FOOT AND SHOEING – C2 Instructor’s Guide

Part I – Structures of the foot Purpose 1. Know the names and basic purpose of all external structures of the foot 2. Begin to learn the internal structures and functions of the foot and lower leg Teaching Suggestions 1. Knowing inner structures is preparation for detailed work in upcoming levels. 2. The internal structures portion takes up lots of space but it is intended to simply introduce the internal structures by listing and finding all the bones (use both names), then tendons etc working your way through. 3. You might describe basic functions for each internal structure as you go but reassure students that this is for their better understanding and preparation for future levels.

External Structures STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION Review the diagram

Wall Description  part visible when foot is on the ground MH 221  grows downward from coronet  toe, quarter and heel are all part of the wall  near the coronet it has a shiny varnish (periople) which protects wall from becoming hard and brittle Function  weight bearing surface for standing on  protects sensitive structures within foot Bars Description  where the wall turns inward at the heels  the angle formed between the bars and the wall is called “seat of corn” – an area which a shoe may press on if not reset early enough Function 1. help absorb shock 2. allow foot to expand under pressure 3. reinforcement to prevent the wall contracting (KYH – 7)

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 1 STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION Sole Description  quite thin protection for the inner foot MH 223  slightly concave when healthy  helps with traction and avoiding bruising Function  protect foot from injury from below Frog Description  rubbery triangular shaped structure MH 223  touches down on soft ground or bare foot horse  naturally sheds throughout the year (farrier will clean it up) Function  Functions of the frog (HN- 152) 1. shock absorber 2. anti-slip device 3. partial support of coffin bone and support to the navicular bone 4. heel expander  disperses shock of impact outwards 5. assists in circulation of blood Internal Structures -- this is an introduction for upcoming levels Review the diagram

For this diagram know the names of  6 bones  3 tendons  1 cushion  1 cartilage  2 types of sole  2 types of laminae

Coffin Bone (Pedal  the major bone of the foot Bone or 3rd  supports the weight of the horse phalanx) (USAB– 254) Navicular Bone  small wedge-shaped bone (distal sesamoid)  acts as a fulcrum for the deep digital tendon (KYH – 5) (USAB – 254)

Lateral Cartilages  “lateral” always means “side”  think lateral movements like leg yield (USAB – 256)  wing shaped cartilages  located on each side of the rear of the coffin bone  aid in the expansion of the foot  the top edge extends above the coronary band  feels soft and pliable in young horses (MHP – 14) Bulbs of heel (USAB  formed by the lateral cartilages – 256)  supported by the rear of the digital cushion (MHP – 14)

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 2 Digital Cushion  spongy structure above the frog, between lateral cartilages the wings of the (pedal or plantar coffin bone (HN – 155) cushion)  extends beneath the navicular bone and is similar in shape to frog (HN – 155)  fibrous/fatty extending rearward to support the bulbs of the heel (MHP – 14)  pressure on cushion helps pump blood back up the leg with each step (USAB – 255) Extensor Tendon  originates from muscles above knee and hock (HN – 154)  runs down the front of the leg, over the fetlock and pastern joints and attaches to the pointed centre of the upper border of the coffin bone  straightens the limb and lifts the toe Deep Flexor Tendon  runs down the back of the cannon between the superficial flexor tendon and (HN – 154; USAB suspensory ligament – 254)  passes below the navicular bone and attaches to the lower part of the coffin bone. It is broad and fan shaped where it passes under the navicular bone  bends the joint of the coffin and short pastern bones (MHP – 8 states that flexor tendons attach the flexor muscles of the upper leg with the bones of the lower leg) Superficial Flexor  runs down the back of the cannon bone branches in two and attaches to the Tendon (HN – lower part of the long pastern bone and the upper part of the short pastern 154) bone  bends the leg and joints Suspensory Ligament  ligament runs between splint bones and lies close behind the cannon (HN – 154)  divides into two bands each of which attaches to the corresponding sesamoid bone  some fibres pass over the pastern and reinforce the extensor tendon (HN – 154). There is no diagram available which clearly shows this ligament running into and connecting within the foot – but it does. Summary 3 bones of the foot 1. Pedal bone (third phalanx or coffin bone) 2. Navicular bone 3. Short Pastern (second phalanx) 3 tendons of the foot 1. Extensor Tendon 2. Deep digital flexor tendon 3. Superficial flexor tendon Ligament of the foot 1. Suspensory ligament

