E-Books and Libraries

E-Books and Libraries: Where we now and where are are we going?

An Annotated Bibliography

Stephanie C. Miller INFO 522: Information Access & Resources August 29, 2010 Stephanie Miller 2

Introduction and Scope The following bibliography covers the process of integration of electronic books (“e-books”) into library collections and the many issues that surround this developing trend. This includes the very definition of the “e-book,” the patron’s perspective, use of e-books and library programming, acquisition and collection development issues and the future of e-book. Several articles feature the author’s predictions of the future of e-books in libraries, including both academic and public libraries. These articles were all published between 2005 and 2010 to reflect the most recent developments in this quickly evolving area of library science.

Description Although e-books have been in existence for decades, they gained little traction with consumers until very recently. The concept of e-books has enormous potential but the technology to make them accessible to readers, both in the academic world and for those reading purely for pleasure is still falling short. Surveys show that readers still prefer the printed book to the e-book for a variety of reasons. While many reader concerns have proven to be myths, there are legitimate boundaries between readers and e- books, including limited access to e-books through libraries. Libraries struggle to provide e-books to their patrons. Issues in collection development, cataloging, digital rights management and e-reader technology are all hurdles that libraries continue to mount.

Summary of Findings Defining E-Books The definition of the e-book seems deceitfully simple. The obvious answer is that an electronic book is the same as a print book, only digitized. However, much study is dedicated to defining the electronic book and understanding the potential for innovation that it has over the print book. Armstrong explains the origins of the e-book, the evolution of the term e-book and the e-book itself (2008). Meanwhile, Soules succinctly Stephanie Miller 3 discusses how e-books have considerably more to offer than their print counterparts in terms of features and accessibility to content. E-books allow readers to browse content quickly and easily, search for content and even interact with or manipulate content in charts and graphs (Soules, 2009). There is also great potential for content beside the printed text. E-books open the door for authors to include audio, video and a multitude of other media formats. Thus, to consider an e-book only as the digitized version of a print book is a limitation that does not give full credit to the technology’s potential.

The User’s Perspective The literature shows that considering the user’s perspective in implementing and maintaining an e-book collection is critical to the success of any such program. As Gall explains, many myths revolve around the use and the future of e-books such as the idea that e-books must compete with print books, that e-books are expensive or that they are just a passing fad (2005). It is the role of the librarian to understand these user perspectives and educate the library patron as appropriate about how e-books can serve their interests both professionally and personally. The majority of the articles of this bibliography feature survey results and feedback from e-book users. Users report difficulty reading text on e-reading devices and personal digital assistants or (“PDA”), such as the size of the text, glare of the screen and various technological malfunctions, none of which exist when reading a print book.

Use and Library Programming Opportunities The potential for e-book use in libraries is high and ever increasing as technology evolves. E-books have application in a variety of library settings, including both academic and public libraries. Academic libraries, like the libraries at Penn State University, have experimented with loading course e-reserves onto e-reader devices to lend to students enrolling the particular course (Clark, 2009) while other libraries have developed successful e-reader lending programs (Clark, 2009, p. 146). These programs range from lending pre-loaded e-readers, to patron requests for specific titles, which the library fulfills from the chosen e-book vendor and loads onto the e-reader to lend to the patron for a particular time frame. In particular, a study at Texas A&M University Stephanie Miller 4 presents a highly successful e-reader lending program implemented at the University’s library in which the library purchased Amazon’s Kindle e-reader device. The program permitted patrons, both students and faculty, to submit up to three requests for titles which were acquired and loaded onto the Kindle and lent to the patron for up to two weeks. (Clark 2009, p. 147) The real success of the program was the well-planned marketing campaign implemented by the university (a challenge for many libraries according to Buczynski (2010)). The program at Texas A&M was so popular that the library was compelled to expand the program and purchase additional Kindle devices to meet patrons’ demand. At its peak, the library had a back-log of 108 patrons waiting for a Kindle. Surprisingly, the authors observed that several patrons checked out the device only for a few hours. Devices such as the Kindle are not available in retail outlets for consumers to familiarize themselves with before making a purchase. Thus, some patrons were interested in solely the touch and feel experience of the device rather than reading an entire e-book (another barrier to users’ access to e-books, in general). (Clark, 2009, p. 148). Another great potential for e-book use in public library settings is with reading groups and book clubs. (Landoni, 2007) This is an opportunity both to introduce e-book and e-readers to the library community and to integrate e-book use into library programming. Putting licensing issues aside for a moment, use of e-book in reading groups could permit the library to lend multiple copies of a text to the entire group which would not be possible with the limited number of print books of a particular title that a library may have in its collection. In particular, this may be an excellent tool for youth oriented programming as the technology lends itself to young “early-adopters.”

