Curriculum Vitae: Felix Dapare Dakora

1 CURRICULUM VITAE: FELIX DAPARE DAKORA

Personal: Born 14 Novermber 1952 ID No: 5211145152185

Gender: Male Race: Black

NRF Rating: B3

Address: Research Development and Technology Promotion Cape Technikon, Room 2.8 Admin. Bldg. Keizersgracht, P.O. 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa

Day telephone: 27-21- 460 3878 (w) Fax: 27-21- 460 3887 e-mail: [email protected]

Education:

Institution Degree Year Specialization

University of Ghana B.Sc. 1977 Agriculture University of Sydney M.Sc. 1981 Microbiology Univ. of Western Australia Ph.D. 1989 Botany

Honors:

1979-1981 Commonwealth Scholar, Australia 1984-1988 Ghana's Representative, Bambey-MIRCEN of UNESCO 1985-1989 Commonwealth Fellow, Australia 2002- Cape Biotechnology Initiative (CBI) Board member 2002- Honorary Professor, Botany Dept, Univ. of Cape Town

Employment:

1977-1978 National Service as Secondary School Teacher, Ghana 1978-1981 Assistant Research Officer, CSIR, Ghana 1981-1985 Research Agronomist, CSIR, Ghana 1989-1990 Visiting Scientist, Smithsonian Institution, USA 1990-1992 Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Davis 1993-1995 Lecturer, Botany Dept, University of Cape Town 1996-1997 Senior Lecturer, Botany Dept, University of Cape Town 1997-2002 Associate Professor, Botany Dept, University of Cape Town 2002- Professor & Executive Dean of Research Development and Technology Promotion, Cape Technikon, Cape Town 2 Professional Societies:

American Society of Plant Physiologists American Society of Agronomy Australian Society of Plant Physiologists African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation Australian Society for Nitrogen Fixation New York Academy of Science

1.0 Work Experience:

I have 24 years of work experience which includes 14 years of postdoctoral research in Africa and North America. After completing a BSc (Honours) degree in Agriculture at the University of Ghana in 1977, I joined Ghana's Crops Research Institute in 1978. Shortly after that, I studied for the MSc degree in Agricultural Microbiology at the University of Sydney, Australia, in the laboratory of Prof J.M. Vincent. After completing the MSc degree in 1981, I returned to Ghana where I initiated research on biological nitrogen fixation in legumes. In my four-and-half years of research at Nyankpala in Northern Ghana, I showed that symbiotic legumes can contribute significant amounts of biological nitrogen to cropping systems, and that the benefit of fixed nitrogen to a following cereal crop could be up to 60 kg N/ha or more.

In mid-1985, I left Ghana for the Botany Department, University of Western Australia, Perth, where I studied for the PhD degree in the laboratory of Prof Craig Atkins and Prof John Pate. My PhD project centred on understanding how oxygen regulates nitrogen fixation in root nodules. After completing the PhD in 1989, I was awarded a Fellowship as Visiting Scientist to the Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. While at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre in Edgewater, I studied the effects of rising carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere on symbiotic nitrogen fixation and mineral nitrogen uptake by C3 and C4 plants. After successfully completing that project at the end of 1990, I was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship by University of California, Davis, to work in the laboratory of Prof Donald A. Phillips. My research at Davis was about identifying chemical signal molecules that leguminous plants use to communicate with their rhizobial partners. After two years of productive research at Davis, I took up a permanent position in the Botany Department, University of Cape Town, in March 1993. My responsibilities here have been designing courses, teaching, research, postgraduate student training and University administration.

On 1 July 2002, I joined the Cape Technikon as Full Professor and Executive Dean in charge of Research Development and Technology Promotion. My present duties as Executive Dean of Research and Technology Promotion include:

- Managing all activities surrounding the promotion and implementation of research at the Cape Technikon - Marketing the Technikon's research expertise in the corporate sector to generate funding - Liasing with research organizations and national/international stakeholders - Managing the Technikon's initiative on technology promotion, innovation and enterprise in research - Assisting with grant proposals for research funding, sponsorships and partnerships 3 with industry, Govt departments, the National Research Foundation, the commercial and business sector as well as local Communities. - Managing my own research program

2.0 Research Grants Awarded

2.1 National Research Foundation (NRF) Grants:

1995: Bursaries plus running costs, R45 000.00

2.2 Grants Awarded by South African Agencies:

1995: Identifying transcriptional regulators of bacterial nodulation genes from genetically- diverse soybean lines (R78 000.00, Funded by Protein Research Trust [PRT], Pretoria).

1995: Field assessment of symbiotic potential and nitrogen fixation in selected pasture legumes from the winter rainfall region of the southern Cape (R145 000.00, Funded by Protein Research Trust, Pretoria).

1996: Assessment of nodulation and nitrogen-fixing potential in selected tree legumes for agroforestry in South Africa (R35 000.00, Funded this year by Forestek, CSIR).

2.3 Internationally-Competitive Grants Awarded

1997: Physiological studies of some underutilized legumes in Southern Africa (10 000.00, Pounds Sterling, Funded by the UK/South Africa Science and Technology Research Fund)

1998: Legume contribution to forage quality in communal grazelands in the Eastern Cape ($US50 000.00, Funded by Coka Cola, Atlanta, USA, under the auspices of the UCT/Fort Hare Collaboration Project). 4 1999: Mechanisms of nitrate tolerance in symbiotic African legumes ($US6000.00, Funded by International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna).