Part II –Function of Foot Purpose 1. Know the six common function of the foot Teaching Suggestions 1. Student brainstorm session  Ask “Can you think of the functions of the foot?” See how many they can come up with without being told/looking 2. Be sure students know what the various functions mean. They will cover these in more detail in future levels

(USAB – 274-275) 6 functions of the 1. Weight bearing foot 2. Shock absorption 3. Pumping blood 4. Traction 5. Protection

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 3 6. Growth and repair

Part III – Care of the Foot Purpose 1. Know the basic principles of foot care and condition 2. Know the reasons for shoeing Teaching Suggestions 1. Brainstorm points of general foot care 2. Point out that shoeing is one type of foot care.

FOOT CARE General 1. Clean feet daily (MH – 233) 2. Daily check the condition of feet and shoes (MH – 233) 3. Look for signs of thrush (MH – 233) 4. Book farrier in good time (MH – 233) 5. Trim every 4-6 weeks (MH – 377) The Unshod Foot  properly trimmed approximately every six weeks (MHP – 18)  watch that the hoof has not worn too short or become broken (MHP – 160) (MH – 231) 1. Working  avoid flinty or gritty footing  check regularly by farrier 2. At Grass  farrier to control natural growth and correctly shape and balance (every 4-6 weeks) 3. Youngstock  regular farrier attention to watch for uneven growth  remedial action for defects and ensure proper shape and balance The Shod Foot  continue basic foot care  monitor moisture balance in hooves that must where pads for an extended period of time (MHP – 219)  monitor foot/shoe condition to ensure an appointment is made with farrier for re-shoeing Reasons for Shoeing Four Reasons for 1. Protection Shoeing  from excess wear and damage  especially horses used on hard or rocky ground USC 251 2. Traction  prevent slipping  especially on grass  allows addition of traction devices (rims, calks, studs or borium) 3. Improving Gait  special shoes to correct a movement problem  shoes to improve movement for showing 4. Soundness  allow horse to cope with effects of unsoundness  e.g. founder or navicular

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 4 Part IV – Common Ailments of the Foot Purpose 1. Know the names, locations, causes and basic treatments for common cracks and hoof ailments Teaching Suggestions 1. Review each and determine if any students have personal experience with these conditions.

HoofCracks Sand crack Description  vertical split varying in length and depth HN 177 often without lameness  deeper splits may result in lameness (MH 376) Cause  weak brittle feet  concussion or strain  injury to coronary band Treatment  if pain and inflammation present treat with poultice first  stabilize area if necessary to prevent spreading and encourage healthy growth of wall (MH 376) Hoof Wall Cracks Description  short cracks extend upwards from the lower edge of the hoof MH 376  do not usually cause lameness but can if they become infected and resulted in an abscess under the sole  may make it difficult to keep a shoe on Cause  poorly understood  inadequate trimming and shoeing may increase risk Prevention  proper hoof care  supplement diet with biotin and methionine  apply cornucrescine dressing at the coronary band Common Ailments of the Foot Laminitis Description  inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the hoof (see internal structures MH 375 of the lower leg)  sensitive and insensitive laminae begin to separate (USC 222)  as laminae separate, coffin bone is no longer supported and it may begin to sink and rotate towards the bottom of the foot (USC 222)  horses which have had laminitis are more likely than other horses to have another attack Symptoms  extreme pain  heat in hoof wall and strong digital (back of pastern) pulse  stands with hind legs under body, weight back on heels

