This Is Your Last Unit of Your Middle School Career!

Fresh and Salt Water Systems

Science 8 Unit 5

Name:______Class:______

THIS IS YOUR LAST UNIT OF YOUR MIDDLE SCHOOL CAREER! Fresh and Salt Water Systems Topic 1 - A World of Water

A World of Water Page 364

1. Define “Salt Water”: ______

______

2. Define “Fresh Water”: ______

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3. How much of Earth’s water is salt water? ______

How Do You Depend on Water? Page 366

4. How much of your body mass is water? ______

How Do We Use Water? Page 367

5. Study the illustration on pages 366-367. Record six of the uses of water that you can identify.

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

4. ______

5. ______

6. ______

Mr. S. Slade 2 6. “Water is vital to the quality of life of everyone in Alberta.” What evidence do you have to support this statement? Write a short paragraph to explain your answer. ______

______

The Water Cycle Page 268

7. Define Water Cycle: ______

______

8. Define Evaporation: ______

______

9. Define Condensation: ______

______

10. What drives the water cycle?

______

11. How much of the earth’s water evaporates each year?

______

12. What eventually happens to the water that evaporates?

______

Have you ever had any contact with a dinosaur? Read “Off the Wall” on page 369.

Mr. S. Slade 3 The Distribution of Water on Earth Page 372

13. How much of all the water on Earth is fresh water? ______

14. Of that amount, how much is found as liquid fresh water? ______

Water Enough for All? Page 373

15. Define Water Quantity: ______

______

16. Define Water Quality: ______

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17. What percentage of Earth’s renewable fresh water is in Canada? ______

18. What country has the largest amount of the Earth’s renewable fresh water?

______

Managing Our Water Resources Page 374

19. What does water management involve? ______

______

 Websites

Names for Water Bodies http://geography.about.com/library/misc/blwaterbodies.htm http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/landforms/glossary.shtml

Government of Canada – Freshwater Website http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/info/gloss/e_gloss.htm

Mr. S. Slade 4 Bodies of Water Trivia http://www.funtrivia.com/dir/3995.html

National Water Research Institute of Canada http://www.nwri.ca/nwri-e.html

The Blue Planet http://www.galileo.org/schools/crowther/science/blueplanet/index.html

Water Science for Schools http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/

Earth’s Water http://wwwga.usgs.gov/edu/mearth.html

Mr. S. Slade 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems Topic 2 – Earth’s Frozen Water

What is a Glacier? Page 375

1. Define Glacier: ______

______

2. Define Ice Cap: ______

______

3. Define Icefield: ______

______

How Does a Glacier Form? Page 376

4. Using Figure 5.8, describe how glaciers form. ______

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Valley Glaciers Page 376

5. Define Valley Glacier: ______

______

Continental Glaciers Page 377

6. Define Continental Glaciers: ______

______

Mr. S. Slade 6 7. Where do continental glaciers usually occur? ______

Glacial Features Page 377

8. Define Icefall: ______

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9. Define Crevasse: ______

______

Advancing or Retreating? