Exploring Plant Sesquiterpene Diversity by Generating Chemical Networks
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Melissa Officinalis L., a Valuable Medicine Plant: a Review
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(25), pp. 2753-2759, 29 December Special Review, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR ISSN 1996-0875 ©2010 Academic Journals Review Melissa officinalis L., a valuable medicine plant: A review Moradkhani H.1, Sargsyan E.1, Bibak H.2, Naseri B.3, Sadat-Hosseini M.2, Fayazi-Barjin A.4 and Meftahizade H.5* 1Institute of Hydroponic Problems, National Academic of Sciences, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia. 2Department of plant production, faculty of Agriculture, university of Jiroft, Kerman, Iran. 3Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran. 4Department of Plant Protection, University of Tehran, Iran. 5Researcher of ACECR Medicinal Plants Center, Ilam, Iran. Accepted 6 December, 2010 Melissa officinalis L., a valuable medicinal plant in herbal medicine is native to the eastern Mediterranean Region and western Asia. The constituent of the essential oil of the plant in various climates is different, but citral (geranial and neral), citronellal, geraniol are main components. Many parameters influencing essential oil composition and yield, such as light intensity, nutrient, temperature, cultural practice genotype, plant part age, harvesting time. Lemon balm has been traditionally used for different medical purposes as tonic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, surgical dressing for wounds, sedative-hypnotic strengthening the memory, and relief of stress induced headache, but in modern pharmacology is value in the management of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s, against migraine and rheumatism, antitumel and antioxidant activities. Key words: Melissa officinalis, essential oil, pharmacology and antioxidant. INTRODUCTION Lemon balm, member of the family Lamiaceae (formerly years may no longer germinate (Zargari, 1991). Labiatae) is a perennial bushy plant and is upright, Lemon balm has a hairy root system with many lateral reaching a height of about 1 m. -
Sesquiterpenoids and Phenolics from Crepis Conyzifolia
Sesquiterpenoids and Phenolics from Crepis conyzifolia Wanda Kisiel* and Klaudia Michalska Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pl-31-343 Krakow, Poland. Fax: +48 126374500. E-mail: [email protected] * Author for correspondence and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 56c, 961-964 (2001); received July 30/August 28, 2001 Crepis conyzifolia, Sesquiterpenoids, Phenolics From the roots of Crepis conyzifolia, two new and two known guaianolides were isolated together with three known phenylpropanoids. Structures of the new compounds were estab lished as 8ß-hydroxy-4ß, 15-dihydrozaluzanin C and 4ß, 15, llß, 13-tetrahydrozaluzanin C-3- O-ß-glucopyranoside by spectral methods. The identity of 8 -epiisolippidiol and dentalactone was also discussed. Introduction previously isolated from Crepis and Lactuca spe cies in our laboratory (Kisiel, 1983; Kisiel and Screening tests for potential anticancer agents Barszcz, 1995; Kisiel and Barszcz, 1997; Kisiel et from natural sources showed that crude alcoholic al., 2000). The identity of cichoriin (7) was estab extracts from plants belonging to the tribe Lactu- lished by comparison of its spectral data with those ceae of the Asteraceae exhibited chemoprotective in the literature (Kuwajima et al., 1992). The com effects on chemical carcinogenesis and differentia pound is reported for the first time from Crepis tion-inducing activities on human leukemia and species. Since no complete XH NMR data are mause melanoma cell lines. Some bioactive triter- available for 4 (Kisiel, 1983), we have included all pene and sesquiterpene lactone constituents of the our assignments in Table I, along with unreported plant extracts were isolated and identified (Taka- 13C NMR data in CDC13 and pyridine-d5. -
Stimulation of Deep Somatic Tissue with Capsaicin Produces Long-Lasting Mechanical Allodynia and Heat Hypoalgesia That Depends on Early Activation of the Camp Pathway
The Journal of Neuroscience, July 1, 2002, 22(13):5687–5693 Stimulation of Deep Somatic Tissue with Capsaicin Produces Long-Lasting Mechanical Allodynia and Heat Hypoalgesia that Depends on Early Activation of the cAMP Pathway K. A. Sluka Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pain Research Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Pain and hyperalgesia from deep somatic tissue (i.e., muscle tissue was reversed by spinal blockade of adenylate cyclase or and joint) are processed differently from that from skin. This protein kinase A (PKA). Interestingly, mechanical allodynia was study examined differences between deep and cutaneous tis- reversed if adenylate cyclase or PKA inhibitors were adminis- sue allodynia and the role of cAMP in associated behavioral tered spinally 24 hr, but not 1 week, after injection of capsaicin. changes. Capsaicin was injected into the plantar aspect of the Spinally administered 8-bromo-cAMP resulted in a similar pat- skin, plantar muscles of the paw, or ankle joint, and responses tern, with heat hypoalgesia and mechanical allodynia occurring to mechanical and heat stimuli were assessed until allodynia simultaneously. Thus, injection of capsaicin into deep tissues resolved. Capsaicin injected into skin resulted in a secondary results in a longer-lasting mechanical allodynia and heat hy- mechanical allodynia and heat hypoalgesia lasting ϳ3hr.In poalgesia compared with injection of capsaicin into skin. The contrast, capsaicin injection into muscle or joint resulted in a mechanical allodynia depends on early activation of the cAMP long-lasting bilateral (1–4 weeks) mechanical allodynia with a pathway during the first 24 hr but is independent of the cAMP simultaneous unilateral heat hypoalgesia. -