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 5  unwilling to move and may lie down Common cause of the inflammation (USC 222)  toxins released when horse eats rich feed  toxins from feeds not intended for horses (such as cattle and pig feed)  concussion from hard work on hard ground Treatment (USC 222)  call the vet o will give drug to reverse effects of toxins o will give horse painkiller so it can walk  improve circulation  remove horse from grain and pasture  ask veterinarian if you should cold hose or not Prevention (USC 222)  keep grain in secure area  limit access to grass and other rich feeds  only provide feed intended for horses  don’t let your horse get overweight “Foundered” Description  term used to describe a horse that has had laminitis USC 222  may have dropped soles  no longer concave  may have abnormal hoof-wall growth resulting in abnormal horizontal rings which get farther apart at the heel (MH 375)  toes may curl up  may have seedy toe  separation between sole and wall with soft horn between them Treatment  may require special shoeing to correct the problems that have developed within the foot Stone Bruise Description/Cause  stone lodged in the hoof  sudden lameness MH 379  mild  stone does not actually damage hoof structure  severe  stone penetrates sole Treatment  remove the stone  if sole has been severely bruised or penetrated  rest and poultice Subsolar Infection Description (abscess)  infection in the foot  inflammation  swelling within the rigid hoof  severe pain and MH 377 lameness  heat in the foot and swelling in pastern and cannon regions may develop  if several days into development  soft raised area at the coronary band  pus burst out Treatment  veterinarian (or farrier) create hole in sole of foot to allow pus to drain

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 6  may require poulticing for several days to draw out all of the pus

Corns Description  bruise at heel between frog and wall (at the seat of corn) MH 377  lameness is more obvious on a turn on firm ground (more pressure in that area when turning) Cause  ill-fitting shoes (either not properly fitted to begin with or left on too long) Treatment  remove the shoe  pare away horn in the area  poultice for several days Prevention  regular trimming and shoeing Thrush Description  foul smelling fungal infection MH 380  usually in the frog region  black discharge from the frog  may or may not be lame Cause  poor stable management  allowing the bed to become wet  poor trimming of the foot  keep the frog tidy and as much as possible in use (do not want it to become contracted) Prevention  clean the feet carefully every day  keep the bed dry Treatment (HN 167)  clean frog and cleft well  soak foot twice daily in Epsom salts and water  apply astringent antiseptic  keep frog in use  bar shoe or bare foot if ground is dry

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 7 Part V – Shoes and Terminology Purpose 1. Identify parts of the shoe and nail 2. Know common terminology used when discussing shoeing 3. Know common nailing problems 4. Able to discuss advantages and disadvantages of traction devices (not details on specific studs and their uses) 5. Identify common types of shoes Teaching Suggestions 1. Bring as many shoes as possible to look at. 2. Be sure to identify the primary purpose/use of each shoe type

Shoe and Nail Parts Term Definition Parts of the shoe

Parts of the Nail

Common Terminology When Discussing Shoeing Term Definition Keg shoe  one manufactured in a factory (MHP – 58) Plain or Flat shoe  unmodified iron with nail holes  may have a toe clip

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 8 fullered/creased/swedged  having a crease or groove that the nail heads are set into

feathering  inside quarter beveled and angled. Used to reduce risk of interfering and to limit damage if the horse strikes itself (USAB – 284) concave  the inside edge (edge closest to sole) of the shoe is concave (hollowed out) on the ground surface. Results in the iron being thinner where it touches the ground than where it contacts the wall. (HN – 159) calkin or calk  a protrusion on the ground surface heel of the shoe which improves traction (permanent compared to a removable calkin or stud) (MH – 228) wedge  similar purpose to a calk but different shape thought to be less likely to result in brushing (MH –228) pencilled  smoothed off. Usually done to the heels of fore shoes to reduce risk of shoe being caught be hind foot safed off  outer ground edge is rounded and the shoe set back under the foot to lessen the chance of an over-reach (MH – 228) Common Nailing Problems Term Definition Correct Nailing