Collection Development and Acquisition Collection development and acquisition of e-books in libraries creates some of the greatest challenges in implementing e-book programs. The task is daunting. A new technology brings a new set of issues to the table for library professionals to consider. One of the early problems with e-books was the limited selection of titles available. The technology was simply easy to dismiss as long as it had an insignificant presence in the Stephanie Miller 5 marketplace. This issue has become less and less of a barrier as the number of titles available in electronic format grows quickly. However, format remains a serious challenge in access to e-books and acquisitions. There is no standard format for e-books and it is unlikely that an industry- wide standardization will occur any time in the near future (Rao, 2005). As of now, large collections are titles are available only in proprietary formats, downloadable over proprietary networks and viable on proprietary devices (i.e. Amazon, WhisperNet and the Kindle). Simply understanding which formats are available on which devices is difficult to discern. Libraries are forced to make choices about what they acquire for patrons and must be savvy in negotiating licenses with varying e-book vendors. E-book features vary widely across vendors (Silberer, 2007). Another major issue for libraries is the barrier to interlibrary lending (Woods 2008). Vendors may restrict interlibrary transactions completely or may only permit it where the receiving library has their own license for the title or owns the title outright themselves. This is an entirely new issue and a departure from the library’s long standing ability to lend between institutes. In some respects, acquiring e-books is very cost effective (Gall, 2005) but the inability or limited ability to engage in interlibrary loan transactions is a serious issue to consider in collection development. E-books may be more affordable to initially acquire, but their long term maintenance is somewhat unknown and the technological issues that accompany e-books as well as staff and patron education also have a cost associated with them. Cataloging concerns must also be addressed when developing a library’s e-book collection. Libraries must choose whether to fully integrate an e-book collection into the catalog, partially integrate e-books, or to list them in an entirely separate location (Blummer, 2006). The library must consider what will serve its patrons most effectively and what will serve to promote the collection most effectively.

The Future The future of e-book in libraries is difficult to predict but many attempt to do so. The e-book has been promising to revolutionize reading and libraries for many years but Stephanie Miller 6 their use has failed to take hold in any significant way until recently. Joint explains that although the impact of e-books is finally being felt, it is not yet the transformational technology that so many expected (Joint, 2010). Recent statistics show that between 2009 and 2010, publishers sales of e-books has increased 170% and publishers are publishing e-books in vastly increasing numbers (Buczynski, 2010). New devices are available with better features and at lower costs than ever before. There is increased competition in the market without some standardization some of the same technological barriers will remain.

Bibliography

Armstrong, Chris. (2008). “Books in a virtual world: The evolution of the e-book and its lexicon.” Journal of Librarianship and Information Science. Vol. 40(3). p. 193- 206.

Abstract: “Over recent years there has been considerable confusion over the use of the term ‘e- book’, and this article examines the variety of definitions used to date while proposing a definitive construct. Beginning by examining the definitions of ‘book’, the paper moves on to consider the essential element of a book – the content, and to examine publishing and structural aspects of e-books, as well as their place in libraries, before arriving at a final definition. The definition and its derivation embrace all of the issues that affect the way in which e-books are understood and used today. In conclusion, the article looks at both the genesis of e-books, and the stage of acceptance and adoption that they have reached, with brief reference to 3rd-generation e-book readers available at the time of writing.”

Annotation: By addressing this seemingly basic issue of the definition of “e-book,” the author is able to approach more complex issues like the rise of e-books and their place in libraries from a unique perspective. Using this from-the-ground-up approach is indicative of the author’s work as both researcher in the area of e-books and electronic Stephanie Miller 7 information resources and as well as teacher of training courses on the management of e- book collection in libraries, making his contributions to this issue valuable.

Search Strategy: I selected the OneSearch Group INFOSCI in Dialog. This topic has applicability in a wide array of areas in library and information science and I wanted to be as inclusive as possible to start. Dialog retrieved the citation from Social SciSearch. I proceeded to obtain the full-text version of this article from Sage Premier 2008.