(C5–C20) Emissions of Downy Birches
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8045–8066, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8045-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes dominate the VOC (C5–C20) emissions of downy birches Heidi Hellén1, Arnaud P. Praplan1, Toni Tykkä1, Aku Helin1, Simon Schallhart1, Piia P. Schiestl-Aalto2,3,4, Jaana Bäck2,3, and Hannele Hakola1 1Atmospheric Composition Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland 2Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Helsinki, Finland 3Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 4Department of Forest Ecology and Management, SLU, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden Correspondence: Heidi Hellén (heidi.hellen@fmi.fi) Received: 2 December 2020 – Discussion started: 16 December 2020 Revised: 23 March 2021 – Accepted: 28 April 2021 – Published: 26 May 2021 Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) 24 % and 17 % of the total SQT and OSQT emissions, re- emitted by the forests are known to have strong impacts in spectively. A stressed tree growing in a pot was also stud- the atmosphere. However, lots of missing reactivity is found, ied, and high emissions of α-farnesene and an unidentified especially in the forest air. Therefore better characterization SQT were detected together with high emissions of GLVs. of sources and identification/quantification of unknown re- Due to the relatively low volatility and the high reactivity of active compounds is needed. While isoprene and monoter- SQTs and OSQTs, downy birch emissions are expected to pene (MT) emissions of boreal needle trees have been studied have strong impacts on atmospheric chemistry, especially on quite intensively, there is much less knowledge on the emis- secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production. -
Hop Compounds: Extraction Techniques, Chemical Analyses, Antioxidative, Antimicrobial, and Anticarcinogenic Effects
nutrients Review Hop Compounds: Extraction Techniques, Chemical Analyses, Antioxidative, Antimicrobial, and Anticarcinogenic Effects Maša Knez Hrnˇciˇc 1,†, Eva Španinger 2,†, Iztok Jože Košir 3, Željko Knez 1 and Urban Bren 2,* 1 Laboratory of Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; [email protected] (M.K.H.); [email protected] (Ž.K.) 2 Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; [email protected] 3 Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega Tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +386-2-2294-421 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 7 December 2018; Accepted: 18 January 2019; Published: 24 January 2019 Abstract: Hop plants comprise a variety of natural compounds greatly differing in their structure and properties. A wide range of methods have been developed for their isolation and chemical analysis, as well as for determining their antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antigenotoxic potentials. This contribution provides an overview of extraction and fractionation techniques of the most important hop compounds known for their health-promoting features. Although hops remain the principal ingredient for providing the taste, stability, and antimicrobial protection of beer, they have found applications in the pharmaceutical and other food industries as well. This review focuses on numerous health-promoting effects of hops raging from antioxidative, sedative, and anti-inflammatory potentials, over anticarcinogenic features to estrogenic activity. -
Chemistry of Hop Aroma in Beer'
Chemistry of Hop Aroma in Beer’ Val E. Peacock’ and Max L. Deinzer, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331 ABSTRACT Tressl et a1 also speculated that the bicyclic terpenoids hop ether and karahana ether may play a part in beer hop flavor. They Three beers were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry reported 35 and 60 pg/ L, respectively, of these compounds in beer3 for hop-derived flavor components. Hop ether, karahana ether, linalool, and 5 pg/ L thresholds for both compounds in water. geraniol, humulol, humuladienone, humulenol 11, and humulene epoxides Linalool has been found in beer by Micketts and Lindsay (5), I, 11, and III are among the compounds identified in beer that are believed to Tressl et a1 (13), and Peacock et a1 (9). All three groups have influence beer flavor. These humulene oxidation products probably contribute to the traditional “kettle-hop” flavor/aroma of beer, but speculated that it may be a flavor contributor to beer. Peacock et a1 geraniol and linalool contribute to a floral flavor note that is distinctly (8) found large amounts of geraniol and geranyl isobutyrate in different from the kettle-hop aroma/ taste. The humulene oxidation some beers and claimed that these compounds, with linalool, are products, the main one of which is humulene epoxide 11, increased in responsible for a floral flavor note in these beers. concentration with hop storage. Key words: Aroma. Beer, Geraniol, Hops, Humulene. Linalool, Taste The major components of hop oil, terpene and sesquiterpene EXPERIMENTAL hydrocarbons, are rarely found in beer (9,13) and are not considered responsible for hoppy flavors in beer. -
