Threads in American History

AP US History G369

A.P. U.S. History

Data Lists

Threads in American History Major Early Rebellions

Date Cause Events Significance

Nathaniel Bacon’s 1676 Virginia frontiersmen Bacon and his men lived Colonial rebellion against Rebellion seeking land clashed with on frontier government authority Indians Bacon and his men Clash between east/west, Frontiersmen demanded stormed Jamestown rich/poor help from government Burned Jamestown Tidewater’s Jamestown refused aid, discrimination against fearing Indian War Bacon died of fever frontiersmen

Rebellion collapsed Revision of indentured servant system, greater reliance on slave labor Daniel Shay’s 1786-1787 Unfair taxes in Shays/1200 men attacked Uprising was a general Rebellion Massachusetts courts in western threat to property Massachusetts Farms foreclosed Threat that rebellion State militia put down could spread to other Farmers imprisoned as rebellion states debtors Articles of Confederation viewed as too weak to maintain law and order

Bolstered call for revisions of Articles (Constitutional 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 Convention, 1787) Whiskey 1794-1795 Farmers in western Washington called for Put the force of the Rebellion Pennsylvania refused to 13,000 troops to suppress government behind the pay federal excise tax on the rebels Constitution whiskey Rebels dispersed, ceased Government could Attacked tax collectors rebellion enforce the law

Farmers compared tax to Constitution protected Stamp Act of 1765 law/order

Hamilton’s idea of an energetic national government prevailed Nat Turner’s 1831 Slaves wanted freedom Turner, 70 slaves, and 55 Frightened South (slave) Rebellion whites killed Nat Turner saw “vision” Tightened slave codes and attacked whites in Turner caught; he was Southhampton County, executed, and hundreds Restricted freedom for all Virginia of slaves were punished blacks in South

South began to aggressively defend slavery as a “positive good” Major Wars (same as previous)

War of 1812 Mexican War Civil War Spanish-American War

Dates 1812-1814 1846-1848 1861-1865 1898 President James Madison James K. Polk Abraham Lincoln William McKinley Causes Impressment Manifest Destiny Slavery Oppression of Cubans by Spain sparks revolt Freedom of the seas Texas boundary dispute States’ rights threatened U.S. business interests South’s desire for new Eleven southern states threatened in Cuba by U.S. hoped to gain slave territory withdrew from Union to the fighting between the Canada from England start their own country rebels and Spanish

War Hawks’ pressure Battleship Maine blown up

Yellow press strengthened anti- Spanish sentiment

Pressures of new Manifest Destiny Important Military England burned Buena Vista Antietam Manila Bay Events Washington Siege of Veracruz Fredericksburg San Juan Hill Plattsburg battle Mexico City Chancellorsville Battle of the Thames Gettysburg Siege of Baltimore Vicksburg New Orleans Sherman’s march to sea Treaty Ghent Guadalupe Hidalgo Appomattox Paris 2 Terms No resolution of U.S. got Mexican South rejoined the Cuba freed from Spain original disputes Cession Union, but without slavery U.S. got Guam, Puerto No territory gained for Agreement on Texas Rico, Philippines either side border Importance War promoted Fulfilled Manifest Union saved U.S. acquires foreign American nationalism Destiny territory and becomes and patriotism Ended slavery in the world power Re-opened debate over U.S. Crushed Indian expansion of slavery U.S. enforced Monroe resistance in South and (Wilmot Proviso) Bloodiest war in Doctrine with West American history aggressiveness Led to Compromise of Federalist Party died 1850 Difficult and divisive Era of Reconstruction Industrialization began left bitter feelings on in New England both sides for decades

Era of Good Feelings began

World War I World War II Korean War Vietnam

Dates 1917-1918 1941-1945 1950-1955 1950-1975 President W. Wilson F. Roosevelt H. Truman H. Truman

H. Truman D. Eisenhower G. Ford Causes German submarine Japan closed Open Door Communist North Korea Failure to hold Geneva attacks in China attacked South Korea Accords’ elections in and the United States 1956 caused communist Sinking of the Lusitania Japanese expansion in sent troops to contain insurgency in South Asia and Pacific communism Vietnam and attacks by Zimmerman Note North Vietnamese forces Pearl Harbor attacked Trade, cultural ties with Britain Germany declared war on U.S. Make “world safe for democracy” Important Belleau Wood Guadalcanal Pusan siege Gulf of Tonkin Military Events Chateau Thierry Midway Inchon landing Pleiku

Second Battle of the Leyte Gulf Chinese communist Tet Attacks Marne intervention El Alamein Invasion of Cambodia Meuse-Argonne Stalingrad

Normandy Invasion

Battle of the Bulge

Treaty Versailles Accords with the Axis Panmunjom Accords Paris Accords 3 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 powers Terms Germany surrendered, Unconditional surrender South Korea remained Cease fire punished for war free of communism Germany, Italy and Japan Communist troops League of Nations gave up Fascist Communism remained in remained in South created philosophies and the North methods Americans withdrew European boundaries redrawn to create new Japan and Germany South Vietnam nations occupied by Allied temporarily remained forces free of communism Importance Four empires destroyed Atomic age began at First test of military Six U.S. presidents tried Hiroshima containment to contain communism Communists took over in Russia USSR/U.S. began Cold First limited war War divided nation, left War legacy of distrust of U.S. rejected Hardened relations government and foreign membership in League of United Nations founded between the U.S. and intervention Nations Communist China U.S. became In 1975 North conquered Harsh treatment of international superpower South and communism Germany leads to rise of triumphed Hitler

Amendments to Constitution

1 Prohibits federal government from restricting religion, speech, assembly, petition, press 2 Gives citizens right to bear arms 3 Prohibits federal government from housing troops in private homes during peacetime 4 Prohibits federal government from making unreasonable searches and seizures 5 Prohibits double jeopardy, self-incrimination, seizing property without due process, and just compensation 6 Citizens have right to speedy and public trial, be informed of charges against them, impartial jury, legal counsel 7 Citizens have right to a jury trial 8 Prohibits excessive bail or fines and cruel or unusual punishment 9 Rights not enumerated in Constitution remain in people’s hands 10 Powers not delegated to federal government are reserved to the state or people 11 Federal courts have no authority in suits by citizens against another state or foreign states 12 Provides for separate electoral voting for president and vice president 13 Abolished slavery in the United States 14 Blacks given citizenship; all citizens guaranteed due process of law and equal protection of the law; federal government would protect rights if states failed to do so 15 Black men given the right to vote 16 Federal government allowed to tax incomes 17 Direct popular election of United States senators 18 Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages 19 Women given the right to vote 20 Congress begins new term on January 3; president and vice president begin terms on January 20 of year following their election 21 Repealed Eighteenth Amendment 4 22 Limited the president to two terms or ten years in office 23 District of Columbia given three electoral votes in presidential elections 24 Abolished poll taxes in the voting process 25 When president dies or is disabled, vice president becomes president and new vice president is appointed; established procedures in case of presidential disability 26 All citizens eighteen years of age and older given right to vote 27 Congress prohibited from changing its pay for the current congressional term

Major Christian Denominations Congregational Anglican Church Society of Friends Catholic Church Presbyterian Church (Puritans) (Quakers) Church Leaders John Cotton King or queen of George Fox Pope in Rome Francis Makemie England John Winthrop William Penn Bishops William Tennent Bishop of London Cotton Mather Priests Areas of Influence New England Virginia Pennsylvania Maryland (early) Frontier and backcountry; Maryland Scattered in New Scattered in parts Pennsylvania, New England, New of Pennsylvania Jersey Jersey Beliefs Man is King/queen headed “Inner light” a Strict hierarchy Calvinism depraved/sinful church guide to salvation with Pope at head Split from Puritans One is saved or King’s power came Minimal church Salvation earned by over church damned at birth from God structure good works, faith, governance loyalty to church Wicked life was a Used Book of All people equal in Power lay with sign of damnation Common Prayer God’s eyes Priests were path to church elders God Only “visible Some Catholic Pacifism Like other saints” were saved liturgy and doctrine No divorce allowed Protestants, maintained Refused to take accepted Jesus as Intolerant of all oaths savior other religions Tolerant of other Tolerant of other Coerced religions religions nonbelievers with force or banishment Comment By 1740 church By 1740 had Grew from Maryland By 1740 had third- represented largest second-largest Puritanism originally a largest membership denomination in membership in Catholic haven in colonies colonies colonies Clashed often with Puritans Catholics very Scotch-Irish Lost much of their Much less unpopular in other immigrants political influence influence in “Holy Experiment” colonies, where changed church in in New England colonies than in in Pennsylvania they could not vote early 1700s after 1700 England or hold office Split between Intolerance cost its Being a member New/Old Lights support carried great status in colonies Hoped to create a religious “City Upon a Hill”

5 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 Four Greatest Presidents President Domestic Success Foreign Success Lasting Impact on Country/Presidency George Washington Bill of Rights approved Jay Treaty: British out of forts Created/established dignity in Northwest and power of president National Bank begun Maintained neutrality in Sound financial footing Established authority of European war established federal government to tax citizens Farewell Address advocated Isolationism toward Europe no entangling alliances proposed Government authority established by Whiskey Treaty of San Lorenzo with Secured the “West” (area Rebellion Spain opened up the beyond the Appalachian Mississippi River to American Mountains) trade Thomas Jefferson Reduced size of government Negotiated Louisiana Purchase Achieved peaceful transition of power between parties Abolished Whiskey Tax Barbary pirate wars established respect for U.S. Doubled geographic size of Reduced national debt U.S. Kept U.S. out of European war Pardoned Sedition Act Promoted rights rather than violators control of people by government Enacted Judiciary Act to reform court system Abraham Lincoln Preserved the Union Kept Europe out of Civil War Kept nation whole

Emancipation Proclamation Gave nation a new birth of and Thirteenth Amendment freedom

Passed the Homestead Act Expanded president’s war- making power Reformed banking system Franklin Roosevelt Created New Deal reforms to Led U.S. through World America became a superpower combat Depression War II Government permanently Established Social Security Established United Nations expanded its role in society

Assisted homeless and Led U.S. from isolationism to Focused attention and power in unemployed internationalism Oval Office

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.

Security and Exchange Commission 6 Civil Conservation Corp.

Highlights of Administrations

President Term Party Major Events/Developments

George Washington 1789-1797 Federalist Establishes new government; Whiskey Rebellion; Jay Treaty; Farewell Address

John Adams 1797-1801 Federalist Undeclared war with France; XYZ affair; Alien and Sedition Acts

Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 (Democratic) Republican First Republican president; Executed Louisiana Purchase; Embargo Act of 1807

James Madison 1809-1817 (Democratic) Republican War of 1812

James Monroe 1817-1825 (Democratic) Republican Florida purchase; Era of Good Feelings; Executed the Missouri Compromise and the Monroe Doctrine

John Q. Adams 1825-1829 (National) Republican Corrupt bargain

Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 Democrat Expands presidential power; Bank battle; Tariff/Nullification Crisis; Indian removal

Martin Van Buren 1837-1841 Democrat Panic of 1837; Trail of Tears

William H. Harrison 1841-1841 Whig First Whig president; Died in office

John Tyler 1841-1845 Whig Annexation of Texas

James K. Polk 1845-1849 Democrat Mexican-American War; Mexican Cession

Zachary Taylor 1849-1850 Whig Last Whig president elected; Died in office

Millard Fillmore 1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850

Franklin Pierce 1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Ostend Manifesto

James Buchanan 1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; John Brown’s raid; Seven states leave Union Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865 Republican Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation; First president assassinated

Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 Republican Reconstruction; First president impeached; Purchased

7 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 Alaska

Ulysses Grant 1869-1877 Republican Reconstruction continued; Many scandals

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; Reconstruction ended

James Garfield 1881-1881 Republican Second president assassinated

Chester Arthur 1881-1885 Republican Pendleton Act

President Term Party Major Events/Developments

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 Democrat First Democratic president since Civil War; Tariff battle with Congress

Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893 Republican Built up navy; Grandson of William H. Harrison; McKinley Tariff

Grover Cleveland 1893-1897 Democrat Only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms; Depression of 1893

William McKinley 1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Third president assassinated

Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 Republican Trust buster; Square Deal reforms; “Big stick” in Caribbean

William Howard Taft 1909-1913 Republican Dollar Diplomacy in Caribbean; Split with Theodore Roosevelt in 1912

Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 Democrat Progressive reforms; World War I; Fought for League of Nations

Warren Harding 1921-1923 Republican Normalcy period; Political and personal scandals; Died in office

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 Republican Pro-business, laissez-faire administration; Kellogg- Briand Pact

Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 Republican Great Depression strikes; Promoted attitude of rugged individualism

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 Democrat New Deal reforms; World War II; Elected to four terms

Harry S Truman 1945-1953 Democrat Fair Deal reforms; Cold War begins; Upset victory in 1948; Korean War

Dwight Eisenhower 1953-1961 Republican Ended Korean War; Maintained peaceful coexistence with USSR; Established modern Republicanism

John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 Democrat New Frontier reforms; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Assassinated 1963

Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969 Democrat Great Society reforms; Civil rights acts; Escalated Vietnam War

Richard Nixon 1969-1974 Republican Ended Vietnam War; Recognized China; Watergate scandal; First president to resign

8 Gerald Ford 1974-1977 Republican Took over when Nixon resigned; Pardoned Nixon for his crimes

Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 Democrat Camp David Accords; Iran Hostage Crisis

Ronald Reagan 1981-1989 Republican Supply-side economics; Military buildup; Soviet Union’s Cold War decline began

Events Leading up to the Revolution

Act or Action Purpose Provisions of Act Colonial Reaction British Reaction

Proclamation Line of British hoped to pacify Forbade settlement west Anger; colonists had British repealed law 1763 Indians in West of Appalachian fought French and with Treaty of Fort Mountains Indian War to gain Stanwix 1768 Pacification would access to western region reduce need for troops Everyone in the western Moved line of permitted to battle Indians on region must return to the Colonists continued to settlement farther to frontier East settle in the area west Sugar Act 1764 Act passed to raise Duty on foreign Anger Attempted to enforce money for colonial molasses had been tax defense reduced but now would Smuggling be enforced Stamp Act 1765 Passed to raise money Taxed dice, playing Convened Stamp Act Repealed law cards, newspapers, Congress Same tax existed in marriage licenses Little money raised Great Britain Petitioned the King Total of 50 items taxed Urban riots

Boycotted goods

Viewed as an internal tax Declaratory Act 1766 When Stamp Act England could pass any Ignored it British attempt to assert repealed, British needed laws for the colonies their dwindling to save face authority Townshend Act 1767 Passed to raise money Taxed imports: glass, Boycott of British goods Repealed taxes on and regulate trade paint, lead, paper, tea everything but tea in Urban riots 1770 External tax Boston Massacre 1770 British troops in city to N.A. Confronted soldiers Opened fire on mob, enforce laws five colonists killed Boston Tea Party 1773 Colonists wanted to Tax on tea from 1770 Sons of Liberty threw Intolerable or Coercive protest tea tax remained 342 cases of tea into Acts passed Boston Harbor First Continental Met to decide how to N.A. Pled to King to repeal Put troops in cities Congress 1774 help Massachusetts the Intolerable Acts resist Intolerable Acts Decided to hold firm Boycotted taxed goods

Called another Congress in 1775

9 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 The National Bank

First Bank Second Bank

Years 1791-1811 1816-1836

Reasons for Creation Hamilton modeled it after Bank of England 1811-1816 country in economic chaos following War of 1812 Paid dividends and interest to government, which was the source of revenue Explosion in number of unstable state banks Function Provided flexible currency Controlled state banks

Created adequate credit for business Provided flexible currency

Generated revenue for national government Controlled inflation

Restrained land speculation Supporters Alexander Hamilton’s supporters Madison signed recharter

Members of the Federalist Party National Republicans/Whigs

Mercantile, eastern groups Henry Clay/Nicholas Biddle

Friends of strong central government Mercantile, eastern groups Opponents Thomas Jefferson’s supporters Old Jeffersonians

(Democratic) Republicans Andrew Jackson–Democrats

Backcountry farmers Western farmers

States’ rights supporters Small banking interests

Land speculators Reason for Demise Republicans gain political power and, by 1811, Andrew Jackson’s veto control Washington Became a cause celebre for opponents of Jackson Madison’s government did not renew charter Appeared undemocratic/elitist in the egalitarian 1830s Constitutional Issue Federalists: Bank was “necessary and proper” 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland declared the Bank under “elastic clause” in Constitution constitutional

