Table S1. Traits Demonstrating Variation in Social and Mating Systems in a Selection Of

Tecot 1

Table S1. Traits demonstrating variation in social and mating systems in a selection of strepsirrhine species.

Social Organization Frequency of Common Activity Home Range and Social Scientific Name Mating System Allomaternal Diet Body Weight Name Pattern Size Relationship* Care [1]** Pair-living Pairs (moderately Avahi laniger Eastern woolly Monogamous [4] Absent Nocturnal Folivore [2; 5] 2.5-3.5 ha [3] 880-1200g [2] bonded; avg. 6-45.2% lemur [2; 5] proximity between adults) [2; 3] Pairs (bonded) [6] Avahi Western wooly Unknown [6] Never Nocturnal Folivore [6] 1.59 ± 0.42ha [7] 780-1005g (n=4, Occidentalis lemur observed [6] [6] 3♂, 1♀) [6] Pairs (bonded; forage Cheirogaleus Fat-tailed Monogamous (high level Regular Nocturnal Frugivore [11] 0.9-2.4 ha for ♂, ♂ 124g (n=55); apart, but sleep medius dwarf lemur of EPP) or promiscuous [8] 0.8-2.2 ha for ♀ ♀ 136g (n=29) [8] together) [8; 9] [10] [12] Pairs (bonded) [13] Eulemur Red-bellied Monogamous [14] Occasional- Cathemeral Frugivore [16] 19 ha [16] 1.6-2.4kg [17] rubriventer lemur Regular [15] Pairs [18] Hapalemur Golden Monogamous [18] Absent Diurnal Folivore 26 ha [18] avg. 1.5kg [18] aureus bamboo lemur [18] Bamboo, fungi, soil [18] Pairs (bonded) Indri indri Indri Monogamous [19] Absent [21] Diurnal Folivore [19] reports range avg. 6.408kg [19; 20] [21] from 27-40 ha ♂ 5.8kg; [19; 22] ♀ 7.1kg [19] Pairs (dispersed) [6] Lepilemur Milne Unknown (possibly Unknown Nocturnal Folivore [6] 1.1 ha [23] avg. 915g [6] edwardsi Edwards’ monogamous or [6] sportive lemur polygynous [6]) Pairs (dispersed) [23; Lepilemur White-footed Unknown (possibly Unknown Nocturnal Folivore [11; 25] 0.30 ha for ♂; 475-740g [11; 24] 24] *maybe solitary, leucopus sportive lemur polygynous [23]) [11; 25] 0.18 ha for ♀ needs more data [23] Pairs (dispersed) Lepilemur Red-tailed Monogamous [28] Absent Nocturnal Folivore [27] avg. 1.59 ha for ♂ 782g (n=15); [26; 27] ruficaudatus sportive lemur [27] ♂; avg. 1.17 ha ♀ 780g (n=19) for ♀ (MCP [27] method) [26] Pairs (dispersed) Phaner furcifer Eastern fork- Monogamous Absent [30] Nocturnal Gummivore, 4.65 ha [29], avg. 327g [32] [29; 30] marked lemur (high level of EPP) or [30] insectivore [32] 4.8 ha [32] polyandrous [31] Sometimes pair-living, but variable Pairs or multimale- Allocebus Hairy-eared Monogamous or Absent Nocturnal Omnivore 5.2 ha 67-95g [33] multifemale [33; 34] trichotis dwarf lemur promiscuous [33] [33] Insects, gums, fruit, (MCP method) flowers, leaves [33] [33] Bonded pairs or Eulemur mongoz Mongoose Monogamous [37] Occasional- Cathemeral Frugivore 2.8 and 2.9 ha 1.1-1.6kg [17] multimale- lemur