2000: Unique legumes of the South Western Cape (10 000.00, Pounds Sterling, Funded by UK/South Africa Science and Technology Research Fund).

2000: Improvement of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum) an under-utilized grain and tuber- producing legume for Southern Africa (800 000.00, Euros, Funded by EU INCO-DEV Programme).

2001: Using plant flavonoids as heritable traits to increase symbiotic nitrogen fixation, yields and pest resistance of indigenous African legumes ($US920 000.00, Funded by McKnight Foundation, Minnesota, USA).

3.0 Conference attendance

I have presented papers as invited speaker and chaired sessions at a number of international conferences.

1. Keynote speaker at the South African Association of Botanists Conference, January 1994, at Wits University.

2. Keynote speaker, 6th International Conference of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 12-17 September 1994, Harare, Zimbabwe.

3. Invited Plenary Speaker, International Symposium on Sustainable Agriculture for the Tropics: The Role of Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 26 November-1 December 1995, Brazil.

4. Invited participant, 10th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation, 28 May-3 June 1995, St Petersburg, Russia.

5. Invited Speaker, International Workshop on Conservation and Improvement of Bambara groundnut, 14-16 November 1995, Harare, Zimbabwe.

6. Keynote Speaker, Seventh Conference of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, September 1996, Ivory Coast.

7. Invited Speaker, First All-Africa Crop Science Conference, 13-17 January 1997, Pretoria, South Africa.

8. Invited Speaker, 11th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation, 20-25 July 1997, Paris, France.

9. Invited Speaker, International Bambara groundnut Symposium, University of Nottingham, 23-25 1996, UK.

10. Rapporteur, Eleventh International World Fertilizer Congress, 7-13 September 1997, Belgium. 5

11. Invited Speaker, Plant Biotechnology Symposium, 24 Annual SAAB Conference, 12-16 January, Cape Town.

12. Invited Speaker, Second International Bambara groundnut Network Workshop, 23-25 September 1998, Accra, Ghana.

13. Invited Speaker, International Workshop on Tropical Soil Biology: Opportunities and Challenges for African Agriculture, 16-19 March 1999, Nairobi, Kenya.

14. Keynote Speaker/Chairperson, International Symposium on Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Crop Production, 11-14 May 1999, Cairo, Egypt.

15. Invited Speaker, 12th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation, 12-17 September 1999, Brazil.

16. Invited Speaker, International Workshop on Food Security in Nutrient-Stressed Environments: Exploiting Plants' Genetic Capabilities, 27-30 September 1999, ICRISAT, India.

17. Invited Speaker, 17th North American Conference on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 23-28 July 2000, Quebec, Canada.

18. Invited Speaker, 9th International Conference of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 25-29 September 2000, Nairobi, Kenya.

19. Invited Speaker, 13th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation, 2-7 July 2001, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

20. Invited Speaker, Plenary Session II: Legumes in World Agriculture, First International Conference on Legume Genomics and Genetics: Translation to Crop Improvement, 2-6 June, 2002, Minneapolis, USA.

Keynote Addresses/Chair of Sessions

1. Keynote Speaker: Nitrogen management in cropping systems: the role of symbiotic legumes. International Symposium on Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Crop Production, 11-14 May 1999. Organized by the Egyptian Society of Microbiology, Cairo, Egypt.

2. Keynote Speaker: Management of diversity in cropping systems: the role of symbiotic legumes. 4th International Crop Science Congress, 17-22 August 2000, Hamburg, Germany.

3. Chair of Session 1: Crop Breeding and Physiology, 2nd International Bambara Groundnut Network Workshop, 23-25 September 1998, CSIR Secretariat, Accra, Ghana.

4. Chair of Session 3: Methodology for genetic manipulation of nutrient availability. International Workshop on Food Security in Nutrient-Stressed Environments: Exploiting Plants' Genetic Capabilities, 27-30 September 1999, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. 6 5. Chair of Parallel Session 2: Novel Applications in Nitrogen Fixation. 13th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation, 2-7 July 2001, Hamilton, Canada.

6. Keynote Speaker/Resource Person: Plant flavonoids and cluster roots as modifiers of soil biodiversity. FAO/EMBRAPA International Technical Workshop on Biological Management of Soil Ecosystems for Sustainable Agriculture, 24-27 June 2002, Londrina, Brazil.

7. Keynote Speaker, 10th International Conference of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 26 October – 1st November 2002, Accra, Ghana.

4.0 Science Leadership

1. President-Elect, African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, September 1996 to November 1998.

2. President, African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, November 1998 to September 2000.

3. Member, Technical Advisory Committee of the International Bambara groundnut Network, November 1996 until present.

4. Chairman, National Organizing Committee of the 8th International Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 23-27 November 1998, Cape Town, South Africa.

5. Member, International Advisory Committee of the 12th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation, Iguassu Falls, Brazil, 12-17 September 1999.

6. Member, International Advisory Committee of the 13th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation, 2-7 July 2001, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

7. Member, International Advisory Committee of the 14th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation in November 2003, Beijing, China.

8. Member, Executive Protem Committee of the International Crop Science Society (established at 3rd International Congress of Crop Science, Hamburg, Germany, July 2000).

9. Member, Advisory Editorial Board of the Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology, November 2001.

10. Scientific Co-ordinator of EU INCO-DEV Project entitled "Improvement of Marama Bean (Tylosema esculentum), an Under-utilized Grain and Tuber-producing Legume for Southern Africa". This 800 000.00 Euros project involves South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Greece and the United Kingdom.

