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Taxonomic Resolution of Sawfish Rostra from Two Private Collections

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Taxonomic Resolution of Sawfish Rostra from Two Private Collections Vol. 32: 525–532, 2017 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published June 27 https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00833 Endang Species Res Contribution to the Theme Section ‘Biology and ecology of sawfishes’ OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS NOTE Taxonomic resolution of sawfish rostra from two private collections Jason C. Seitz1,*, Jan Jeffrey Hoover2 1ANAMAR Environmental Consulting, Inc., 2106 NW 67th Place, Suite 5, Gainesville, Florida 32653, USA 2US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Waterways Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, USA ABSTRACT: Management and recovery of endangered sawfishes are challenged by the un - certainty of species determination. Frequently, dried rostra (saws) are the only material available to represent an historical occurrence, yet traditional methods of species identification of data- deficient rostra (rostral tooth counts) are unreliable. We evaluated the utility of morphometric characters for the identification of specimens from 2 private collections totaling 41 rostra and rep- resenting 4 species: Anoxypristis cuspidata, Pristis pectinata, P. pristis, and P. zijsron. Rostra were acquired as available and the sample is likely representative of sawfishes globally. Data on 9 mor- phometric and meristic variables were collected, 5 of which were evaluated using principal com- ponent analysis (PCA). PCA of the mensural data accounted for 87% of the variance with the first 2 principal components. Principal component 1 (PCI) was explained by 4 variables and PCII by a single variable. This indicated that all 5 variables were taxonomically important. Spatial relation- ships of points were consistent with putative identifications based on available data. Knifetooth sawfish (A. cuspidata), smalltooth sawfishes (P. pectinata and P. zijsron), and largetooth sawfishes (P. pristis) formed 3 distinct clusters with minimal overlap along PCI. P. pectinata and P. zijsron were separated from each other along PCII, as were the P. microdon (nom. dub.) (Indian and Pacific) and P. perotteti (nom. dub.) (Atlantic) populations of P. pristis. The results demonstrate the utility of analyzing private collections of historically traded rostra. Cumulatively, such collections represent a global fauna sampled over many decades with potential for characterizing phenotypic variation in sawfish at interspecific and intraspecific levels on a greater geographic and temporal scale than targeted modern sampling of specific populations. Further, PCA provides an objective way of classifying data-deficient rostra to species, greatly increasing the research value of these specimens. KEY WORDS: Pristidae · Anoxypristis · Pristis · Taxonomy · Species identification · Morphometrics · Principal component analysis · Conservation INTRODUCTION common for nearly 2 centuries (Norman & Fraser 1938, Migdalski 1960, Hoover 2008). Specimens Prior to protection of all species of sawfishes under imported from the Indo-Pacific were commonplace CITES (September 13, 2007; http://checklist. cites. as late as the 1960s in retail shell shops and souvenir org/#/en) and the Endangered Species Act (January stores in coastal towns of the United States. Once 12, 2015; NMFS 2014), sawfish rostra were long dried, sawfish rostra were well suited for long-term traded among dealers and collectors of natural his- storage due in part to being composed primarily of tory objects. Traffic in these distinctive curios was cartilage re inforced with calcium. As a result, despite © The authors 2017. Open Access under Creative Commons by *Corresponding author: [email protected] Attribution Licence. Use, distribution and reproduction are un - restricted. Authors and original publication must be credited. Publisher: Inter-Research · www.int-res.com 526 Endang Species Res 32: 525–532, 2017 the current rarity of sawfishes in many areas of the sorts specimens based on variables with the greatest world, the collectability, historical availability, and variation, not necessarily the greatest discrimination. durability of dried rostra contribute to their frequent As a result, our study serves as a test case for subse- representation in both public and private collections. quent (and larger scale) evaluations of historically Unfortunately, rostra in private collections often lack traded specimens, in private and public collections, the supporting data, such as non-rostral characters that do not impact living sawfishes and are cost- and locality of capture, needed to make species-level effective because they require no fieldwork. determinations, yet their relative availability makes them potentially useful in research. This