Β-Caryophyllene: a Sesquiterpene with Countless Biological Properties
applied sciences Review β-Caryophyllene: A Sesquiterpene with Countless Biological Properties 1, 1, 1 1, 1 Fabrizio Francomano y, Anna Caruso y, Alexia Barbarossa , Alessia Fazio *, Chiara La Torre , Jessica Ceramella 1, Rosanna Mallamaci 2 , Carmela Saturnino 3, Domenico Iacopetta 1 and Maria Stefania Sinicropi 1 1 Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; [email protected] (F.F.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (C.L.T.); [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (D.I.); [email protected] (M.S.S.) 2 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70124 Bari, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0984-493013 The authors have contributed equally to the manuscript. y Received: 18 November 2019; Accepted: 9 December 2019; Published: 11 December 2019 Abstract: β-Caryophyllene (BCP), a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene, is a selective phytocannabinoid agonist of type 2 receptors (CB2-R). It isn’t psychogenic due to the absence of an affinity to cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). Among the various biological activities, BCP exerts anti-inflammatory action via inhibiting the main inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), nuclear factor kapp a-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). -
Sesquiterpene Glycosides from the Roots of Codonopsis Pilosula
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2016;6(1):46–54 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B www.elsevier.com/locate/apsb www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Sesquiterpene glycosides from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula Yueping Jianga,b, Yufeng Liua, Qinglan Guoa, Chengbo Xua, Chenggen Zhua, Jiangong Shia,n aState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China bDepartment of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China Received 6 August 2015; received in revised form 10 September 2015; accepted 14 September 2015 KEYWORDS Abstract Three new sesquiterpene glycosides, named codonopsesquilosides AÀC(1À3), were isolated from an aqueous extract of the dried roots of Codonopsis pilosula. Their structures including absolute Codonopsis pilosula; fi Campanulaceae; con gurations were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. These glycosides are categorized Sesquiterpene glycoside; as C15 carotenoid (1), gymnomitrane (2), and eudesmane (3) types of sesquiterpenoids, respectively. Codonopsesquilosides Compound 1 is the first diglycoside of C15 carotenoids to be reported. Compound 2 represents the second AÀC; reported example of gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids from higher plants. The absolute configurations C15 carotenoid; were supported by comparison of the experimental circular dichroism (CD) spectra with the calculated Gymnomitrane; electronic CD (ECD) spectra of 1À3, their aglycones, and model compounds based on quantum- Eudesmane mechanical time-dependent density functional theory. The influences of the glycosyls on the calculated ECD spectra of the glycosidic sesquiterpenoids, as well as some nomenclature and descriptive problems with gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids are discussed. -
On the Fate of Certain Hop Substances During Dry Hopping
93 July / August 2013 (Vol. 66) BrewingScience Monatsschrift für Brauwissenschaft A. Forster and A. Gahr The scientifi c organ Yearbook 2006 of the Weihenstephan Scientifi c Centre of the TU Munich of the Versuchs- und Lehranstalt für Brauerei in Berlin (VLB) On the Fate of Certain Hop Substancesof the Scientifi c Station for Breweries in Munich of the Veritas laboratory in Zurich of Doemens wba – Technikum GmbH in Graefelfi ng/Munich www.brauwissenschaft.de during Dry Hopping Dry hopping is becoming increasingly popular especially in small breweries. It is a complex and sophisticated method, but it is exactly those qualities which make it a highly efficient method for craft brewers to stand out among the mass of other beers. Empirical experience is the key factor here in the choice of hops and type of application. There is still little known about the transfer rates of hop substances during dry hopping which can provide a great variability of application. A test was made in which four dry hopped pale lager beers were contrasted with a similar produced beer without dry hopping. Here the new German varieties Mandarina Bavaria, Hüll Melon, Hallertauer Blanc and Polaris were used for dry hopping. The dosed quantity of 1.5 ml/hl was based on the hop oil content. The transfer rates were calculated from the difference between analysis values of the dry hopped beers and the control beer divided by the dosed dry hopping quantities. As the calculations were made from three analytical values they inevitably produced relatively large ranges of fluctuation. Of the dosed α-acids, 4 to 5 % can be found in the beers, of the total polyphenols 50 to 60 % and of the low-molecular polyphenols 60 to 70 %. -
Ethyl Acetate Extraction of Humulus Lupulus Compounds with Characterization by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
