<p>Name: ______Viruses and Bacteria Bacteria: Section 19-1 Bacterial sizes • Prokaryotes range from ______• Exception: – Epulopiscium fisheloni is ______</p><p>Classification • Old system – One kingdom: ______• New system – 2 kingdoms • ______(Domain ______) • ______(Domain ______) Bacteria Shapes • Bacillus (pl bacilli) – ______-shaped  DRAW IT:</p><p>• Coccus (pl cocci) – ______ DRAW IT:</p><p>• Spirillum (pl spirilla) – ______-shaped  DRAW IT:</p><p>PROCESS BOX: How are these shapes similar? How are they different? What tricks will you use to remember which term goes with each shape/picture? WRITE AT LEAST 3 LINES</p><p>Cell Wall • ______- can be used to differentiate bacteria – Thick wall of peptidoglycan—______color (EX: ) – Thin/no wall—______color (EX: ) Movement • ______• ______• ______• ______</p><p>Metabolism • Bacteria can be either ______or ______– Heterotrophic—does ______produce own ______– Autotrophic—______produce own ______</p><p>Heterotroph types • Chemoheterotrophs- take in organic molecules for ______– EX: ______• Photoheterotrophs- photosynthetic, but needs organic molecules for ______</p><p>Autotroph types • Photoautotrophs- ______– EX: ______—”blue green algae” • Chemoautotrophs- make organic molecules from ______but use ______instead of light – Live deep in ______</p><p>Releasing energy • Obligate aerobes—______– Ex Mycobacterium tuberculosis = ______• Obligate anaerobes—______– Ex Clostridium botulinum = ______• Facultative anaerobes—______– Ex E. coli</p><p>PROCESS BOX: In the space below, create a graphic organizer that includes heterotroph, autotroph, chemoheterotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe</p><p>Growth and Reproduction • Binary fission—grow, ______, and divide - DRAW IT:</p><p>• Conjugation– ______forms so that bacteria can exchange ______- DRAW IT:</p><p>• Spore formation– bacteria can form spores when growth conditions become bad (______) – Protective barrier – When conditions are good again, ______</p><p>PROCESS BOX: Why is it important for bacteria to have multiple “reproductive” strategies? WRITE AT LEAST 2 LINES</p><p>Importance of bacteria • Decomposers-</p><p>• Nitrogen Fixers-</p><p>• Human uses-</p><p>Viruses: Section 19-2 History • Iwanowski and Beijernick (1890’s) – Worked on ______(infects tobacco and tomato leaves). – Creates ______on leaves. – Made a ______of the infected leaves and then put this juice through a filter. ______onto leaves. Still became infected. Concluded that whatever these disease causing particles were, they were very small (______).</p><p>• Named them viruses meaning “______”.</p><p>• Stanley (1935) – Purified TMV into a ______. – ______therefore, viruses are ______pathogenic (disease causing) particles. Viruses • Particles of ______envelope. • Obligate intracellular parasite (can only replicate ______a living cell) Structure of a virus • Small – ______(polio virus) – ______(small pox virus) • ______type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA but ______) • Protein coat – ______• Some have envelopes (made of lipids)______• ______made up of lipids for attachment onto host cells • Are ______to their host</p><p>PROCESS BOX: Based on the information above, explain why viruses are not considered living WRITE AT LEAST 3 LINES</p><p>Shapes • Shapes are – Rod - DRAW IT:</p><p>– Helical - DRAW IT:</p><p>– Icosahedral (20 sides) Bacteriophage The Lytic Cycle • ______, ______and ______to invade other host cells • Virulent (______) • The ______, ______(German measles), ______</p><p>PROCESS BOX: In your own words, describe the process of the lytic cycle, and include why it could be seen as “DNA hijacking” WRITE AT LEAST 4 LINES</p><p>Lysogenic Infection • Virus embeds ______which is replicated with host cell’s DNA. • Remains unnoticed for ______• ______</p><p>PROCESS BOX: In what ways are the lytic and lysogenic cycles similar? In what ways are they different? WRITE AT LEAST 3 LINES</p><p>Viral Diseases • Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Rabies, the Cold, the Flu, Influenza, Hepatitis, AIDS, Chicken pox, Small pox, Polio, Yellow fever, Meningititis, some cancers • Vaccines are small doses of either ______, ______or ______viruses. Body builds up ______against virus</p><p>Diseases caused by viruses</p><p>• AIDS • Hepatitis • The Cold • SARS • Measles • The Flu • Mumps • Ebola • Rubella • HPV • Chicken pox/Shingles • Bird Flu • Small Pox • Polio</p><p>The Different forms of Viruses • Retroviruses – AIDS. Contains ______instead of ______. Goes from ______. Normal is DNA to RNA to protein. - Retro means______</p><p>• Viroids – another disease causing agent but ______, only the ______– Found only in ______</p><p>• Prion – ______that cause diseases. ______in sheep degrades nervous system. ______(Bovine spongiform encephalopathy) in cows – puts holes into brain. – In humans, its ______</p><p>Section 19 – 3: Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses You will answer the following questions using pages 485-490</p><p>1. What is a pathogen?</p><p>2. Name the two ways bacteria cause disease in living organisms.</p><p>3. How can bacterial diseases be prevented? </p><p>4. How can they be treated?</p><p>5. Make a list of human diseases caused by bacteria.</p><p>6. What does it mean to sterilize a substance? 7. How can we prevent bacteria from spoiling our food?</p><p>8. What do viruses do to us to produce disease?</p><p>9. How are viral diseases treated and prevented?</p><p>10. What is non-effective at treating viral diseases?</p><p>11. List 9 diseases caused by viruses in humans</p>