Database: Social SciSearch (Dialog)

Method of Searching: I used the keyword searching method in my initial search and then searched by title in Summon to retrieve the full text of the article from Sage Premier Online. Search String: s EBOOK? OR E-BOOK? s LIBRAR? s S1 AND S2 s S3 AND PY=2008:2010 s 11 S4 AND DT=ARTICLE

Berube, Linda. (2005). “E-books in public libraries: a terminal or termination technology?” Interlending & Document Supply. Vol. 33(1). p. 14-18.

Abstract: “Purpose – Aims to present a background to the use of electronic resources, especially e- books, in public libraries, which appears to threaten some basic activities that define a reading culture dependent on the print book.

Design/methodology/approach – There are initiatives afoot which are working to integrate e-books into the culture and process of resource-sharing. This paper reviews some of the issues with e-books, and specifically how the Co-East partnership proposes to contribute to the initiatives concerned with improving accessibility. Stephanie Miller 8

Findings – It is important that public libraries do take that first step in implementing an e-books service and take care in its promotion. Their traditional role, after all, is providing the bridge between rights holders and the public and, with the advent of “disruptive technology”, this role is more crucial than ever.

Originality/value – An important precedent for this project has been the findings from the Essex e-books project, and especially user feedback. Although no one was asking about e-books, users from all age groups were curious enough to participate in the project, and forthcoming in offering their opinion, much of it positive, about the reading experience and the mobile technology.”

Annotation: The author addresses the role of e-books in the public library as they relate to print books and discusses digital rights management issues regarding e-books and public libraries. Berube also proposes strategies for public libraries to promote e-books across a multitude of age groups and develop online communities in which library patrons interact with library content online despite geographic and physical boundaries. Berube’s work is well supported by survey data of e-book use in public libraries and experience in public library operations.

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search using Summon. Summon reveals only the citation to this article. I retrieved the full-text version from Emerald Journals online.

Database: Summon

Method of Searching: I conducted a keyword search in Summon for the citation.

Search String: I searched Summon using the keywords “e-books” and “libraries.” I refined the search using the tools available by selecting “scholarly publications, including peer-review,” “Journal Article,” Stephanie Miller 9

subject terms “e-book” and “library” and narrowed the date to a range from 2005-2010.

Blummer, Barbara. (2006). E-Books Revisited: The Adoption of Electronic Books by Special, Academic, and Public Libraries. Internet Reference Services Quarterly. Vol. 11(2). p. 1-13

Abstract: “Improvements in e-book technology, national and international digitization projects, and a renewed interest by readers and libraries refueled attention on electronic books. To gauge the degree of their popularity among special, academic, and public libraries, the author posted a questionnaire to various library-related listservs querying respondents on their experiences with e-books, including: collection size, titles, popularity, maintenance, digital rights management problems, technology needs, promotional efforts, viability concerns, acquisition and cataloging issues. Today, special, academic, and public libraries are utilizing e-book technology to facilitate information finding as well as to expand collections while reducing costs. To maximize the use of e-books, librarians must adopt an active role in shaping the development of the technology as well as negotiate licenses and pricing models that are advantageous to all libraries.”

Annotation: This article is of great value because it presents the results of a direct survey of librarians regarding e-books. The survey was conducted over a broad spectrum of libraries servicing a wide array of patrons. This direct feedback from librarians and the data it generated provides a unique perspective of collection development. Although the survey data is presented thoroughly, there are no graphical representations, which would have been informative in this instance.

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search in First Search and selected databases, ArticleFirst, ECO and WilsonSelectPlus. My search revealed only the citation for this article. I retrieved the full-text version of this article from Informaworld Journals using the “Get It” feature from Drexel Libraries. Stephanie Miller 10

Database: ArticleFirst

Method of Searching: I conducted a keyword search in FirstSearch

Search String: I searched First Search using the keywords “e-books” OR “ebooks” AND “libraries.” I limited the results by year to 2005- 2010.

Buczynski, James A. (2010). “Library eBooks: Some Can’t Find Them, Others Find Them and Don’t Know What They Are.” Internet Reference Services Quarterly. Vol. 15(1). p. 11-19.

Abstract: “When discussing eBooks, people generally fall into two camps: they either don’t know what eBooks are or know what they are but cannot find them at their local library. Libraries are beginning to successfully address the gap between patron awareness of electronic books in general and a library’s holdings and circulation options. Ebooks are a relatively new format, and many rights and business model issues between authors, publishers and distributors remain unresolved. Ebook readers to a large degree receive more media attention than eBooks themselves. More and more people are looking to libraries to fill their eBook needs. OverDrive (http://overdrive.com) offers libraries eBooks with true to expectations portability. Libraries are beginning to successfully market their eBook collections and make discovery easier.”