Close Nail (Nail Bind HN 158)

 horse may not show signs of pain until some time later  if horse goes lame a day or two after being shod a close nail is a possible cause  call farrier and they will check and remove the offending nail Pricking (Quicking)

 may happen if horse moves while shoe is being nailed on  nail should be pulled and hole treated with 7% iodine solution  poulticing may be needed to help draw pus from foot (HN 164)  be sure tetanus immunization is up to date  may result in an abscess at the coronet a few days after shoeing (HN 163) Traction What is traction The ability of the horse to grip the ground. Good traction reduces the risk of a slip or fall. Frost Nails  nails with ribbed or specially hardened heads can improve traction

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 9  the heads resist wear and dig into hard ground or ice (mud nails)  the nail head makes contact with the ground and improves traction  one at each midpoint nail position may be all that is necessary MHP 64 Removable Studs  metal studs that are screwed into the heels of the shoe to lessen the risk of slipping (MH 229) (Screw Cogs)  come in many shapes and sizes for various purposes  studs on front shoes  increase concussion and are not usually recommended except in case of a confirmed “slipper” (MH 229)  should be on both inside and outside heels to keep level bearing surface but having one on the inside branch can increase risk of a dangerous “tread” Calkins and Wedges  built up area that is part of the heel of the shoe  may be various shapes and sizes USAB 286  are not removable and may put horse at risk because they create a bearing surface that is not level and horse may injure himself Borium (tungsten  super hard steel-alloy welded onto heels and toes of shoe carbide)  bites into hard surfaces like pavement, ice ore rock to prevent slipping USAB 287  in increases concussion and can inflict serious injuries if borium- shod horse kicks another

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 10 Basic Shoe Types (MHP 61 - 71 except where otherwise indicated)

TYPE USE DESCRIPTION NOTES Stamped shoe  for horses doing slow work. No  made of flat iron with stamped nail provision against slipping or holes (may be provided with toe clip interfering (HN – 159) HN – 159; MH - 227) Plain shoe  for horses doing slow work. No  flat shoe having a crease on the provision against slipping or ground surface of the shoe in the area interfering (HN – 159) of the nail heads Hunter Shoe (HN – 159)  for horse moving at fast pace on  modified plain stamped (MH – 227) grass and stopping suddenly and 1. concave iron making sharp turns 2. fullered; 3. heels of fore shoe pencilled; 4. toe of hind foot is rolled, set back and bevelled off, quarter clips; 5. outer heel of hind shoe has calkin; inner heel of hind shoe has a wedge Concave shoe (USC – 259)  horse ridden on turf and in dirt  the inside edge the shoe is concave arenas because dirt is less likely to pack up in the hoof Feather-Edged Shoe (HN –  reduce risk of interference injuries  inside quarter bevelled and angled  fitted close under wall (MH – 229) 160) or Anti-brushing Shoe (USAB – 284); no nails on inner  slightly higher on inside causing (MH – 229) branch of the shoe horse to move a little wider (MH – 229) Grass Tips (HN – 161)  on horses turned out to grass to  thin half length shoes protect wall in toe region from splitting Rim Shoe  improved traction  has a fuller or crease around the  see polo and barrel racing for two entire ground surface for recessing types the nail heads  one edge of the shoe is higher all the way around