Republicans: Bank violated the Constitution– 1832 Jackson declared the Bank unconstitutional in establishing Bank was not enumerated as a power of his veto message Congress in Article 1, Section 8 Part of an ongoing debate between the loose/strict Great struggle of loose v. strict interpretation of the interpretations of Constitution and the strong/weak Constitution views of federal government 10 Changing Definitions of Liberal/Conservative

Dates Liberal Conservative 1790-1824 Thomas Jefferson spokesman Alexander Hamilton spokesman

Favored farmers Favored commercial, mercantile groups

Best government is the least government Government should be strong

Advocated states’ rights Wanted centralized government power

Opposed National Bank Favored National Bank

Supported low taxes/tariffs Believed that tariffs were necessary

Supported reduced army and navy Strong national defense

Laissez-faire 1824-1840 Personal liberty, weak government Supported compact theory of government

Free competition, egalitarian opportunity Weak presidents

Anti-National Bank, anti-tariffs Pro-National Bank

States should fund roads, canals National government should fund roads, canals

Supported Andrew Jackson Whigs–opponents of Andrew Jackson

Supported Henry Clay 1840-1865 Pro-union States’ rights

Antislavery Proslavery

Favored national program of roads/canals Opposed national program of roads/canals

Opposed westward expansion Favored westward expansion

Opposed extending slavery into territories Favored extending slavery into territories

Opposed secession Supported secession 1865-1900 Supported Radical Reconstruction Resisted Radical Reconstruction

Wanted honesty in government Tolerated spoils system

Supported Reform Darwinsim Supported Social Darwinism

Anti-imperialist Expansionist 11 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 Expanded money supply (paper, silver) Supported gold standard

Supported government regulation of business Laissez-faire

Wanted low tariffs High tariffs

Gospel of Wealth 1900-1940 Government intervention in society Old Guard Republicans

Progressive social and labor reforms Extremely favorable to business interests

Regulations and limitations of trusts Isolationism

Collective security (League of Nations) Leaders: Taft, Lodge, Harding, Coolidge, Hoover

Promoted consumer protection Rugged Individualism

Presidents: T. Roosevelt, W. Wilson, and FDR Normalcy in 1920s

Direct government relief/welfare in 1930s Best government is least government

Square Deal, New Deal No direct relief or welfare

Low tariffs High tariffs The National Bank

Dates Liberal Conservative

1940-1960 Government should regulate economy Government should be limited in society

Government responsible for people’s welfare Promoted individual responsibility for welfare

Deficit spending acceptable Wanted a balanced budget

U.S. accepts international role Communism was a great domestic threat

Communism a challenge at home and abroad Limited overseas involvement but contained communism with force Supported organized labor Reconsidered much of the New Deal Embraced federal support of racial justice and equality States should handle their racial issues

Encouraged flexible military response Encouraged massive retaliation 1960-1968 Expanded role of government in society Government should be limited in society

Wanted Vietnam to be a limited war Total military victory in Vietnam

Racial justice was national priority States handle racial problems

Protected the environment Wanted to restore law and order in cities

Women’s rights important Upheld sexual/gender roles

U.S. should end domestic poverty Defended traditional family values

Youth culture tolerated and celebrated Youth culture deplored 1968-1975 Withdraw from Vietnam Wanted limited government in society

12 Promoted Equal Rights Amendment for women Peace with honor in Vietnam

Richard Nixon and Watergate a threat to liberty Maintained traditional gender roles

Great Society must be maintained ‘Silent Majority’ should be heard

Blacks’ gains must expand with busing and Watergate not that important affirmative action Repealed much of Great Society Nixon should be impeached No special treatment for minorities to achieve equality

Maintained that Nixon was no more corrupt than earlier presidents 1975-1985 Maintain Great Society Wanted limited government in society

Insisted on human rights in foreign policy Cut taxes

Avoid future Vietnams Increased defense spending

Détente with USSR Acted aggressively overseas

Promoted affirmative action USSR viewed as an “evil empire”

Supported Equal Rights Amendment Limited federal role in civil rights

Supported conservation of energy Maintained family values

Supported abortion rights (Row v. Wade) Stressed finding new sources of oil

Prolife (anti-abortion) Major Compromises Great Compromise Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1877 1787 1820 Issue Representation in Admission of Missouri Admission of California Who won the Congress would disrupt Senate to Union presidency in the balance between free election of 1876? and slave states Disposition of the territory acquired from Should slavery extend Mexican War into new territories? Background Congress was expected Missouri wanted to Should slavery extend Three states sent two to be dominating branch become the 12th slave into the Mexican sets of election returns of government state (11 free) Cession? Democrat Samuel Virginia Plan called for Should slavery extend Should D.C. outlaw Tilden needed only one representation by north of Ohio River slavery and/or slave electoral vote to win population line? trade? Commission gave all 20 New Jersey Plan What would happen Should the Fugitive disputed votes to proposed equal regarding slavery in rest Slave Law be Republican Rutherford representation of Louisiana Territory? strengthened? Hayes

Should California be South threatened new admitted as a free state? rebellion

What should be done about Texas’s disputed 13 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 boundaries? Resolution Two houses of Congress Missouri became slave California became free Hayes given presidency state state House based on Removal of troops from population Maine became free state Utah/New Mexico South Territory organized by Senate has two senators No slavery north of 36 popular sovereignty Aid for southern from each state degrees/30 minutes in railroads Louisiana Territory Stronger Fugitive Slave Combined the Virginia Law Two southerners in and New Jersey Plans Cabinet Slave trade ended in D.C. Patronage jobs given to Southerners Texas’s land claims denied, but U.S. will pay Texas’s debt Significance Allowed Constitution to Postponed debate over Postponed the Civil War Ended be written and approved spread of slavery for 30 for ten years Radical/Congressional years Reconstruction

Foreign Policy Isolationism Monroe Doctrine Open Door Area of World Europe Western hemisphere Asia Year Established 1793, 1796 1823 1899-1900 Author George Washington James Monroe John Hay

John Quincy Adams Background Proposed when England and U.S. feared Spanish recolonization After Spanish War (1898) U.S. France went to war 1793 in South America became interested in China

Both countries expected our help U.S. feared Russian colonies on Europeans were already in China west coast of U.S. and had created trading spheres of U.S. had an alliance with France influence that could exclude U.S. from Revolution England wanted to be a partner in issuance; U.S. said no to dual authorship Elements Neutrality in European affairs No new colonies in Western All nations share equal trading hemisphere. rights in China No entangling military or political alliances for U.S. Existing colonies left alone by U.S. All countries must guarantee China’s territorial integrity Europe/U.S. have separate spheres Isolationism from Europe of interest reinforced from earlier foreign policy pronouncements Commercial relations maintained Discouraged extension of monarchies into Americas 14 Comments In 1796 Washington’s Farewell England enforced doctrine for 70 U.S. became protector of China, Address reinforced ideas years but mainly sought trade access

Resulted in war in 1812, 1917 Roosevelt Corollary (1904) Boxer Rebellion (1900) frightened strengthened it U.S. because China’s territory Established a policy that lasted might be divided by European until 1949 when U.S. joined U.S. became policeman of powers NATO Caribbean Japan became greatest threat to Cited as reason to oppose League “Big Stick” to keep down “chronic Open Door of Nations in 1919 wrongdoing” When U.S. challenged Japan’s Later became “Dollar Diplomacy” violation of Open Door, Japan to control of the Caribbean region attacked Pearl Harbor

U.S. aggressiveness alienated many South American countries

Reform Societies American Colonization Society American Antislavery Society American/Foreign Antislavery Society Date Started 1817 1833 1840 Leaders Robert Finley William Lloyd Garrison Theodore Weld

Henry Clay Lewis and Arthur Tappan

James Madison Goals Voluntary emancipation and Immediate emancipation of all Gradual emancipation of all slaves colonization slaves in America in America

Colonize free blacks in Africa No compensation to the slave Compensation to the owners for holders the loss of their slaves Establish a colony in Africa for freed people Means Lobbies Congress for support Moral persuasion Moral persuasion

Gained $100,000 from Congress Paid agents to lecture on the evils Paid agents and published a to establish Liberia of slavery newspaper to rally support

Published appeals for freed people Publication of an antislavery Worked with churches to colonize in Africa paper, The Liberator Political action–close to the Opposed political action Liberty Party 15 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 Women’s Role Not an issue Full, equal participation Limited role, mostly behind the scenes Women should address both men and women at meetings Feared male backlash if women were too prominent in meetings Summary/Comments Established Liberia in 1823 Garrison’s radicalism made him Moderate approach; viewed controversial and divisive Garrison as too radical, split with Congress mandated that all him in 1840 captured slave ships return Challenged the churches to attack Africans to Liberia slavery from pulpit Attracted older members

About 15,000 free black people Condemned Constitution because Tried to use Liberty and Free Soil colonized in Liberia 1817-1870 it condoned slavery Parties to gain members

Most free blacks opposed Challenged the Union itself Declined in late 1840s and organization and its efforts disbanded in 1855 Involved in many reforms besides slavery

Seneca Falls Movement National Woman’s Suffrage American Woman’s Suffrage Association Association Leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucy Stone

Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony Julia Ward Howe Goals Right to vote Right to vote along with black Keep nation aware of women’s men suffrage, but accept black men as Lessening economic oppression voters for time being for women Women should be included in 15th Amendment 16th Amendment for women’s Overcoming “Cult of Domesticity suffrage and True Womanhood” Wide range of reforms Supporters Middle class women Young, educated women More conservative women

Some male abolitionists such as Many from Seneca Falls Strong in Boston area Frederick Douglass Women in western states Former abolitionists: Frederick Quakers Douglass Only allowed women officials Welcomed male members Methods Published a Declaration of Lobbied to be included in 15th State-by-state approach Sentiments Amendment Worked exclusively for woman’s Held an annual convention until Later demanded a separate suffrage the beginning of the Civil War amendment to give women the 16 right to vote Avoided reforms not directly related to right to vote Comments Meetings grew from the snubbing Most radical of women’s groups More accepting of status quo of Mott and Stanton at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in Issued racist rhetoric against the Closer to the ideals of the “Cult of London 15th Amendment True Womanhood”

Women asked James Mott to Hurt by association with Victoria When National and American preside because they felt it Woodhull Woman’s Association formed inappropriate for a woman to do (1890), Anthony and Stanton took so In 1890 unified with AWSA leadership roles Major Treaties Treaty/Date Nations Provisions Jay Treaty United States/England Britain withdrew from forts in Great Lakes 1794 Arbitration of Revolutionary debts

Payment for American shipping losses

U.S. gains improved trading status with Britain Treaty of Ghent United States/England Ended War of 1812 1814 No land concessions by either side

No apology by British for impressment

Established commission to set boundary between U.S./Canada Adams-Onis Treaty United States/Spain U.S. got Florida 1819 U.S. paid Spain $5 million

Spain recognized U.S. claims to Oregon country

Established boundary between New Spain and Louisiana Territory

U.S. surrendered its claims to Texas Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo United States/Mexico Ended Mexican War 1848 Mexico recognized Texas annexation

Mexico surrendered Mexican Cession

U.S. paid Mexico $15 million Treaty of Paris United States/Spain Ended Spanish American War 1898 Cuba freed from Spanish rule

U.S. got Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain

U.S. paid $20 million for Philippines Treaty of Versailles Allies/Germany Ended the Great War (World War I) 1919 Established the League of Nations

Germany punished for starting war

U.S. Senate rejected the treaty because of League of Nations and isolationist sentiment in U.S.

17 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 North Atlantic Treaty United States/Twelve Military alliance to contain communism in Europe Organization European Countries 1949 An attack on one country treated as an attack on all

A mutual defense pact organized around concept of collective security

First entangling alliance for the U.S. Southeast Asia Treaty United States Mutual defense pact intended to repel common dangers in southeast Organization Asia 1954 Great Britain Committed to protecting countries under pressure from internal subversion and external attack by Communism France Helped South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia Australia Intended to contain communism in Asia New Zealand

Thailand

Pakistan

Philippines Reconstruction Plans Presidential Congressional Who was in charge? President Abraham Lincoln Thaddeus Stevens

President Andrew Johnson Charles Sumner

Other Radical Republicans Dates April-December 1865 1866-1877 Had the South left No; executive branch believed it needed to restore Yes; the southern states had left the Union, were the Union? the states to their proper relationship with the Union conquered territories, and should be treated accordingly Acts/Action Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction 1863, Civil Rights Act 1866 1865 Renewed, expanded Freedmen’s Bureau Vetoed Wade Davis bill 1864 Fourteenth Amendment 1868 Pardoned most ex-Confederates Reconstruction Acts 1867-1868 Thirteenth Amendment 1865 Tenure of Office Act 1867

Fifteenth Amendment 1870 18 Force Acts 1870-1871

Civil Rights Act 1875 Elements of Plans South must: South must:

renounce secession ratify Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments ratify Thirteenth Amendment accept black citizenship 10% of voters from 1860 must swear allegiance to Union accept black men voting

Confederate officers, officials, wealthy must Put 20,000 troops in the South make special request for pardon Confederate officials, officers, soldiers could not vote

Civil Rights Act of 1875 provided for social integration Aid for Freedmen None provided; up to the individual states to decide Created Freedmen’s Bureau, providing welfare and how and to what extent newly freed slaves would be education to former slaves helped Provided troops to protect black voting rights

No permanent land distribution, which gave rise to sharecropping and tenant farming

Major Black Leaders Message Supporters Methods Significance Booker T. Washington Atlanta Compromise Southern, rural blacks Accommodation with Got money for black (1856-1915) whites schools Accept social/ political Southern whites inequality Created Tuskegee Advised presidents on Wealthy, white Institute racial issues Work for economic industrialists equality in Blacks/whites remain Secretly tried to farming/trades separate socially overturn segregation

Blacks should learn Emphasized black Battled NAACP/W.E.B. vocational skills economic development Du Bois W.E.B. Du Bois Talented tenth of the Intellectuals Founded Niagara Challenged B.T. (1868-1963 black community must Movement in 1905 Washington lead for equality Black professionals Helped form NAACP in Agitated for equality Strive for full and Urban, northern blacks 1909 immediate equality, Challenged conservative including full suffrage White progressives Wrote books to energize racial policies 19 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 blacks Marcus Garvey Black self-sufficiency Urban blacks Created Universal First leader to base (1887-1940) Negro Improvement much of his program on Opposed integration Some whites who Association ties to Africa supported segregation of Black pride in African the races Formed Black Star Line, Reached many urban, heritage/seek roots in a black-owned shipping northern blacks Africa company Arrested for mail fraud, Proposed a ‘Back-to- Tried to establish deported Africa’ movement African economic ties

Expand black economic power Martin Luther King, Justice by religious, Rural, southern church- Nonviolent protest Opened eyes of country Jr. moral, peaceful means going people to immorality of (1929-1968) Marches, segregation Whites must see White northern liberals demonstrations injustices in Jim Crow Great moral leader Speeches, articles, Later targeted economic books Assassinated 1968 inequality Malcolm X (Little) Black power Northern urban black Militant speeches, Black Muslims (1925-1965) youth confrontations with identified with violence Enemy is white man white establishment in 1960s Nation of Islam Supported black Challenged King’s Opposed gradualism, nationalism Northern white student nonviolence accommodation radicals May have been less Urged self-defense Frightened whites separatist, more against white violence moderate at end of his Assassinated 1965 life Liberal Reforms Square Deal/New New Deal Fair Deal New Frontier Great Society Freedom Dates 1901-1916 1933-1939 1945-1953 1961-1963 1963-1969 Leaders T. Roosevelt F. Roosevelt H. Truman J. Kennedy L. Johnson

W. Wilson Goals Control corporations, Relief for Continue/expand Continue/expand Complete New Deal trusts unemployed New Deal with New Deal with some with special attention special attention to attention to civil to poverty, cities, Citizen protection Recovery from the economic security rights, education civil rights, Depression healthcare, education Clean up government Reform of financial Conserve institutions, economic environment system Actions Hepburn Act National Industrial Desegregated military Proposed: Medicare/Medicade Recovery Act Act Pure Food and Drug Employment Act Medicare Act Agricultural 1946 Civil Rights Act Adjustment Act Civil Rights Act Clayton Act Raised minimum Voting Rights Act Civilian Conservation wage Aid to education Northern Securities Corp 60 education acts Case Expanded Social Public housing Public Works Security Economic Federal Reserve Act Administration Mass transit Opportunity Act 20 Proposed civil rights Federal Trade Social Security Act program Housing Act Commission Federal Deposit Immigration Act Newlands Act Insurance Corporation Highway Safety Act Keating-Owen Act Tennessee Valley Head Start program Progressive Authority Amendments Model Cities Act (16th, 17th) Securities and Exchange Commission