11. Team Manager and Scientific Co-ordinator of the McKnight Foundation funded project entitled "Using Plant Flavonoids as Heritable Traits to Increase Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, Yields and Pest Resistance of Indigenous African Legumes". This $US920 000.00 project involves South Africa, Tanzania, Ghana and USA. 7

5.0 Service to the Scientific Community

5.1 Journal Peer Review:

Since 1990-2001, I have reviewed manuscripts for various scientific journals: Crop Science, Physiologia Plantarum, Australian J Botany, Annals of Botany, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Plant and Soil, Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, The New Phytologist, and Revue Agronomie.

5.2 Participation in Project Reviews and Evaluation:

1990: Review Panel Member for the U.S. Agency for International Development Competitive Grants Programme

1992-2000: Reviewer for the Nitrogen Fixation/Nitrogen Metabolism Programme NRI/CSREES/USDA, Stop 2241, 1400 Independence Ave, Washington DC.

October 1996: Member, FRD Thrust Review Panel for Quality of Life Programme

October 1998: Member, FRD Thrust Review Panel for Quality of Life Programme

October 2001: Member, NRF Evaluation Review Panel for Indigenous Knowledge Resources Theme

October 2002: Member, NRF Evaluation Review Panel for Indigenous Knowledge Resources Theme

September 2002: Reviewer of 2 Challenge Programs (BNF-CP and Plant Genetic Resources- CP) for the iSC and CGIAR.

April-July 2003: Member, Sub-Saharan Africa Stakeholders Panel on CGIAR priorities and strategies

5.3 Resource Person:

June 1996: Resource Person for Plant Production and Protection at Foundation for Research Development/Ford Foundation Workshop Towards Transforming University Curricula in Agriculture in South Africa: Needs and Strategies.

April 1997: Resource Person for Rhizobium Biotechnology Training Workshop in Marondera, Zimbabwe under the auspices of Netherlands Govt donation.

June 2002: Resource Person on the role of innovative technologies: Plant flavonoids and cluster roots as modifiers of soil biodiversity. FAO/EMBRAPA International Technical Workshop on "Biological Management of Soil Ecosystems for Sustainable Agriculture", 24-27 June 2002, Londrina, Brazil. 8 6.0 Extension Work

1995-2001: I served as a member of the National Plant Genetic Resources Committee (NPGRCom) for Food and Agriculture in South Africa. This committee consists of farmers, extension workers, NGOs, policy-makers, and agricultural research scientists, and serves as a forum for regulatory issues on plant genetic resources.

1995-1999: I presented papers at three National Workshops on Plant Genetic Resources to farmers, policy-makers and researchers on indigenous food plants, farmers' rights and privileges, and plant conservation. Through my involvement with the NPGRCom and my research interest in indigenous plants, I get called upon by NGOs and policy-makers on issues relating to indigenous food plants in South Africa.

1995-1997: We conducted joint research on pasture legumes with farmers and researchers at the National Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg, Cape Town.

1997-2001: We studied the use of leguminous covercrops to control weeds and improve nitrogen nutrition in vine plants at the ARC-Vine and Wine Research Institute in Stellenbosch, and attended Farmers Days in the Western Cape to transfer the covercrop technology to wine and table grape farmers.

7.0 Student Training

7.1 Student Supervision at University of Cape Town

1. Joseph Marumo, MSc, successful (Co-supervisor) 2. Leonard M. Muofhe, MSc, successful (Supervisor) 3. A. Nelwamondo, MSc successful (Supervisor) 4. Carmen Mullins, MSc, about to submit (Supervisor) 5. Thilivhali Ratshitaka, MSc, (Supervisor) 6. Theopolina Thomas, MSc, about to submit Thesis (Supervisor) 7. Amy Spriggs, PhD, about to submit Thesis (Supervisor) 8. Vivienne Matiru, PhD, about to submit Thesis (Supervisor) 9. Samson Chimphango, PhD, submitted Thesis (Supervisor) 10. Patrick Ndakidemi, PhD (Supervisor)

12. Additionally, I supervised three Honours students in 1994, one in 1995, one in 1998, three in 2001, and two in 2002.

7.2 Student Supervision Outside University of Cape Town

I co-supervised five students at the University of the North in South Africa with Dr Kinglsey Ayisi. The five students concerned are:

1. V Mapheto, B.Agric Honours 2. P.N.Z. Mpangane, M.Agric. 3. R.J. Nkagpele, M.Agric. 4. M.V. Mawela, M.Agric. 9 5. M.S. Mposi, MSc

8.0 Administrative Experience

8.1 Departmental:

I have functioned in various capacities in the Botany Dept, including being the Public Relations Officer, served on the ATSIC committee, served Seminars Organizer, and is currently serving on the Plant Propagation and Equipment Committees as well as acting as the Radiation Officer for the department.

8.2 Faculty level:

1999-2001: Member of Science Faculty Postgraduate Students and Research Committee. 1999-2001: Member of the Programmes Committee of the Cellular and Molecular Biology Programme. 2000-2001: Chair of the Re-admissions Review Committee of the Science Faculty.

8.3 University-wide.

February 1994: Warden of Students at Forest Hill Blocks D and G

July 1994-present: Warden of Students in College House, Kilindini and Glenres

July 1998-February 1999: Senior Warden of Residences within Central Region. (these include Baxter Hall, Kopano, Leo Marquard Hall, College House, Glenres, and Tugwell Hall).

