Answer These Questions in Order Through the Slides/Sections

Name ______Date ______

Must be completed by March 13, 2015. This webquest covers material which we have done already as review, and current material that we are covering in our current genetics unit. It can be filled out online in the word document and e-mailed to me, or printed and given to me. You may also hand write your answers neatly and submit it by the due date. Just get it done by 3/13! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu Run the entire Tour of the basics Answer these questions—in order through the slides/sections What is DNA? 1. DNA is found in the n______of cells. 2. It is in the form of structures called c______. Every human cell except sex cells (gametes) has 2 each of 23 kinds for a total of _____.

3. DNA means d______r______, and it is the form of a d______h______.

4. Each half the helix is made of units adenine ____, thymine ___, cytosine ___, and guanine ____.

5. Adenine always pairs with ______in the DNA, and cytosine always pairs with ______.

6. The letters made up words composed of ____ letters each, and each word is called a codon. Codons tell the ribosomes of a cell the order of amino acids to link together into a protein.

7. The codons link together into sentences called g______, and these g______tell a cell how to make p______.

What is a gene? 8. A gene is the instruction for making a type of p______. 9. Each cell of our body contains about ______genes. Does a chromosome contain one gene or many genes? ______

10. The disease sickle cell anemia is due to a m______in the gene that codes for hemoglobin protein. The job of hemoglobin is to allow r___ b______cells to carry O______. People with sickle cell anemia have cells that ______. What is a chromosome? 11. If all the DNA in a single human cells were spread out end to end, its length would be ______. 12. All this DNA can fit into a single cell because it is wrapped around special p______to form c______.

13. Do different species have the same number chromosomes? ______

14. How many chromosomes in a human body cell, total? ______How many types of chromosomes in a human cell? ______How many of each type do fathers donate to offspring? ____Mothers? ___

15. In the picture of a person’s chromosomes, males have an ____sex chromosome and a ____ sex chromosome, in addition to ___ other non- sex chromosomes, called autosomes. Females have two ____ sex chromosomes and ___ other autosomes.

16. How many chromosomes onions? ____Mosquitos? ___Carp? ___

What is a protein? 17. Our bodies contain about 100 ______cells. In these cells the machines that do work are molecules called ______. 18. Animals feel pain because cells called n______send messages to the brain. Draw one of these cells. R ______proteins on the cells enable them to send messages to others lying end to end in a chain leading to the brain. Str______proteins give cells the special shape.

19. When its time for a cell to make a protein, the right gene is copied into a similar molecule called messenger ______. This process is called trans______. Then this copy of a single gene, mRNA, goes to the cytoplasm where a r______uses its instructions to link a______a______into a p______according to the order of words (3 letter codons) that were in the g______. The process carried out to make the protein from the mRNA’s instructions is called trans______.

What is heredity? 20. H______is passing t______from parents to their offspring. 21. Each human parent contributes a complete set of ___ chromosomes.

22. Males pass DNA to offspring in cells called gametes or ______; females pass their DNA to offspring in gametes called ______or ova. 23. The cell formed when sperm enters the egg is called a z______. This cell d______many times to form huge number of cells in a baby.

24. Watch the animation carefully. Each parent must give exactly ____ of each chromosome to the child if it is to be healthy.

25. True or false. Which of his own two chromosomes (homologous chromosomes) of each type given by a father to his child is random. ______

26. True or False. It is possible to predict which of her two chromosomes of each type a mother will donate to her child. ______

27. True or false. Every child of the same couple receives the same set of chromosomes from both mother and father. ______

28. Why does each child of a couple, except for identical twins, have a unique set of traits versus all the other children of the couple? ______

29. Why can some traits continue to be passed through generation after generation of a family, while other traits (e.g., a disease gene on one of the chromosomes) disappear over the generations? ______

What is a trait? 30. A trait is ______31. Some traits are ph______, like eye color, but some are be______. Is predisposition to a disease, like certain cancers obesity, a trait? (always, never, sometimes) ______32. Are traits completely determined by DNA? _____Give an example that supports your answer. ______33. Hitchhikers thumb is a recessive trait. Write genotypes for a person who:

Does not have hitchhiker’s thumb & can not pass the trait ______

Does not have hitchhiker’s thumb, but can pass it to children (so, this person is a “carrier” of hitchhiker thumb trait. ______

Has hitchhiker’s thumb & can pass on the trait to offspring ______

34. In #33, circle the genotype of the person who is homozygote and does not show the recessive hitchhiker thumb trait. ______Draw a rectangle around the person whose genotype is heterozygotic dominant. Write the genotype of the person whose phenotype is the recessive phenotype. ______Does this person who shows the recessive trait have a homozygous or heterozygous phenotype? ______

35. In the animation, both the mother and father have h______genotypes for hitchhiker’s thumb phenotype, and it is (?random or predetermined?) ______which of the 2 different alleles—dominant allele H or recessive allele h—either passes on.