Wagner Act

First New Deal Second New Deal Dates 1933-1935 1935-1939 Goals Direct relief to unemployed; recovery from the Revived progressive tradition of trust regulation Depression Strengthened organized labor Cooperated with business community to restore pre- 1929 prosperity Sought to meet needs of workers, elderly, disabled, farmers, unemployed Helped organized labor to improve position in society Narrowed class differences by taxing the wealthy

Provided assistance to agriculture Supported industrial workers and small farmers Position on Business Partnership Confrontational toward corporate interests

Cooperation Strong regulation of public utilities

Suspended Antitrust actions Actions National Industrial Recovery Act Public Utility Holding Company Act

Agricultural Adjustment Act Wealth Tax Act (Revenue Act)

Federal Emergency Relief Act National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Emergency Banking Act Works Progress Administration

Civilian Conservation Corp Social Security Act 21 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 Tennessee Valley Authority Act Fair Labor Standards Act Comments Brief honeymoon between business community and Stronger controls and higher taxes on the wealthy the Roosevelt administration and large businesses

First New Deal told business what it must do Responded to attacks by Liberty League and Supreme Court’s judicial review Business found New Deal regulations increasingly confining and intrusive Second New Deal told business what it must not do

Supreme Court sided with business interests as it struck down several major New Deal acts Civil Rights and the Presidency President Proposals Actions Comments Harry Truman Antilynching law Created Civil Rights Committee Civil rights program blocked by Congress Voter protection First president to address the NAACP Won African Americans to End discrimination in military, Democratic Party interstate travel, government hiring Desegregated the armed forces Alienated South (Strom End poll tax Reduced government job Thurmond’s Dixiecrat revolt) discrimination Dwight Work for mildest forms of civil Appointed Earl Warren to Supreme Lacked conviction on civil rights Eisenhower rights Court Avoided compulsory action on civil Racial justice part of Cold War Civil Rights Acts of 1957/1960 rights struggle Ended segregation in D.C. and on Sought change through reason and military bases prayer

Sent federal troops to Little Rock Believed government could not legislate morality John Kennedy Enforce existing laws Defended freedom riders Hoped to contain civil rights pressure/actions End discrimination in public Enforced desegregation of housing universities Feared southern Democrats in Congress Made civil rights a moral issue in Ended public housing June 1963 discrimination Came late to supporting civil rights

Proposed Civil Rights Act Clashed with King, wiretapped him Lyndon Johnson Include African-Americans in Civil Rights Act of 1964 Greatest presidential supporter of Great Society civil rights Voting Rights Act of 1965 Wage war on poverty Great Society very strong on civil Economic Opportunity Act rights Overcome racism Appointed Thurgood Marshall to Urban riots 1964-1968 undermined Improve cities and urban schools Supreme Court program

60 education laws, including Head Great Society damaged by Vietnam Start War Richard Nixon Bring nation together Supported affirmative action briefly In the past, he had a moderate record on civil rights Restore law and order Desegregated many schools Lacked commitment to true racial Called for extra help for urban Extended Voting Rights Act equality blacks Condemned busing Used race to divide Democrats 22 Appointed conservative federal Gradually followed a southern judges racial strategy Cold War Presidencies President Strategy Means/Implementation Comments Harry Truman Containment Used economic and military aid Communist threat in Greece and Turkey required U.S. aid Send troops where necessary Sent aid to Europe 1948-1953 Program: Truman Doctrine NATO first entangling alliance for U.S. Marshall Plan Korean conflict–first limited war North Atlantic Treaty organization (NATO)

Sent troops to Korea Dwight Eisenhower “New Look” to contain Massive retaliation Relied on air power, nuclear communism weapons Rollback of communism Made empty pleas for freeing Brinkmanship communist-controlled areas in Europe Used CIA to spy on, and topple communist regimes Take USSR to brink of nuclear war if necessary Eisenhower Doctrine in Middle East Used CIA to keep Iran, Guatemala friendly to U.S.; U-2 spy planes John Kennedy “Flexible response” to contain Combated wars of national Berlin wall erected communist aggression liberation in the Third World Used guerrilla as well as Stand firm in Europe Used counterinsurgency forces conventional forces

Strong stand in Berlin Tried to topple Castro, but resulted in Bay of Pigs Blocked communism in Cuba, Vietnam Cuban Missile Crisis brought world to brink of nuclear war

Sent 16,000 troops to Vietnam Lyndon Johnson Containment in Asia Sent 500,000+ troops to Vietnam; Widened Vietnam War tried for political settlement with Stand firm in Europe by military forces Tried to negotiate with Soviets in maintaining NATO Europe Bombed North Vietnam Richard Nixon Vietnamization Reduced U.S. troops in Vietnam Withdrew U.S. troops from Vietnam Détente Maintained NATO Kept commitments in other parts Nixon Doctrine Negotiated with USSR of world

Opened China Diplomatic agreements with Used China to contain the Soviet China Union

Peace settlement in Vietnam

23 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 Vietnam & the Presidency President Background Actions/Events Significance of Action Harry Truman 1945-1949 France tried to 1949-1953 U.S. began massive Fall of China, Korean War put recolonize Indochina aid to France; by 1953 was paying pressure on Truman to hold line 80% of French bills in Indochina on communism in Asia Ho Chi Minh and Communists resisted Sent O.S.S./C.I.A. to work with Supported French colonialism in French to combat Communists order to stop communism U.S. opposed French recolonization, but feared communism Dwight Eisenhower 1954 Dien Bien Phu falls; French Selected Ngo Dinh Diem as U.S. Domino theory made Vietnam defeated ally critical to Asian containment

Geneva Conference divided Supported Diem’s decision not to Support of Diem laid foundation Indochina hold elections in 1956 for future commitments

Proposed unification elections be Gave economic aid held in 1956 Sent 1,000 advisers to Vietnam John Kennedy Worried by Diem’s repression of JFK resisted call to send combat Postponed either escalation or Buddhists; refused to reform troops withdrawal political corruption in South Increased advisers to 16,000 No clear future direction on war Viet Cong grew in strength Supported domino theory Diem’s death left South in political and military chaos Tacitly supported Diem’s ouster in 1963 Lyndon Johnson Faced political chaos in Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964 Saw war as test of U.S. will as gave LBJ authority to fight war superpower Believed in domino theory Began bombing North Vietnam Escalated the war and gradually Feared conservative political divided nation attacks on Great Society Sent combat troops to Vietnam; by 1968, 540,000 troops in South Tet offensive set stage for U.S. Realized fighting war could Vietnam desire to withdraw from Vietnam destroy his presidency Opposition to war grew War destroyed Johnson’s presidency and tarnished his legacy Richard Nixon Pledged to “Vietnamize” war Reduced U.S. role in war Ended draft; withdrew U.S. troops (Ford) Claimed he had a secret plan to Invaded Cambodia Watergate removed Nixon and end the war reduced public support for South Bombed North Vietnam Vietnam

Peace accords in 1973 left Communists took over South Communists in South Vietnam Vietnam in 1975 Presidential Doctrines Monroe Truman Eisenhower Nixon Year 1823 1947 1957 1969 Area of World Western Hemisphere Greece and Turkey Middle East Asia Reason(s) for issuance Feared Spain would try Part of containment Designed to block Redefined U.S.

24 to recolonize Latin strategy communism in oil rich containment policy, yet America Middle East reassured allies that U.S. Feared Soviet pressure would not retreat to Feared Russian claims in Greece and Turkey Feared Soviet moves in isolationism on west coast of U.S. the region Responded to U.S. experience in Vietnam Principles No new colonies in U.S. would provide Congress gave president U.S. would maintain Western Hemisphere economic aid to help power to provide collective security and nations resisting internal economic and military containment by Existing colonies left or external communist aid to nations resisting economic and alone by U.S. threat communist aggression diplomatic means

U.S. would stay out of Put Soviets on notice of U.S. would aid allies, European affairs America’s resolve but not with American troops Discouraged the extension of monarchies into Americas Example of Action U.S. intervened in Sent $400 million to Sent troops to Lebanon Gradual removal of U.S. Venezuela Greece, Turkey in 1958 to restore order troops from Vietnam and to support (Vietnamization) British boundary dispute America’s ally in 1895

25 0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 Evolution of Political Parties

0e3b10ecc2e7e6bb6088343c7679a213.docx 01/09/18 Major Supreme Court Cases

Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall). The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review (see also Federalist Paper, 78).

Fletcher v. Peck (1810, Marshall). The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of contracts.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall). The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase “the power to tax is the power to destroy”; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819, Marshall). New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U.S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Marshall). Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce.

Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall). Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall). “The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence,” Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, “their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian…(they were a) domestic dependent nation.” Established a “trust relationship” with the tribes directly under federal authority.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832, Marshall). Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries, i.e. the tribes were “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive.”

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837, Taney). The interests of the community are more important than the interests of business; the supremacy of society’s interest over private interest.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon.

Scott v. Sandford (1857, Taney). Speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott’s residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Ex parte Milligan (1866). Ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available.

Civil Rights Cases of 1883. (A single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems). Legalized segregation with regard to private property.

Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886). Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota (1890). Found that Granger law regulations were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property.

Pollock v. The Farmers Loan and Trust Co. (1895). Declared the income tax under the Wilson-Gorman Tariff to be unconstitutional.

U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895). Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the 27 authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of “separate but equal.”

“Insular Cases” / Downes v. Bidwell (1901). Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on good entering the U.S. from U.S. territories on the grounds that “the Constitution does not follow the flag.”

Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. (1904). Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

Lochner v. New York (1905). Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.

Muller v. Oregon (1908). First case to use the “Brandeis brief”; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.

Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918). Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.

Schenck v. U.S. (1919). Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a “clear and present danger.”

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923). Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract.

Schechter v. U.S. (1936). Sometimes called “the sick chicken case.” Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character.

Korematsu v. U.S. (1941). The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.

Ex parte Endo (1944). The court forbade the internment of Japanese-Americans born in the U.S. (Nisei).

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren). Unanimous decision declaring “separate but equal” unconstitutional.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964). Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966). The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.

Roe v. Wade (1973). The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

U.S. v. Richard Nixon (1974). The court rejected Richard Nixon’s claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process.

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978). Ambiguous ruling by a badly divided court that dealt with affirmative action programs that used race as a basis of selecting participants. The court general upheld affirmative action, but with a 4/4/1 split, it was a very weak decision.

28 First Two-Party System Federalists v. Republicans, 1780s – 1801

Federalists Democratic-Republicans 1. Favored strong central government. 1. Emphasized states’ rights.

2. “Loose” interpretation of the Constitution. 2. “Strict” interpretation of the Constitution. 3. Encouragement of commerce, industry, and manufacturing. 3. Preference for agriculture and rural life.

4. Strongest in Northeast. 4. Strength in South and West.

5. Favored close ties with Britain. 5. Foreign policy sympathized with France.

6. Emphasized order and stability. 6. Stressed civil liberties and trust in the people.

[In practice, these generalizations were often blurred and sometimes contradicted.]

Second Two-Party System Democrats v. Whigs, 1836 – 1850

Democrats Whigs 1. The party of tradition. 1. The party of modernization.

2. Looked backward to the past. 2. Looked forward to the future.

3. Spoke to the fears of Americans 3. Spoke to the hopes of Americans.

4. Opposed banks and corporations as state-legislated 4. Wanted to use federal and state government to economic privilege. promote economic growth, especially transportation and banks. 5. Opposed state-legislated reforms and preferred individual freedom of choice. 5. Advocated reforms such as temperance, free public education, and prison reform. 6. Were Jeffersonian agrarians who favored farms and rural independence and the right to own slaves. 6. Were entrepreneurs who favored industry, urban growth and free labor. 7. Favored rapid territorial expansion by purchase or war. 7. Favored gradual territorial expansion over time and opposed the Mexican War. 8. Believed in progress through external growth. 8. Believed in progress through internal growth.

Democratic ideology of agrarianism, slavery, states’ rights, Whig ideology of urbanization, industrialization, federal territorial expansion was favored in the South. rights, commercial expansion was favored in the North.

29 Mid-19th Century Political Crisis Disputes over slavery in the territories first erode, then destroy what had become America’s second two-party system. The erosion began in the 1840s as various factions opposed to the post-Jackson Democratic political coalition begin to form.

Liberty Party Free Soil Party 1. Ran abolitionist candidate James Birney, for 1. Not abolitionist but opposed to expansion of president in 1844. slavery in the territories.

2. Won only 2% of the vote but drew votes from the 2. Won 10% of the popular vote with Martin Van Whigs, especially in New York. Buren as their candidate in 1848.

3. Lost 50% of their support in 1852 when their candidate repudiated the Compromise of 1850. Whigs American Party Split over slavery into: 1. Popularly known as the “Know Nothing” Party. 1. Southern, “Cotton” Whigs who eventually drifted into the Democratic Party. 2. Nativist party based on opposition to immigration and on temperance. 2. Northern, “Conscience” Whigs who moved to new parties, i.e. Free Soil and, later, into the Republican 3. Run Millard Fillmore in 1856 and win 21% of the Party. popular vote.

4. Absorbed into the Republican Party after 1856. Republican Party 1. Formed in 1854 when a coalition of Independent Democrats, Free Soilers, and Conscience Whigs united in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.

2. Stressed free labor and opposed the extension of slavery in the territories (“Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men!”)

3. Moderates, like Abraham Lincoln, could, therefore, oppose slavery on “moral” grounds as wrong, while admitting that slavery had a “right” to exist where the Constitution originally allowed it to exist.

4. John C. Fremont was the first Republican presidential candidate in the election of 1856.

The Election of 1860 Democrats Republicans 1. Split at 1860 Convention in Charleston, South 1. Favored homesteading, protective tariffs for Carolina when anti-slavery platform was defeated northern industries, and transportation and Deep South delegates walked out. improvements/infrastructure.

2. At a faction convention held at Baltimore, 2. Opposed slavery. Maryland, Stephen Douglas of Illinois was nominated on a platform opposing any 3. Platform opposed the extension of slavery but Congressional interference with slavery… defended the right of states to control their own “domestic institutions.” 3. Southern delegates met and nominated John Breckenridge of Kentucky as a candidate on a pro- 4. Abraham Lincoln nominated presidential slavery platform. candidate on the third ballot.

30 Politics of the Gilded Age 1860-1900 Republicans & Democrats 1. Party differences blurred during this period.

2. Party loyalties determined by region, religious, labor, and ethnic similarities.

3. Voter turnout for presidential elections averaged over 78 percent of eligible voters; 60 to 80 percent in non-presidential years.

4. Growth and participation in politics accomplished through political/urban machines.

5. Both parties were pro-business.

6. Both parties were opposed to any type of economic radicalism or reform.

7. Both parties advocated a “sound currency” and supported the status quo in the existing financial system.

8. Federal government and, to some extent, state governments adhered to economic and political laissez- faire.

9. Republicans dominated the Senate; Democrats dominated the House of Representatives.

10. Republican Party splintered groups during this period: Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, Mugwumps.

Populist Party 1. Formed in 1891 by remnants of the Farmers’ Alliances.

2. Big government party with a healthy list of demands that included:

 free coinage of silver,  government ownership of the railroads, telegraphs, and telephone lines,  a graduated income tax,  the direct election of U.S. senators,  and the use of initiative, referendum, and recall.

3. Party dissolved due to agricultural improvements and assumption of platform into subsequent political parties.

31 Progressive Era Politics 1900-1920

1. Included three “Progressive” Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt (Republican), William Howard Taft (Republican), and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat).

2. Believed that the laissez-faire system was obsolete, yet supported regulated capitalism.

3. Believed in the idea of progress and that reformed institutions would replace corrupt power.

4. Applied the principles of science and efficiency to all economic, social, and political instituting.

5. Viewed government as a key player in creating an orderly, stable, and improved society.

6. Believed that government had the power to combat special interests and work for the good of the community, state, and nation.

7. Political parties were singled out as corrupt, undemocratic, outmoded, and inefficient.

8. Power of corrupt government could be diminished by increasing the power of the people and by putting more power in the hands of non-elective, nonpartisan, professional officials.

9. The progressives eventually co-opted many of the Populist demands such as referendum, initiative, direct election of Senators, etc. Some of these are incorporated in the “Progressive” Amendments to the U.S. Constitution: 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments.

10. Concluded that the Federal Government should be the strongest entity in the U.S. and must set the example for legal and ethical behavior.

