Considerations of the Practices in Industrial/Commercial Settings As They Relate to the MDP

Industrial/Commercial Practices

Practices in Industrial/Commercial Practices used in my MDP Setting Research In an Industry/Commercial setting the Add your content here four main types of research would be practiced.  Descriptive Research: explains and describes the current situation, this may be carried out by interviews, surveys and analysis of data.  Historical Research: carried out to reconstruct events that happened in the past, this may be carried out by diaries, past records and autobiographies.  Experimental Research: is research that occurs as a result of planned experiments.  Operational Research: involves evaluating the performance of an operating system ie. The environmental impact as a result on a product.

In an Industry/Commercial setting the source research data collected can be divided into two sections. Primary and Secondary data. Primary data is research conducted first hand, ie. Interviews and surveys. Secondary data is data obtained as a result of other people’s research, ie. Mass media(newspapers, radio etc), published materials(textbooks and journals), other resources(Internet, diaries and photographs) Research can be classified as either quantitative research, or as Qualitative research. Quantitative research is research that Enter your content here gathers data that can be expressed in statistical or numerical form. Where as Qualitative research examines people's feelings about a particular issue or event. In an Industrial/Commercial setting testing and experimentation must be carried out. The basic experimental procedure includes:  Establishing the aim  Working out the most appropriate method  Conduct the experiment  Collating the results  Drawing a conclusion

Development In an Industrial/Commercial setting after the research has been conducted the industry would gain a statistical analysis, which involves classifying and interpreting numerical facts. These conclusions that are drawn from the statistics prove or disprove the hypothesis. In an Industrial setting the researcher needs to be constantly aware of where the data came from and what they hope to learn from it if they are to make valid conclusions. Once the research has been conducted, along with the testing and experimentation the interpretation and presentation of the data found has to be carried out. The interpretation of data should point out the significance of the information in relation to the research composed. This involves clarifying significant aspects, common elements, tendencies, trends, unexpected results and relationships between data. When presenting, the data should be presented in a way that is appropriate to the information, and the results should be clear and easy to read. Qualitative data is reported in text, with properly structured sentences etc. Quantitative data is usually reported in table, chart or graph format. These can include pie charts, histograms, and a range of graphs including pyramid, line, column, or bar and would be generated using computer spreadsheets. The ethics involved within the Industrial/Commercial setting would include:  Invasion of Privacy  Confidentiality  Misleading Information  Intellectual Property, including - patents - trademarks - designs - copyright - trade secrets Production Methods

Practices in Industrial/Commercial Practices in my MDP Setting In an Industrial Commercial setting the cost of tools and materials, Enter your content here availability of resources and market determines the Production methods used. There are three basic production methods:  Custom production – where a special order is placed and one or several people work on the product at a time  Batch production – when only a limited numbers of a product are wanted.  Mass production – producing goods in large quantities.

In an Industrial/Commercial setting the following methods may be used in conjunction with the other production techniques.  Flexible Manufacturing Systems – allow variations to the product design at the manufacturing stage, depending on customer requirements.  Just in Time – where a company produces and distributes only what consumers need, when they need it.

With production methods in an Industrial and Commercial setting comes Technology. Technologies used in Commercial settings are  Development of a market plan  Diversification of a product range.  Reducing the product range  Expansion of the organisation  Management restructuring  Enterprise Bargaining  On the Job Training Tools and Equipment

Practices in Industrial/Commercial Practices in my MDP Setting In an Industrial and Commercial setting designers and producers must Enter your content here be aware of the following regarding tools and equipment.  The must be aware of the range of tools and machines which can successfully complete the operation required.  The designer must have a basic understanding of how the tools and equipment work and what they can do so that a known tool or piece of equipment can do a specific task.  The producer must have an in depth understanding of all the tools and equipment used in the production process.

When selecting a tool or piece of equipment for a specific purpose they must be chosen on the basis of:  Suitability – will it do the job?  Skill Level – do I have the necessary skills?  Availability – are the tools and equipment readily available?  Cost – what is the cost of purchasing or hiring the tool or equipment  User Friendliness – are the tools and equipment easy to use?

The designer and producer must be aware of the quality of tools and equipment they are using, not only from the aspect of tool and equipment quality but also by the quality of work achieved by the use of the tool or piece of equipment. OH&S Issues

Practices in Industrial/Commercial Practices in my MDP Setting Hazards are anything that can potentially cause harm to anyone Enter your content here working within an organisation. To reduce injury due to hazards there are a set of guidelines called Risk Management. These guidelines are:  Identifying Hazards  Assessing the risks  Eliminating or controlling hazards  Ongoing monitoring and reviewing of hazards.

Hazards may be identified through various techniques such as:  Workplace inspections  Injury and incident investigation  Safety reviews  Day to day observations

In an Industrial/Commercial setting there are Legislative requirements; this refers to what must be done to satisfy the law. There are a multitude of Federal and State laws and regulations in relation to health and safety and there are penalties for organisations and individuals that are found guilty of breaching these laws.