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 1 TYPE USE DESCRIPTION NOTES Bar Shoes (General)  stabilize shoe, protect hoof from  heels of shoe connected together in  must not touch sole at any point ground contact and trauma and/or some fashion  must keep materials from provide added support accumulating in the shoe and  therapeutic shoe to apply or relieve putting pressure on the sole (defeats pressure on certain parts of the foot purpose of bar) -- full pad may help (USAB – 284) Egg Bar  supports heels in soft footing,  extended branches curve inward and  larger stable base extending behind prevent the hoof from rocking back connect to each other at the heels heels and takes some stress off the deep  shape may vary from nearly straight  hoof must be trimmed properly: digital flexor tendon and the to truly egg shaped modify the toe to make breakover navicular area easy  can interrupt the cycle leading to  fitted wide from the broadest part of contracted heels, collapsed, underrun the foot toward the heels and flat soles  rear heavier so may effect the  over time may help a flat sole movement of the horse  may need develop more of a concave shape to make it out of aluminum so it is  helps heavy horses with small lighter hooves because it increases the  collects mud and bedding so may bearing surface on the ground need more regular cleaning  don’t  when weight is coming down behind turn out in deep or muddy footing the hoof (underrun heels or long toe/low heel axis)  bulbs of heel are protected  when heels are “floated” to allow a displaced heel to descend to the shoe Heart Bar  treating laminitis  provides  a straight bar shoe with a specialized support to the coffin bone frog plate

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 2 Part VI – Shoeing Tools Purpose 1. Recognize farrier tools and specify use Teaching Suggestions 1. Where possible, bring the tools to look at. 2. Combine this section with Part V (hot shoeing steps) and do a mock hot shoeing (on a person if you are in a classroom).

Name Diagram Description (MH) Buffer or Clinch  used to raise and cut clenches when removing shoes Cutter

Pincers or Shoe  pliers that grip the shoe and pry it off Pullers  also used to remove nails  both edges are thin

Rasp  sharp heavy file to rasp and smooth feet and smooth clenches

Drawing knife or  used to pare away excess sole or trim the frog Hoof knife  making notches for clips (HN – 162)

Hoof  shaped like shoe pullers but with sharpened edges Cutter/Trimmers (usually only one is thin) or Nippers  used to nip off excess wall

Pritchel  metal spike used to hold a hot shoe  make nail holes (HN – 162)

Hammer  driving nails  twisting off points when through the hoof (HN – 161)

Nail Clencher  bends and flattens clenches into hoof wall

Crease Nail  for grasping and pulling nails that are set in the Puller crease (MHP – 27)

Diagrams from MH edition 10 page 211 descriptions from USC – 253

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 3 Part VII – Hot Shoeing vs. Cold Shoeing Purpose 1. Know the steps of hot shoeing (6) 2. Know the advantages and disadvantages of hot versus cold shoeing Teaching Suggestions 1. Combine with tools and do a mock hot shoeing. 2. Review advantages and disadvantages of both shoeing types.

Steps in Hot Shoeing (MH – 224 –226; USC – 254) STEP TOOLS PROCEDURE 1. Removal buffer, driving hammer  remove nails with buffer and driving hammer and pincers  pry off shoe with pincers 2. Preparation knife, hoof cutter and rasp  excess growth of hoof is removed with cutters  excess sole cut back with knife  ragged parts of frog trimmed away  wall rasped to make level bearing surface 3. Forgeing iron, anvil/hammer,  iron is selected pritchel  iron shaped on the anvil with hammer  nail holes stamped with pritchel  clips drawn with hammer/anvil 4. Fitting pritchel, hammer/anvil  hot shoe carried to foot with pritchel  shoe held to foot to “sear” to show where hoof touches shoe  adjustments are made and rechecked until shoe fits perfectly 5. Nailing on nails, hammer and nail  shoe is cooled block  first nail driven in usually at toe  ends of nails twisted off  may be driven against a nail block 6. Finishing clenchers, rasp, hammer  clenches are tidied and finished with hammer and/or clencher and lightly rasped over  clips are given a tap  rasp run around edge where wall meets shoe to reduce cracking

Comparison of Hot and Cold Shoeing (USC – 254) DESCRIPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Cold Shoeing  keg shoes are shaped and  wide variety are available  can be shaped but not nailed on without being  somewhat quicker extensively modified heated  nail holes are in same  bent by being hammered place which can result on an anvil in weak/damaged spot on hoof (HN – 15) Hot Shoeing  forge is used to heat  more modifications can  time consumption iron and make or modify be made shoes  make shoes not available as a key shoe  shoe can be seared to detect fitting problems

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 4 Part VIII – Shoeing Quality Purpose 1. Identify and discuss characteristics of good and bad shoeing 2. Know the signs that re-shoeing is needed Teaching Suggestions 1. Draw on student experience. 2. Ask questions like “In the newly shod foot, what does the frog look like? How do the clips look? What does the farrier look at before shoeing your horse?”