32 The Republican Era 1921 – 1933 1. Presidential reversion to laissez-faire, and pro-business.

2. Presidents included Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover.

3. Though conservative, the government experimented with new approaches to public policy and was an active agent of economic change.

4. Responded to an American culture increasingly urban, industrial, and consumer-oriented.

5. Conflicts surfaced regarding immigration restriction, Prohibition, and race relations.

6. Generally, this period was a transitional one in which consumption and leisure were replacing older “traditional” American values of self-denial and the work ethic.

The Political Legacy of the New Deal 1933-1952 1. Created a Democratic party coalition that would dominate American politics for many years (1933-1952).

2. Included ethnic groups, city dwellers, organized labor, blacks, as well as a broad section of the middle class.

3. Awakened voter interest in economic matters and increased expectations and acceptance of government involvement in American life.

4. The New Deal coalition made the federal government a protector of interest groups and a mediator of the competition among them.

5. “Activists” role for government in regulating American business to protect it from the excesses and problems of the past.

6. Created social services, economic relief, and social recovery during Great Depression, and advocated “big government” spending.

7. Fair Deal of the post-war Truman administration continued the trend in governmental involvement: i.e. advocated expanding Social Security benefits, increasing the minimum wage, a full employment program, slum clearance, public housing, and government sponsorship of scientific research.

8. In 1948, the “liberal” or Democratic coalition split into two branches:

States’ Rights Progressive Party 1. Southern conservative Democrats known as 1. “Liberal” Democrats favored gradual socialism, “Dixiecrats.” the abolition of racial segregation, and a conciliatory attitude toward Russia. 2. Opposed the civil rights plank in the Democratic platform, and nominated S. Carolina Gov. Strom 2. Nominated Henry A. Wallace for president. Thurmond.

33 Post-World War 2 Politics 1952-1968 Democrats Republicans 1. The Democrats continue “traditional” power base of organized labor, urban voters, and immigrants.

2. In the 1952 election, the Democrats run Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson, a candidate 1. In 1952, the pro-business Republican Party ran favored by “liberals” and intellectuals. General Dwight D. Eisenhower for president.

3. After WWII, Democrats take “big 2. The Republicans accused the Democrats of government” positions: extensive federal being “soft” on communism. regulation of business, involvement in educations, urban renewal, anti-war, gay rights, 3. Republicans promised to end the Korean War. abortion, and the environment.

4. Strong advocate of the civil rights movements, and champion of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act., except for Southern “Dixicrats”.

Nixon’s New Federalism 1968-1980 Democrats Republicans 1. The Democratic Party was deeply 1. Opposition to the War in Vietnam and to fragmented and seemingly incapable of dealing growing federal social programs “converts” with the violence and turmoil, social and southern Democrats to vote Republican in political, caused by the Vietnam War. increasing numbers.

2. In 1968, the Democratic Party candidate was 2. Republicans ran former Vice President Richard Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Nixon for president in 1968, on a small-government, anti-war campaign, and as a defender of the 3. In the post-Vietnam War period, Democrats “silent majority.” advocated a range of “liberal” social issues including the extension of civil rights, support 3. Nixon advocated a policy of cutting back for “reproductive rights” (i.e. birth control and Federal power and returning that power to the abortion rights), fair housing legislation, etc. states. This was known as the “New Federalism.”

34 Reagan and the “New Right” Democrats Republicans 1. Strongly supported environmental 1. Fueled by the increasingly “liberal” social legislation, limiting economic development, agenda of the Democrats and spurred on by the rise halting the production of nuclear weapons and of a militant and extremely well-organized power plants. Evangelical Christianity, most southern states began voting Republican in considerable 2. Pro-choice movement emerged during the majorities. 1980s to defend a woman’s right to choose whether and when to bear a child. 2. Conservative Christians, Southern whites, affluent ethnic suburbanites, and young conservatives form a “New Right” that supported 3. Affirmative Action, the use of racial quotas Ronald Reagan in 1980 on a “law and order” to “balance” the workforce, to one degree or platform that advocated another, became an issue of political disagreement with Democrats favoring it and stricter laws against crime Republicans opposing it. drugs, and pornography, opposition to easy-access abortions, an increase in defense spending, and a cut in tax rates.

3. While Reagan curbed the expansion of the Federal Government, he did not reduce its size or the scope of its powers.

35 369 AP US HISTORY Name AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT Date Period

KEY PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION YEARS

Election Year Major Contenders

1788 Washington 1800 Jefferson / Adams 1824 J.Q. Adams / Jackson / Clay 1828 Jackson / J.Q. Adams / Clay 1844 Polk / Clay / Birney 1860 Lincoln / Douglas / Breckinridge / Bell 1876 Tilden / Hayes 1896 McKinley / Bryan 1912 Wilson / T. Roosevelt / Taft 1932 F.D. Roosevelt / Hoover 1948 Truman / Thurmond / Wallace / Dewey 1960 Kennedy / Nixon 1976 Carter / Ford 1980 Reagan / Carter 1992 Bush I / Clinton / Perot 2000 Bush II / Gore

36 369 AP US HISTORY Name AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT 1992-93 Date Period

CONFLICTS

Year President War Treaty 1756-63 French and Indian War Treaty of Paris, 1763 Seven Years War The British get from:

Causes 1) France – All Canada & all French 1) The Ohio River Valley was perceived as the key to a successful possessions East of the Mississippi mercantile future. The British wanted to drive out the French to River procure total access to this area. The control of this entire continent was at stake according to Prime Minister William Pitt who saw this conflict as the key to building a vast British empire.

2) Spain = Florida but Spain keeps Louisiana (including the port at New Orleans)

3) France keeps the West Indian sugar islands

37 Year President War Treaty 1776-83 Revolution Treaty of Paris, 1783

Causes 1) An independence recognized by 1) Colonial anger with Britain over high levels of taxation resulting Britain from the French and Indian War. Colonists yell “No taxation without representation.” Colonists decreed the end of Salutary Neglect.

2) After the French and Indian War, George III and Wm. Pitt 2) U.S. boundaries set – all territory decided to keep the army at near wartime strength in the event of east of the Mississippi River (except renewed hostilities with France. The annual cost was £ 359,000 Florida) to sustain the troops in America. The Sugar Act, Townshend Duties and the Stamp Act were intended to fund the troops. The colonists rose in protest.

3) American right to fish off Newfoundland recognized.

4) Congress would recommend states to restore property to Loyalists

5) permitted British to collect debts owed by Americans to British creditors

38 Year President War Treaty 1798-1800 Adams Quasi-War Convention of 1800

Causes 1) re-established friendly relations 1) French government viewed Jay’s Treaty as an alliance with Great Britain. From then on relations between the French and Americans deteriorated. 2) In 1797 French privateers began seizing American ships and within a year they captured 300 vessels and impressed American sailors. 3) News of the XYZ Affair inflames public opinion against both 2) France agrees to cease attacks on sides. American shipping and accept that 4) It’s called the Quasi-War because neither side bothered to issue neutral ships make “neutral goods.” a formal declaration of war.

3) both give up the Treaty of Alliance (1778 Franco-American Alliance)

1801-02 Jefferson Barbary Pirates Payment Effect: Increase the size of the Navy

Causes 1) Having lost the protection of the British Navy after the Revolution American vessels became easy targets for these Mediterranean pirates.

1812-14 Madison War of 1812 / The Second War of Treaty of Ghent Independence 1) officially ended war 2) status quo anti-bellum

Causes 1) Neither France nor Britain respected American neutrality. 2) Westerners falsely believed that the British had persuaded the Native Americans to violently retaliate against the settlers. 3) British soldiers remained on the Western frontier of the Ohio River Valley. 4) Westerners believed the British wanted to monopolize the fur trade. 5) Desire for Canada. 6) War Hawks rejected Jefferson’s policy of peaceful coercion.

39 Year President War Treaty 1818-19 Monroe Spanish Florida Adams-Onis / Transcontinental Treaty

Causes 1) gave Florida to the U.S. 1) Slaves from southern states were escaping into Spanish Florida. 2) U.S. govt. assumes $5 million of 2) Native Americans raided southern states and while the U.S. claims of American citizens against directed Spain to control these raids it failed to do so. As a result Spain the U.S. claimed it needed to act in “self defense.”

1846-48 Polk Mexican War Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Causes 1) Mexico recognizes U.S. title to 1) U.S. annexed Texas in 1845 while it was still a part of Mexico. Texas; accepts Rio Grande River as Both argued over the southern boundary as either the Nueces Southern boundary River or the Rio Grande. 2) Mexico cedes territories of New 2) Slidell’s negotiations did NOT resolve the differences. Mexico & CA 3) Zachary Taylor moves his troops from the Nueces to the Rio 3) U.S. gives Mexico $15 million & $3 Grande River. Polk asks for a declaration of war proclaiming million in claims that “American blood has been split on American soil.”

1861-65 Lincoln Civil War Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox

Causes 1) States Rights 2) Slavery Question 3) Politicians ineffectiveness to resolve differences 4) Failure of compromise

1898 McKinley Spanish-American War Treaty of Paris, 1898

Causes 1) Spain grants independence to Cuba 1) Expansionism/Imperialism and cedes Puerto Rico, Guam and 2) Sympathy for the plight of Cubans under Spanish rule – the Philippines to the U.S. Concentration Camps, lack of civil rights 3) Explosion of the Maine 4) the DeLome letter 5) Yellow Journalism’s role 6) Extreme nationalism = jingoism

40 Year President War Treaty 1898-1902 Philippine-American War

Causes 1) Filipinos fought a war for independence under Emilio Aguinaldo 2) Expansionism/Imperialism for U.S.A.

1917-19 Wilson World War I Joint Resolution of Congress ends War, 1921

Causes 1) Jingoism (Extreme Nationalism) 2) 1914 = Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand 3) Making the World safe for Democracy (said Woodrow Wilson) 4) Freedom of the Seas – Lusitania / U-Boats 5) Zimmerman Telegram

1940-45 FDR / Truman World War II Unconditional Surrenders by Germany (5/45) and conditional surrender by Japan (8/45)

Causes 1) Japanese & German Imperialism  Munich Conference/Non-Aggression Pact  bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan

1950-53 Truman/Eisenhower Korea Truce signed at Panmunjom (7/53) Status Quo Ante-bellum

Causes 1) On 6/25/50 N. Korean troops invade S. Korea at the 38th parallel 2) Spread of Communism feared

1964-73 Eisenhower, Vietnam Truce between U.S. and N. Vietnam Kennedy, Johnson, (1/73) U.S. troops finally leave Nixon, Ford Vietnam (4/75) “Peace with Honor”

Causes 1) France pulls out of this civil war with the fall of Dien Bien Phu & U.S. comes in to fill the vacuum 2) firing on the Maddox/Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 3) Spread of Communism feared (Viet Cong)

41 Year President War Treaty 1983 Reagan Grenada-“Rescue Mission” President “voluntarily” withdraws all military personnel

Causes 1) Spread of Communism in the Western Hemisphere feared

1991 Bush Persian Gulf War U.N. Permanent Cease Fire Terms – Resolution 687

Causes 1) Iraq invaded Kuwait; the U.S. enters the war to liberate the Kuwaiti people and to protect its Middle East oil interests.

42 TREATIES/AGREEMENTS WITHOUT WARS 1795 – 1903

1795 Jay’s Treaty Main issues: Impressments of U.S. sailors and British troops in the Northwest Territory. In Jay’s Treaty the English Navy would continue to search ships for contraband and impress sailors. There would be no compensation for ships seized in 1793 until the U.S. paid British merchants for debts contracted before the Revolution. The U.S. reaction was hostile. Jay’s treaty kept the peace, but it sacrificed U.S.’s interests.

1795 Pinkney’s Treaty Main issue: Spain was afraid that because of Jay’s Treaty England and the U.S. were allies and therefore against Spain. Pinkney’s Treaty opened the Mississippi to the U.S. and gave them the right to deposit goods in New Orleans without paying duties. It secured the southern boundary at the 31st parallel, and a promise to stay out of Indian affairs.

1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty Main issue: The northern boundary between Maine and Canada. There was also violence between Canadian lumberjacks and the Maine militia. The treaty gave over half of the disputed territory to the U.S. and established a definite northeastern boundary with Canada.

1895 Open Door Policy

1901 Hay-Pauncefont Treaty Allows U.S. to control the isthmus of Panama.

1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Signed after Panama’s independence. Panama gives the U.S. control of the canal zone and in return the U.S. guarantees Panamanian independence.

1903 Hay Harren Treaty Negotiation with Columbia to build the canal. Columbia rejects it.

1905 Taft-Katsura Agreement The U.S. recognizes Japan’s dominance over Korea in return they promise not to invade the Philippines.

1908 Root-Takahira Agreement Japan promises to maintain the status quo in the Pacific: uphold open door and support Chinese independence.

1931 Stimson Doctrine (issued in reaction to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria) The U.S. refused to recognize any territorial change effected by conquest. In reality, the doctrine remained a paper declaration because it lacked British support.

1949 NATO

1954 SEATO

1977 Panama Canal Treaty

43 Established that the U.S. would continue to operate the canal until Dec. 31, 1991. Thereafter Panama would assume control of canal operations with the U.S. sharing permanent responsibility for maintaining the canal’s neutrality. EVOLUTION OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Olney Doctrine (est. under Cleveland but used by McKinley in Spanish-American War) (1895)

Theodore Roosevelt – Roosevelt Corollary / “Big Stick” (1903)

Taft – Dollar Diplomacy (1909-1912)

Lodge Corollary (1913-1920)

Wilson – Moral Diplomacy (1913-1920)

Hoover – Repudiates Roosevelt Corollary (1928-32) / Clarke Memorandum (1930)

FDR – Good Neighbor Policy (1932-1945) Pan-Americanism

Truman Doctrine (1947-1953)

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

CIA – increased used of this agency to “topple” governments unfriendly to the U.S. (Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson) (1940's-1970's)

Nixon Doctrine (1969-70)

Carter Doctrine (1977-1980)

Reagan / Bush

44 KEY MILESTONES IN U.S. LATIN AMERICAN RELATIONS

THE MONROE DOCTRINE (1823): President James Monroe (1817-25) declares the Western Hemisphere closed to further colonization by European nations. Any attempt to interfere in the affairs of the hemisphere’s free nations “for the purpose of oppressing them or controlling them in any manner” will be considered an unfriendly act against the U.S.

THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY (1904): President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09) says the U.S. will act as a “policeman” in the Western Hemis-phere. The Monroe Doctrine is now held to permit intervention—but only by the U.S.

THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY (1933): A move to improve U.S.-Latin America relations. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-45) says: “I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor—the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others.” The U.S. pledges to avoid interventions.

THE RIO PACT (1947): The U.S. and Latin American nations sign a mutual defense treaty in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Signers agree that an “armed attack by any state against an American state shall be considered as an attack against all.”

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES FORMED (1948): The U.S. and Latin America form a regional organization. The OAS charter declares that no country or group of countries can interfere, “directly or indirectly,” in the internal affairs of another country.

ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS (1961): President John F. Kennedy (1961-63) announces a 10- year aid program to improve economic and social conditions in Latin America. The program has some success. But much of the aid goes to Latin America dictators and armies. By 1965, the U.S. Congress has reduced its support for all alliance.

THE JOHNSON DOCTRINE (1965): President Lyndon Johnson (1963-69) sends U.S. marines to the Dominican Republic to quell an internal revolt. He declared the U.S. has the right to intervene in Latin American revolutions if the “establishment of a Communist dictatorship” is likely.

THE REAGAN DOCTRINE (1981): President Ronald Reagan (1981-89) says the U.S. will oppose Soviet expansion everywhere and will support anti-Communist rebel forces. The U.S. acts on the doctrine by backing the government of El Salvador and by funding the Nicaraguan contra rebels. 45 -- Steven Manning

46 369 AP U.S. History America: Past and Present

Data: Economic Panics to 1940 Dates and Explanations

Panic of 1819 – Brought about because of the end of the Boom Period from the War of 1812 and the contraction of credit by the Second Bank of the U.S. Ended in 1822.

Panic of 1837 – Brought about because of the transfer of funds from the Second Bank of the U.S. to “pet” state banks. Ended in 1843.

Panic of 1857 – Result of falling grain prices and therefore hurt the North more than the South since demand for cotton remained high. Hundreds of rural banks collapsed. South gains confidence in their slave economy and declares “Cotton is King.” All of this contributed to sectional tension.

