Chapter 6: Perception AP Psychology Test Mr. Mable – Tucker HS

General Directions: DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST. Record your objective answers on the Scantron provided and your essay on notebook paper.

1. When you open and close a door, the edge of the door closest to you (near the doorknob) appears longer than the opposite hinged edge. In fact the door appears to be a trapezoid rather than the rectangle that it really is. Although your retina receives a trapezoid image, your brain knows the door remains a rectangle. This is an example of:

a. perceptual constancy (shape) b. visual agnosia c. stereopsis d. motion after effect e. the phi phenomenon

2. Because the eyes are set about 4 inches apart, the retinal images formed on the two eyes are slightly different. This difference, known as ------, provides potent information for judging relative distance. The brain essentially receives “stereo” images and fuses them together, creating a particular and vivid form of depth perception called ------.

a. retinal dislocation; perceptual set b. binocular disparity; stereopsis c. monocular depth cues; optic fusion d. visual disparity; Gestalt e. binocular cues; retinal occlusion

3. Students like to draw stick figures on the edges of the pages in their books then flip through the pages quickly creating the illusion of motion. The stick figures appear to be moving. This is known as:

a. induced motion b. apparent motion c. motion parallax d. motion perspective

4. There is a unique kind of apparent motion created by still lights flashing rapidly in sequence. The lights appear to be moving in one direction. This is called:

a. movement illusion b. motion aftereffect c. induced motion d. phi phenomenon e. light illusion

5. According to the principle of ------, the visual system constructs our perception of a form or object on the basis of a relatively small collection of features such as width, edges, angles, lines and motion.

a. figure-ground distinction d. feature analysis b. ambiguous figure e. visual occlusion c. selective attention

Page 1 6. Restaurant signs are more noticed by hungry people than people who are not hungry. Our readiness to interpret stimuli in a specific way on the basis of our expectation, experience or psychological state is known as:

a. perceptual inclination b. perceptual set c. perceptual bias d. perceptual target e. perceptual predisposition

7. The ability to recognize distances from the observer to an object (absolute distance) and the distances between objects from the same observer (relative distance) is absolutely critical for:

a. depth perception b. monocular disparity c. motion parallax d. the moon illusion e. perceptual constancy

8. Suppose you are running on a treadmill for thirty minutes; then you step off back onto solid ground. You get a weird sensation of still moving forward or of the ground moving backward. This is called ------and is very analogous to the visual phenomenon known as ------.

a. motion aftereffect; afterimage b. motion constancy; occlusion c. motion parallax; stigmatism d. motion continuity; retinal disparity e. apparent motion; discrimination

9. The Gestalt principle of continuity reflects the brain’s tendency toward:

a. segmentation and individuation b. integration, discrimination and bias c. perceptual segmentation and regularity d. regularity, consistency and wholeness e. analysis, synthesis and divergence

10 – 13. Match the example with the correct Gestalt grouping principle. Word Bank is:

a. continuity c. proximity e. connectedness b. closure d. similarity

10. When members of a school’s marching band spell the school’s initials. 11. When a rooting section of fans suddenly flash different colored cards and the mascot of the school appears. 12. When one side of a rectangle is accidentally missing from a diagram but your mind still interprets the figure as a rectangle by filling in the missing side. 13. You are sitting on you front porch and have a clear view of you neighbor’s house across the street. A moving van pulls up and stops in the street between you and your neighbor’s house. You can see the left side of your neighbor’s house and the right side but the middle is covered up by the moving van. Although your retina records the house is missing a big chunk in the middle (due to the van blocking it out) your brain knows that the contours of the house continue behind the van even though you can’t see them.

Page 2 14. Distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone are called:

a. binocular cues b. monocular cues c. visual cues d. linear cues e. divergent cues

15. A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals would be the:

a. Ganzfeld Procedure b. Surrogate Mother c. Visual cliff d. Hawthorne Effect e. Skinner Box

16. ------can contribute to a rail-crossing accident by leading people to overestimate a train’s distance.

a. Visual agnosia b. Interposition c. Relative height d. Muller-Lyer illusion e. Linear perspective

17. This is the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses. For example, in a movie theater we perceive voices as coming from the images on the screen we see rather than from the speakers on the sides of the walls.

a. illusory contours b. gestalt c. visual capture d. figure-ground e. grouping

18. Your Dalmatian dogs are running loose through a forest in autumn filled with falling leaves. Even though you are colorblind you don’t have much difficulty distinguishing the dogs from the background. Your perception of ----- is still accurate.

