MEMOIRE KADA RABAH Fatima Zohra Thème Etude Comparative

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MEMOIRE KADA RABAH Fatima Zohra Thème Etude Comparative République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique UNIVERSITE DE TLEMCEN Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Département d’Ecologie et Environnement Laboratoire d’Ecologie et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Naturels MEMOIRE Présentée KADA RABAH Fatima Zohra En vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de MASTER en ECOLOGIE VEGETALE ET ENVIRONNEMENT Thème Etude comparative des Fabacées de 1962 et actuellement dans la région de Tlemcen. Soutenue le 11-07-2017.devant le jury composé de : Président TABTI Nassima M.C.B Université de Tlemcen Encadreur STAMBOULI Hassiba M.C.A Université de Tlemcen Examinateur HASSANI Faïçal M.C.A Université de Tlemcen Année Universitaire : 2016 /2017 Remerciement Mes grands remerciements sont à notre Dieu qui m’a aidé et m’a donné le pouvoir, la patience et la volonté d’avoir réalisé ce modeste travail. me J’exprime ma profonde reconnaissance à M STAMBOULI- MEZIANE Hassiba – maître de conférences –, dont les conseilles et les critiquesm’ont été d’une grande aide, en suivant le déroulement de mon travail. Mr. HASSANI Faïçal; Maitre de conférence à l’Université Abou Bakr Belkaïd de Tlemcen, d’avoir accepté de juger ce travail et qu’il trouve ici toute ma sympathie. Mme TABTI Nassima ; Maître de conférences – d’avoir accepter de présider le jury de ce mémoire. Dédicaces Je dédie ce travail A mes très chérs parents qui m’on toujours soutenue malgré les difficultés du déroulement de ce travail. A mon frère : Mohammed. A mes sœurs : Wassila , Khadidja , Amina , et Marwa A Les enfants : Bouchra, Nardjesse, Meriem et Boumediene. A mes amies pour m’avoir soutenue, encouragée dans mes moments de doutes et de fatigue: Kanza , Asmae , Samia , Hanane , Meriem . A toute la famille KADARABAH et BENSAID. A tous qui j’aime et qui m’aiment, et ceux qui ont veillé de pré ou de loin à l’achèvement de ce travail. Fatima Zohra La liste des figures I La liste des tableaux II Résumé III INTRODUCTION GENERALE 1 CHAPITRE I : ANALYSE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE 3 1. Introduction 4 2. En ce qui concerne la méditerranée 5 3. En Afrique du nord 6 4. En ce concerne l’Algérie 7 5. La région du Tlemcen 7 6. Famille des fabacées 7 7. Description de l’appareil végétatif des Fabacées 8 8. La Formule florale des Fabacées 10 9. Digramme floral des fabacées 10 10. Systématiques des Fabacées 11 11. Répartition géographique des Fabacées 11 CHAPITRE II : MILIEU PHYSIQUE 14 1. Généralité 2. Situation géographique 15 3. Données géologiques 15 4. Géomorphologie 15 5. L’hydrologie 16 6. Aperçu pédologique 16 7 .Méthodologie 17 Choix des stations 17 La description des stations d’ études 17 Station (1) : Matorral de Zarifet 17 Station (2) : Sid Safi (Béni -Saf ) 18 CHAPITRE III : ETUDE BIOCLIMATIQUE 20 1. Introduction 21 2. Méthodologie 21 Choix des stations et de la durée 21 3. Les facteurs climatiques 21 La précipitation 22 Régime sasonière 24 Température 27 4. Synthèse bioclimatique 30 5. Conclusion 34 CHAPITRE V : ETUDE FLORISTIQUE ET PHYTODIVERSITE 44 1. Introduction 45 2. Les indices de la diversité 45 Indice de la richesse 47 Indice de MARGALEF 47 Indice de SIMPSON 55 Indice de SHANNON – WIENER 57 3. Type biogéographique 58 4. Types morphologiques 61 5. Types biogéographiques 6. Conclusion. 61 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES. 08 La liste des figures : Numéros Titre Pages Figure n°01 Digramme floral des fabacées 4 Figure n°02 Carte de répartition de la famille Fabacée dans le monde (Heywood, 1996). 7 Figure n°03 Carte de situation géographique des stations d’étude 8 Figure n°04 Un vue générale de la première station Zarrifet 9 Figure n°05 Un vue générale du 2émé station Sid –Safi (Béni –Saf ) 9 Figure n°06 Précipitations moyennes mensuelles durant les deux périodes(Zarrifet) 10 Figure n°07 Précipitation moyennes mensuelles durant les deux périodes (Sid –Safi) 13 Figure n°08 Variations saisonnières des précipitations des stations d’études 15 Figure n°09 Variations des températures moyennes mensuelles des stations d’études 16 Figure n°10 Diagramme ombrothermique de BAGNOULS ET GAUSSEN 17 Figure n°11 Le diagramme ombrothermique d’EMBERGER 17 Figure n°12 Les pourcentages des indices de diversité selon Quezel et Santa 1962 23 (Partie 01) Figure n°13 Les pourcentages des indices de diversité selon Quezel et Santa 1962 (Partie 26 02) Figure n°14 Les pourcentages des indices de diversité de Zarrifet (Partie 01) 28 Figure n°15 Les pourcentages des indices de diversité de Zarrifet (Partie 02) 31 Figure n°16 Les pourcentages des indices de diversité de Sid- Safi (Beni –Saf ) (Partie 33 01). Figure n°17 les pourcentages des indices de diversité de Sid- Safi (Beni –Saf) 40 (Partie 02) Figure n°18 Les types