*Panic of 1873 – Worldwide Depression *Panic of 1893 – 1873-1897

Panic of 1907 – Known as the “rich man’s panic.” The failure of F. Augustus Heinze, a speculator, led to runs on a number of banks. Depositors suddenly began to withdraw money in huge amounts. J.P. Morgan rallied other bankers to raise cash to bolster the economy. Theodore Roosevelt authorized the deposit of federal funds into banks to bolster their reserves. The panic was short in duration (less than 1 year) but lead to important reforms, most notably the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913.

Panic of 1929 – The Great Depression: Worldwide – Although most cite the stock market collapse of October 29, 1929 (“Black Thursday”) as the start of the Great Depression, it was only in the spring of 1930 that the serious economic down turn began. The causes were many and varied – over- speculation, high business profits undistributed to laborers, poor banking practices in extending credit. Persistent high unemployment was its most tragic aspect. Ended in 1940 with U.S. entry in W.W. II.

Recession – Today this is the term used for economic downturns; earlier they were called “panics” because some sudden and unexpected collapse heralded the arrival of bad times.

ENDNOTES

*1873 – Dislocations caused by the Civil War played a part but more important was the reckless over- building of railroads, the opening of the Suez Canal (causing major readjustments of world trade patterns) and the failure of the banking house of Jay Cooke. All of this marked the beginning of a period of severe worldwide price deflation. Ended in 1897.

*1893 – More bank failures and business bankruptcies exacerbated an already serious economic decline whose causes were worldwide (see Panic of 1873). The next few years were among the darkest in the American Economy. History marked by numerous and violent strikes, wide- spread protest marches by the unemployed and the spectacle of the American government having to turn to a private banker, J.P. Morgan to obtain enough gold to avoid bankruptcy. Coupled with the debate in the U.S. over the coinage of silver the country did not come out of this panic until 1897.

47 TARIFFS 1890-1913

1. McKinley Tariff (1890) – raised tariffs 4% higher (but President could lower duties of other countries did the same).

2. Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894) – Democrats promise to reduce tariff on coal, iron ore, wool, sugar; ended reciprocity agreement with other countries and moved some duties higher than before imposed a small income tax (overturned by the Supreme Court in 1895).

3. Dingley Tariff (1897) – Protection (because of Panic, 1893) is prime motivator (knot raising revenue). Mostly against cloth. (Tax on sugar was a revenue raiser). The highest tariff in history = 57%.

4. Payne Aldrich Tariff (1909) – lowering of tariff to 38% but in reality it didn’t do this.

5. Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913) – Reduces tariff rates (ineffective because of W.W. I = prohibition tariff).

6. Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) – After W.W. I, duties on agricultural products were raised in an effort to help the American farmer. Manufacturing also wanted to be protected from foreign competition as the depression deepened and U.S. products were included in the tariff. This tariff caused other countries to raise their tariffs and it caused a general collapse of world trade.

48 SUPREME COURT CASES

MARSHALL CASES

Marbury vs Madison (1803) Fletcher vs Peck (1810) Woodward vs Dartmouth (1819) McCulloch vs Maryland (1819) Gibbon vs Ogen (1824)

TANEY CASES

Charles River Bridge vs Warren Bridge (1837) Scott vs Sanford (1857) – overruled in 1868 by the 14th Amendment Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

REGULATION OF BUSINESS

Commonwealth vs Hunt (1842) Munn vs Illinois (1876) Wabash vs Illinois (1886) Butler vs U.S. (1936) Schecter Bros. vs N.Y. (1938)

CIVIL RIGHTS – CONTEMPORARY

Worchester vs Georgia (1831) Scott vs Sanford (1857) = Dred and Harriet Scott Case Standing Bear vs U.S. (1879) Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) Korematsu vs U.S. (1944) Brown vs Board of Education (1954) Baker vs Carr (1962) Engel vs Vitale (1962) Gideon vs Wainwright (1963) Griswald vs Connecticut (1965) Miranda vs Arizona (1966) Roe vs Wade (1973) U.S. vs Nixon (1974) Bakke vs Board of Regents of California (1978) Webster vs Missouri Reproductive Health Service (1989)

49 SCANDALS AND WHAT-NOT

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Newburgh Conspiracy (1783)

Shay’s Rebellion (1787)

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

XYZ Affair (1797)

Aaron Burr’s Treason (1806-07): Not Guilty

Peggy Eaton Affair (1829)

Grant Administration – Various Scandals (1868-76)

Credit Mobilier (1872)

Tweed Ring – Tammany Hall (1850s-1930s)

Pinchot-Ballinger (1909)

Harding Administration (1920-24)

Teapot Dome / Ohio Gang (1923)

Bonus March (1932)

MacArthur Recalled (1950)

Pueblo Crew (1968-69)

Watergate (1972-74)

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-80)

Iran-Contra Affair (1987-89)

Whitewater (1994)

Data: Immigration Laws

Opposition to:

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Know Nothing Party (1850s)

Anti-Semitism (1880s to the present – Anti-Jewish sentiment)

KKK (1920s)

Japanese-American Internment (WWII)

Selective:

Note that in 1875, 1882 and 1892 Congressional acts provided for the examination of immigrants and for the exclusion from the U.S. of convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, persons suffering from loathsome or contagious diseases, and persons liable to become public charges.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882/1904) Barred Chinese laborers from entering the country for 10 years; made permanent in 1904. U.S. citizens complained that those who had entered from the 1850s forced wages down. “Yellow Peril” was also evident (Fear of the economic success of this culture and the success of the later generations). Note that this was preceded by a Congressional law in 1862 forbidding American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S. (Repealed in 1943.)

Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907) Ban on Chinese workers extended to Japanese. Excluded from these two acts were Asian females who were allowed into the U.S. so that they could marry the Asian men so as not to “pollute” the races. (Do you believe that!!!)

Literacy Act (1917) Required all immigrants be able to read and write English or some other language. Created an Asiatic Barred Zone to shut out Asians. Aliens unable to meet minimum mental, moral, physical and economic standards were excluded, as were anarchists and other so-called subversives. This part was further strengthened in 1918 by the Anarchist Act of 1918. Vetoed by Woodrow Wilson Congress was successful in overriding the veto.

51 Restrictive:

Emergency Quota Act (1921) This act would allow the number of aliens of any nationality admitted to the U.S. in a year could not exceed 3% of the number of foreign-born residents of that nationality living in the U.S. in 1910.

National Origins Act (1924-29) 150,000 immigrants allowed per year; new quota would be based on the number of persons of that nations stock as of 1920. The minimum quota for each country was 100 persons (although Asians are completely excluded). No quotas or limitations were applied to the Western Hemisphere.

Refugee and Displaced Persons Act (1948) Allowed WWII aliens into the U.S.; this act has resurfaced with the use of Congressional decrees when appropriate.

McCarren-Walter Act (1952) This act continued the National Origins Act raising the number of immigrants to 156,000 per year with no quota for the Western Hemisphere. A token quota of 2,000 was assigned to Asia. Present or former members of communist parties or dictatorships are barred. A provision is made to deport subversives.

Immigration Act of 1965 This law is a reaction to the “racism” of the above policy. It repeals the quota system. A ceiling of 170,000 persons is set on admission from outside the Western Hemisphere with a maximum of 20,000 from any one country. Preference is given to those with skills needed by this country. Exemptions to this rule apply to immediate relatives of U.S. citizens who are welcomed regardless of skills. A ceiling of 120,000 immigrants from within the Western Hemisphere is added. Note that laws passed in 1968 and 1977 eventually raised the quota to 290,000 immigrants worldwide with a maximum of 20,000 for any one country, thus abolishing limits for hemispheres. A 1980 act reduced the quota to 270,000.

Simpson-Mazzoli Act / Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) 1) Granted Amnesty (through 1988) to those illegal aliens who had entered the country before 1982. (This was specifically aimed at Mexicans.) 2) Stiff penalties were accorded to employers who had hired illegal aliens.

52 Labor History Data List

Unions National Labor Union (1866-1869) William H. Sylvis Knights of Labor (1879) Uriah S. Stephens / Terence Powderly (1879-1990s) American Federation of Labor (1881) Samuel Gompers International Workers of the World / Wobblies (1905) – Socialist dominated, radical, violent prone Committee for Industrial Organization (1938) – John Lewis; Semi-skilled & unskilled AFL & CIO merge to AFL-CIO (1955)

Strikes Haymarket Square (1886) Chicago, IL – Knights of Labor Homestead Steel Strike (1892) Carnegie Steel, Penn. – Amalgamated Iron & Steel Workers; AFL affiliate Pullman Strike (1894) Chicago, IL – American Railway Union Anthracite Coal Strike (1814 & 1902) – Midwest and Pennsylvania – United Mine Workers Air Traffic Controllers (1981) PATCO

Court Cases Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842) in a Massachusetts State Supreme Court In re Debs (1895) Danbury Hatters Strike (1902 strike brought to the U.S. Supreme Court – definitively upholds a practice that had been performed throughout the end of the 19th century: ruled in 1908 that the Sherman Anti-Trust Law of 1890 could be used against unions when they strike because the act of a strike is “in restraint of trade”)

Federal Legislation Sherman Anti Trust Act 1890 Department of Labor created in 1913 Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) Labor was not a “commodity” and could not be prosecuted as in “restraint of trade,”; limited the use of injunctions and prohibited injunctions against peaceful picketing Adamson Act (1916) Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932) Outlawed yellow dog contracts. Forbade federal courts to issue injunctions to restrain strikes, boycott, and peaceful picketing. Wagner (National Labor Relations) Act (1935) Forbid company unions Management must bargain collectively with labor when labor chooses to form a union National Labor Relations Board is set up to settle disputes/complaints between management and labor Fair Labor Standards (Wage and Hours) Act (1938) Taft-Hartley Act (1947) Section 14b added – “right to work” measure: 20 states mostly southern, prohibit compulsory union membership stating that no worker can be compelled to join a union in order to hold a job. Landrum-Griffin Act (1959) Elections must be held every 3 years Union workers guaranteed a “Bill of Rights” to protect them from union officials Unions must file detailed financial reports with the Secretary of Labor Further limited secondary boycotts

Overview of Historical Periods

1492 Age of Discovery

1607 Beginning of Colonial Era (establishment of Jamestown)

1776 American Revolution

1789 Constitution established – Nation Building

1828 Jacksonian Democracy / Manifest Destiny

1850s – 1860 Pre-Civil War Era

1861 – 1865 Civil War

1865 – 1876 Reconstruction Era

1877 – Early 1900s Industrialization Era / Labor Struggle Second Phase of Manifest Destiny Era of Populists / Progressives

1917 – 1919 U.S. involvement in WW I

1920s Roaring Twenties / Prohibition

1929 – 1940 Stock Market Crash – Depression

1941 – 1945 WW II

1945 – Cold War Contemporary History McCarthyism (1950s) Space Race / Civil Rights / Vietnam (1960-1975) Isolationism (1970s) Conservative Era (1980s) Post Cold War (1990s) Communism Crumbles (1991)

54 Understanding Political Cartoons

Symbols Common Interpretations Cross Skull & Crossbones Coffin RIP (Rest In Peace) death Corpse Skeleton Headstone Grim Reaper Use of the color black

Elephant Republican Party G.O.P. (Government of the People & Grand ‘Ole Party) Donkey Democratic Party

Rain, dark sky Mourning, bad news

Light sky Happiness, good news

Black cat, walking under a ladder, broken Superstitions mirror

Peace Symbol Dove Peace Olive Branch White Flag Surrender Lamb

Black Devil Pitchfork Evil / Satanic Snake Sinful Serpent Fire

Hammer & Sickle Communism Bear Russia Red Communism or China

Swastika Straight arm & Nazi / Hitler extended fingers raised to the sky Skinheads Racism

55 Symbols Common Interpretations Red, White & Blue Stars & Stripes Democracy Bald Eagle Uncle Sam

Cross Christianity

Star of David Jewish, Israel

White Surrender, Peace, Innocence, Youth

Green Envy, Irish

Yellow Coward

Pink Girl Blue Boy

Raised Fist Power

Dollar Sign Money

Red Blood

Statue of Liberty Freedom Torch

Pan Balance Blindfolded woman Justice holding scales

Hawk Warfare

Hourglass Time

Rainbow Hope, Gay Rights

Snail Slow Pace Turtle

Additional Tool of the Cartoonist – Caricature – a deliberate distortion of a person’s features, often used to ridicule

56 AP U.S. History G369

Overview of American Economic History

Discovery of America

. Scarcity of Goods in Western Europe

Colonial Times

. Scarcity of Land in Western Europe . Scarcity of Labor in the Colonies . Joint-Stock Company

Eighteenth Century

. Mercantilism vs. Salutary Neglect . Hamilton vs. Jefferson: National Bank, Tariff, National Debt

Nineteenth Century

. Transportation . Sectionalism / Nationalism . Scarcity of Land for Cotton Cultivation . Industrialization / Gilded Age . Scarcity of Resources: Closing of the Frontier

Twentieth Century

. Progressive Era . Financial Capitalism . Scarcity of Labor in Wartime . Scarcity of Energy . Regulated Capitalism . Deregulated / Laissez-faire Capitalism

Essay Questions:

- Analyze the evolution of American capitalism during [insert time period here]. - To what extent did the American government aid the growth of American business during [insert time period here]? - To what extend was [insert time period here] a period of economic prosperity? Notable American Women

Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)-Early champion of religious liberty and free speech, this midwife was put on trial in 1637 for her outspoken views. The Massachusetts General Court found her guilty of sedition and banished her from the Colony.

Hannah Adams (1755-1831)-Historian and the first professional woman writer in the United States, she published A Summary History of New England in 1799.

Deborah Sampson Gannett (1760-1827)-Signing up for the 4th Massachusetts Regiment under an assumed male name, she became the first woman to enlist as a soldier in the American army. After being wounded nineteen months later, she received an honorable medical discharge and, later, a military pension.

Emma Willard (1787-1870)-Foremost 19th century proponent of higher education for women. She founded the Troy (NY) Female Academy, an all-girls’ school, where she daringly taught her students science and math and educated hundreds of future teachers. Her efforts on behalf of equal educational opportunities for women helped lead to coeducational school systems.

Sacajawea (c. 1789-c. 1812)-A Shoshone Indian, she was captured by an enemy tribe who eventually sold her to the French Canadian trapper she later married. In 1804, Meriweather Lewis and William Clark hired her to help lead them as they explored the western United States, bringing along her newborn son, she acted as interpreter and guide and was later credited by the men with the success of their expedition.

Sarah Moore Grimke (1792-1873) and Angelina Emily Grimke (1805-1879)-Sisters from a wealthy slave- owning family in South Carolina they were the only white southerners to be leaders in the American Anti- Slavery Society. In an 1838 abolitionist speech before the Massachusetts State Legislature, Angelina became the first American woman to address a legislative body. Their work inspired leading women’s rights figures.

Lucretia Mott (1793-1880)-Ordained Quaker minister and pioneering activist in the women’s suffrage movement who addressed the first women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls (NY). She was also an outspoken abolitionist whose staunch beliefs caused her to boycott all goods produced by slave labor.

Sojourner Truth (c. 1797-1883)-A former slave, she became a leading proponent of human rights and a spokesperson for abolition and women’s rights. Her question “and ain’t I a woman?” posed during a speech before a women’s rights convention sought to align the plights of poor and black women with those of white suffragists.

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)-Crusader of rights for the mentally ill in North America and Europe, she founded or improved over thirty hospitals for the mentally ill and influenced government legislation with her research. In 1861, she was appointed first Superintendent of U.S. Army Nurses.

Margaret Fuller (1810-1850)-Leading female intellectual of her day and author of the pioneering feminist work Women in the Nineteenth Century (1845). She edited Ralph Waldo Emerson’s paper The Dial and, while writing literary and social criticism in Europe for the New York Tribune, became America’s first female correspondent.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)-Author of short stories, poetry and the biggest best-seller of the nineteenth century, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The novel, which first appeared in serialized version in National Era magazine, was the first major American work in which a black man appeared as the central hero. The book had a remarkable impact on pre-Civil War society, stirring the nation’s opposing passions regarding slavery and hastening the conflict. When President Abraham Lincoln later met Stowe, he addressed her as “the little woman who made this great war.” Harriet Tubman (1815-1913)-As a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad, this fugitive slave helped thousands of blacks escape north prior to the Civil War. During the War, she served as a Union nurse and military spy.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)-Known, along with Susan B. Anthony, as one of the foremost figures of the movement for women’s equality. Her outrage at being excluded from an anti-slavery convention because of her gender inspired her to co-organize the 1848 Seneca Falls (NY) Women’s Rights Convention. There, she drafter her famous Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on Declaration of Independence. Her accomplishments included co-founding the newspaper Revolution, heading the National Woman Suffrage Association for twenty years and being first president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

Amelia Bloomer (1818-1894)-Social reformer, suffragist, and publisher of the temperance paper The Lily, she was ridiculed by nineteenth century men for the liberated “pants” outfits she popularized.