Regular [38] Suppl. w/ leaves, (n=2) [35] multifemale [35; 36] nectar, flowers [39] Bonded pairs or Hapalemur Grey gentle or Monogamous or Occasional Diurnal Folivore reports range avg. 0.9kg [18] multimale- griseus lesser bamboo polygynous [18] [18] Bamboo, fungi, soil from 14-20 ha multifemale [18; 40] lemur [41] [18; 40] Pairs or Propithecus Wild silky Monogamous or Occasional Diurnal Folivore [44] 44 ha [42] 5-6kg [11] multimale- candidus sifaka polygynous [4] [43] multifemale [42] Pairs, single male, Propithecus Diademed Polygynous [19] Rare Diurnal Folivore 20-80 ha avg. 6.5kg or multimale- diadema sifaka [19] Foliage, fruit, seeds (depending on ♂ 6.496kg; multifemale [19; 45] [19; 43] habitat type) [19; ♀ 6.508kg [19] 43] Multimale-Multifemale Multimale- Eulemur collaris Collared Polygynandrous [48] Unknown Cathemeral Frugivore [46] 70 ha [50] 2.18±0.11kg multifemale [46; 47] brown lemur [46; 49] [46; 49] Fission-fusion, Eulemur Crowned Polygynadrous [52] Unknown Cathemeral Frugivore [53] 9.18ha, 15.50ha 1.044-1.512kg multimale- coronatus lemur [51] [53] (wild) [17] multifemale [51] Multimale- Eulemur fulvus Common Unknown [55]—likely Absent Cathemeral Frugivore 0.75-16.2 ha [50; 2-3kg [11; 57-59] multifemale [54] complex brown lemur polygynous or [54] Suppl. w/leaves, fruit, 54] (but see (bonded) [52] polygynandrous [56] flowers, bark [54] upper limit for E. rufifrons) Multimale- Eulemur macaco Blue-eyed Unknown (likely Unknown Cathemeral Frugivore [61] avg. 7.5 ha for 1.87-2.04kg [61] multifemale [60; 61] flavifrons black lemur polygynandrous) [62] dry season; avg. 3.0 ha for wet season (MCP method) [61] Multimale- Eulemur macaco Black lemur Likely polygynandrous Unknown Cathemeral Frugivore 3.5-7.0 ha (avg. 2.0-2.9kg [57] multifemale [63] macaco [63; 64] [63; 65] Suppl. w/leaves, 5.0-5.5ha) [63] (bonded) [52] nectar, flowers [65] Multimale- Eulemur rufifrons Red-fronted Polygynandrous Absent Cathemeral Frugivore [66; 69] 20.5-100 ha [66; 2.178±0.233 kg multifemale [66] (formerly E. f. lemur [14; 67] [66; 68] 70] [71] rufus; part of E. fulvus complex) Multimale- Lemur catta Ring-tailed Polygynandrous Regular Cathemeral Frugi-folivore or 3.95-32 ha 2.3-3.5kg [57] multifemale [72; 73] lemur [73; 75] [76; 77] "opportunistic (depending on (bonded) [74] omnivore" [72] habitat type) [23] Multimale- Prolemur simus Broad-nosed Polygynous [18] Absent [18] Cathemeral Folivore 62 ha [18] avg. 2.5kg [18] multifemale [18] bamboo lemur [18] Bamboo, fungi, soil [18] Multimale- Propithecus Coquerel’s Unknown Unknown Diurnal [4] Folivore 4-9 ha [4] 3.7-4.3kg [4] multifemale coquereli sifaka Leaves, flowers, fruit, (sex ratio & group size bark [4] highly variable) [78] Tecot 3