My duties as Warden include providing social and academic support for culturally-diverse students living in the residence; and as Senior Warden I served on the Management Committee of the Student Housing Administration offering advice on policy issues, and acted as liaison for all wardens in the Central Zone.

I have served on a number of University-wide committees:

June 1995-July 1997: Member of Code of Ethics For Researchers Committee July 1995-June 1997: Alternate Member of the Bremner Travel Grants Committee June 1994-June 2001: Member of Residences Committee June 1994-June 2001: Member of Residences Academic Assistance Committee February 1998-July 1999: Member of UCT Publications and Award Committee February 1998-July 1999: Member of UCT Club Committee July 1998-February 1999: Member of Student Housing Admissions Committee August 1998-June 2001: Member of Visiting Scholars Fund Committee February 1997-June 2001: University Court Assessor.

Additionally, I have served on a number of Ad Hoc Committees, such as the Selection Committee for Manager: External Funding (Research Support Services) in October 1994, the UCT Committee on Carnegie Grant in 1994, and the Sainsbury Bursaries Selection Committee in 1996. I have also served on a number of Selection Committees for University-wide 10 appointments, in both academic and administrative positions between 1997 and 2001.

8.4 Dean: Research Development and Technology Promotion, Cape Technikon As Dean of Research, I currently sit on a number of important institutional committees, such as Senate, Exco of Senate, Extended Rectorate, Deans and Directors' Committee, the Main Planning Committee and the Quality Assurance Commttee of the Cape Technikon. Also, as Dean of Research, I chair the Senate Research Committee, and the Technikon’s ConfCom (Conference Committee).

9.0 Publications:

9.1 Peer-reviewed Journal papers

1. Dakora F.D. and J.M. Vincent (1984) Fast-growing bacteria from nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Journal of Applied Bacteriology 56: 327-330.

2. Dakora F.D. (1985) Use of intrinsic antibiotic resistance for characterization and identification of rhizobia from nodules of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. and Phaseolus vulgaris (L.). Acta Microbiologica (Polon) 34:187-196.

3. Dakora F.D., R.A. Aboyinga, Y. Mahama and J. Apaseku (1987) Assessment of nitrogen fixation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and their relative nitrogen contribution to a succeeding maize crop in Northern Ghana. MIRCEN Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 3: 389-399.

4. Dakora F.D., J.A. Akanuwe and Y. Mahama (1988) Enhanced nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transfer in cowpea-millet intercrop in Northern Ghana. Acta Microbiologica (Polon) 37: 337-344.

5. Dakora F.D. and C.A. Atkins (1989) Diffusion of oxygen in relation to structure and function in legume root nodules. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 16: 131-140.

6. Atkins C.A., J.S. Pate, P.J. Sanford, F.D. Dakora and I. Matthews (1989) Nitrogen nutrition of nodules in relation to "N-hunger" in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Plant Physiology 93: 1644-1649.

7. Dakora F.D. and C.A. Atkins (1990) Effect of pO2 on growth and nodule functioning of symbiotic cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Plant Physiology 93: 948-955.

8. Dakora F.D. and C.A. Atkins (1990) Effect of pO2 during growth on the gaseous diffusional properties of nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Plant Physiology 93: 956-961.

9. Dakora F.D. and C.A. Atkins (1990) Morphological and structural adaptation of nodules of cowpea to functioning under sub- and supra-ambient oxygen pressure. Planta 182: 572-582.

10. Atkins C.A., F.D. Dakora and P.J. Storer (1990) Effect of oxygen pressure on synthesis and export of nitrogenous solutes by nodules of cowpea. Planta 182: 565-571. 11

11. Dakora F.D., C.A. Appleby and C.A. Atkins (1991) Effect of pO2 on the formation and status of leghemoglobin in nodules of cowpea and soybean. Plant Physiology 95: 723-730.

12. Dakora F.D. and C.A. Atkins (1991) Adaptation of nodules of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) to growth in non-ambient pO2. Plant Physiology 96: 728-730.

13. Dakora F.D., C.A. Atkins and J.S. Pate (1992) Effect of nitrate on nitrogen fixation and nitrogenous solutes of xylem in two nodulated West African geocarpic legumes, Kersting`s bean (Macrotyloma geocarpum L.) and Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.). Plant and Soil 140: 255-262.

14. Dakora F.D., C.M. Joseph and D.A. Phillips (1993) Alfalfa root exudates contain isoflavonoids in the presence of Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Physiology 101: 819-824.

15. Leon-Barrios M., F.D. Dakora, C.M. Joseph and D.A. Phillips (1993) Isolation of Rhizobium meliloti nod gene inducers from alfalfa rhizosphere soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59: 636-639.

16. Dakora F.D., C.M. Joseph and D.A. Phillips (1993) Common bean root exudates contain elevated levels of daidzein and coumestrol in response to Rhizobium inoculation. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 6: 665-668.

17. Phillips D.A., F.D. Dakora, E. Sande, C.M. Joseph and J. Zon (1994) Synthesis, release, and transmission of alfalfa signals to rhizobial symbionts. Plant and Soil 161: 69-80.

18. Dakora F.D. (1994) Nodulation gene induction and genetic control in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. South African Journal of Science 90: 596-599.

19. Dakora F.D. (1995) A functional relationship between leghemoglobin and nitrogenase based on novel measurements of the two proteins in legume root nodules. Annals of Botany 75: 49- 54.