Shoeing Quality Signs of Good 1. shoe is the right size for the hoof. Shoe has been fitted to the foot not the Shoeing foot rasped down to fit the shoe 2. frog and sole have not been cut away too much and the frog touches on soft (USC – 256) ground 3. type of shoe is suitable for the work the horse is used for, and the weight of the iron is suitable for the size of the horse 4. the heels of the are neither to short nor too long 5. the foot is balanced so that it lands evenly, without twisting or rocking 6. the angle of the hoof is the same as the angle of the pastern 7. the clinches are smooth, tight and in an even line neither too high nor too low 8. the nails are the correct size and driven home (fit and fill the nail holes) 9. the clips have been neatly cut and the clips are well drawn and fitted (MH – 227) 10. the farrier has taken time to watch the horse move before and after shoeing and has examined the wear pattern on the old shoes 11. the farrier has considered conformation, way of moving and soundness or movement problems as well as the way in which the horse is used Signs of Poor Shoeing 1. cutting away too much frog 2. cutting away too much sole 3. shoes that are too small, especially if the toe has been “dumped” or rasped down so that it looks like it has been chopped off. If the heels of the shoe are too short they do not provide adequate support. 4. rasping too much of the outer surface of the hoof (removes periople) 5. clinches that are sharp, uneven or very low 6. farrier who is in a hurry, who does not take time to watch the horse move or who rasps the foot down to fit the shoe Re-shoeing Re-shoeing Description  remove existing shoes (MH 223)  trim hoof growth  prepare the foot and shoe as for shoeing If you don’t re-shoe  horse develops a long toe, low heel pattern  stress on feet and legs  stumbling and strained tendons 5 Signs re-shoeing is 1. Clenches have risen and stand out from wall Needed 2. Foot is over long and out of shape 3. Some part of shoe is worn thin (MH 224) 4. Shoe is loose and heels may be pressing on seat of corn 5. Shoe has been cast (lost)

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Instructor’s Guide -- 5 FOOT AND SHOEING – C2 Homework Key

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Homework Key -- 1 FOOT AND SHOEING – C2 Student’s Guide

Part I – Structures of the foot Purpose 1. Know the names and basic purpose of all external structures of the foot 2. Begin to learn the internal structures and functions of the foot and lower leg

External Structures STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION Review the diagram

Wall Description

MH 221

Function

Bars Description

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 1 STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION/FUNCTION Function 1.

2.

3. Sole Description

MH 223

Function

Frog Description

MH 223

Function (5) (HN 152) 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 2 Internal Structures -- this is an introduction for upcoming levels Review the diagram

For this diagram know the names of  6 bones  3 tendons  1 cushion  1 cartilage  2 types of sole  2 types of laminae

Coffin Bone (Pedal Bone or 3rd phalanx) (USAB– 254) Navicular Bone (distal sesamoid) (USAB – 254)

Lateral Cartilages (USAB – 256)

Bulbs of heel (USAB – 256)

Digital Cushion (pedal or plantar cushion)

HN 155 MHP 14 USAB 255

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 3 Extensor Tendon (HN – 154)

Deep Flexor Tendon (HN – 154; USAB – 254)

Superficial Flexor Tendon (HN – 154)

Suspensory Ligament (HN – 154)

Summary 3 bones of the foot 1.

2.

3. 3 tendons of the foot 1.

2.

3. Ligament of the foot 1.

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 4 Part II –Function of Foot Purpose 1. Know the six common function of the foot

(USAB – 274-275) 6 functions of the 1. foot 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Part III – Care of the Foot Purpose 1. Know the basic principles of foot care and condition 2. Know the reasons for shoeing

FOOT CARE General 5 Points of Basic Foot Care

MH 233 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 5 The Unshod Foot

(MH – 231) Working

At Grass

Youngstock

The Shod Foot

Reasons for Shoeing Four Reasons for 1. Shoeing 2. USC 251 3.

