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The Global Capnography Gap: a Call to Action

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The Global Capnography Gap: a Call to Action UCSF UC San Francisco Previously Published Works Title The global capnography gap: a call to action. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9m0819nj Journal Anaesthesia, 74(2) ISSN 0003-2409 Authors Lipnick, MS Mavoungou, P Gelb, AW Publication Date 2019-02-01 DOI 10.1111/anae.14478 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Anaesthesia 2019, 74, 147–150 doi:10.1111/anae.14478 Editorial The global capnography gap: a call to action M. S. Lipnick,1 P. Mavoungou2 and A. W. Gelb3 1 Assistant Professor, 3 Distinguished Professor (Emeritus), Department of Anesthesia and Peri-operative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA 2 Anesthesiologist, Department d’Anesthesie, ICO Rene Gauducheau, Saint Herblain, France Correspondence to: A. W. Gelb Email: [email protected] Accepted: 25 September 2018 Keywords: capnogram waveform: obstruction; failed intubation: treatment; practice standards: definition Twitter: @mlipnick, @AdrianGelb This editorial accompanies an article by Jooste et al., Anaesthesia 2019; 74: 157–165. In the past decade, numerous studies have helped to better countries, a large proportion of peri-operative and characterise shortages of anaesthesia and surgical anaesthetic mortality is known to be avoidable, and airway equipment in low- and middle-income countries and complications, such as undetected oesophageal intubation, identify areas for intervention [1–3]. Many such efforts have are likely a major contributor [11]. Capnography also has focused on pulse oximetry (LifeBox, World Health important uses in spontaneously-breathing patients whose Organization checklist) and for good reason [4]. Pulse tracheas are not intubated. Such patients may experience oximetry is relatively inexpensive, easy-to-use, low respiratory depression and/or airway obstruction, which are maintenance, versatile, instantaneous and considered poorly detected by oximetry if oxygen is administered essential by all existing national and international concurrently [12, 13]. anaesthesia guidelines, including the recently published Few data exist to quantify morbidity and mortality World Health Organization – World Federation of Societies avertable with end-tidal CO2 detection, and as a result, of Anaesthesiologists (WHO-WFSA) standards [5]. there are limited efforts to increase access to Capnography is another important anaesthesia monitor that capnography. Although availability of capnography should has received relatively less attention despite having many of be an aspiration for the safe practice of anaesthesia these same characteristics. everywhere, we do not argue that immediate expansion of Unlike pulse oximetry, capnography is utilised in fewer capnography use should be the highest or the only priority healthcare fields (e.g. predominantly in intensive care units for expanding access to safe and affordable anaesthetic (ICUs), operating theatres and procedure rooms), care. Rather, we encourage the global anaesthesia employed by fewer cadres (e.g. primarily anaesthesia community to pursue research that better quantifies the providers, intensivists and proceduralists) and has been scope and scale of the problem and to identify relatively more expensive to purchase and is thus proportional and context-appropriate interventions that uncommon in low-income countries. Pulse oximetry is a should be included among the priorities. sensitive and rapid test for hypoxemia, but it is not the earliest direct detector of potentially fatal airway problems Resource-constrained countries as hypoxia is a relatively late feature of airway Up to now, there are no data to evaluate the cost misadventures [6–8]. Averting these failures to rescue effectiveness or feasibility of capnography in the resource- situations with capnography can likely prevent significant constrained practice setting. High costs, inadequate supply anaesthetic morbidity and mortality from, for example, chains especially for disposable components, lack of oesophageal intubation, tracheal tube obstruction and provider training and lack of devices designed for the bronchospasm [7, 9, 10]. In low- and middle-income resource-constrained context are among many factors © 2018 Association of Anaesthetists 147 Anaesthesia 2019, 74, 147–150 Editorial limiting access to capnography. The study by Jooste et al. capnography include dead space of the sample tubing published in this issue of Anaesthesia not only highlights the and sampling rate, especially for paediatric patients with capnography gap by assessing the prevalence of low-flow circuits. Microstream technology is capnography in a low-income country (Malawi) but also is advantageous in this patient population. the first to