a. visual perception b. figure-ground c. similarity d. proximity e. closure

19. This illusion is classically known as the ----- illusion. A B C a. Ponzo b. Muller-Lyer c. Ames Room d. Proggendorf e. Wundt

Page 3 20. This illusion is classically known as the ----- illusion. A B

a. Muller-Lyer c. Wundt b. Ponzo d. Gestalt C D

21. Which is the better formula for explaining depth perception?

a. one eye + one ear = depth b. one brain + one eye = depth c. one eye + two retinas = depth d. two eyes + optic nerve = depth e. two eyes + brain = depth

22. As film animation artists know well, the brain will interpret a rapid series of slightly varying images as movement, a phenomenon called ------. By flashing 24 still pictures each second, a motion picture creates perceived movement. The motion we see in not in the film, which is just a superfast slide show, but is constructed in our heads. (That is weird!)

a. motion parallax b. texture gradient c. motion agnosia d. stroboscopic movement e. induced motion

23. Trey Allen is 6’2”. When he is walking down the hall away from you, he appears to be getting smaller. Then, when he does an about turn and walks toward you he appears to be getting taller. Your retina is fooled but your brain corrects for the mistake and constantly reminds you he is still 6' 2” regardless of what your eyes are telling you. This illustrates the concept of:

a. linear perspective b. size constancy c. closure d. similarity e. transduction

24. Anthropologist Colin Turnbull took an African Pygmy guide, Kenge, on his first trip out of the dense forest. Kenge had lived all his life in the dense forest of Sub-Sahara Africa and had never been in the open plains. As they were crossing a wide plain, buffalo loomed several miles away. Kenge, unaccustomed to judging size over unbroken distances, wondered aloud, “What insects are those?” When Turnbull told Kenge that the insects were buffalo, he roared with laughter and told Turnbull not to tell such stupid lies. As they drove on toward the buffalo, the mystified Kenge became frightened as the buffalo grew bigger and bigger. This story illustrates the importance of ------in perceptual processing.

a. figure-ground distinction b. genetic makeup c. learning, experience and culture d. physical size e. William’s Syndrome

Page 4 25. Read the following string of letters: “THEDOGATEMEAT”. You probably interpreted the string of letters into words that make an intelligent phrase - “the dog ate meat” - rather than “the do gate me at.” You interpreted it this way because of which two general principles that govern perception?

a. clarity and interposition b. primary and secondary cues c. organization and interpretation d. agnosia and anosmia e. central and peripheral processing

26. Writing to John Locke (1690), William Molyneux wondered whether “a man born blind, and now adult, taught by his touch to distinguish between a cube and a sphere” could, if made to see, visually distinguish the two. Locke’s answer was no, because the man would never have learned to see the difference. Molyneux’s hypothetical case has since been put to the test with dozens of adults who, though blind from birth, have gained sight. Results have shown that:

a. Those with restored sight can recognize only patterns but not colors. b. Molyneux’s hypothesis cannot be tested c. The once blind but now sighted can distinguish figure from ground and can sense colors but could not visually recognize objects that were familiar by touch. d. Cortical cells in the frontal lobe interfere with transduction and touch overrides sight. e. Yes, full sight can be restored, the brain grows new neural networks to compensate for those lost.

27. Jason Losco was born with severe cataracts. He was almost completely blind (95%) until age 14 when surgeons were able to successfully remove all the cataracts leaving his eyes perfectly normal. His retinas worked fine, his optic nerve was unimpaired but he could not visually recognize objects that were familiar by touch. What best explains his condition?

a. Jason’s visual cortex was apparently damaged by head trauma unknown to the doctors. b. Lacking stimulation, the cortical cells had not developed normal connections. c. Perhaps his lens wasn’t working properly. d. Jason suffers from acute astigmatism. e. Jason’s parietal lobe developed much better than his occipital lobe.

28. Mr. Mable got a new pair of glasses. They were the modern tri-focal lenses that helped him see distances when looking through the top part of the lens, close up objects (like reading) when looking downward and medium range objects through the center. It took him a couple of days to get used to them but gradually he did; and now doesn’t even notice the transition. This illustrates the principle of:

a. perceptual adaptation b. perceptual constancy c. perceptual illusion d. illusory control e. vertigo 29. When observing political campaign debates, most people perceive their favorite candidate as being the better debater. When listening to rock music played backward, people often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. Sex-preoccupied viewers have perceived supposedly subliminal messages, such as the letters S-E-X in a cloud of dust stirred up by Simba in The Lion King, or “All good teenagers take off your clothes,” murmured by a voice in Aladdin. Even when these cases are proven wrong, people still see what they want to see. This illustrates the principle of: a. ignorance is bliss b. people are just plain stupid sometimes c. sex overrides common sense d. perceptual set e. perceptual ignoramus ad infinitum