4.

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 6 Part IV – Common Ailments of the Foot Purpose 1. Know the names, locations, causes and basic treatments for common cracks and hoof ailments

HoofCracks Sand crack Description

HN 177

Cause

Treatment

Hoof Wall Cracks Description

MH 376

Cause

Prevention

Common Ailments of the Foot Laminitis Description

MH 375

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 7 Symptoms

Common cause of the inflammation (USC 222)

Treatment (USC 222)

Prevention (USC 222)

“Foundered” Description

USC 222

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 8 Treatment

Stone Bruise Description/Cause

MH 379

Treatment

Subsolar Infection Description (abscess)

MH 377

Treatment

Corns Description

MH 377

Cause

Treatment

Prevention

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 9 Thrush Description

MH 380

Cause

Prevention

Treatment (HN 167)

Part V – Shoes and Terminology Purpose 1. Identify parts of the shoe and nail 2. Know common terminology used when discussing shoeing 3. Know common nailing problems 4. Able to discuss advantages and disadvantages of traction devices (not details on specific studs and their uses) 5. Identify common types of shoes

Shoe and Nail Parts Term Definition Parts of the shoe

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 10 Parts of the Nail

Common Terminology When Discussing Shoeing Term Definition Keg shoe MHP 58

Plain or Flat shoe

fullered/creased/swedged

feathering USAB 284 concave

HN 159 calkin or calk

MH 228 wedge

MH 228 pencilled safed off

MH 228

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 11 Common Nailing Problems USC 257 Term Definition Correct Nailing

Close Nail/Nail Bind

HN 158

Pricking (Quicking)

HN 163

Traction What is traction

Frost Nails

(mud nails)

MHP 64

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 12 Removable Studs

(Screw Cogs)

MH 229

Calkins and Wedges

USAB 286

Borium (tungsten carbide)

USAB 287

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 13 Basic Shoe Types (MHP 61 - 71 except where otherwise indicated)

TYPE USE DESCRIPTION NOTES Stamped shoe  for horses doing slow work. No  made of flat iron with stamped nail provision against slipping or holes (may be provided with toe clip interfering (HN – 159) HN – 159; MH - 227) Plain shoe  for horses doing slow work. No  flat shoe having a crease on the provision against slipping or ground surface of the shoe in the area interfering (HN – 159) of the nail heads Hunter Shoe (HN – 159)  for horse moving at fast pace on  modified plain stamped (MH – 227) grass and stopping suddenly and 6. concave iron making sharp turns 7. fullered; 8. heels of fore shoe pencilled; 9. toe of hind foot is rolled, set back and bevelled off, quarter clips; 10. outer heel of hind shoe has calkin; inner heel of hind shoe has a wedge Concave shoe (USC – 259)  horse ridden on turf and in dirt  the inside edge the shoe is concave arenas because dirt is less likely to pack up in the hoof Feather-Edged Shoe (HN –  reduce risk of interference injuries  inside quarter bevelled and angled  fitted close under wall (MH – 229) 160) or Anti-brushing Shoe (USAB – 284); no nails on inner  slightly higher on inside causing (MH – 229) branch of the shoe horse to move a little wider (MH – 229) Grass Tips (HN – 161)  on horses turned out to grass to  thin half length shoes protect wall in toe region from splitting Rim Shoe  improved traction  has a fuller or crease around the  see polo and barrel racing for two entire ground surface for recessing types the nail heads  one edge of the shoe is higher all the way around

