Viruses and Bacteria Bacteria: Section 19-1

Name: ______Viruses and Bacteria Bacteria: Section 19-1 Bacterial sizes • Prokaryotes range from ______• Exception: – Epulopiscium fisheloni is ______

Classification • Old system – One kingdom: ______• New system – 2 kingdoms • ______(Domain ______) • ______(Domain ______) Bacteria Shapes • Bacillus (pl bacilli) – ______-shaped  DRAW IT:

• Coccus (pl cocci) – ______ DRAW IT:

• Spirillum (pl spirilla) – ______-shaped  DRAW IT:

PROCESS BOX: How are these shapes similar? How are they different? What tricks will you use to remember which term goes with each shape/picture? WRITE AT LEAST 3 LINES

Cell Wall • ______- can be used to differentiate bacteria – Thick wall of peptidoglycan—______color (EX: ) – Thin/no wall—______color (EX: ) Movement • ______• ______• ______• ______

Metabolism • Bacteria can be either ______or ______– Heterotrophic—does ______produce own ______– Autotrophic—______produce own ______

Heterotroph types • Chemoheterotrophs- take in organic molecules for ______– EX: ______• Photoheterotrophs- photosynthetic, but needs organic molecules for ______

Autotroph types • Photoautotrophs- ______– EX: ______—”blue green algae” • Chemoautotrophs- make organic molecules from ______but use ______instead of light – Live deep in ______

Releasing energy • Obligate aerobes—______– Ex Mycobacterium tuberculosis = ______• Obligate anaerobes—______– Ex Clostridium botulinum = ______• Facultative anaerobes—______– Ex E. coli

PROCESS BOX: In the space below, create a graphic organizer that includes heterotroph, autotroph, chemoheterotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe

Growth and Reproduction • Binary fission—grow, ______, and divide - DRAW IT:

• Conjugation– ______forms so that bacteria can exchange ______- DRAW IT:

• Spore formation– bacteria can form spores when growth conditions become bad (______) – Protective barrier – When conditions are good again, ______

PROCESS BOX: Why is it important for bacteria to have multiple “reproductive” strategies? WRITE AT LEAST 2 LINES

Importance of bacteria • Decomposers-

• Nitrogen Fixers-

• Human uses-

Viruses: Section 19-2 History • Iwanowski and Beijernick (1890’s) – Worked on ______(infects tobacco and tomato leaves). – Creates ______on leaves. – Made a ______of the infected leaves and then put this juice through a filter. ______onto leaves. Still became infected. Concluded that whatever these disease causing particles were, they were very small (______).

• Named them viruses meaning “______”.

• Stanley (1935) – Purified TMV into a ______. – ______therefore, viruses are ______pathogenic (disease causing) particles. Viruses • Particles of ______envelope. • Obligate intracellular parasite (can only replicate ______a living cell) Structure of a virus • Small – ______(polio virus) – ______(small pox virus) • ______type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA but ______) • Protein coat – ______• Some have envelopes (made of lipids)______• ______made up of lipids for attachment onto host cells • Are ______to their host

PROCESS BOX: Based on the information above, explain why viruses are not considered living WRITE AT LEAST 3 LINES

Shapes • Shapes are – Rod - DRAW IT:

– Helical - DRAW IT:

– Icosahedral (20 sides) Bacteriophage The Lytic Cycle • ______, ______and ______to invade other host cells • Virulent (______) • The ______, ______(German measles), ______

PROCESS BOX: In your own words, describe the process of the lytic cycle, and include why it could be seen as “DNA hijacking” WRITE AT LEAST 4 LINES

Lysogenic Infection • Virus embeds ______which is replicated with host cell’s DNA. • Remains unnoticed for ______• ______

PROCESS BOX: In what ways are the lytic and lysogenic cycles similar? In what ways are they different? WRITE AT LEAST 3 LINES

Viral Diseases • Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Rabies, the Cold, the Flu, Influenza, Hepatitis, AIDS, Chicken pox, Small pox, Polio, Yellow fever, Meningititis, some cancers • Vaccines are small doses of either ______, ______or ______viruses. Body builds up ______against virus

Diseases caused by viruses

• AIDS • Hepatitis • The Cold • SARS • Measles • The Flu • Mumps • Ebola • Rubella • HPV • Chicken pox/Shingles • Bird Flu • Small Pox • Polio

The Different forms of Viruses • Retroviruses – AIDS. Contains ______instead of ______. Goes from ______. Normal is DNA to RNA to protein. - Retro means______

• Viroids – another disease causing agent but ______, only the ______– Found only in ______

• Prion – ______that cause diseases. ______in sheep degrades nervous system. ______(Bovine spongiform encephalopathy) in cows – puts holes into brain. – In humans, its ______

Section 19 – 3: Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses You will answer the following questions using pages 485-490

1. What is a pathogen?

2. Name the two ways bacteria cause disease in living organisms.

3. How can bacterial diseases be prevented?

4. How can they be treated?

5. Make a list of human diseases caused by bacteria.

6. What does it mean to sterilize a substance? 7. How can we prevent bacteria from spoiling our food?

8. What do viruses do to us to produce disease?

9. How are viral diseases treated and prevented?

10. What is non-effective at treating viral diseases?

11. List 9 diseases caused by viruses in humans