Maria Mitchell (1818-1889)-The first American woman astronomer and the director of the observatory at Vassar College, she was the first female member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Lucy Stone (1818-1893)-Pioneering leader in the women suffrage movement and founder of the American Woman Suffrage Association. Her 1855 marriage ceremony to Henry Blackwell exemplified her commitment to her cause: the standard promise of obedience was eliminated and, drawing inspiration from the ex-ample she and her husband set, the word stoner became a common 19th century word for women who kept their maiden names after marriage.

Julia Ward Howe (1819-1911)-Abolitionist, suffragist, and social reformer, she was also a poet whose most famous work became the anthem, The Battle Hymn of the Republic.

Susan Brownell Anthony (1820-1906)-Leader in the American Anti-Slavery Society, she later turned her life’s devotion to women’s suffrage and, with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, founded the National Woman Suffrage Association and the newspaper Revolution. She was so widely considered a symbol of the women’s suffrage movement that the 19th Amendment finally giving women the right to vote was commonly referred to as the Anthony Amendment and her likeness was later etched on an American silver dollar.

Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910)-Founder of Christian Science, the international religious movement which advocates spiritual healing in the belief that the body is governed not by physical cause and effect but by the powers of the mind and spirit. In 1879, she organized the First Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston, and in 1908, established the internationally known newspaper, The Christian Science Monito 7.

Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)-The first American woman to receive a medical doctor degree (1849), she opened the New York Infirmary for Women and Children and co-founded the Women’s Medical College in 1868.

Clara Barton (1824-1912)-Called the “Angel of the Battlefield” for her first aid heroism during the Civil War, she was instrumental in founding the American Red Cross.

Antoinette Louisa Brown (1825-1921)-Social reformer, abolitionist and suffragist, she was the nation’s first ordained female minister, one of the first American women to attend college, and an author of books on evolution and social theory.

Emily Dickinson (1839-1886)-Reclusive poet of hundreds of inventive, original poem, she was the most famous woman poet in nineteenth-century America. Mary Harris “Mother” Jones (1830-1930)-Labor organizer who championed the cause of social justice and devoted herself to the struggle against the poor hours, pay and working conditions of railroad, textile and mine workers.

Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)-World-renown artist, she introduced Impressionism to America and is famous especially for her paintings and prints depicting mothers and children.

Carry Nation (1846-1930)-Prohibitionist reformer, she gained fame for wielding a hatchet while destroying saloons.

Mary Elizabeth Lease (1853-1933)-American agrarian reformer and temperance advocate, b. Ridgeway, Pa. The daughter of an Irish political refugee, she first gained recognition for a series of lectures (1885-87) on Ireland and the Irish. She had gone to Kansas as a young woman, was admitted to the bar, and became active in Populist politics in the campaign of 1890. Known during this period as Mary Ellen Lease, she was dubbed Mary Yellin Lease by her opponents because of her flamboyant oratorical style. Urging the popular election of Senators, the setting up of postal savings banks, government control of railroads, federal supervision of corporations, woman suffrage, free silver, prohibition, and other reforms, she gained lasting fame by advising the farmers “to raise less corn and more hell.” In 1908 she became a lecturer for the New York department of education and in 1912 supported Theodore Roosevelt in the Bull Moose campaign.

Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947)-Editor of the National Suffrage Bulletin and a leader in the women’s suffrage movement, she was instrumental in achieving voting rights for women in America’s West and was president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association at the time the 19th Amendment was finally passed. She also served as president of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance and founded the National League of Women Voters to help teach women how to intelligently use their vote. Her 1890 marriage included a prenuptial agreement giving her four months in each year to travel for the cause of women’s equality.

Martha Thomas Carey (1857-1935)-Suffragist and educator long associated with Bryn Mawr College, she was the first female college faculty member in the country to hold the title “dean,” started the first graduate program at any women’s school, and established the country’s first graduate scholarships. She was also a founder of the Association to Promote Scientific Research by Women and of the International Federation of University Women.

Annie Oakley (Phoebe Anne Oakley Mozee) (1860-1926)-Known as “Lady Sure Shot,” this markswoman made a living demonstrating her amazing ability to hit her target. As star of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, she traveled the world, dazzling audiences with such feats as shooting the flames off a revolving wheel of candles, splitting a playing card held edge-on and, while on tour in Berlin, knocking the ash off a cigarette held between the lips of Germany’s Crown Prince William.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935)-Writer and lecturer on women’s role in society, she was a leading feminist theorist and instrument of change.

Jane Addams (1860-1935)-Co-founder of the famous Chicago settlement house “Hull House,” she was a pacifist, a suffragist, an advocate of social reform and, in 1931, the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. She turned her prize winnings over to the Woman’s International League for Peace and Freedom, of which she was president.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)-Black journalist and militant civil rights leader, she was a co-founder of the NAACP and the first president of the Negro Fellowship League.

Sarah Breedlove “Madame C.J.” Walker (1867-1919)-A southern sharecropper’s daughter, she became the first female black millionaire by successfully selling hair preparations for black women. She also founded several factories and beauty colleges and actively supported many charitable and educational institutions. Emma Goldman (1869-1940)-Outspoken feminist, pacifist and lifelong anarchist, this lecturer and author founded Mother Earth newspaper and was noted for her radicalism in aiding the world’s oppressed.

Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955)-Writer and educator, and daughter of former slaves, she was a champion of humanitarian causes and an advocate of civil rights and education for Blacks. Among her accomplishments were establishing Florida’s Bethune-Cookman College and serving as Director of the Division of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency, at that the highest position ever held in government by a black woman.

Isadora Duncan (1878-1927)-Pioneer of modern dance in America and Europe, she elevated dance to an art form practiced by serious artists and gained huge popularity for her innovative, expressive style.

Margaret Sanger (1879-1966)-Pioneering crusader for the legalization of birth control, this social reformer battled the nation’s government and courts to open America’s first birth control clinic. Founder of the Natural Birth Control League and Planned Parenthood of America, she later took her campaign to provide safe contraception worldwide and formed the International Planned Parenthood Federation.

Helen Keller (1880-1968)-Triumphing over an early childhood illness which left her blind and deaf, she went on to graduate with honors from Radcliffe College and become a world-famous lecturer, author, and advocate of rights for people with disabilities.

Frances Perkins (1880-1965)-Social and political reformer, she became the first woman appointed to the New York State Industrial Commission and the first woman member of a United States Cabinet, heading the Department of Labor.

Jeanette Rankin (1880-1973)-fu 1916, this suffragist became the first female elected to the House of Representatives. A Republican from Montana, she campaigned on a platform of peace and voted against the United States’ entry into World War I.

Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962)-Political and social reformer, humanitarian, and outspoken crusader, this First Lady championed causes of social justice worldwide and as a United Nations delegate, chaired the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.

Alice Paul (1885-1977)-Activist and suffragist who organized the 1913 women’s rights march through Washington, D.C. and founded the Congressional Union for Women’s Suffrage, a militant branch of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

Georgia O’Keeffe (1887-1986)-Known as the greatest American woman artist of the 20th century, her iconoclastic paintings are noted for their lyrical use of abstract color and shape in depicting flowers, nature and the American landscape.

Marian Anderson (1897-1993)-The first black to become a member of the Metropolitan Opera Company, this internationally renowned opera singer pushed aside racial discrimination and obstacles to achieve worldwide fame. In 1939, she made history when her scheduled concert at Washington D.C.’s Constitution Hall was blocked by the hall’s owners, the Daughters of the American Revolution. In response, Eleanor Roosevelt publicly resigned from that organization and a public concert at the Lincoln Memorial was arranged instead. Its attendance by a mixed crowd of 75,000 people, including numerous dignitaries, became a national symbol of social justice and hope. Martha Graham (1894-1991)-Founder and longtime principal dancer of the Martha Graham Dance Company and School of Contemporary Dance, this most influential twentieth century choreographer revolutionized the medium through her use of American themes and original scores. Her innovative choreography, expressing raw emotion and inner tension, often incorporated Asian dance, Greek myth and Zen philosophy. Amelia Earhart (1898-1937)-Pioneering female aviator and the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, she achieved many aviation firsts and set numerous transcontinental records before disappearing in the South Pacific while attempting to fly around the world.

Zora Neal Hurston (1901-1960)-Novelist, essayist and playwright associated with the Harlem Renaissance movement, she also gained fame as an anthropologist of black culture and was the first black to com-pile a book of African American Folklore.

Margaret Mead (1901-1978)-This internationally known social scientist, environmentalist, and spokesperson for social and intellectual issues introduced the world to anthropology through her 1928 bestseller Coming of Age in Samoa, based on her study of cultures in the South Pacific. Her pioneering research and new techniques of fieldwork revolutionized the field of anthropology. Her many accomplishments included serving as President of the American Academy for the Advancement of Science and Curator of Ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History and authoring countless books and articles on society and culture.

Margaret Bourke-White (1904-1971)-Pioneering photojournalist, she gained fame for her photographs of mill workers and sharecroppers and was famous for her association with Life magazine.

Rachel Carson (1907-1964)-Biologist and author of numerous books about the sea. Her pioneering book, Silent Spring, which alerted the country to the environmental dangers of pesticides, had an immediate impact on governmental regulations and is widely, considered to have started the modem environmental protection movement.

Rosa Parks (b. 1913)-By refusing to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man in 1955 Montgomery, Alabama because she “was just plain tired,” this hard-working seamstress set off a thirteen-month bus boycott and a long chain of civil rights protests. The result: national attention for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation on buses and the title “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement” for Parks, who went on to continue her fight against racial injustice.

Mildred “Babe” Didrikson (1914-1956)-This remarkable and prodigious athlete, a six-time winner of the Associated Press “Women Athlete of the Year” award, competed in baseball, basketball, golf and billiards on a national level and was a medal-winning track star, swimmer and skater. Among her many achievements were winning every available golf title in the 1940’s, thrice winning the U.S. Women’s (Golf) Open, founding the Ladies Professional Golf Association and winning three gold medals in track events at the 1932 Olympics.

Betty Friedan (b. 1921)-Founder of the National Organization of Women, her 1963 best-selling book, The Feminine Mystique, changed women’s lives worldwide and is credited with inspiring the start of the modem women’s liberation movement.

Shirley Chisholm (b. 1924)-The first black woman elected to Congress, she fought hard for the country’s disadvantaged, championing such causes as child welfare, job training, health care, and education.

Maya Angelou (b. 1928)-Pulitzer Prize-winning author, poet and playwright. In January 1993, she became the first black to compose a poem for a presidential inauguration, which she delivered as On the Pulse of Morning at Bill Clinton’s swearing-in.

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (1929-1994)-A cultural icon to millions of Americans, she restored the White House and elevated America’s image here and abroad during her years as First Lady to President John F. Kennedy. After his assassination, her; own courage helped support the country in its grief. In her later life, she was admired as a mother, historic preservationist, and book editor. Sandra Day O’Connor (b. 1930)-This Arizona lawmaker-turned-judge and the first woman to hold the office of majority leader in a state senate, made history in 1981 through Ronald Reagan’s appointment and Ethnic, Social and Religious Groups, subsequent Senate Confirmation as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, the first woman to sit on this body in its 191-year history.

Delores Huerta (b. 1930)-Dolores Huerta is one of the century’s most powerful and respected labor movement leaders. Huerta left teaching and co-founded the United Farm Workers with Cesar Chavez in 1962: “I quit because I couldn’t stand seeing kids come to class hungry and needing shoes. I thought I could do more by organizing farm workers than by trying to teach their hungry children.” Huerta has raised her own 11 children while organizing for the labor movement. She led the fight to permit thousands of migrant/immigrant children to receive services. She also led the struggle to achieve unemployment insurance, collective bargaining rights, and immigration rights for farm workers under the 1985 Rodino amnesty legalization program. Huerta continues as an outstanding labor and political activist.

Toni Morrison (b. 1931)-Author of The Song of Solomon, Beloved, and Tar Baby, among others, this African American writer, the second American Woman to receive the Nobel Prize for literature, gained fame for her powerful writing on black American issues.

Gloria Steinem (b. 1934)-Founding editor of Ms. magazine and co-founder of the Women’s Action Alliance, this journalist and essayist is a leading activist and spokesperson for the contemporary feminist movement.

Geraldine Ferraro (b. 1935)-As a member of the U.S. Congress, she introduced the Private Pension Reform Act, was a member of the Select Committee on Aging and chaired the House Democratic Caucus Task Force on Women’s Economic Issues. In 1984, she made American history when Democratic Presidential candidate Walter Mondale tapped her to become the nation’s first female vice presidential running mate.

Barbara Jordan (1936-1996)-Lawyer by training, she was the first African American woman to serve in the Texas Legislature. She went on to become the first black woman from the South ever electd to the U.S. Congress where she served on the House Judiciary Committee and fought for voting rights, school funding and the creation of the Consumer Protection Agency. In 1976 she became the first woman to give the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention.

Billie Jean King (b. 1943)-Champion of women’s tennis and founder of the Women’s Tennis Association, the Women’s Sport Foundation, and Women Sports magazine, this twenty-time Wimbledon titlist became the first woman athlete to earn over $100,000 in a single year. She has earned worldwide fame and respect both for her athletic ability and her record-breaking earnings as well, as her efforts to promote equity between male and female sports.

Antonia Novello (b. 1944)- A physician and public health professional, she was the first woman and the first Hispanic to be appointed U.S. Surgeon General. In this capacity, she led the campaign for stronger warnings on cigarette labels, worked to increase public awareness of AIDS and fought against alcohol advertisements aimed at children.

Wilma Mankiller (b. 1945)-Advocate for American Indian causes, she championed programs for job training, housing, property rights, education and community development and was elected the first woman chief of the Cherokee Nation.

Candy Lightner (b. 1946)- The death of her thirteen-year-old daughter at the hands of a drunk driver inspired this one-women crusader to found the now nationwide organizations Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and Students Against Driving Drunk (SADD). Her campaigns have effected tougher drunk driving laws, helped ensure the passage of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act and led to the establishment of the National Commission on Drunk Driving.

SallyRide (b. 1951)-Beating out more than 8,300 applicants, she became a mission specialist for NASA’s space program. In 1983, abroad the space shuttle Challenger: this astrophysicist became the first American woman to fly in space.

Sources: Ashby, Ruth and Deborah Gore Ohm, editors. Herstory: Woman who Changed the World. New York: Viking, 1995. Browne, Ray B., editor. Contemporary Heroes and Heroines. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc., 1990. Cirker, Hayward and Blanche. Dictionary of American Portraits. New York: Dover Publications, 1967. deMille, Agnes. America Dances. New York: Macmillan.