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 1 TYPE USE DESCRIPTION NOTES Bar Shoes (General)  stabilize shoe, protect hoof from  heels of shoe connected together in  must not touch sole at any point ground contact and trauma and/or some fashion  must keep materials from provide added support accumulating in the shoe and  therapeutic shoe to apply or relieve putting pressure on the sole (defeats pressure on certain parts of the foot purpose of bar) -- full pad may help (USAB – 284) Egg Bar  supports heels in soft footing,  extended branches curve inward and  larger stable base extending behind prevent the hoof from rocking back connect to each other at the heels heels and takes some stress off the deep  shape may vary from nearly straight  hoof must be trimmed properly: digital flexor tendon and the to truly egg shaped modify the toe to make breakover navicular area easy  can interrupt the cycle leading to  fitted wide from the broadest part of contracted heels, collapsed, underrun the foot toward the heels and flat soles  rear heavier so may effect the  over time may help a flat sole movement of the horse  may need develop more of a concave shape to make it out of aluminum so it is  helps heavy horses with small lighter hooves because it increases the  collects mud and bedding so may bearing surface on the ground need more regular cleaning  don’t  when weight is coming down behind turn out in deep or muddy footing the hoof (underrun heels or long toe/low heel axis)  bulbs of heel are protected  when heels are “floated” to allow a displaced heel to descend to the shoe Heart Bar  treating laminitis  provides  a straight bar shoe with a specialized support to the coffin bone frog plate

Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Students Guide -- 2 Part VI – Shoeing Tools Purpose 1. Recognize farrier tools and specify use

Name Diagram Description (MH) Buffer or Clinch Cutter

Pincers or Shoe Pullers

Rasp

Drawing knife or Hoof knife

Hoof Cutter/Trimmers or Nippers

Pritchel

Hammer

Nail Clencher

Crease Nail Puller (MHP – 27) Diagrams from MH edition 10 page 211 descriptions from USC – 253

Foot and Shoeing (B) – Student’s Guide -- 3 Part VII – Hot Shoeing vs. Cold Shoeing Purpose 1. Know the steps of hot shoeing (6) 2. Know the advantages and disadvantages of hot versus cold shoeing

Steps in Hot Shoeing (MH – 224 –226; USC – 254) STEP TOOLS PROCEDURE 1. Removal buffer, driving hammer  remove nails with buffer and driving hammer and pincers  pry off shoe with pincers 2. Preparation knife, hoof cutter and rasp  excess growth of hoof is removed with cutters  excess sole cut back with knife  ragged parts of frog trimmed away  wall rasped to make level bearing surface 3. Forgeing iron, anvil/hammer,  iron is selected pritchel  iron shaped on the anvil with hammer  nail holes stamped with pritchel  clips drawn with hammer/anvil 4. Fitting pritchel, hammer/anvil  hot shoe carried to foot with pritchel  shoe held to foot to “sear” to show where hoof touches shoe  adjustments are made and rechecked until shoe fits perfectly 5. Nailing on nails, hammer and nail  shoe is cooled block  first nail driven in usually at toe  ends of nails twisted off  may be driven against a nail block 6. Finishing clenchers, rasp, hammer  clenches are tidied and finished with hammer and/or clencher and lightly rasped over  clips are given a tap  rasp run around edge where wall meets shoe to reduce cracking

Comparison of Hot and Cold Shoeing (USC – 254) DESCRIPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Cold Shoeing

Hot Shoeing

Foot and Shoeing (B) – Student’s Guide -- 4 Part VIII – Shoeing Quality Purpose 1. Identify and discuss characteristics of good and bad shoeing 2. Know the signs that re-shoeing is needed

Shoeing Quality Signs of Good 1. Shoeing (11) 2. (USC – 256) 3. Clips – MH 227 4.

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Signs of Poor Shoeing 1. (6) 2.

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Re-shoeing Re-shoeing Description

(MH 223)

If you don’t re-shoe

Foot and Shoeing (B) – Student’s Guide -- 5 5 Signs re-shoeing is 1. Needed 2. (MH 224) 3.

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Foot and Shoeing (B) – Student’s Guide -- 6 FOOT AND SHOEING – C2 Homework

Name: Foot and Shoeing (C2) – Homework -- 1