20. Dakora F.D. (1995) Plant flavonoids: biological molecules for useful exploitation. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 22: 87-99.

21. Dakora F.D. and D.A. Phillips (1996) Diverse functions of isoflavonoids in legumes transcend anti-microbial definitions of phytoalexins. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 49: 1-20.

22. Dakora F.D. and S.O. Keya (1997) Contribution of legume nitrogen fixation to sustainable agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29: 809-817.

23. Masutha T.H., L.M. Muofhe and F.D. Dakora (1997) Evaluation of N2 fixation and agroforestry potential in selected tree legumes for sustainable use in South Africa. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29: 993-998.

24. Dakora F.D. (1998) Nodule function in symbiotic Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) and Kersting's bean (Macrotyloma geocarpum L.) is tolerant of nitrate in the rrot medium. 12 Annals of Botany 82: 687-690.

25. Muofhe M.L. and Dakora F.D. (1999) Root phenolic accumulation and loss of autoregulation of nodule formation in Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) following boron nutrition and cotyledon excision. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 26, 435-441.

26. Muofhe M.L. and F.D.Dakora (1999) Nitrogen nutrition in nodulated field plants of the shrub tea legume Aspalathus linearis assessed using 15N natural abundance. Plant and Soil 209, 181-186.

27. Nelwamondo A. and F.D. Dakora (1999) Silicon promotes nodule formation and nodule functioning in symbiotic cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) The New Phytologist 142, 463- 467.

28. Boone C.M., M.M.A. Olshoorn, F.D. Dakora, H.P. Spaink and J.E. Thomas-Oates (1999) Structural characterization of lipo-chitin oligosaccharides isolated from Bradyrhizobium aspalati, microsymbionts of commercially-important South African legumes. Carbohydrate Research 317, 155-163.

29. Dakora F.D., D.W. Lawlor and K.P. Sibuga (1999) Assessment of symbiotic nitrogen nutrition in marama bean (Tylosema esculentum L.), a tuber-producing underutilized African grain legume. Symbiosis 27, 269-277.

30. Muofhe M.L. and F.D. Dakora (1999) Symbiotic response of the African tea legume Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos tea) to nutrient supply under glasshouse conditions. Symbiosis 27, 279-292.

31. Ayisi K.K., R.J. Nkgapele and F.D. Dakora (2000) Nodule formation and function in six varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) grown in a nitrogen-rich field soil in South Africa. Symbiosis 28, 17-31.

32. Dakora F.D. (2000) Commonality of root nodulation signals and nitrogen assimilation in tropical grain legumes belonging to the tribe Phaseoleae. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 27, 885-892.

33. Dakora F.D. and B.G. Drake (2000) Elevated CO2 stimulates associative N2 fixation in a C3 plant of the Chesapeake Bay wetland. Plant, Cell and Environment 23, 943-953.

34. Muofhe M.L. and F.D. Dakora (2000) Modification of rhizosphere pH by the symbiotic legume Aspalathus linearis growing in a sandy acidic soil. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 27, 1169-1173.

35. Nelwamondo A. and F.D. Dakora (2001) Subcellular organization of N2-fixing nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) supplied with silicon. Protoplasma 216, 94-100.

36. Musil CF, SMB Chimphango and FD Dakora (2002) Effects of elevated Ultraviolet-B radiation in native and cultivated plants of Southern Africa. Annals of Botany 90, 127-137.

37. Dakora F.D. and D.A. Phillips (2002) Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in 13 low-nutrient environments. Plant and Soil 245, 35-47.

38. Dakora F.D. (2003) Defining new roles for plant and rhizobial molecules in sole and mixed plant cultures involving symbiotic legumes. The New Phytologist 158, 39-49.

39. Chimphango S.M.B., C.F. Musil and F.D. Dakora (2003) Effects of UV-B radiation on plant growth, symbiotic function and concentration of metabolites in three tropical grain legumes. Functional Plant Biology 30, 309-318.

40. Chimphango S.M.B., C.F. Musil and F.D. Dakora (2003) Response of purely symbotic and NO3-fed nodulated plants of Lupinus luteus and Vicia atropurpurea to UV-B radiation. Journal of Experimental Botany 54, 1771-1784.

41. Ndakidemi P.A. and F.D. Dakora (2003) Legume seed flavonoids and nitrogenous metabolites as signals and protectants in early seedling development. Functional Plant Biology 30, 729-745.

42. Dakora F.D. and Aziwe Nelwamondo (2003) Silicon nutrition promotes root growth and tissue mechanical strength in symbiotic cowpea. Functional Plant Biology 30, 947-953.

43. Spriggs A., W.D. Stock and F.D. Dakora (2003) Influence of mycorrhizal associations on foliar δ15N values of legume and non-legume shrubs and trees in the fynbos of South Africa: 15 Implications for estimating N2 fixation using the N natural abundance method. Plant and Soil 255, 495-502.

44. Musil C.F., B.S. Kgope, S.M.B. Chimphango and F.D. Dakora (2003) Nitrate addition enhances the photosynthetic sensitivity of a nodulated South African mediterranean climate legume (Podalyria calyptrata) to elevated UB-B. Environmental and Experimental Botany 50, 197-210.

45. Chimphango S.M.B., C.F. Musil and F.D. Dakora (2004) Response to UV-B radiation by purely symbiotic and NO3-fed nodulated tree and shrub legumes indigenous to Southern Africa. Tree Physiology 24, 181-192.