Multimale- Propithecus Milne- Highly variable Absent (never Diurnal Folivore 30-55 ha [81] 5.6-5.8kg multifemale edwardsi Edwards’ (monogamous, observed in [81] Leaves, fruit, seeds [81; 84; 85] (sex ratio & group size sifaka polygynous, ~24yrs) [81-83] highly variable) [79] polyandrous, or polygynandrous) [80] Multimale- Propithecus Golden- Monogamous, Rare Diurnal Folivore reports range 3.4-3.6kg [86] multifemale (sex ratio tattersalli crowned sifaka polygynous, [23] Foliage, fruit, flowers from 4.4-12.3 ha & group size highly polyandrous, or [43] [43] variable) [23; 43] polygynandrous [43] Multimale- Propithecus Verreaux’s Polygynous [89] or Rare Diurnal Folivore 2.4 ha [23] 2.5-3.0kg [57]; multifemale (sex ratio verrauxi sifaka polygynandrous [87] [88] Foliage, fruit, flowers ♂ 3.019-3.033kg; & group size highly [90] ♀ 3.129-3.274kg variable) [87; 88] [90] Fission-fusion, Varecia rubra Red ruffed Polygynous [4] Regular [92] Diurnal Frugivore [91] 57.7 ha for 2.6-4.1kg [91] multimale- lemur [91] community; avg. multifemale [91] 16.2 ha for ♂; avg. 30.9 ha for ♀ [91] Fission-fusion, Varecia variegata Black and Polygynous [93; 94] Regular Diurnal Frugivore [95] 30-197 ha [91] 3.1-3.6kg [96] multimale- white ruffed [57] multifemale [91] lemur Solitary Solitary [97] Arctocebus Golden Unknown [98] Likely absent Nocturnal Insectivore Unknown [98] avg. 210g (n=30; aureus angwantibo [97; 99] [100] Insects (85%), fruit ranges from 150- (14%) [100; 101] 270g) [102] Solitary but social Daubentonia Aye-aye Promiscuous [103] Unknown Nocturnal Omnivore 125-215 ha for 2.5-2.6kg [105] [103] madagascariensis [103] Sap, nectar, fungus, ♂; fruit, insect larvae, 30-40 ha for ♀ insects, nuts [103] [104] Solitary forager but Euoticus Southern Unknown [98] Likely absent Nocturnal Gummivore Unknown [98] avg. 300g (n=39; sleeps in groups of 1-7 elegantulus needle-clawed [97; 99; 106] [100] Gums (75%), insects ranges from 270- [97] galago (20%), 360g) [102] fruit (5%) [100] Solitary forager but Galago Senegal or Polygynous or Unknown Nocturnal Gummivore, avg. 2.8 ha [112] avg. 206g (ranges sleeps in groups of 1-5 senegalensis northern lesser promiscuous [107] (male care [100] insectivore from 112-300g) [97] galago absent [99]; Gums, insects [111] grand- [101; 109-111] mothering present [108]) Solitary forager but Galagoides Demidoff’s or Likely polygynous or Likely absent Nocturnal Insectivore 0.5-2.7 ha for ♂; avg. 72g (n=40) sleeps in groups of 2- demidovii dwarf galago promiscuous [107] [97; 99; 106] [100] Insects (70%), fruit 0.6-1.4 ha for ♀ [113]; reports range 10 [97] (formerly (19%), gum (10%) [100; 107] from 44-97g [111] G. demidoff) [100; 101; 111] Solitary forager but Galagoides Zanzibar Possibly monogamous Absent Nocturnal Insectivore 2.3 ha (ranging ♂ 150g (n=35); sleeps in groups of a zanzibaricus bushbaby [98; 115]; penile [99; 114] [100] Insects, fruit [111; from 1.6-2.8ha) ♀ 137g (n=38) ♂ with 1-2 ♀s and morphology suggests 113; 117; 118] [114] [114]; ranges from their offspring [114] promiscuity [116] 104-203g [111] Solitary [119; 120] Lepilemur Weasel Unknown Unknown Nocturnal Folivore 1.5 ha [23] ♂ 931g; mustelinus