Annotation: The author addresses the subject of e-books in libraries by discussing the patrons’ needs and the challenges libraries face in serving patrons. The article also explains the relationships between publishers and availability of titles as e-books, format and reading devices. Although approaching the issues surrounding e-books by addressing user needs is a valuable process, this article does not include any feedback from patrons themselves and would have been served well by that addition. Stephanie Miller 11

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search in First Search and selected databases, ArticleFirst, ECO and WilsonSelectPlus. My search revealed only the citation for this article. I retrieved the full-text version of this article from Informaworld Journals using the “Get It” feature from Drexel Libraries.

Clark, Dennis T. (2009) "Lending Kindle e-book readers: first results from the Texas A&M University project", Collection Building, Vol. 28(4), p.146 – 149

Abstract:

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the reception of the Amazon Kindle e-book lending program at the Texas A&M University Libraries.

Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents an analysis of genre of titles requested to be loaded onto the e-book readers as well as a general review of the e-book lending model.

Findings – The Kindle e-book readers were extremely popular, and users selected titles for them that were mostly of a general reading nature; academic titles were rarely selected. The Texas A&M lending service has been successful and will continue. Other libraries should investigate e-book readers to supplement their bestseller and new book collections. Stephanie Miller 12

Practical implications – E-book devices offer sophisticated users a reading option that fits many needs. This is a relatively new way that libraries can offer sophisticated users options for reading; libraries must continue to invest in new ways of delivering content.

Originality/value – This is the first study on e-book reader lending services in libraries.”

Annotation: This article takes a practical approach to the nuts and bolts of e-readers in libraries addresses if and how libraries should engage in lending e-book readers to patrons. The value in this title lies in the source data derived from a study conducted at A&M University and a critical look at the marketing of the Kindle lending program, an aspect which is often lacking in other titles discussing e-book lending.

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search in First Search and selected databases, ArticleFirst, ECO and WilsonSelectPlus. My search revealed only the citation for this article. I retrieved the full-text version of this article from Emerald Journals online using the “Get It” feature from Drexel Libraries.

Duncan, Ross. (2010). “EBooks and Beyond: the Challenge for Public Libraries.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services. Vol. 23(2). p. 44-55.

Abstract: “A survey of Sunshine Coast library users indicates that there is a high level of interest in ebooks and e-audiobooks and also that there is strong demand for technologies such as Stephanie Miller 13 the iPhone, iPad and Amazon's Kindle. These local trends, mirrored internationally, present public libraries with a challenge to dramatically improve their virtual offerings, or lose relevance in this emerging high growth area. They also have a responsibility to play a leadership educational role in informing their communities about e-readers, content and associated trends.”

Annotation: This article is unique in that it accounts for the impact of Apple’s iPad that was introduced in the last year. It emphasizes the need for libraries to quickly adapt to emerging technologies in response to patrons’ expectations, who those patrons are and why they seek out e-book at their library. The analysis presented is based upon survey responses that are thoroughly explained and also presented graphically.

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search using Summon. Summon reveals only the citation to this article. I retrieved the full-text version from Academic OneFile online.

Database: Summon

Search String: I searched Summon using the keywords “e-books” and “libraries.” I refined the search using the tools available by selecting “scholarly publications, including peer-review,” “Journal Article,” subject terms “e-book” and “library” and narrowed the date to a range from 2005-2010.

Gall, James E. (2004). Dispelling Five Myths about E-Books. Information Technology and Libraries. Vol. 24(1). p. 25-32.

Abstract: “Some considered 2000 the year of the e-book, and due to the dot-com bust, that could have been the format’s high-water mark. However, the first quarter of 2004 saw the Stephanie Miller 14 greatest number of e-book purchases ever with more than $3 million in sales. A 2002 consumer survey found that 67 percent of respondents wanted to read e-books; 62 percent wanted access to e-books through a library. Unfortunately, the large amount of information written on e-books has begun to develop myths around their use, functionality, and cost. The author suggests that these myths may interfere with the role of libraries in helping to determine the future of the medium and access to it. Rather than fixate on the pros and cons of current versions of e-book technology, it is important for librarians to stay engaged and help clarify the role of digital documents in the modern library. “

Annotation: Both librarians and patrons are served well by the author to this title. Five myths are “debunked” regarding the nature of e-books, their potential staying power, cost, and how they intersect with media formats already available in the library. This source is unique in that it in itself can be used as a teaching tool regarding e-books.