36. What is the difference in genotypes and phenotypes of a trait, like color in carnations, that is co-dominant versus a trait that a simple trait like hitchhiker’s thumb. Be specific. ______

Now return to the home page for http://learn.genetics.utah.edu Run the interactive tutorial: Build a karyotype.

37. Afterwards describe what you now know about karyotypes of humans, how they are made, and why they are useful. ______

Now return to the home page for http://learn.genetics.utah.edu Go to DNA to protein and run Interactive tutorial: Build a DNA molecule Afterwards, describe what you know about the structure of DNA, how its copied, and why it’s important that all of its bases paired with complementary nucleotide bases. 38. ______

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_klug_essentials_5/17/4572/1170649.cw/content/i ndex.html

Run the two animations and do the two exercises. In the exercises, you will be assigning genotypes to people whose phenotype is shown by shading. Carriers are shown by half-colored circles.

Use the alleles H dominant or h recessive in these examples.

39. What is the genotype of a person who shows a dominant trait? _____ or _____ For a person who does not show a dominant trait? ______

40. What is the genotype for a person who shows a recessive trait? ____For a person who does not show a recessive trait? ______

41. If a trait is sex linked, it is coded by a gene on the _____ chromosome. What is the genotype of a women who has a recessive sex linked disorder, coded by the allele Xh? ______What is the genotype of a women who does not have the recessive disorder coded by Xh, but who can pass it on to her offspring? ______What is the genotype man who has a recessive sex linked disorder? ______What is the genotype of a man who does not have a sex linked disorder? ______Why do men suffer sex linked recessive disorders more often than women? ______

What is the reason that sex linked alleles are written above the X like this XH or Xh? ______

42. Write your answers for the 10 questions in the post quiz. Do not submit them online.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Now, examine your own family pedigrees. These are the inheritance patterns: Having a Widow’s peak—recessive trait Having a hitchhiker’s thumb—recessive trait Having dimples—a dominant trait Having ability to curl the tongue—a dominant trait Having curles—a dominant trait Having attached earlobe—a recessive trait. Chapter 14 in your text has a section on pedigrees that will help you, as well as the website you just used.

Turn in your pedigrees with every persons possible genotypes labeled before you leave class today.

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/inheritance/intr o.html This website will help you learn principles of Mendelian genetics. You can also study these in your textbook, chapter 11.1, 11.2. Click on the top file drawer of the genetic X files

Click the orange eyes file.

43. What letter is used for the dominant allele?___ Recessive allele? _____ 44. What is the dominant phenotype? ______The recessive phenotype? ______

45. Is the disorder sex linked? ______How can you tell? ______

46. What genotype (s) code for an GenAlien having the recessive phenotype? ______What genotype (s) code for an GenAlien having the dominant phenotype?

47. Which generation is the F1 generation, 1st, 2nd, or 3rd? ______P? ______F2? ______

48. Who must be mated to from an F2 generation? ______Why don’t geneticist study F2 generations in people? ______

In the Egyptian pharoah’s families, were there any F2 generations? ______

49. Draw the Punnett square for the F1 generation & the F2 generation.

50. What is the reason that a 2 x 2 square is needed to show all possible genotypes of offspring in a monohybrid cross? ______51. What is the importance of the letters written inside the square? ______

52. For the F1 generation in this cross, what was the phenotypic ratio of the children? (what fraction—in quarters-- had the dominant phenotype and the recessive phenotype) ______

53. What is the genotypic ratio of the F1 offspring (how many quarters are OO, Oo, and oo? ______

54. Why do orange eyes appear in the F2 generation and the P generation, but not in the F1 generation, and why is the ratio of black to orange 3:1 in the F2 generation? ______