report the feasibility of implementing capnography among anaesthesia providers and the Benefits of capnography potential for averting significant morbidity and mortality by General anaesthesia in low- and middle-income countries is increasing access to capnography in operating theatres, frequently administered by providers with very limited ICUs and emergency departments worldwide [14]. The training. Respiratory complications are a relatively common authors are to be congratulated on this achievement. adverse event [11, 14]. The study by Jooste et al. estimates a When considering the expansion of capnography rate of 11.7 oesophageal intubations per million population utilisation in resource-constrained settings, one central per year (44 oesophageal intubations for a population of 7.5 issue is the availability of context-appropriate devices. million during the 6-month study period) in Southern Few if any devices are designed specifically for the Malawi [14]. When extrapolated to the entire African challenges or viable price point for most low- and middle- continent this equates to over 11,000 oesophageal income country practice settings. The International intubations per year. As access to surgical and anaesthetic Organisation for Standardization (ISO) establishes services are expanded, this number is likely to increase fi recommendations for the manufacture of CO2 sensing signi cantly. Intubations per million population is probably devices (ISO 80601-2-55:2018). However, for many not the best metric and does not mean much for most applications in low- and middle-income countries, several anaesthesia providers. Oesophageal intubations per additional considerations are required, including: number of anaesthetics or per number of intubations would increased durability; lower costs; limited dependence on likely resonate more. Not all oesophageal intubations lead disposables; easy operability; flexible power supply to poor outcome, that is, if recognised and corrected in a options; easy cleaning; and practical maintenance and timely manner, so that the success of implementing calibration requirements. Four capnography techniques capnography should not be assessed solely by a reduction currently exist to detect or measure carbon dioxide in the in morbidity and mortality. Perhaps the number of adverse clinical setting: colorimetric, transcutaneous, mainstream outcomes averted would be a more useful metric. However, and sidestream [15]. many studies currently underway looking at peri-operative outcomes should include greater emphasis on intra- 1. Colorimetric end-tidal CO2 detection is simple and operative events so as to detect and quantify potentially requires no power but lacks waveform or quantification avertable causes of morbidity and mortality, such as failed of CO2, and more notably is designed for single use, intubation. thus limiting its applicability in settings with The importance of propagating capnography is an underdeveloped supply chains. important WFSA agenda item [5]. The WHO does not use 2. Transcutaneous capnography is expensive and not the word ‘mandatory’ and instead uses ‘highly appropriate to quickly detect most of the potentially recommended’ as the functional equivalent. The WHO- avertable anaesthetic morbidities, including WFSA Standards document states “If a tracheal tube is used, oesophageal intubation. correct placement must be verified by auscultation (HIGHLY 3–4. Mainstream and sidestream capnography can provide RECOMMENDED). Confirmation of correct placement by accurate quantification of CO2 and waveforms, and also carbon dioxide detection (i.e., non-waveform capnography can operate with only battery power. However, currently or colourimetry) is also HIGHLY RECOMMENDED. available devices usually depend on disposable filters, Continuous waveform capnography ...will be HIGHLY tubing and/or proprietary connectors. Additional RECOMMENDED when appropriately robust and suitably considerations include interference by condensation or priced devices are available. Equipment manufacturers are secretions. Inspissated secretions deserve special encouraged to urgently address this deficiency”. To move mention as it is a relatively common cause of tracheal this global agenda forward, the WFSA in partnership with tube obstruction in resource-constrained environments the University of California San Francisco Anesthesia where filters and heated and humidified circuits are division of Global Health Equity and others will be surveying often unavailable. A few additional considerations that a large sampling of anaesthesia providers in multiple must be accounted for when using sidestream countries coupled with onsite evaluations to further define 148 © 2018 Association of Anaesthetists Editorial Anaesthesia 2019, 74, 147–150 the global capnometry gap and better characterise
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