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search using Summon. Summon reveals only the citation to this article. I retrieved the full-text version from ABI/INFORM Global.

Database: Summon

Joint, Nicholas. (2010). “The electronic book: a transformational library technology?” Library Review. Vol. 59(2). p. 83-91.” Stephanie Miller 15

Abstract: “Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to form one of a series which will give an overview of so-called ‘‘transformational’’ areas of digital library technology. The aim will be to assess how much real transformation these applications are bringing about, in terms of creating genuine user benefit and also changing everyday library practice.

Design/methodology/approach – An overview of the present state of development of the electronic book (e-book), looking at perceptions in the popular press, statistical data from reputable sources, recent findings from the publicly funded Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), consultants funded by JISC, individual comment from well- informed writers and observations from contemporary library practice.

Findings – The paper finds that the e-book has not proven itself as a transformational technology in the context of library services, nor as a consumer product to be sold directly to end users. It does have the potential to be so, if certain problems related to usability, business models and library finding tools are addressed.

Research limitations/implications – This paper does not engage in a research level investigation of the subject, but does acknowledge and support JISC’s recommendations for future research, while putting these into the context of everyday library practice.

Practical implications – This paper outlines some of the practical challenges faced by librarians in the implementation of e-book services. These are not always sufficiently acknowledged by publicly funded research that takes place away from the arena of everyday practice.

Originality/value – The approach in this investigation is to present the broader possibilities of e-book services in a way that is both familiar to library practitioners, and which favourably contrasts the insights and perspectives of the working library profession with those of the higher profile popular press or generously funded research community.” Stephanie Miller 16

Annotation: The author takes a critical look at where e-books excel and where they fall short in both academic and public libraries and taking into account in what context e- books are used. This evaluation leads to an assessment of the overall impact of the e-book on library services. Uniquely, the author also presents alternatives to e-book lending and succinct predictions for the future of e-books in libraries.

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search in First Search and selected databases, ArticleFirst, ECO and WilsonSelectPlus. My search revealed only the citation for this article.

The full text version of this article was not available from Drexel Libraries. I obtained the full text version through University of Pennsylvania Libraries as an employee of the University. From the library’s homepage, I used the PennText Article Finder and searched by Journal Title. The full text was available through Emerald Journals online.

Database: ECO

Method of Searching: I conducted a keyword search in FirstSearch to obtain the citation from ECO. I searched by Journal title to locate the full text journal online and browsed through the appropriate issue to locate the specific article.

Landoni, Monica and Gillian Hanlon. (2007). “E-book reading groups: interacting with e-books in public libraries.” Electronic Library. Vol. 25(5). p. 599-612. Stephanie Miller 17

Abstract: “Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe an experiment in introducing ﬁction e-books in two reading groups run by a public library.

Design/methodology/approach – A user study involving two reading groups run over a period of three months. Electronic versions of titles of interest to each group were given out to each participant on Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). Readers were then asked to ﬁll in a satisfaction questionnaire and discuss their experience with the rest of their group.

Findings – Readers were not too negative about using a new tool/gadget like the PDA but they did not see any advantage in reading an electronic version of the selected book.

Research limitations/implications – It was realised quite earlier on that the target readers were emotionally so attached to physical books to feel as if they were betraying them when reading them electronically. A different sample of users more inclined to use technology and more open to different publishing models would have possibly provided a better insight.

Originality/value – The group reading approach introduced a social side to the adoption of e-books and it was hoped that that would have made a difference. It was also one of the first attempts to look into the use of fiction e-books in public libraries as opposed to an already existing number of studies looking into e-books and their use in education and academic libraries. As such it can benefit both publishers and librarians.”

Annotation: The value in this title lies in its evaluation of e-books and e-book readers as a social instrument. The observations of the authors will be useful in designing library programming such as reading groups and book clubs that may be open to using reading in an electronic format. The study does however neglect to include participants of varying age groups. Younger participants are excluded – the very age group who are most inclined to respond favorably to the e-book format. Stephanie Miller 18

Search Strategy: I selected the OneSearch Group INFOSCI in Dialog. This topic has applicability in a wide array of areas in library and information science and I wanted to be as inclusive as possible to start. Dialog retrieved the citation from Inspec.