Timeline for Native American History

American Revolution to 1934

1775-1783 – Joseph Brant, Cornplanter, Dragging Canoe, and Alexander McGillivray support the English against American rebels

1786 – Secretary of War made responsible for Indian affairs

1787 – Northwest Ordinance calls for sanctity of tribal territory, but sets guidelines for development increasing white settlement

1799 – Handsome Lake founds Longhouse Religion among Iroquois

1803 – Louisiana Purchase adds 828,000 square miles and large Indian population to US

1804-1806 – Lewis and Clark Expedition guided by Sacawea encounters more than 50 tribes

1807 – Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet and brother of Tecumseh, preaches a return to tradition

1809-1811 – Tecumseh’s Rebellion of allied tribes in Old Northwest Territory

1812-1813 – Georgia militia invade Spanish Florida after Seminoles offer refuge to runaway slaves

1812-1814 – War of 1812, Tecumseh leads pro-English warriors in Old Northwest

1817-1818 – First Seminole War; Andrew Jackson and Creeks under William McIntosh invade Florida and attack Seminoles

1819 – Federal government allocates funds for the “civilization” of Indians

1825 – Indian Territory west of Mississippi River, including parts of Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma defines by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun

1827 – Cherokees under John Ross adopt a constitution based on US model; later nullified by Georgia legislature

1828 – First edition of Cherokee Phoenix published, using Sequoyah’s syllabary. In 1834, Georgia suppresses it 1830 – Indian removal Act requires relocation of eastern tribes to Indian territory; Cherokee protest upheld by Supreme Court in 1832 but ignored

1831-1839 – Southeast tribes forced to relocate westward; Cherokee march of 1838-1839 known as “Trail of Tears” 1832 – Congress formally recognizes Bureau of Indian Affairs within War Department Black Hawk Was of allied tribes under Sac Indians against US

1835 – Texas declares itself a republic independent of Mexico

1835-1842 – Second Seminole War under Osceola against US in Florida

1840’s – “Manifest Destiny” takes hold as ideological basis for further US expansion

1846 – Oregon Country becomes part of US

1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brings Southwest Indians under control of US

1849 – Bureau of Indian Affairs transferred to Department of Interior

1851 – Treaty of Fort Laramie defines Sioux and other Northern Plaines Indian hunting grounds

1853 – Gadsen Purchase brings Indians in California, Arizona, and New Mexico into Union

1854 – Kansas-Nebraska Act reduces Indian Territory to approximate size of Oklahoma

1855-1858 – Third Seminole War under Billy Bowlegs in Florida

1861-1872 – Apache Resistance under Cochise and Mangas Coloradas in Arizona and New Mexico

1862 – Homestead Act opens Indian lands in Kansas and Nebraska to homesteaders – Pacific Railway Act authorizes first transcontinental railroad

1862-1864 – Santee Sioux Uprising in Minnesota and Dakotas

1863 – Shoshone Uprising in Utah

1863-1866 – Navaho War Manuelito in New Mexico and Arizona

1864-1865 – Cheyenne-Arapaho War, with Sand Creek Massacre of Black Kettle’s village

1865 – Federal government gives contract to Protestant missionary societies for Indian schools

1866-1868 – Sioux War for Bozeman Trail (“Red Cloud’s War”) in Montana and Wyoming

1867 – Treaties of Medicine Lodge send southern Plains tribes to reservations in Indian Territory – Peace commission reviews Indian affairs and recommends end of treaty process

1868 – Treaty of Fort Laramie resolves Bozeman Trail issue and gives Sioux rights to Black Hills

1868-1869 – Sheridan campaign on Southern Plains against Cheyenne

1871 – Congress ends treaty-making with tribes; Indians subject to acts of Congress, executive orders and “Agreements”

1874-1975 – Red River War on Southern Plains; Quanah Parker and Santana lead Comanche’s and Kiowa’s; Kicking Bird leads Kiowa peace faction

1876-1877 – Sioux War for Black Hills under Bull and Crazy Horse; Battle of Little Big Horn, June 25, 1876

1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson’s “A Century of Dishonor,” makes public aware of restrictions of Indian rights

-Court of Claims opened to Indians

1881-1886 – Apache Resistance under Geronimo in southwest

1883 – William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s first Wild West show Court of Indian offenses gives jurisdiction to tribes in all but major crimes

1883-1916 – Lake Mohonk Conferences of reformers call for assimilation

1885 – Due to wholesale slaughter, plains buffalo herds all but disappear - Major Crimes Act gives federal courts jurisdiction over major crimes involving Indians

1887 – Dawes Severalty Act dissolves many tribes as legal entities, wipes out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 acres; citizenship to come in 25 years

1889 – Wovoka founds Ghost Dance Religion among Paiutes; spreads to Plains Indians

1890 – Provisions made for leasing by whites of allotted Indian lands

1890 – Sioux participation in Ghost Dance leads; to events culminating in Attack on Big Foot’s band at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, Dec. 29, 1890

1890-1891 – US federal census determines frontier no longer exists

1898 – Curtis Act expands allotment policy within Indian Territory

1902 – Commissioner of Indian Affairs prohibits wearing of long hair by male Indians

1906 – Burke Act authorizes Secretary of the Interior to remove restrictions on allotted Indian lands

1908 – In Winter Doctrine, Supreme Court defines rights of federal government to reserve water for Indian tribes

1910 – Federal government prohibits sun Dance among Plains Indians

1911 – Society of American Indians, committed to Pan-Indianism and citizenship for Indians, founded

1912 – Sac Indian Jim Thorpe wins Olympic gold medals, but has to surrender them in 1913 because of earlier semi-pro baseball career

1914-1916 – During World War I, many Native Americans enlist in US Army, Choctaw “code talkers” use native languages as battlefield code

1917 – First time in 50 years that Indian births exceed Indian deaths 1923 – Indian Defense league founded

1924 – Indian Citizenship Act bestows citizenship on all Native Americans

1928 – Meriam Report deplores Indian living conditions and blames allotment system

1932 – The book Black Elk Speaks, about Sioux beliefs, sparks interest in Native American religious

1934 – Indian Reorganization Act reverse allotment policy, providing tribal ownership of land and self- government

Adapted from Waldman, Car. Timeliness of Native American History. New York: Prentice Hal 1994 DATES

DATE EVENTS

40-30,000 BC American Indians come from Siberia

8,000 BC Indians settled through South America

10th Century AD Norse voyages (984 Eric the Red)

1370 Printing Press

1480’s John Cabot’s voyage to America

1492 Columbus’s 1st voyage

1500 Amerigo Vespucci gives his name to North and South America

1517 Martin Luther speaks out/95 Thesis’/Reformation

1527 Henry VIII decides to divorce

1534 Act of Supremacy

1536 John Calvin speaks out/Institution of Protestant Religions

1539 English translation of the Bible

1565 Spanish settle St. Augustine (Florida)

1585 Walter Raleigh sets up Roanoke, Virginia

1588 British defeat Spanish Armada

1600’s West African peoples 1830’s – 1850’s

17th Century AD Mercantilist System/Enlightenment

1607 Founding of Jamestown/Salutary Neglect begins 1619 First black Americans brought to Virginia

1620 Puritans settle Plymouth

1635 Fundamental orders of Connecticut – First Constitution established

1660 Navigation Acts 1660, 63, 73, 96, 1704, 05 Salutary Neglect ends Mercantilist System Increase in immigrants, slaves

DATE EVENTS

1662 Halfway Covenant

1675 Bacon’s Rebellion King Phillips’ War

1688/89 Glorious Revolution in England/America Enlightenment begins

1689-1697 King William’s War/Treaty of Rypwick

1700 Salutary Neglect at highest point

1700-s – 1783 Powers of Provincial Assemblies/Powers of the Purse Actual Representation vs. Virtual Representation Locke’s “Social Contract” Civic Virtue/Public Virtue

1702-1713 Queen Anne’s War/Treaty of Utrecht

1706-1790 Benjamin Franklin

1732 Molasses Act Hat & Felt Act

1735 Trial of John Peter Zerger – Victory for freedom of the press

1730’s-60’s First Great Awakening The beginning of the end of Salutary Neglect (2nd phase of Salutary Neglect)

1743-48 King George’s War/Treaty Aix-La-Chapelle

1750 Iron Act

1722-1803 Samuel Adams

1754 Albany Plan

1756-1758 French and Indian/Seven Years War 1760 George III becomes King of England (1820)

1763 Peace of Paris Salutary Neglect completely ends (active British government in colonial affairs) Proclamation of 1763

1764 Sugar Act (April)

DATE EVENTS

1765 Stamp Act (March) Quartering Act (May) Virginia Resolves Stamp Act Congress

1766 Declaratory Act (March) Stamp Act repealed (March)

1767 Townshend Revenue Acts (June-July)

1767-1770 Sons and Daughters of Liberty Boycott

1768 Circular Letter

1770 Townshend Acts repealed (except tea) (Mar.) Boston Massacre Samuel Adams (Keeps ideas alive)

1772-76 Committee of Correspondence

1773 Tea Act (May) Boston Tea Party (Dec.)

1774 Coercive (Intolerable) acts (Mar-Jun) Quebec Act (Jun) First Continental Congress

1775 Lexington & Concord (Apr) Second Continental Congress (May) Prohibitory Act (Dec)

1776-1789 Republicans/Loyalists

1776 Common Sense/Thomas Paine Declaration of Independence/Thomas Jefferson Wealth of Nations/Adam Smith American Revolution

1777 Tories/Loyalists time Saratoga (Oct) 1778 Franco-American Treaties a. Amity & Commerce b. Alliance

1780’s Madison’s Federalist #10

1780 MA Constitution

DATE EVENTS

1781 Yorktown Articles of Confederation Impost of 1781 Nationalist

1782 Revolutionary fighting ends

1783 Treaty of Paris Newburgh Conspiracy

1784 Land Ordinance of 1784

1785 Land Ordinance of 1785 Federalist and Anti-Federalist Parties emerge

1786 Shay’s Rebellion Virginia ends funding of Angelican Church Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

1787 Land Ordinance of 1787/Northwest Ordinance Constitutional Convention-VA vs NJ plans

1788 Constitution ratified

1789 Bureau of Indian Affairs Federalist, Democratic & Republican Parties emerge Washington elected as President Judiciary Act of 1789 Hamilton/Jefferson divisions Bill of Rights Bonds Constitution established/beginning of nation building

1790 Report on the Public Credit/Hamilton Funding and Assumption made law

1791 Bank of the US Report on Manufactures/Hamilton Bill of Rights added

1792 The Vindication of the Rights of Women/Mary Wollstonecraft 1793 Citizen Genet French Revolution begins French & British start war US declares Neutrality through Proclamation of Neutrality Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney

1794 Whiskey Rebellion

DATE EVENTS

1795 Pickney’s Treaty, Jay’s Treaty Deism/Unitarianism/Role of Nathan Taylor

1796 Adams elected President, Washington’s Farewell address (Sept)

1797 Quasi War begins

1798 Alien & Sedition Laws Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions Interchangeable parts/Eli Whitney Navy Department established XYZ Affair

1799 Convention of Montefiori/End of Quasi War Treaty of Montefiori

1799-1830 Squatters/Preemption

1800 Election of 1800/Jefferson Revolution of 1800

1801 Judicial Act of 1801/Midnight Appointees John Marshall becomes Chief Justice (-35) Barbary Pirates (-02) Second Great Awakening (-20’s & -30’s)

1803 Louisiana Purchase Lewis & Clark Expedition (-05) Marbury vs Madison

1805 Samuel Chase Trial British seize American Ships

1806 Orders in Council Berlin and Milan decrees/Continental System

1807 Milan Decree Leopard/Chesapeake Affair Embargo Act/Peaceable coercion Aaron Burr’s Trial Steamboat/Robert Fulton 1808 Madison elected President Slave Trade outlawed

1809 Non-Intercourse Act

1810 Macon’s Bill #2 Fletcher vs Peck/Yazoo Land Claims

DATE EVENTS

1811 Battle of Tippecanoe (-1818) National Road

1812 War Hawks Madison declares war on Britain/War of 1812

1814 Hartford Convention Treaty of Ghent

1815 Battle of New Orleans Putting Out, piecework system

1816 Second Bank of the US chartered (-1836) American System – Clay Era of good feelings (-24)/Monroe elected

1817 American Colonization Society

1818 East Florida gained Red River Basin gained

1819 Panic of 1819 (227) Dartmouth College vs Woodward McCulloch vs Maryland Adams – Onis/Transcontinental Treaty Tallmadge Amendment Spain gives Mexico its independence

1820 Missouri Compromise Catherine Beecher Cult of True Womanhood/Domesticity/Republican Motherhood (-30) Waves of Immigration Start (-40’s) Transcendentalism Emerson, Thoreau (-50) Calvinism/Neo-Calvinists/Role of Lyman Beecher Role of Public Schools/Horace Mann (-50) Role of Asylums/Dorthea Dix (-30’s)

1821 Americans colonized Texas (-23) Cohens vs Virginia

1822 Mexico allows free trade with America in Sante Fe Lowell Mill

1823 Monroe Doctrine Role of Charles G. Finney Nicholas Biddle (-33)

DATE EVENTS

1824 Gibbons vs Odgen Corrupt Bargain/Election of 1824

1825 Great American Desert (-60) Erie Canal Opened John Quincy Adams became President American Tract Society

1826 American Temperance Society Joint occupation of Oregon Territory with Britain Jackson becomes President Birth of Democratic Party Jacksonian Democracy Manifest Destiny

1828 Tariff of Abominations Election of/Jackson election American Peace Society founded Nullification Crisis (-33) S.C. Exposition & Protest (-33)

1829 Peggy Eaton Affair

1830 Squatters/Preemption Rights (1799-) Joseph Smith founds Mormans Steam Locomotive/Peter Cooper Build up of railroad (-50’s) Mayville Road Bill Webster-Hayne Debate Mormons/Joseph Smith (-40’s) Manifest Destiny (-40’s)

1831 Chief Black War (-32) Anti-Masons Nat Turner Rebellion William Garrison/The Liberator Black Codes (-60)

1832 Worcester vs Georgia Tariff of 1832 Nicholas Biddle/Bank Charter

1833 Force Bill Compromise Tariff Roger Taney/Pet banks American Anti-Slavery Society/ William Lloyd Garrison All Southeastern tribes except Cherokees evacuated their lands

DATE EVENTS

1834 Indian Intercourse Act Reaper/Cyrus McCormick American Temperance Society splits

1835 Taney becomes Chief Justice

1836 Battle of the Alamo Battle of San Jocinto Revolver (Samuel Colt) Gag Rule (-44) Lone Star Republican formed

1837 Panic of 1837 (-43)/Specie Circular Charles River Bridge vs Warren Bridge Public Schools/Horace Mann Steel Plow/John Deere Van Buren President

1838 New England Non-Resistance Society Trail of Tears

1840 Birth of Whig Party Frederick Douglas (-95) Transcendentalism/Emerson & Thoreau (1840’s)

1841 John Tyler & William Harrison President Pre-emption Rights guaranteed Concentration of Indians onto Reservations

1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty Commonwealth vs Hunt (Massachusetts Supreme Court)

1843 Oregon Trail

1844 Telegraph/Samuel Morse James Polk Election of 1844 China opened trade with US/Caleb Cushing

1845 Texas Annexed Manifest Destiny/John O’Sullivan John Slidell Nueces-Rio Grande River dispute

1846 54’ 40° or Fight (Oregon) Polk declares war on Mexico John Fremont/Bear Flag Republic Mormon trek to Salt Lake City/Brighham Young Wilmont Proviso

DATE EVENTS

1847 Stephen Kearney Nicholas Trist North Star/Fred Douglas

1848 Mexican Cession Treaty of Guadalupe – Hildago Declaration of Sentiments/Seneca Falls, N.Y. CA Gold Rush Popular (Squatter) Sovereignty Free Soil Party emerges Election of 1848, Taylor President Communist Manifesto/Karl Marx, Frederick Engles

1850’s – 1860’s Pre-Civil War era

1850 Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law Underground Railroad (1776 - 1850’s & 60’s) Foreign Miners Tax Bassemer Process Tammany Hall (1850’s – 1930’s)

1852 Election of 1852, Pierce President Uncle Tom’s Cabin/Harriet Beecher Stowe

1853 Gadsden Purchase Matthew Perry opens Japan to U.S.

1854 Kansas Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Know-Nothing/American Party Republican Party

1856 Bleeding Kansas/John Brown Sumner-Brooks Incident Election of 1856, Buchanon

1857 Panic of 1857 Dred Scott Case Origin of Species/Charles Darwin

1858 Lecompton Controversy Lincoln-Douglas Debates Freeport Doctrine

1859 Harpers Ferry, VA/John Brown Impending Crisis of the South/Hinton R. Helper Comstock Lode

DATE EVENTS

1860 Election of 1860, Lincoln President Crittendon Compromise (-61) William Tweed/Tweed Ring (60’s-’72)

1861 South Secedes Fort Sumter Lincoln declares martial law in North Copperheads Bull Run #1

1861-76 Black Accommodations

1862 Homestead Act Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation Conscription laws passed Bull Run #2 Antietam New Orleans Morrill Land Grant Act Peace Democrats (-65)

1863 Emancipation Proclamation Draft riots in N.Y. Gettysburg Vicksburg

1864 Election of ’64 (Lincoln) Sherman’s March to the Sea Wade-Davis Bill Chivington Massacre

1865 Griswald vs Connecticut Carpetbaggers/Scalawags Radical Republicans Lincoln assassinated/John Wilkes Booth Sioux War (-67) Fetterman Massacre Thirteenth Amendment Black Codes Freedmen’s Bureau (-69) 40 acres and a mule

(late 1860’s) Johnson made President Appomattox Jim Crow laws DATE EVENTS

1866 Ex Parte Milligan Contract Labor System Civil Rights Act Ku Klux Klan/Night Riders Fetterman’s Massacre Johnson ends Greenback circulation Trans-Atlantic Cable installed/Cyrus Field National Labor Union/William Sylvis Fourteenth Amendment