The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 This Act aims to reduce the high level of workplace injury and to ensure employers consult with their employees to make certain the workplace is safe and without risk. The purpose of the OH&S Act is to protect employees and the general public but its primary aim is to protect the health, safety and welfare of people in the workplace environment. The Act aims to:  Ensure the health, safety and welfare of all employees  Protect other people at the workplace, such as visitors  Promote a working environment that suits employees’ physical and psychological needs.  Provide a framework of protection that uses regulations, codes of practice, standards and joint consultation.

In an Industrial setting Occupational Health and Safety work best when the principles of health and safety are incorporated into the organisation’s overall plans and strategies. This is achieved when both the employee and employer participate in the process.

In a Commercial setting some key organisations are:  The National OH&S Commission  Standards Australia International Limited.  NSW WorkCover Authority  The Worker’s Compensation Advisory Council of NSW  The OH&S Council of NSW  The National Safety Council of Australia.  The NSW Department of Fair Trading.  The Fair Trading Tribunal.

Management Structures

Practices in Industrial/Commercial Practices in my MDP Setting In an Industrial/Commercial setting 1. Planning management is a process that - Research and Development involves the planned use of resources (Investigate products, to achieve goals. It’s a process that production, consumer involves on going evaluation and may preferences and so on) be carried out by individuals or - Financial Analysis (Will it be groups of people. Management profitable? How will it be practices are used in commercial financed?) organisations to improve profits and - Sales Plan (Who, What and can be applied and can be applied to How?) any kind of organisation. - Resources (Human and Non The management process consists Human) mainly of the following activities. 2. Organising  Planning - Facilities (Offices,  Organising machinery, factory,  Implementing warehouse)  Evaluating - Personnel (Team approaches, training, recruit Within commercial and industrial specialised staff) settings there are many levels of - Buying (New materials, management. Organisations have facilities and equipment) either a vertical or horizontal - Services (Utilise financial management structure. This relates to institutions, maintenance, the span of control of the managers at security, recycling and each level. disposal of waste)  Vertical Structure - have more 3. Implementing levels of management and - Making (Aiming to meet communication is directed targets for quality, rate of downwards through these levels. production, costs, profits,  Horizontal Structure - have fewer working conditions and so levels of management with larger on) spans of control for mangers, this - Promotion (Information about tends to allow for greater the product and advertising) communication. - Distribution (Must be available quickly and in In a Commercial and Industrial setting sufficient supply to meet Project management may include the demand) following activities: 4. Evaluating - Considering and interpreting - Profit (Did it generate the plans (determining the sufficient profit?) most profitable and rational - Process (Was the process course of action) managed well?) - Determining the work - Product (How could it be activities (dividing the tasks improved?) either into division of labour

or project principle) - Classifying and grouping work activities (requires consideration of the tasks involved) - Assigning and delegating authority - Establishing the chain of command from the alternative approaches available.

In an Industrial and Commercial setting there are four main Management styles. Automatic leadership – Takes on all decisions, Requires that employees obey and follow all instructions and allows little opportunity for employees to use their initiative. Democratic leadership - Encourages ideas from employees and follows suggestions, Adjusts views to support a consensus. Collegiate/committee leadership – The manager does not use their position of authority to influence their decision, allows sufficient time for full consideration of all ideas and allows the group to reach a decision. Laissez-faire – Few limits are imposed, employees are basically free to function as they wish. Quality Control

Practices in Industrial/Commercial Practices in my MDP Setting In an Industrial and Commercial To maintain a constant high quality setting Quality control is an approach and improve the quality to management that aims to of performance of all continually improve the quality of aspects of the performance of all aspects of the processes in my Major processes, products and services of Design Project, I will an organisation. conduct the following Known as TQM (Total Quality procedures: Management) it emphasises team  To maintain quality in the burning activity, encourages pride in of the cd I will check and use all performance, and develops more aspects of approximately every informed and supportive managers & fifth production to check that the supervisors, which leads to a positive burning procedures are of a high workplace environment. standard. In a Commercial and Industrial setting  To maintain high quality of the poor quality control may be Cover and CD artwork I will check demonstrated through customer with the staff of the marketing returns and complaints, stops and company that markets my product delays in production process, ITE Services. excessive wastage of materials, poor  To maintain a high quality in the use of equipment, unproductive sales, Marketing pamphlets and Fliers, job dissatisfaction and increased the checking with the ITE Services employee absenteeism. Marketing manager and value An extension of this management their opinions. theory is Value Added Quality Control; it is based on the continual improvement, identification and elimination of waste and the creative involvement of all employees.