Database: Inspec (Dialog)

Method of Searching: I used the keyword searching method in my initial search and then searched by title in Summon to retrieve the full text of the article from Emerald Journals online

Search String: b INFOSCI s e-book? s public library s s1 AND s2 t3/7/ALL

McKnight, Cliff, James Dearnley and Anne Morris. (2008). “Making e-books available through public libraries.” Journal of librarianship and information science. Vol. 40(1). p. 31-43.

Abstract: “This paper considers the results of an online questionnaire survey that collected user data on e-book collections held at Essex County Libraries over a two-year period between April 2004 and June 2006. The research was funded by the Laser Foundation, and specifically considered e-book collections held on personal digital assistant (PDA) devices, as well as collections viewable on personal computers with Internet access. Questionnaire responses from 58 individuals indicated clearly that marketing of e-book collections needs serious consideration, that certain genres were popular with users (notably science fiction), and that the largest number of respondents were aged between 21 and 30. As we discuss, the findings of this questionnaire survey offer few insights into e-book usage that have not been reported in other research. However, what the findings Stephanie Miller 19 do illustrate clearly is that publicity afforded to e-book and other electronic collections remains crucial. From perusal of the data, 47 of the 58 respondents found out about the e- book collections after browsing the Website. Whilst this obviously indicates that the Website is indeed useful, the fact that only nine respondents investigated the collections having seen publicity material tells another story. “

Annotation: The questionnaire upon which this article is based focuses on the technological savvy of the respondents. It questions library patrons on their prior computer use, prior mobile technology use and potential to engage in future mobile technology use. This is a unique aspect of this survey worth attention given the technological nature of e-book usage and e-book readers. At the time of this survey (2004-2006) many early adopters showed enthusiasm for e-books and e-book readers, but this survey presents the attitudes of average library patrons with average exposure to new technologies.

Search Strategy: I selected the OneSearch Group INFOSCI in Dialog. This topic has applicability in a wide array of areas in library and information science and I wanted to be as inclusive as possible to start. Dialog retrieved the citation from Inspec.

Database: Inspec (Dialog)

Method of Searching: I searched by author to locate this title. In my initial Dialog searches Cliff McKnight was frequently the author of articles related to e-books, but many were dated as early as 2000. In search of articles by McKnight to reflect more recent developments in e-book issues, I conducted a Dialog search for articles by McKnight. I searched by title in Summon to retrieve the full text of the article from Sage Premier 2008.

Search String: Stephanie Miller 20

S1 AU=MCKNIGHT, CLIFF S2 E-BOOK OR EBOOK S3 S1 AND S2 S4 LIBRARY OR LIBRARIES S5 S1 AND S4 T5/3/ALL

Rao, Siriginidi Subba. (2005). “Electronic books: their integration into library and information centers.” Electronic Library. Vol. 23(1) p. 116-140.

Abstract: “The most important development in world literature is the electronic book (e-book). The growing popularity of the Web, public acceptance of new and improving easy-to-use technologies of e-books is paving the way for their proliferation. Here, Rao highlights the salient features of e-books, challenges that arise in integrating e-books into library and information centers, e-books business models and licensing, and its future.”

Annotation: Rao presents a comprehensive overview of the issues surrounding e-books. Rao begins with defining “library information centers” and “e-books” and goes on to address more complex issues facing libraries such as selection, circulation and licensing and copyright issues. In particular, Rao presents a succinct discussion of standards and interoperability necessary for the continued development of e-books and e-book readers.

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search using Summon. Summon reveals only the citation to this article. I retrieved the full-text version from Emerald Journals online.

Database: Summon

Method of Searching: I conducted a keyword search in Summon for the citation. Stephanie Miller 21

Silberer, Zsolt and David Bass (2007). “Battle for eBook Mindshare: it’s all about the rights.” IFLA Journal Vol. 33(1). p. 23-31.

Abstract: “This paper discusses a variety of options available to academic libraries considering the acquisition of eBooks. A detailed examination is undertaken with regard to the impact of eBooks on the ordering process, purchasing models, distribution options and overall utility. The paper also outlines some key issues and potential future directions for eBooks.”