46. Matiru V.N., Dakora F.D. (2004) Potential use of rhizobial bacterial as promoters of plant growth for increased yield in landraces of African cereal crops. African Journal of Biotechnology 3, 1-7.

9.2 Book Chapters

47. Dakora F.D. (1985) Biological nitrogen fixation in Ghana. In: Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Africa (H. Ssali and S.O. Keya, eds.), pp 59-71. Nairobi Rhizobium MIRCEN, Kenya.

48. Dakora F.D. (1985) Nodulation and nitrogen fixation by groundnut in amended and unamended field soil in Ghana. In: Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Africa (H. Ssali and S.O. Keya, eds.), pp 324-339. Nairobi Rhizobium MIRCEN, Kenya. 14 49. Dakora F.D. and C.A. Atkins (1988) Oxygen diffusion - a critical factor in legume nodule functioning. In: Microbiology in Action (W.G. Murrell and I.R. Kennedy, eds.). Pp. 125-134. Research Studies Press, John Wiley and Sons, London.

50. Phillips D.A., F.D. Dakora, M. Leon-Barrios, E. Sande and C.M. Joseph (1993) Signals released from alfalfa regulate microbial activities in the rhizosphere. In: New Horizons in Nitrogen Fixation (R. Palacios, J. Mora and W.E. Newton, eds.), Nijhoff/Junk, Dordrecht; pp. 197-206.

51. Dakora F.D. (1996) Using indigenous knowledge to increase agricultural productivity in Africa. In: Indigenous Knowledge and its Uses in Southern Africa, (H. Normann, I. Snyman and M. Cohen, Eds.), pp. 109-135. HSRC Publishers, Pretoria.

52. Dakora F.D. (1998) Rhizobium-induced release of isoflavonoid phytoalexins in symbiotic legumes. In: Harnessing Biological Nitrogen Fixation in African Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities (S. Mpepereki and F.T. Makonese, eds.). Pp. 137-145. University of Zimbabwe Press, Harare, Zimbabwe.

53. Dakora F.D. and D.A. Phillips (2002) Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments. In: Food Security in Nutrient Stressed Environments: Exploiting Plants' Genetic Capabilities (J.J. Adu-Gyamfi, ed.). Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences Vol. 95, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 1-4020-0603-9, pp.201-213.

54. Dakora F.D. and T.R. Sinclair (2002) Genetic approaches for manipulating crop plants to enhance root exudation and access low nutrients in the rhizosphere. In: Food Security in Nutrient-stressed Environments, Exploiting Plants' Genetic Capabilities (J.J. Adu-Gyamfi, Ed.). Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences Vol.95, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 1-4020- 0603-9, pp. 261-265.

9.3 Thesis

55. Dakora F.D. (1989) Studies of N2 Fixation, N assimilation and Nodule Development in Grain Legumes - Effects of O2. PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, Perth.

9.4 Peer-reviewed Published Conference Proceedings

56. Dakora F.D., C.A. Atkins and J.S. Pate (1986) Oxygen sensitivity of nitrogenase and th nitrogen fixation in cowpea nodules developing in sub-ambient O2 levels. In: Proc 8 Australian Nitrogen Fixation Conference (W. Wallace and S.E. Smith, eds.), pp 11-12. Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, Melbourne.

57. Dakora F.D. and M.L. Muofhe (1996) Molecular signals involved in nodulation of the African Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.). In: Proceedings of the International Bambara groundnut Symposium, University of Nottingham, UK, 23-25 July 1996; pp. 171-179.

58. Dakora F.D. and L. M. Muofhe (1997) Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen nutrition in symbiotic 15 Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Thouars) and Kersting's bean (Macrotyloma geocarpum L.). In: Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (J. Heller, F. Begemann, and J. Mushonga, Eds.), pp 72-77. IPGRI, Rome, Italy.

59. Dakora F.D. and A.L. Nyamekye (1997) Symbiotic response of soybean (Glycine max L.) and bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Thouars) plants to exogenous supply of nod gene-inducing compounds and co-inoculation of Azospirillum with Bradyrhizobium. In: African Crop Science Proceedings, Vol. 3 (E. Adipala, J.S. Tenywa and M.W. Ogenga-Latigo, Eds.), pp. 289-295. African Crop Science Society, Uganda. (in press).

60. Nelwamondo A., A.M. Jaffer and F.D. Dakora (1997) effects of silicon supply on N2 fixation in symbiotic cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Microscopy Society of Southern Africa-Proceedings 27, 73.

61. Matiru V.N, A.M. Jaffer, M.E. Waldron and F.D. Dakora (2003). Rhizobial colonization of roots of African landraces of sorghum and millet. Microscopy Society of Southern Africa – Proceedings –Volume 33, p. 61.

9.5 Other Published Conference Proceedings

62. Dakora F.D. and C.A. Atkins (1990) Functional changes in cowpea nodules grown in different pO2. In: Nitrogen Fixation: Achievements and Objectives (P.G.M. Gresshoff, et al. eds.). Chapman and Hall, New York, p.730.

63. Dakora F.D., C.M. Joseph and D.A. Phillips (1993) Rhizobium meliloti alters flavonoid composition of alfalfa root exudate. In: R. Palacios, J. Mora and W.E. Newton (eds.), Nijhoff/Junk, Dordrecht; p. 335.