Page 5 30. What determines our perceptual set? Through experience we form concepts, or ------, which organize and interpret unfamiliar information.

a. generalizations b. perceptual adaptations c. perceptual constants d. mental pictures e. schemas

31. This drawing done by a 3-year old best illustrates which of the following?

a. His parents need to give him art lessons. b. He’s doing a portrait of Justin Arno c. It represents the child’s schema of reality as well as his ability to represent what he sees. The picture is a composite of Arno and Jamie Sneed. d. The kid is severely disturbed.

32. These psychologists help design appliances, machines, and work settings that harness rather than confound our natural perceptions.

a. clinical psychologists b. program evaluators c. human factors psychologists d. forensic psychologists e. industrial/organization psychologists

33. If you were working in a hospital and had to wheel a dead body through a crowded waiting room, which technique involving perceptual set would you employ? a. exposure effect b. bystander effect c. Hawthorne effect d. Kulechov effect e. Ganzfeld effect

34. The object of the Ganzfeld Procedure is to ------in order to put a subject in an ideal state to receive another’s thoughts (telepathy), which the subject hears as small voices from within. a. use sensory deprivation c. use deep relaxation b. use posthypnotic suggestion d. use mnemonic cueing to trigger telepathy e. use sensory overload

35. The cocktail party effect is an example of : a. subliminal hearing b. auditory hallucinations c. crowded auditory confusion d. receptive sensation e. selective attention

36. Suppose instead of seeing whole images and complete pictures of the world, you saw a million fragments of objects scattered everywhere in your visual field. The world and people’s faces appeared like a scattered jig saw puzzle. You’d probably be suffering from: a. anosmia b. visual agnosia c. dysfunctional depth perception d. presbyopia e. monocular depth deception

Page 6 37. Old time movies used to depict stationary drivers in cars pretending to drive while scenes of the countryside moved behind the driver. (Usually it was the same scene over and over again and the person would pass the same house three times!) This photographic trick relies on which illusion of motion? a. induced motion b. phi phenomenon c. vista paradox d. apparent motion e. motion constancy

38. Successful artists have to master which of the following techniques in their drawings and paintings? a. linear perspective b. relative size and height c. texture gradient d. interposition e. any or all of the above

39. Motion parallax is an interesting illusion of motion and helps explain why when we are driving on a narrow road versus an open highway ------a. we often get lost b. we feel bigger trucks are going to run us over c. objects close to us give us the feeling of moving faster; objects farther away give us the feeling of moving slower d. we are more prone to play the radio e. distance appears to be a relative phenomenon

40. Another source of depth information is ------. This is best exemplified by having three people stand one in front of the other at an angle so that you can see all of the first person and a little of the second and third. The first person will seem larger than the second and definitely larger than the third. a. texture gradient b. aerial perspective c. Muller-Lyer illusion d. Binocular disparity e. Occlusion

41. ------is the slight muscular tension of the eyes as they move inward trying to track an object moving toward you. This muscular tension gives us information about distance. a. conversion b. convergence c. consecration d. consistency e. astigmatism

42. Which of the following is the most basic tenet of the Gestalt school of psychology? a. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. b. The parts are greater than the whole. c. All processing is bottom-up. d. All processing is top-down. e. Perception is in the mind of the perceiver.

43. What can we conclude about our amazing perceptual abilities? a. While the brain is doing a lot of work, it appears effortless to us. b. The brain does a great job at putting the world together for us. c. Perception may be selective but it serves humans well. d. We’d be a mess if our perceptual abilities didn’t function properly. e. All of the above.

Page 7 A WORLD OF ONE’S OWN: (12 pts.) THE FOLLOWING ARE THE STRANGE PERCEPTUAL PHENOMENON DISCUSSED IN THE OUTSIDE READING. IN NO MORE THAN 2 SENTANCES DESCRIBE EACH LISTED BELOW. 1. Synasthesia

2. Gourmand Syndrome

3. Loss of Proprioception

4. Apperceptive Agnosia

5. Associative Agnosia

6. Prosopagnosia

7. Fergoli’s Delusion

8. Capgras Delusion

9. Phanton Limb Pain

10. Tinnitus

11. Doppleganger Syndrome

12. Autokinetic effect (Why statues appear to move, cry, etc.)

Page 8