biogenesis: ______. Francesco Redi: ______. Louis Pasteur: ______. Their experiments disproved abiogenesis DNA Fingerprinting: comparing DNA  Miller and Urey: recreated conditions of early earth  Used to identify individuals (suspects, paternity) in a lab to see if they could produce the believed st  Who has exact DNA? ______1 organic molecules Whodunit? o Ex: dolphin and a shark  Divergent evolution: from a common ancestor o Adaptive radiation</p><p>Classification/Taxonomy</p><p> How organisms are classified  Aristotle: plant or animal Evolution  Linnaeus: modern system  binomial nomenclature o Scientific names are in Latin o 1st name: ______2nd name: ______Evolution means: ______o Humans: ______Charles Darwin  Wrote ______ 6 Kingdoms:  Natural selection (visited Galapagos Islands) ______o Studied finches and tortoises ______o “Survival of the Fittest” ______. The best adapted will survive and reproduce Evidence for Evolution: K: ______(Largest) Fossil record P: ______C: ______Vestigial structures O: ______F: ______Comparative embryology G: ______S: ______(most specific) Biochemistry</p><p>Homologous structures Dichotomous Key: way to identify and classify an organism by using ______</p><p>Patterns of Evolution: Bacteria and Viruses  Convergent evolution: NOT related but look alike Viruses:  Structure: o Outer protein coat (______) and an inner core of DNA or RNA  NONLIVING  Can only reproduce in a ______Now in 2 groups:  2 life cycles: short (______) and long (______)  Viral replication  kills host cell in the process o How do you treat a virus? ______</p><p>Bacteriophage Retrovirus  Alexander Fleming (1928) o Discovered penicillin (1st antibiotic) from bread mold . How it kills: ______ Good bacteria: found in ______and ______ Bad bacteria: called ______</p><p>Bacteria: Protists and Fungi  Prokaryotes or eukaryotes? ______Protists:  Structure:  Prokaryotes or eukaryotes? ______3 shapes: o  Protozoans: ______. Coccus: ______ Algae: ______. Bacillus: ______o Carry out ______. Spirilla: ______ Decomposers: ______</p><p> o 3 arrangements: Fungi: . Diplo-: ______ Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeast), and . Strepto-: ______heterotrophs . Staphylo-: ______ Cell walls made of ______ Zygomycotes: produce ______o Ex: ______ Ascomycotes: produce ______in an  Nonvascular  ______(example: mosses) ______ Vascular  ______, ______, and o Ex: ______ Basidiomycotes: produce ______in a . Has xylem (carries ______) and phloem ______(carries ______) o Ex: ______ Deuteromycotes are called ______fungi Monocots vs. Dicots: o Ex: ______# of seed Veins in Vascular Flower leaves leaves bundles parts  Importance: are decomposers, aid in alcoholic Monocot fermentation, make foods  Can be harmful: can act as parasite on plants and animals, can be poisonous, can cause disease Dicot Plants</p><p> Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs Plant hormones: ______ 3 main structures:  Auxins: ______o Roots: ______ Gibberellins: ______o Stems: ______ Cytokinins: ______o Leaves: ______Plant reproduction  Cell walls made of ______ Male parts: ______ Stomata (stoma): ______ Female parts: ______ Guard cells: ______ Pollination: ______ Fertilization: ______+ ______= ______ Germination: ______</p><p>Vascular vs. Nonvascular plants Coelenterates (Cnidarians) Mollusca: Univalves</p><p>Mollusca: Bivalves</p><p>Mollusca: Cephalopods</p><p>Annelids</p><p>Platyhelminthes</p><p>Nematodes</p><p>Arthropods: Arachnids</p><p>Arthropods: Insects</p><p>Plant Tropisms: Arthropods: Myriapods  Hydrotropism: ______Arthropods:  Phototropism: ______Crustaceans  Geo/gravitropism: ______ Thigmotropism: ______Echinoderms Animals INVERTABRATE ANIMAL  Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs Type: Characteristics: Examples:  Invertebrates: ______Covering:  Vertebrates: ______Fish Warm or cold-blooded?  Do they have a cell wall? ______Internal or external fertilization? How are eggs laid? Phylum Examples Limbs: Porifera Covering: o Habituation: ______Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external o Dominance hierarchy: ______Amphibians fertilization? o Circadian rhythm: ______How are eggs laid? Limbs: o Nocturnal: ______Covering: o Diurnal: ______Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external o Hibernation: ______Reptiles fertilization? How are eggs laid? o Estivation: ______Limbs: o Courtship: ______Covering: Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external Birds fertilization? Human Body How are eggs laid? All body systems make work together to maintain Limbs: ______. (the body uses positive and negative Covering: feedback systems) Warm or cold-blooded? Internal or external Mammals fertilization? How are eggs laid? Limbs: VERTABRATE ANIMALS</p><p>Body System Structures Function Behavior: ______ Innate behavior: ______Integumentary Protection  Learned behavior: ______Arteries, veins, Circulatory capillaries, RBC o Imprinting: ______o Conditioning: ______Lungs. Trachea, bronchi, Respiratory bronchioles, nose, pharynx Mouth, esophagus, Digestive small/large intestines, pancreas, liver, gall bladder Storage and Urinary/Excretory excretion of urine</p><p>Protection and Skeletal support. Movement.</p><p>Movement Carbon cycle: Muscular Support  Problems with the carbon cycle: White blood cells, Immune antibodies</p><p>Transmit & receive Nervous messages to/from body Male (testes) Reproductive Female (ovaries) pituitary, thyroid, Endocrine adrenals, pancreas Nitrogen cycle:  Nitrogen gas cannot be used by plants . Must be converted into a usable form (______) done by bacteria</p><p>Ecology: The study of ______Ecology  3 parts to the biosphere: ______Water cycle:  Biotic vs. abiotic factors: Problems with the water cycle: o Biotic: ______o Abiotic: ______Levels of organization: species  population  community  ecosystem  biome</p><p> Habitat: ______ Niche: ______ Predator: ______ Prey: who is being hunted and eaten . Ultimate source of energy is the SUN!! . Only 10% of energy gets passed on</p><p>Symbiosis: Close relationship between 2 organisms Succession  Mutualism: ______ Change in the environment over time (occurs in  Parasitism: ______)  Commensalism: ______ Primary succession: starts with bare land o Pioneer species: ______</p><p>Getting energy:  Secondary succession: starts with some life but has been  Producers: ______disrupted o Examples:  Climax community: ______ Carrying capacity: population has reached the ______it can support  Consumers: ______oHerbivores:</p><p> oCarnivores: J-Curve: S-Curve: oOmnivores:</p><p> oScavengers:</p><p> oDecomposers: </p><p>Biomes: based on ______ Terrestrial or aquatic  Examples: tundra, desert, grassland, tropical rainforest… etc.</p><p>Food chain: ______Example:</p><p>Food web: ______ Example:</p>