64. Dakora F.D. and R.J. Le Roux (1995) Phosphorus nutrition alters root flavonoid content, nitrogen fixation and phosphorus partitioning in cowpea. In: Nitrogen Fixation: Fundamentals and Applications (I.A. Tikhonovich, N.A. Provorov, V.I. Romanov and W.E. Newton (eds.), p. 324, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

65. Dakora F.D. (1995) Agronomic and nutritional attributes of some underutilized legumes in Eastern and Southern Africa. In: Genetic Resources and Utilization of Underutilized Crops in Southern and Eastern Africa (K. Anthony, N. Haq, and B. Cilliers, Eds.), pp. 31-37. Inst. Trop. and Subtrop. Crops, Nelspruit.

66. Muofhe M.L. and F.D. Dakora (1998) Bradyrhizobium species isolated from indigenous legumes of the western Cape exhibit high tolerance of low pH. In: Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the 21st Century (C. Elmerich, A. Kondorosi and W.E. Newton, Eds.), p. 519. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

67. Dakora F.D. (1998) Nodulation specificity of Aspalathus linearis subsp. linearis, a shrub tea legume indigenous to the Western Cape. In: Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the 21st Century (C. Elmerich, A. Kondorosi and W.E. Newton, Eds.), pp. 671-672. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 16 68. Dakora F.D., A. Spriggs, R.M. Nyemba and S. Chimphango (2000) Host-plant factors in the adaptation of indigenous African legumes to low pH soils. In: Nitrogen Fixation: From Molecules to Crop Productivity (F.O. Pedrosa, M. Hungria, M.G. Yates and W.E. Newton, Eds.), pp. 579-580. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

69. Chimphango S.B.M., C. Musil and F.D. Dakora (2000) UV-B effects on plant growth, symbiotic performance and metabolite concentration in tropical legumes. In: Nitrogen Fixation: From Molecules to Crop Productivity (F.O. Pedrosa, M. Hungria, M.G. Yates and W.E. Newton, Eds.), p. 582. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

70. Chimphango S.B.M., C. Musil and F.D. Dakora (2001) Growth and symbiotic response of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to elevated levels of UV-B radiation. In Nitrogen Fixation: Global Perspectives (TM Finan, MR O'Brian, DB Layzell, JK Vessey and WE Newton, eds.), p. 526. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

71. Dakora F.D., V.N. Matiru, M. King and D.A. Phillips (2001) Plant growth promotion in legumes and cereals by lumichrome, a rhizobial signal metabolite. In. Nitrogen Fixation: Global Perspectives (TM Finan, MR O'Brian, DB Layzell, JK Vessey and WE Newton, eds.), pp. 321- 322. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

9.6 Conference Abstracts/Miscellaneous Articles

72. Leon-Barrios M., F.D. Dakora, C.M. Joseph and D.A. Phillips (1993) Signals from alfalfa rhizosphere soil induce transcription of nod genes in Rhizobium meliloti. Paper presented at the VI Meeting of the Spanish Society for Nitrogen Fixation.

73. Nelwamondo A., M Jaffer, B.T. Sewell, and F.D. Dakora (1996) Is silicon a signal in root development and nodule formation in symbiotic legumes? In: Procs. 11th Australian Nitrogen Fixation Conference, pp. 39-40. Australian Society For Nitrogen Fixation, GLIMA, Perth.

74. Dakora F.D. (1996) Use of genetic resources by traditional farmers. Procs. Genetic Resource Conservation Workshop, 19-20 March, Devonshire Hotel, Johannesburg. Land and Agricultural Policy Centre.

75. Dakora F.D. (1996) The conservation and utilization of traditional and indigenous crops in South Africa. Proc. South African National Workshop on Plant Genetic Resources, 29-31 May 1996, Sammy Marks Convention Centre, Pretoria. SA Dept of Agriculture.

76. Dakora F.D. and D.W. Lawlor (1998) Evaluating the 15N natural abundance technique for assessing the N2-fixing status of underutilized African legumes: its application to marama bean (Tylosema esculentum L.), a tuber-producing grain legume. In: Proceedings, Eighth Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 23-27 November 1998, Cape Town. Pp. 45-47.

77. Mullins C.C., P.J.E. Louw and F.D. Dakora (1998) Uptake and assimilation of biologically fixed nitrogen in a legume-based cover cropped vineyard system. In: Proceedings, Eighth Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 23-27 November 1998, Cape Town. Pp. 149-150. 17 78. Nelwamondo A. and F.D. Dakora (1998) Effects of silicon nutrition on root growth, tissue mechanical strength and the symbiotic process in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). In: Proceedings, Eighth Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 23- 27 November 1998, Cape Town. Pp. 172-173.

79. Nyemba R.C., O.I. Lungu and F.D. Dakora (1998) Evaluating the symbiotic competence of grain legumes in farmers' fields in northern Zambia. In: Proceedings, Eighth Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 23-27 November 1998, Cape Town. Pp. 189-190.

80. Spriggs A. and F.D. Dakora (1998) Problems associated with using the 15N natural abundance method for field estimation of nitrogen fixation in shrub and tree legumes: Honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) plants. In: Proceedings, Eighth Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 23-27 November 1998, Cape Town. Pp. 249-251.

81. Mullins C.C., P.J.E. Louw and F.D. Dakora (1999) Nitrogen management in cropping systems: the role of symbiotic legumes. International Symposium on Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Crop Production, 11-14 may 1999, Cairo, Egypt.

82. Chimphango S.B.M., C. Musil and F.D. Dakora (2000) Effects of plant exposure to rising UV-B radiation on grain legume symbioses. In: Proceedings, Ninth Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 25-29 September 2000, Nairobi. Pp. 12-17.