Marketing

Practices in Industrial/Commercial Practices in my MDP Setting A marketing plan is a series of My Major Design Project will be activities leading to the setting of marketed through ITE Services. marketing objectives and the formulation of plans for achieving This company is based on the Gold them. In a commercial setting a Coast and it produces and markets marketing plan may consist of the three product ranges of educational following steps: resources.  Mission statement or objectives The three product ranges are:  Financial summary or  TechSafe Occupational Health marketing audit and Safety Guides  Market overview  OnGuard Safety Training  SWOT analysis (Strengths, Programs Weakness, Opportunities  OzTutor Educational Resources. and Threats)  Assumptions The marketing strategies used to  Marketing objectives and promote my product will be strategies determined by ITE Services as part of  Identifying alternative plans a proposed business contract. and mixes  Evaluation, throughout the The elements of the marketing mix process and at the finish. that will relate to my product include:

In an Industrial setting a marketing  Product – From conclusive mix is the way in which marketing research there is only one elements are combined. The six product similar currently on the related elements of a marketing mix market. It does not offer the are: quality I am delivering.  Product – the customer  Position – The market is must want the product deliberately appealed to NSW  Position – the area of the High school students studying total market where the one, two or all three of the product will appeal courses featured in my product.  Packaging – will influence In reality almost every secondary the customer’s initial school in NSW would have reaction to the product students in this situation.  Price – If the price is to high  Price – ITE Services have the customer wont buy it. If suggested my product should be the price is too low the priced so that it is not much profit margin may not be dearer than a video cassette enough to sustain the presentation but has an annual business. renewal fee.  Promotion – informs the  Promotion – This will be via bulk potential customers about mail-outs, broad fax broadcasts the product and its benefits and specific client e-mailing by  Place – Efficient distribution ITE Services. of the product is essential.  Distribution of my product will be In an Industrial and Commercial managed by ITE Services as part setting there are four main terms to of their national marketing describe the different marketing strategy. variables.  Target market – group of My product is deliberately aimed at a people for whom the Niche market. product is specifically intended. This market is identified as schools in  Market segmentation – This NSW that offer Design and group represents a section Technology, Industrial Technology of the market not the whole and Visual Arts. market.  Niche market – This is a smaller market within a market segment that has particular characteristics that sets them apart from other groups.  Mass market – This market includes everyone, not just specific market.

In an Industrial/Commercial setting marketing does not take place in My product’s development has been isolation from the rest of the world. influenced by the development of These businesses need to spend time Technology and the way students working out how the environment will learn. effect sales etc. The marketing environment includes factors that may influence the development of products and may include such The Internet and the proliferation of factors as: computer based multimedia products  Suppliers of resources to has created a market place for be used products that use these technologies.  Marketing intermediaries  Competitors who produce My product can be produced, the same or similar marketed and distributed for a fraction products of the price of a text-based  Demographics (the publication. statistical study of human population)

 Social and Cultural forces  Political and legal forces  Technological developments  Ecological/environmental Financial Control Practices in Industrial/Commercial Practices on my MDP Setting In an Industrial and Commercial All of the budgetary constraints and setting the sound control of finances variables for my product I have is critical for the survival of any chosen to sign over to ITE Services. enterprise. Financial accounting involves analysing the financial ITE Services will control the following: position of a business by studying its  Sales budgets sales purchases, overheads and so  production budgets on.  Expense budgets Monthly statements of profit or loss  Capital Expenditure need to be assessed regularly to  Cash Budgets determine potential profitability. A budget is a financial plan for the My return will be 15% of the profit future. A budget includes a statement after above expenses. of anticipated results based on needs, historical spending patterns and operating expenses.

In a commercial setting there are many different types of budgets including:  Sales budgets – show the relationship between anticipated sales and profits.  Production budgets – predict the costs of production influenced by variables such as resources etc.  Expense budgets – are devised to anticipate the cost of particular components such as advertising etc.  Capital Expenditure budgets – are useful in predicting the costs of resources such as new machinery.  Cash budgets – show the flow of cash in and out of an organisation. Intellectual Property

Practices in Industrial/Commercial Practices in my MDP Setting In the Industrial and Commercial setting Intellectual Property refers to My product is a text and image based the property of the mind or intellect. product and as such is covered Intellectual Property is legally automatically by Australian Copyright protected and a designer must be Law. aware of this. ITE Services have appropriated the In the Industrial and Commercial necessary trademarks and registered setting protecting intellectual property designs for the marketing term is essential if research and OzTutor. development is to remain the property of the designer. It is a means to ensure that the financial gain from the design goes to the creator of the intellectual property.

In an Industrial/Commercial setting patents, trademarks, copyright, registered designs; circuit layouts and trade secrets are all classified as intellectual property.

In a Commercial and Industrial setting legal protection is granted by the following government agencies:  IP Australia administers patents, trademarks and design rights  Attorney General’s Department – administers the legislation for automatic rights to copyright and circuit layouts.

Patent – is a temporary (20 year) monopoly granted to a patentee by the government once an application is approved. Trademarks – differentiate the goods and services of one organisation from another. Copyright – protects written material, artistic work, music, dramatic works etc. Trade Secrets – are both a type of intellectual property and a strategy for protecting intellectual property.