OpenRiver Student Research and Creative Projects 2012-2013 Grants & Sponsored Projects 9-1-2012 Ethyl Acetate Extraction of Humulus Lupulus Compounds with Characterization by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Benjamin Martin Winona State University Francis Mann Winona State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openriver.winona.edu/studentgrants2013 Recommended Citation Martin, Benjamin and Mann, Francis, "Ethyl Acetate Extraction of Humulus Lupulus Compounds with Characterization by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry" (2012). Student Research and Creative Projects 2012-2013. 27. https://openriver.winona.edu/studentgrants2013/27 This Grant is brought to you for free and open access by the Grants & Sponsored Projects at OpenRiver. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Research and Creative Projects 2012-2013 by an authorized administrator of OpenRiver. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Appendix C RESEARCH / CREATIVE PROJECT ABSTRACT / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FINAL REPORT FORM Title of Project Ethyl Acetate Extraction of Humulus Lupulus Compounds with Characterization by Gas Chromatography-Mas Spectrometry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Student Name Benjamin Martin Faculty Sponsor Francis Mann Department Chemistry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Abstract Hops are an essential ingredient in flavoring and preserving beer. Hops contain two main types of compounds: α-acids and β-acids, which are the essential oils. I studied these volatile compounds such as humulone, an α-acid, and myrcene and humulene, which are β-acid. Humulone, like other α-acids, gives beer a bitter flavor via isomerization. Unlike α-acids, β-acids flavors are based on which chemical compounds are present in the hops. For example, myrcene produces a floral, citrus, and piney flavor, while humulene creates a spicy, and herbal aroma. -
Beta-Caryophyllene Is a Dietary Cannabinoid
Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid Ju¨ rg Gertsch*†, Marco Leonti‡§, Stefan Raduner*§, Ildiko Racz¶, Jian-Zhong Chenʈ, Xiang-Qun Xieʈ, Karl-Heinz Altmann*, Meliha Karsak¶, and Andreas Zimmer¶ *Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgeno¨ssische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zu¨rich, Switzerland; ‡Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, University of Cagliari, 01924 Cagliari, Italy; ¶Department of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn Germany; and ʈDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Edited by L. L. Iversen, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, and approved May 6, 2008 (received for review April 14, 2008) The psychoactive cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. and the O 5 arachidonic acid-derived endocannabinoids are nonselective nat- 6 12 ural ligands for cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and CB2 recep- 3 tors. Although the CB1 receptor is responsible for the psychomodu- 7 4 latory effects, activation of the CB2 receptor is a potential 8 2 therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammation, pain, 9 1 13 H H H H H H atherosclerosis, and osteoporosis. Here, we report that the wide- 11 10 spread plant volatile (E)--caryophyllene [(E)-BCP] selectively binds 15 nM) and that it is a functional CB2 4 ؎ 155 ؍ to the CB2 receptor (Ki 14 agonist. Intriguingly, (E)-BCP is a common constituent of the (E)-BCP (Z)-BCP BCP oxide α-humulene essential oils of numerous spice and food plants and a major component in Cannabis. Molecular docking simulations have iden- Fig. 1. Caryophyllane- and humulane-type sesquiterpenes found in C. sativa tified a putative binding site of (E)-BCP in the CB receptor, and numerous other plants. -
Identification of Sesquiterpene Synthases from the Basidiomycota Coniophora Puteana for the Efficient and Highly Selective Β-Co
Mischko et al. Microb Cell Fact (2018) 17:164 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-018-1010-z Microbial Cell Factories RESEARCH Open Access Identifcation of sesquiterpene synthases from the Basidiomycota Coniophora puteana for the efcient and highly selective β‑copaene and cubebol production in E. coli Wolfgang Mischko , Max Hirte , Monika Fuchs , Norbert Mehlmer and Thomas B. Brück* Abstract Background: Terpenes are an important and extremely versatile class of secondary metabolites that are commer- cially used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics sectors. Genome mining of diferent fungal collections has revealed the genetic basis for a steadily increasing number of putative terpene synthases without any detailed knowl- edge about their biochemical properties. The analysis and research of this rich genetic source provides a precious basis for the advancing biotechnological production of an almost endless number of valuable natural metabolites. Results: Three annotated terpene synthases from the little investigated Basidiomycota Coniophora puteana were studied in this work. For biochemical characterization, the heterologous expression in E. coli was conducted leading to the identifcation of two sesquiterpene synthases capable of the highly selective generation of β-copaene and cubebol. These compounds are commercially used as food and favor additives. The new enzymes show the high- est reported product selectivity for their main compounds and therefore represent the frst exclusive synthases for β-copaene (62% product selectivity) and cubebol (75% product selectivity) generation. In combination with an opti- mized heterologous microbial production system, we obtained product titers of 215 mg/L β-copaene and 497 mg/L cubebol. Conclusion: The reported product selectivity and our generated terpene titers exceed all published biotechnological data regarding the production of β-copaene and cubebol.