Latin I Final Exam Study Guide

Latin I Midterm guide I. Pronunciation Know that the following Latin letters differ in pronunciation from English. v water, wave c cat, cactus ā father, fraternity ae eye, aisle g get, got ī machine, beep ē they, bay, way au town II. Grammar Define the following terms. Term Definition Accusative Action verb Adjective Adverb Case Conjugation Conjunction Declension Direct object Gender Imperative Indirect object Indicative Infinitive Inflection Interjection Linking verb Macron Mood Nominative Noun Number Object of preposition Person Predicate nominative- noun / adjective Preposition Pronoun Subject Tense Vocative Voice

Revised 5/3/2018 1 Latin I Midterm guide III. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functions Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.” e.g. Caecilius est argentarius ______e.g. Cerberus est iratus ______[Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession] Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions. e.g. Grumio pavonem coquit. ______ad ______prope ______per ______in + Acc. ______e.g. ambulant ad forum. ______

Ablative case is used with certain prepositions. N.B. “SIDSPACE” sine______sub ______in______pro ______dē______ā/ab ______

cum______

ē/ex ______e.g. Grumiō fābulam dē ancillā nārrat. ______Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case

1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the ______.

2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in _____. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in _____.

3. The vocative case often appears with the ______mood of the verb.

4. Give the vocative for Caecilius ______

5. Give the vocative for Metella ______

6. Give the vocative for Grumio ______

7. Give the vocative for Cerberus ______

8. Give the vocative for “Slaves!” ______

9. Give the vocative for “Mothers!” ______

Revised 5/3/2018 2 Latin I Midterm guide B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension endings. Complete the table with the correct endings. 1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd Declension Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative

For practice, decline the words below. villa cibus canis Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative

via puer leo Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative

Identify the case of each noun in the following sentences.

puellae gladiatores in arenâ vident. ______

leo pedem agricolae in silvâ ostendit. ______

Revised 5/3/2018 3 Latin I Midterm guide IV. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number and gender. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension. e.g. turba maxima erat in foro. ______e.g. tu servum fidelem non habes. ______e.g. servus fidelis pecuniam in cubiculo custodit. ______V. Pronouns Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings: Nominative Sing. ego – I tu – you Genitive Sing. Dative Sing. Accusative Sing. Ablative Sing. Nominative Plural Genitive Plural Dative Plural Accusative Plural Ablative Plural

VI. Verbs A. Principal parts Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three. Principal part Example Use First principal part porto “I carry, do First person singular present active carry, am carrying” Second principal part portare “to carry” Present active infinitive:  yields the present active stem  used for present and imperfect tenses active  used for imperative active mood  identifies the conjugation Third principal part portavi “I carried, did First person singular perfect: carry, have carried”  yields perfect active stem  used for perfect active tense The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs. First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre

Revised 5/3/2018 4 Latin I Midterm guide N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner. e.g. sum, esse, fui, futurus adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus absum, abesse, afui, afuturus Answer the following questions about navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus “to sail.”

1. What is the perfect stem? ______

2. What is the first person singular present active? ______

3. What is the first person singular perfect active? ______

4. What is the present active infinitive? ______

5. What is the present stem? ______

6. To which conjugation does this verb belong? ______B. Conjugating verbs Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.” Present Imperfect Perfect 1st singular

translation

2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Revised 5/3/2018 5 Latin I Midterm guide Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeo, sedêre, sedi, sessus “sit.” Present Imperfect Perfect 1st singular

translation

2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for dico, dicere, dixi, dictus “say, tell.” Present Imperfect Perfect 1st singular

translation

2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Revised 5/3/2018 6 Latin I Midterm guide Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus “feel.” Present Imperfect Perfect 1st singular

translation

2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.” Present Imperfect Perfect 1st singular

translation

2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Revised 5/3/2018 7 Latin I Midterm guide Identify the correct tense of the following verbs.

She kept leading. ______We did lead. ______I am leading. ______

You have led. ______You lead. ______They used to lead. ______

He does lead. ______They led. ______It leads. ______ducebat ______duco ______duxistis ______ducitis ______ducit ______ducebamus ______ducebatis ______ducis ______duxit ______

Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs ______

Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fui, futurus ______VII. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. e.g. intentê ______

ferōciter ______

graviter ______VIII. Prepositions identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. e.g. Metella coquum in culinam vocat. servi lectum ex tricliniô in hortum trahunt. Quintus canem in viâ videt. Melissa cum Grumione in forô lentê ambulabat. IX. Dependent clauses Some conjunctions introduce dependent/subordinate clauses, which cannot stand by themselves but depend on the rest of the sentence (main/independent clause). Postquam introduces temporal clauses, and quod introduces causal clauses. All clauses must contain their own verb. e.g. Postquam Clemens montem Vesuvium vidit et tremores sensit, ad Caecilium cucurrit.

______e.g. Caecilius ad villam cucurrit et atrium intravit, quod Metellam quaerebat.

______X. Interrogatives/Question words Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns. e.g. quis ______ubi ______quid ______cur ______XI. Culture Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance, familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics.

Revised 5/3/2018 8 Latin I Midterm guide

Suggested definitions Declension Family of NOUNS and ADJECTIVES that share case endings. There are 5 declensions. We study 3 in Latin I. Conjugation Family of VERBS that share a connecting vowel. There are 4 conjugations. Case NOUNS, PRONOUNS and ADJECTIVES have inflected endings that show their use in a sentence. Number SINGULAR = one PLURAL=more than one Gender Latin has 3 genders: MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTER Tense When the action or state of being is happening. [Latin I studies: PRESENT (now), IMPERFECT (ongoing in the past), PERFECT (completed in the past)] Inflection An ending on a word that shows its grammatical function in a sentence. Subject a noun or a pronoun performing the action of a verb, or is described by a linking verb. Direct object a noun, pronoun, and even an adjective receiving the action of the verb. Predicate nominative/ adjective Follows a linking verb, and renames or defines the preceding subject. Nominative An inflected case ending that denotes the SUBJECT or PREDICATE NOMINATIVE in a sentence. Accusative An inflected case ending that denotes the DIRECT OBJECT, and object of certain prepositions in a sentence. Vocative An inflected case ending that denotes DIRECT ADDRESS. Parts of Speech Noun person, place, thing or idea Pronoun takes the place of a noun Adjective modifies or describes NOUNS, PRONOUNS, and other ADJECTIVES. Can sometimes replace a noun or pronoun and stand alone. Verb shows action or condition (i.e. state of being) Adverb modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs Preposition word that denotes relationships in time, space and location. It is followed by an OBJECT OF PREPOSITION. Conjunction a word that hooks up words, phrases, and clauses.

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