83. Spriggs A. and F.D. Dakora (2000) Reference plant problems encountered using the 15N natural abundance method to estimate biological nitrogen fixed by honeybush tea shrubs (Cyclopia spp.) in the Fynbos, South Africa. In: Proceedings, Ninth Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 25-29 September 2000, Nairobi. Pp. 74-76.

84. Matiru V., M.A. Jaffer and F.D. Dakora (2000) Rhizobial colonization of roots of African landraces of sorghum and millet and the effects on sorghum growth and of P nutrition. In: Proceedings, Ninth Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 25-29 September 2000, Nairobi. Pp. 99-100.

85. Matiru V. and F.D. Dakora (2000) Growth promotion in landraces of tropical grain legumes and cereal plants by lumichrome, a rhizobial signal molecule. In: Proceedings, Ninth Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 25-29 September 2000, Nairobi. Pp. 112-113.

86. Dakora F.D. (2000) Commonality of root nodulation signals and nitrogen assimilation in tropical grain legumes belonging to the tribe Phaseoleae. Abstract D6, 17 North American Conference on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 25-28 July 2000, Quebec City, Canada.

87. Masutha T.H. and F.D. Dakora (2000) Estimates of N2 fixation in field and glasshouse- grown tree legumes with potential for use in agroforestry. Abstract PF15, 17th North American Conference on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 25-29 July, Quebec City, Canada.

88. Dakora F.D. (2000) Management of diversity in cropping systems: the role of symbiotic legumes. 4th International Crop Science Congress, 17-22 August 2000, Hamburg, Germany. 18 89. Ratshitaka T.A., J.I. Sprent and F.D. Dakora (2001) Effects of Al and P on cluster root formation in nodulated Lupinus albus and Aspalathus linearis and changes in tissue and rhizosphere soil concentrations of P and Al associated with cluster root formation in A. linearis. Abstract pp. 15, International Workshop on Structure and Functioning of Cluster Roots and Plant Responses to Phosphate Deficiency, 5-8 November 2001, Perth, Australia.

90. Dakora F.D. (2001) Managing biodiversity in cropping systems: the case of symbiotic and non-symbiotic microbes and their associated host plants. Abstract pp. 29, Internationbal Symposium on Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems, 8-10 November 2001, Montreal, Canada.

91. Dakora F.D., T. Thomas, A.T. Ratshitaka, C.C. Mullins and J.M. Kombiok (2002) Legumes: Highlights of their multiple roles and contribution in tropical cropping systems. Abstract Book p. 20, First International Conference on Legume Genomics and Genetics: Translation to Crop Improvement, 2-6 June 2002, Minneapolis, USA.

92. Dakora F.D. (2002) Plant flavonoids and cluster roots as modifers of soil biodiversty. Abstract: FAO/EMBRAPA International Technical Workshop on Biological Management of Soil Ecosystems for Sustainable Agrculture, 24-27 June 2002, Londrina, Brazil.

93. Dakora F.D. (2002) The search for innovative BNF approaches: From conventional methods to biotechnology. In: Proceedings, 10th Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 28 October - 1 November 2002, Accra, Ghana, pp. 46-48.

94. Ndakidemi P.A. and F.D. Dakora (2002) Legume seed flavonoids as biological probes in early seedling development. In: Proceedings, 10th Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 28 October - 1 November 2002, Accra, Ghana, pp. 107-109.

95. Leitao D. and F.D. Dakora (2002) Effects of seaweed concentrate (Kelpak) on nitrogen fixation in for tropical grain legumes. In: Proceedings, 10th Intenational Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 28 October - 1 November 2002, Accra, Ghana, pp.82-83.

96. Spriggs a. and F.D. Dakora (2002) Isolation, characterization and selection of new efficient and competitive honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) rhizobia from the Cape, South Africa. In: Proceedings, 10th Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 28 October - 1 November 2002, Accra, Ghana, pp. 144-145.

97. Chimphango S.B.M., C.F. Musil and F.D. Dakora (2002) Plant growth and symbiotic function of eight legume species exposed to elevated UV-B radiation. In: Proceedings, 10th International Congress of the African Association for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, 28 October - 1 November 2002, Accra, Ghana, pp.44-45.

98. Dakora F.D., (2003) Some effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on nitrogen nutrition in microbial Diazotrophs and their associated plants. In: Proceedings, Global Change and Regional Sustainability in South Africa: National Symposium, 27-29 October 2003, Cape Town, South Africa.

99. Chimphango S.B.M., C.F. Musil and F.D. Dakora (2002) Impacts of UV-B radiation on 19 agricultural crop plants. In: Proceedings, Global Change and Regional Sustainability in South Africa: National Symposium, 27-29 October 2003, Cape Town, South Africa.

10.0 REFERENCES

1. Professor Shellemiah O. Keya Executive Secretary (iSC) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Room D-442 Viale delle Terme di Caracalla -00100 Rome ITALY Tel: 57052458 Fax: 57053298 e-mail:

2. Professor Craig A. Atkins Botany Department University of Western Australia Nedlands, WA 6009 AUSTRALIA Tel: 61-8-93802262 Fax: 61-8-93802206 e-mail:

3. Professor David B. Layzell, FRSC Department of Biology Queen's University Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 CANADA Tel: 1-613-5336149 Fax: 1-613-5332315 e-mail:

4. Professor Donald A. Phillips Dept. of Agronomy & Range Science University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA Telephone: 1-916-752 1891 e-mail: 20