is because fresh specimens are difficult to obtain and whole pre- MATERIALS AND METHODS served specimens are uncommon in public collec- tions due to their large sizes and the logistical chal- Material examined lenges of transportation, preservation, and storage. Sawfish rostra can provide important insights on Sawfish rostra from 2 private collections were stud- morphology (e.g. variation in shape), rostrum tooth ied. One collection (belonging to J. C. Seitz) consists number, historic population status (e.g. geographic of 30 specimens acquired between 1980 and 2014, distribution, relative abundance), and genetics. mainly through donations and exchanges with other The characters used to discriminate species of saw- collectors. Of these, 29 were suitable for analysis, 18 fishes include rostral tooth counts, position of teeth of which have supporting locality data. The other col- along rostrum, shape of rostrum, dorsal fin position, lection (belonging to J. J. Hoover) consists of 12 spec- and development of the lower caudal lobe (Faria et imens acquired between 2003 and 2011, principally al. 2013). However, taxonomic resolution based by eBay auction, but none having locality data. All exclusively on rostral characters is also possible, as rostra were obtained on an ‘as available’ basis and demonstrated for 4 species of Australian sawfishes specific taxa were not targeted for acquisition. Time for which supporting data were available (Whitty et of collection is unknown for the majority of speci- al. 2014). Given the wide range of sizes and overlap mens but documented ages for a few are >50 yr, and in rostrum tooth counts for sawfish specimens, there we assume that most were collected during the 20th is some uncertainty in species-level identifications century. based exclusively on rostral morphology. Such iden- We have a follow-up project planned that necessi- tifications are necessary, however, for specimens tates retention of these specimens in our respective obtained from commercial trade as these typically private collections but we intend to donate these to lack supporting data. For these reasons, we under- museums when our work is complete. In the interim, took a morphological analysis of sawfish rostra from 2 our specimens will continue to be available to re- private collections to address 3 specific questions: (1) searchers as needed and we will provide photo- Are taxonomic determinations based exclusively on graphs on request. See Table 1 for a list of our speci- rostral morphology consistent with those based on mens and associated data. additional information? (2) Can rostral morphology be used as a stand-alone tool to objectively discrimi- nate among species? (3) Do private collections of <50 Characters specimens allow insight into interspecific and intra- specific taxonomic diversity? Counts and measurements were made according Our study differs in 2 respects from previous stud- to protocols in Faria et al. (2013) and Whitty et al. ies by Faria et al. (2013) and Whitty et al. (2014). It is (2014). Measurements were made to the nearest mm based exclusively on privately traded specimens, using a tape measure or calipers, depending on the requiring no targeted sampling of sawfish popula- size of the rostrum and sizes of individual characters. tions, but providing no supporting data on other Characters included (1) left rostral tooth count; (2) diagnostic features (e.g. fin position and shape) and right rostral tooth count; (3) total rostrum length limited supporting data on locality (i.e. 18 of 41 speci - (TRL), from mid-point of tip to mid-point at conflu- mens). It employs a taxonomically conservative tech- ence of the rostrum with the head (where the rostrum nique for multivariate analysis, i.e. principal compo- begins to flare); (4) standard rostrum length (SRL), nent analysis (PCA), which is less biased than from mid-point of tip to mid-point adjacent to poste- previous similar studies as it requires no previous rior edge of the proximal-most left rostral tooth; (5) assignment of specimens to taxonomic groups and standard rostrum width, which we refer to as proxi- Seitz & Hoover: Taxonomic resolution of sawfish rostra 527 mal rostrum width (PRW), from base of proximal- rior edge of the distal-most right tooth to anterior most left rostral tooth to opposite edge of rostrum; (6) edge of the tooth behind it. Rostral teeth were occa- rostral tip width, which we refer to as distal rostrum sionally missing in some specimens but were width (DRW), from anterior edges of distal-most ros- included in tooth counts based on the presence of tral teeth; (7) proximal tooth gap (PTG), from anterior alveoli. In 6 specimens, the rostrum−head juncture edge of proximal-most right tooth to posterior edge of was not apparent and overall length was assumed to the next tooth; (8) distal tooth gap (DTG), from poste- be equivalent to TRL. Table 1. Sawfish
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