1867 Radical Reconstruction (-76) Tenure of Office Act Sharecropper Peace Commission (Indian List) The Grange/Oliver Kelley Cornelius Vanderbilt (-77) Das Kapital/Karl Marx & Frederick Engles Midway Island; gained Alaska (Seward’s Folly) Japan Westernized Buffalo Soldier (-90)

1868 Johnson’s Impeachment Trial Grant elected Government redemption of Civil War debts Recession

1869 15th Amendment Promontory Pt., Utah-joining of Transcontinental Railroad Jay Gould Affair

1870 “Force” Acts (-71) Horatio Alger (70’s – 90’s) Socialism (70’s) Horizontal and Vertical Mgmt. (70’s – 80’s)

1871 Congress promises no more Indian treaties

1872 Amnesty Act Credit Mobilizer Reform-Minded Republicans – Mugwumps/Half-Breeds Andrew Carnegie/Carnegie Steel Co. Susan B. Anthony arrested for voting

1873 Panic of 1873 Timber Culture Act Comstock Law Demonetization of Silver, “Crime of ‘73” $356 million in greenbacks still in circulation DATE EVENTS

1874 Barbed ware/Glidden Women’s Christian Temperance Union Red River War (-75)

1875 Whiskey Ring Specie Resumption Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act

1876 Custers Last Stand, Battle of Little Big Horn Election of 1876/Hayes President “Waving the Bloody Shirt” Social Darwinism/Herbert Spencer Greenback Party Alexander Graham Bell

1877 Compromise of 1877 Desert Land Act Nez Pierce Removal Immigration from N & W Europe (6.8 mil) (-87) Munn vs IL Lightbulb/Thomas Edison

1878 Timber and Stone Act Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act

1879 Progress & Poverty/Henry George Standing Bear of Ponca Tribe Trial Standard Oil Co./John D. Rockefeller Camera film/George Eastman Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor Exoduster

1880 Mugwumps New Woman (80’s) Redeemers WASPS (-90’s)

1881 Tuskegee Institute/Booker T. Washington/Atlanta Compromise Century of Dishonor/Helen Hunt Jackson American Federation of Labor/Sam Gompers Minor Panic Garfield President Arthur President

1882 Standard Oil forms Trust/Holding Company Chinese Exclusion Act Eight Box Law U.S. vs Harris Civil Rights Cases DATE EVENTS

1883 Pendleton Act What Social Classes Owe Each Other/William Graham Sumner

1884 Democrat Cleveland elected President Home Insurance Building/Louise Sullivan

1886 Westinghouse Electric Co./George Westinghouse Haymarket Square Strike Social Gospel Wabash vs IL

1887 Pearl Harbor naval station opened Poll Tax Hatch Act Dawes Severalty Act Drought Interstate Commerce Act Looking Backward/Edward Bellamy Subway trains/Frank Sprague Phonograph/Thomas Edison

1888 Harrison President

1889 Drought Oklahoma settled Hull House/Jane Addams

1890 Ghost Dances Battle of Wounded Knee Democrats control Congress Literacy tests for voting Nat’l American Women’s Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) Populism (-96)/Ocala Demands Sherman Silver Purchase Act (-93) Sherman Anti-Trust Act McKinley Tariff Act J.P. Morgan Social Justice Movement Progressivism (-1919) Pragmation/William James (-1907) Eugene V. Debs Victorian Morality Alaska Gold Rush How The Other Half Live/Jacob Riis

1892 Homestead Strike DATE EVENTS

1893 Panic of 1893 (-97) Significance of Frontier in American History/Frederick J. Turner Cleveland President “White City”/The Columbian Exposition in Chicago

1894 Drought Republicans take control of Congress Pullman Strike Wilson Gorman Tariff Act Coxey’s Army Sino-Jap. War

1895 Booker T. Washington In re Debs U.S. vs E. C. Knight Co. Govt. borrows money from J.P. Morgan to end panic “Cross of Gold” speech/William Jennings Bryant Cubans start revolt against Spain Olney settlement – Monroe Doctrine

1896 Election of 1896/McKinley President School of Pedagogy/Thomas Dewey Plessy vs. Ferguson

1897 The Interest of American Sea Power/Mahen Dingley Tariff

1898 Curtis Act Oligopolies/trusts Grandfather Clause Spanish American War Teller Amendment de Lome letter Philippine Island/Commodore George Dewey Rough Riders San Juan Hill Treaty of Paris Sinking of the Maine Guam annexed Hawaii annexed Puerto Rico made protectorate Philippine-American War (-1902) William vs. Mississippi

1899 Samoan Islands annexed Open Door Policy

DATE EVENTS 1900 Foraker Act Wake Island annexed Gold Standard Act Ashcan School/Realists Post-Impressionist/Modernists Platt Amendment Boxer Rebellion

1901 Robert La Follette T. Roosevelt President 2nd Wave (S&E Eur.) of immigrants Charles Schawb U.S. Steel founded/J.P. Morgan Socialist Party of America/Eugene V. Debs (-12) Taft Commission Insular Cases (-04) Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1902 PA Coal Miners Strike Muckrakers Newlands Reclamation Act

1903 Elkins Act Ford Motor Co. founded/Henry Ford Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty

1904 Northern Securities Co. dissolved Roosevelt Corollary The Monroe Doctrine Russo-Jap War

1905 Taft-Katsura Agreement Industrial workers of the World (Wobblies) Niagra Movement/WEB DuBois Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire Lockner vs. NY

1906 Burke Act The Jungle/Upton Sinclair Pure Food and Drug Act/FDA Hepburn Act Meat Inspection Act

1907 Panic of 1907 Gentleman’s Agreement Pragmatism/William Jones

1908 Louis Brandesi Root-Takahira Agreement Navy sent on round the world trip DATE EVENTS 1909 NAACP/W.E.B. DiBois Taft President Payne-Aldrich Act Pinchot-Ballinger Affair Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy

1910 Mann-Elkins Act Marcus Garvey/Pan-African Movement Govt. limits immigration

1911 National Urban League/Booker T. Washington TN Coal and Oil Co. Affair The Principles of Scientific Management/ Frank Winslow Taylor Madeiro Pres. of Mexico (revolt occurs), Diaz overthrown

1912 Margaret Sanger/birth control Election of 1912/Wison President Bull Moose Party New Nationalism New Freedom Lodge Corollary to the Roosevelt Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy

1913 New York Armory Art Show 16th Amendment 17th Amendment Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act Federal Reserve Act Mass Production

1914 Immigration halted Clayton-Anti-Trust Act Federal Trade Commission Panama Canal opens Huerto Pres. of Mexico Carrenza Pres. after Huerto resigns Nicaragua made dependent Archduke Ferdinand assassinated Jingoism

1915 National Conference of Social Workers Lusitania sunk (May) Arabic sunk Troops in Haiti Japan’s 21 demands New Jersey Arms factory allegedly blown up by Germans

DATE EVENTS

1916 Keating-Owen Act Adamson Act Sussex Pledge Election of 1916 Dominion Republic made protectorate General Pershing pursues Pancho Villa Great Migration (blacks move No.) begins

1917 Zimmerman Note U.S. enters WW I (Apr.) Russian Revolution (Nov.) Selective Service Act George Creel’s Committee on Public Information Espionage Act Trading-with-the-Enemy Act Baruch’s War Industries Board Hoover’s Food Administration Garfield’s Fuel Administration 18th Amendment, Literacy Test

1918 Democrats lose in Congress Elections Sedition Act Frankfurter’s War Labor Board Wilson’s 14 points U.S. troops in Russia Henry Cabot Lodge Hammer vs. Dagenhart Abrams et. al vs. U.S.

1919 League of Nations (Article X) Treaty of Versailles Irreconcilable/Strong Reservationists Red Scare (-20) Palmer Raids (-20)

1920 May Day Prediction/Palmer Sacco and Vanzetti Trial 19th Amendment Volstead Act Election of 1920, Harding President Flappers Expatriates Ku Klux Klan revival (-30) Second Industrial Revolution Welfare Capitalism Zionism

DATE EVENTS

1921 Joint Resolution of Congress-end of U.S. involvement in WW I Emergency Immigration Act Depression hits farmers Washington Naval Conference (-22) 5 power, 4 power, 9 power treaties guilt payment to Columbia for Panama

1922 Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1923 Teapot Dome Scandal Equal Rights Amendment introducted/National Women’s Party/Alice Paul

1924 McNaury-Haugen Bill introduced (dies in ’28)

1925 Scopes Trial Coolidge President

1926 Stock Market rises astronomically

1928 Hoover President Chiang Kai-Shek takes control of China/Nationalist Party

1929 Great Depression (-40)/Stock Market Crash (Oct. 29) National Origins Plan

1930 Frances Perkins made Sec. of Labor Eleanor Roosevelt John Collier head of Bureau of Indian Affairs Hawley Smoot Tariff Clark Memorandum

1931 Davis-Bacon Act Japan invades Manchuria Stimson Doctrine Europe off Gold Standard Hoover’s Moratorium on WW I, debt & reparations

1932 Norris-LaGuardia Act Bonus Marchers Election of 1932/FDR President Reconstruction Finance Corporation Hoover increases taxes

DATE EVENTS

1933 Fireside Chats 100 Days of Alphabet Soup/NEW DEAL Economy Act Glass-Steagall Act/FDIC Home Owners’ Loan Corp. Federal Housing Administration Truth-in-Securities Act/Securities Exchange Commission Gold Standard Repealed Silver Purchase Act (-34) 21st Amendment Beer and Wine Revenue Act Keynes' fiscal & monetary policy enacted Hitler comes to power U.S. recognizes Bolshevik rule in Russia FDR lowers taxes Tennessee Valley Authority National Recovery Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps Public Works Administration Civil Works Administration Good Neighbor Policy

1934 Indian Reorganization Act Dust Bowl conditions hit West Father John Coughlin Dr. Francis Townsend/Townsend Plan Huey Long

1935 Hitler starts conscription Second New Deal (-38) Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Nat’l Labor Relations (Wagner) Act/Board-NLRB Committee on Industrial Organization (-10) Nye Committee/Neutrality Acts Schecter Bros. vs. NY

1936 Hitler Takes the Rhineland Hitler Starts Jewish concentration camps Election of 1936 Butler vs. U.S.

1937 American declares neutrality Japan and China go to war Recession hits Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Alliance FDR’s Courtpacking Scheme

DATE EVENTS

1938 Hitler takes Austria (Mar.) Munich Conference (Sept.) Hitler takes Sudetenland Japan invades Indochina (Vietnam) Fair Labor Standards Act

1939 Hitler takes Czechoslovakia Non-Aggression Pact (Aug.) Hitler takes Poland (Sept.) Britain & France declare War America declares neutrality Cash and Carry Policy Marian Anderson Manhattan Project

1940 Hitler takes Denmark & Norway (Apr.) Russia takes Finland (Apr.) Hitler takes Holland, Belgium and France (May) France surrenders (June) US enacts no trace policy with Japan Destroyers-for-Bases Deal Election of 1940

1941 Lend-Lease (Mar.) Hitler invades Russia (June) Robin Moor, Kearney, Greer, Ruben Joines sunk Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7) US declares war on Japan (Dec. *) Germany & Russia declare war on US (Dec. 11) Atlantic Charter

1942 Congress on Racial Equality IRS withholds income tax from paycheck Japanese Concentration Camps (-46) Japanese take Philippines War Production Board Fair Employment Practices Committee Bataan-Corrigador March

1943 Teheran Conference (Nov.) Casablanca Conference (Jan.) Soviets learn of A-Bomb

1944 D-Day (June 6) Battle of the Bulge (Dec.) Korematsu vs. US

DATE EVENTS

1945 Baby Boom (-53) Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Aug.) V-E Day (Apr.) Hitler kills himself (Apr. 30) Germany surrenders unconditionally (May) America retakes Philippines V-J Day (Aug. 10) FDR dies/Truman President Yalta/UN established Churchill/Atlee Potsdam/ Self-Determination vs. Soviet Domination Economic aid denied to Russia

1946 Indian Claims Commission Employment Act Containment/George Keenan Dean Acheson Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan National Security Act Dept. of Defense established Central Intelligence Administration estab. Chinese Civil War/Mao in power Taft-Hartley Act Loyalty Program

1948 Executive Order 9981 (Desegregation of the Military) Election of 1948/Truman wins over Dewey US begins support of Israel Berlin air lift/crisis Alger Hiss

1949 Soviets have A-Bomb Recession Northern Alliance Treaty Organization Fair Deal

1950 Mc Carran Internal Security Act Termination policy (Indians) introduced US has H-bomb NSC (-68) Korean War (-63) Klaus Fuchs McCarthyism (-54) Beats Sino Soviet Treaty

1952 Mc Carran-Walter Immigration Act Election of 1952/Ike President & Modern Republicanism DATE EVENTS

1953 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Covert action in Iran Recession Dept of Health, Education and Welfare Treaty of Punmanjon 1954 SEATO Covert action in Guatemala Increase in Social Security and welfare benefits Massive Retaliation Policy Dien Bien Phu Ho Chi Minh Ngo Dinh Diem

1954 Brown vs. Board of Education AFL joins CIO Rosa Parks Martin Luther King comes to forefront in Civil Rights

1956 Southern Christian Leadership Conference Suez Canal Crisis Gamal Nasser Highway Act

1957 Recession Little Rock, Ak. incident Civil Rights Act On the Road/Jack Kerrouoe Sputnik

1958 NAACP vs. AL

1959 Covert action in Cuba/Fidel Castro overthrows Battista Landrum – Griffin Act

1960 Self-Determination/Nixon Black Power Malcom X Civil Rights Act Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Election of 1960/Kennedy Gary Powers & the U-2 Incident New Frontier Alliance (W/Lat. Amer.) for Progress Kennedy-Nixon TV Debate Flexible Response

1961 Berlin Wall Crisis Bay of Pigs CORE’s Freedom Riders DATE EVENTS

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis Engel vs. Vitale Baker vs. Carr The Other America/Michael Harrington

1963 JFK allegedly assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald CIA overthrows Diem/Vietnam involvement heavier March on Washington/King’s “I Have a Dream” Gideon vs. Wainwright The Feminine Mystique/Betty Friedan Civil Rights Act Malcolm X assassinated Roth vs. US

1964 Escobedo vs. IL Civil Rights Act Election of '64/All the Way w/LBJ LBJ’s Great Society Office of Economic Opportunity Job Corps Head Start Medicare Medicaid Maddox/Gulf of Tonkin Resolution NY Times vs. Sullivan Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

1965 Voting Rights Act Immigration Act Massive escalation of Vietnam War Caesar Chavez/National Farm Workers Assoc.

1966 Miranda vs. AZ. National Organization of Women/Betty Friedan

1967 Six Days War

1968 Affirmative Action Robert Kennedy assassinated by Siran Siran Election of 1968/Nixon President TET offensive Pueblo Crew

1969 Vietnamization (-72)

1970 American Indian Movement Kent State Recession Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Act DATE EVENTS 1971 Affirmative Action for women

1972 Equal Pay Act Equal Rights Amendment introduced (-82) Higher Education Act Nixon goes to China SALT I Election of '72/Nixon reelected Watergate spied on by CREEP Peace with Honor/LU Duc Tho

1973 Roe vs. Wade Arab (OPEC) Oil Embargo (-74) Yom Kipper War War Powers Act

1974 Nixon resigns/Ford in power Ford’s unconditional Pardon

1975 Fall of Saigon/South Vietnam goes communist

1976 Election of '76/Carter President 1977 Panama Canal Treaties

1978 Bakke vs. Board of Regents at U. of Calif. Camp David Accords (-9)

1979 Afghanistan Sandinistas take power in Nicaragua (-83) SALT II Recession Carter recognizes communist China

1980 US boycotts Moscow Olympics Election of 1980/Reagan President ® Reaganomics/Supply Side economics Deregulation Refugee Act Carter Doctrine

1981 Recession Hyde Amendment Sandra Day O’Connor appointed to Supreme Court

1982 Strategic Defense Initiative Israel incident

1983 Grenada

1984 Election of 1984/Reagan re-elected Supply Side Economics DATE EVENTS

1985 Iran-Contra Affair exposed

1986 Tax Reform Act Reykjavik Summit

1988 Watkins Report Election of 1988/Bush President Gramm Rudman deficit limit Tiannemen Square – China 1989 Webster vs. Missouri Reproductive Health Service

1991 Civil Rights Act Persian Gulf War Recession

1992 Clinton (D) elected President Gays in the Military – Executive Order Abortion (Courts begin to defend the right to an abortion) Deficit Reduction Plan Health Care Addressed

1993 NAFTA

1994 Republicans take control of Congress = first time in forty years

1995 Contract for America introduced