Annotation: An assessment of the market for e-books and the processes for acquisition and distribution of e-books for libraries is the aim of this article. Most useful to readers is a figure that compares e-book vender options across twelve different vendors. This figure is an excellent practical tool that serves a purpose beyond reading the text.

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search in Library Literature and Information Science Full Text where I found and retrieved the full text of the article.

Database: Library Literature and Information Science Full Text.

Method of Searching: Keyword

Search String: I searched Library Literature and Information Science Full Text using the keywords “e-books” OR “ebooks” AND “libraries.” I Stephanie Miller 22

refined the search by limited the results to peer-reviewed titles and restricted the dates to 2005-2010.

Soules, Aline. (2009). “The shifting landscape of e-books.” New Library World. Vol. 110(1/2). p. 7-21.

Abstract: “The purpose of this paper is to review the current state of e-books, describing their potential scope, highlighting information from recent ebrary surveys in connection with the author's on-the-ground experience with students, and discussing the challenges of these evolving works. The paper describes the need to broaden perceptions of e-books in light of their extensive potential and scope. It highlights significant points in the ebrary surveys and compares them with the author's on-the-ground experience in a medium- sized university with students who are less advantaged. It also presents the challenges librarians face, both currently and in the future, illustrating progress in some areas and emphasizing the growing complexity in managing these works. Even as librarians cope with what can now be considered "traditional" e-books, little attention is paid to the potential breadth and diversity of e-books. The surveys show that librarians are only partially aware of students' perceptions about e-books and that there are conflicting priorities among students, faculty, and librarians. Conclusions are that: even as librarians cope with the current state of e-books, they must also plan for future types of e-books; and there is a strong need for greater communication in the increasingly complex e-book arena of selection, acquisition, collection integration, and instruction. Much of the literature about e-books deals with the pros and cons, either of e-books or of e-book readers. The paper lays out e-book issues to foster further in-depth discussion.”

Annotation: Librarians must understand perceptions of e-book users, both of students and of faculty, to best serve these patrons when it comes to e-books. Unbeknownst to many users, e-books are more than the re-creation of a print book in electronic format. Educating the user and considering which e-readers and what software users prefer are part of the librarian’s role in the landscape of e-books. Stephanie Miller 23

Search Strategy: I conducted a keyword search using Summon. Summon reveals only the citation to this article. I retrieved the full-text version from ABI/INFORM Complete.

Database: Summon

Van der Velde, W and Ernest O. (2009). “The future of eBooks? Will print disappear? An end-user perspective.” Library Hi Tech. Vol. 27(4). P. 570-583.

Abstract; “Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to find out whether eBooks are cannibalizing print books, as well as an assessment of factors that are influencing eBook usage. Ebooks are a hot topic. Traditional book publishing, especially in the academic world, is changing at a rapid pace. The question on everybody's mind is what direction book publishing will take? Will print survive in the Google-generation, or is it destined to be totally replaced by eBooks? Springer publishes over 4,000 book titles annually, which are converted into eBooks almost without exception. Being the market leader and innovator of a new business model in electronic books in the STM area, Springer has conducted a study on the implications of the Springer eBook collection in comparison to its print book activities.

Design/methodology/approach - The study is based on interviews with both end-users and librarians. In addition, Springer has assessed the (COUNTER-compliant) usage statistics from Springer-Link. Stephanie Miller 24

Findings - Overall, Springer's eBook usage is already 50 percent of its journal usage, while the amount of content compared with journals is only 15 percent. Taking this success of eBook usage into account, Springer still believes strongly in the print model, and has recently launched MyCopy: heavily discounted print-on-demand books from the electronic versions.

Originality/value - The study shows that print and electronic can exist together, and will complement each other's strengths. “

Annotation: The authors, very concisely, ask the burning question of whether e-books will replace print book completely. User responses from librarians and researchers are featured and the authors offer the success of Springer’s MyCopy as evidence that, in fact, print books are here to stay. The article is complimented by useful figures depicting the geographic location of potential e-book users and the attributes of current user groups.

Search Strategy: I selected the OneSearch Group INFOSCI in Dialog. This topic has applicability in a wide array of areas in library and information science and I wanted to be as inclusive as possible to start. Dialog retrieved the citation from Social SciSearch. I proceeded to obtain the full-text version of this article from Emerald Journals online.

Method of Searching: I used the keyword searching method in my initial search. I then browsed the e-journals available at Drexel Libraries and located Library Hi Tech in the alphabetical list. I located the specific article by browsing the articles in the appropriate volume and issue.