sportive lemur [119] [4; 120; 121] ♀ 1114g [119] Solitary forager but Loris tardigradus Western Promiscuous [122] Absent [122] Nocturnal Insectivore 2.8-146.2 ha for ♂ avg. 162-205g; may sleep in groups of Ceylon red (possibly polygynous or (but further [100; 102] Insects, small ♂ (depends on ♀ avg. 118-181g 1-4 (sometimes w/♂) slender loris monogamous in some study may be vertebrates, fruit [101; ♂’s roaming [102; 123] [102] cases [123]) needed [123]) 102; 123] behavior); 0.94-15.3 ha for ♀ [123] Solitary forager but Microcebus Gray-brown Polygynandrous or Unknown Nocturnal Omnivore 0.54 ha for dry ♂ 40-55g; sleeps in groups of 1- griseorufus mouse lemur polygynous [125] [4; 125] Gums (dominant) [4; season; 0.93 ha ♀ 50-65g [125] 15 [124] 125] for wet season [125] Solitary forager but Microcebus Gray mouse Promiscuous (wild) or Occasional/ Nocturnal Omnivore 3.2±0.22 ha for 50.1-67g [4; 131] ♀s sleep in groups murinus lemur polygynous (captive) Regular [127] Fruit, flowers, leaves, ♂; 1.8±0.24 ha [126-128] [129; 130] insects, arachnids, for ♀ [23] small vertebrates, saps [4; 9; 127] Solitary [132] Mirza coquereli Coquerel's Polygynous [133] Unknown Nocturnal Omnivore [11] 4.2-25 ha for ♂ 300-320g [11] dwarf lemur [132] (non-mating vs. mating); 3.9 ha for ♀ [23] Solitary forager but Nycticebus Greater slow Unknown Absent Nocturnal Gummivore 3.4±2.6 ha for ♂ 737±111g may sleep in groups of coucang coucang loris (possibly monogamous, [134; 135] [100; 102] Sap, gum, nectar, fruit, logged & (n=8); 1-3 (sometimes with a polygynous, or insects [136] unlogged forests; ♀ 637±61g (n=11) ♂ in group) [107; 134] promiscuous [134]) 14.8±6.3 ha for [136] padang savanna [134] Solitary [102] Nycticebus Pygmy slow Unknown Unknown Nocturnal Gummivore 3.1 ha [138] ♂ 418±98g pygmaeus loris [102] Gum, nectar, insects (n=70); [137; 138] ♀ 422±88g (n=97) [138] Solitary but social Otolemur Thick-tailed or Polygynous or Unknown Nocturnal Frugivore, omnivore 10.0+ ha for ♂; avg. 1.13kg (ranges forager; sleeps in crassicaudatus large-eared promiscuous [107] (may be [100; 139] Fruit, gum, insects, 7.0 ha for ♀ from 567-1814g) groups of 1-4 [97; greater galago present [141]) millipedes, small [107] [99; 111] 139-142] vertebrates [101; 111; 139; 141; 142] Solitary [100] Perodicticus Potto Polygynous [107] Likely absent Nocturnal Frugivore 9.0-40.0 ha for avg. 600g [102] potto [97; 99] [100] Fruit (65%), gums ♂; (21%), insects (10%) 6.0-9.0 ha for ♀ Tecot 5

[100; 101] [100; 107] Solitary but social Sciurocheirus Allen’s Polygynous [107] Likely absent Nocturnal Frugivore avg. 32 ha for ♂ avg. 270g [143]; forager; sleeps in (Galago) alleni bushbaby [97; 99; 106] [100; 143] Fruit, insects [100; (ranging from reports range from small groups of 2-4 101; 111; 143] 17-50 ha); 200-445g [111] [97; 143] avg. 10 ha for ♀ (ranging from 3.9-16.6 ha depending on presence of adult ♀ offspring) [143]

* “Pairs” refers to a group with one reproductive female and one reproductive male, but can also include sub-adult offspring. ** Information for lemur species from Tecot et al., 2013 unless otherwise noted.

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