biologiques des fabacées de la région de Tlemcen (Quézel et 48 Santa en 1962-) Figure n°19 : Les types morphologiques des fabacées de la région de Tlemcen selon 56 (Quézel et Santa en 1962). Figure n°20 Les types biogéographiques des fabacées de la région de Tlemcen 56 ( Quézel et Santa en 1962) Figure n°21 Les types biologiques des fabacées au niveau de la station de Zarrifet 57 Figure n°22 Les types morphologiques des fabacées au niveau de la station de 59 Zarrifet Figure n°23 Les types biogéographiques des fabacées au niveau de la station de 59 Zarrifet Figure n°24 Les types biologiques des fabacées au niveau de la station de (Sid - 68 Safi -Beni –Saf ) Figure n°25 Les types morphologiques des fabacées au niveau de la station du 71 Sid –Safi ( Beni – Saf ) Figure n°26 L es types biogéographiques des fabacées au niveau de la station du 73 Sid –Safi (Beni – saf ) Figure n°27 Les types biologiques des fabacées de la de la zone d’étude. Figure n°28 Les types morphologiques des fabacées de la zone d’étude. 73 Figure n°29 Les types biogéographiques des fabacées de la zone d’étude. 74 La liste des tableaux : Tableau n°1 Les espèces des fabacées dans la région du Tlemcen selon Quézel et 5 Santa (1962). Tableau n°2 Données géographiques de 1 er station (Zarrifet) 21 Tableau n°3 Données géographiques de 2éme station 24 Tableau n°4 Précipitation moyenne mensuelle de deux périodes Zarrifet 29 Tableau n°5 Précipitation moyenne mensuelle de deux périodes (Sid –Safi) 29 Tableau n°6 Coefficient relatif saisonnier de Musset. 30 Tableau n°7 Températures moyennes mensuelles et annuelles de deux périodes 32 Tableau n°8 Moyenne des maxima du mois le plus chaud ‘’M’’ 34 Tableau n°9 Moyennes des minima du mois le plus froid ‘’m’’ 37 Tableau n°10 indices de continentalité de DEBRACH 37 Tableau n°11 Quotient pluviothermique d’Emberger Q 2 38 Tableau n°12 Indice d’aridité de DE.MARTONNE dans les stations d’études. 41 Tableau n°13 Les indices de diversité de la station Quezel et Santa 1962 46 Tableau n°14 Les indices de diversité de la station Zarrifet 48 Tableau n°15 Les indices de diversité de la station Sid –Safi (Beni –Saf) 51 Tableau n°16 Les indices de diversité de toutes les stations 57 Tableau n°17 Les Fabacées de la station de Zarrifet. 57 Tableau n°18 les Fabacées de la station de Sid Safi ( Beni –Saf ) 60 Tableau n°19 les Fabacées de la zone d’étude. 65 INTRODUCTION GENERALE Introduction Générale Introduction Générale : L’ensemble du bassin méditerranéen est aujourd’hui au cœur des préoccupations mondiales en termes de biologie de la conservation. Sachant qu’à l’instar des autres écosystèmes mondiaux, les écosystèmes méditerranéens sont les plus vulnérables (kadik, 2005). Cette zone est d’ailleurs considérée actuellement comme un des 34 points chauds de la planète (Médail et Myers, 2004). Mis à part les dernières grandes régions sauvages encore préservées telles que les forêts vierges équatoriales, la moitié du reste de la biodiversité mondiale se concentre au sein de « hotspots » (Myers, 2003). Toutes les zones à climat de type méditerranéen (Australie méridionale, région de Cap, Chili, Californie, Méditerranée), sont considérées comme des points chauds (Mittermeier et al. 2004). Ces hotspots sont caractérisés par leur richesse spécifique et leur taux d’endémisme (Myers, 1988 ; 1990) et par les menaces anthropiques grandissantes (Myers et al. 2000). Quezel P, (1976) souligne que les forêts méditerranéenne se rapportaient aux matorrals et se rencontrent aux étages aride et semi aride et recouvrant des vastes étendues. Les formations végétales sont représentées essentiellement par un matorral dégradé. La biodiversité végétale méditerranéenne est le produit d’une paléogéographie complexe et mouvementée, mais aussi d’une utilisation traditionnelle et harmonieuse du milieu par l’homme (Iboukassene, 2008). Cependant, depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, cet équilibre a été perturbé soit par la surexploitation, soit par la déprise, dont les résultats sans être identiques n’en sont pas moins dommageables du point de vue de la conservation des espèces et des habitats (Quezél et al. 1999). Selon Germain R., (1952) les influences anthropiques ne changent pas le fond floristique en lui-même, mais si elles les réduisent parfois ; elles se traduisent surtout par les apports des plantes rudérales, culturelles et nitrophiles, mais aussi par des plantes épineuses et/ou toxique, selon Bouazza M. et Benabadji, (2007). La région de Tlemcen se caractérise par un climat méditerranéen, avec un couvert végétal remarquable et qui présente un bon exemple d’étude ; et certainement une intéressante approche de la dynamique naturelle de ces écosystèmes. La biodiversité au niveau d'un paysage est donc la résultante des processus de perturbation, de succession et de l'organisation spatiale des gradients environnementaux qui en découle.
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