Search String: Stephanie Miller 25

s EBOOK? OR E-BOOK? s LIBRAR? s S1 AND S2 s S3 AND PY=2008:2010 s S4 AND DT=ARTICLE

Woods, Bronwen and Michael Ireland. (2008). “eBook Loans: an e-twist on a classic interlending service” Interlending & Document Supply. Vol. 36(2). p. 105-115.

Abstract: Purpose – In April 2007, the Canada Institute for Scientiﬁc and Technical Information (CISTI), in collaboration with Ingram MyiLibrary, launched the eBook Loan Service. The paper describes the management of challenges associated with the project as well as the background and context of the aims to eBook Loan Service model. Conclusions and future activities by the partners with regard to e-book lending are discussed.

Design/methodology/approach – The paper addresses two main topics: how the eBook Loan Service model was developed, the challenges and risks, the outcomes and beneﬁts; and to evaluate whether a project stretching across boundaries of geography and time as well as between public and commercial partners can be managed successfully. Through a literature review, the context of the e-book lending model for libraries is addressed, as well as the challenges of virtual project management.

Findings – The challenges and risks associated with implementing the new service were resolved and the project was a success.

Originality/value – The new service delivered by this project underlines the richness of new ideas emerging in the library community to improve access to scholarly literature in the digital age. With this model of affordable short-term access to scholarly e-books, libraries will be in a better position to serve the just-in-time needs of users in the electronic environment and end-users will have better access. Stephanie Miller 26

Annotation: The focus of this title is on enhancing library patrons’ access to e-books. The authors emphasize that libraries and publishers should be working together rather than as opposing forces to increase the number of e-book users. The primary issue that must be addressed before e-book lending can further develop is the issue of interlibrary loan book market. Although this article is valuable in its assessment of eBook loan services, it would have benefited greatly by including feedback from end users.

Search Strategy: I selected the OneSearch Group INFOSCI in Dialog. This topic has applicability in a wide array of areas in library and information science and I wanted to be as inclusive as possible to start. Dialog retrieved the citation from Social SciSearch. I proceeded to obtain the full-text version of this article from Emerald Journals Online.

Method of Searching: I used the keyword searching method in my initial search and then searched by title in Summon to retrieve the full text of the article from Emerald Journal online.

Search String: s EBOOK? OR E-BOOK? s LIBRAR? s S1 AND S2 s S3 AND PY=2008:2010 s S4 AND DT=ARTICLE

Conclusion and Personal Statement Completing this project has been challenging but has also been one of the most rewarding projects I have completed thus far while earning my Library and Information Science degree. Upon completion of this project, I have learned more about online Stephanie Miller 27 resources and searching than any assignment to date. This assignment was a real world application for all of the skills and search techniques that were taught throughout the quarter in this course and in many others. I chose to research e-books and their impact on libraries because it is a topic in which I have an ongoing interest but initially had little knowledge of. With only a vague familiarity with e-books, I had much to learn by researching the topic and I believe my selection of scholarly works reflects a broad survey of resources on the topic and will be useful to other researchers who may be starting from scratch with an interest in e-books. E-books and e-book collections in libraries are developing and complex issues that will continue to be just that for the foreseeable future. E-books are heavily dependent on the technological capabilities of computers and e-readers which are constantly evolving. Thus, scholarly research on e-books will also be in constant flux. Through this project, I committed to providing the most current scholarly work on the subject in my bibliography, but in order to educate myself on the topic more thoroughly, I also had to reach back to the history of e-books. This process revealed how far e-books have come and gave me a better perspective on the topic as I reviewed the most current literature. One subject in particular that I found interesting was the licensing and copyright issues surrounding e-books in libraries. I think one of the greatest barriers that publishers and libraries must overcome for e-books to succeed in libraries is to somehow harmonize interlibrary lending and licensing. The very basic concept of one copy of a title shared among many is the very foundation of library services, yet this is often restricted by the licensing agreements negotiated by publishers. Similarly, the technical issue of the library acquiring an e-book in one format that may not be accessible to every patron because of their personal choice of e-reader is an issue that I still grapple with. It is a foreign concept for print books but must be considered when managing an e-book collection. Advanced search tools and Dialog also proved invaluable to me while completing this project. These tools made my searches more efficient and more productive than ever before. I believe that my research and search techniques are forever improved and I foresee my future research projects being significantly easier as a result.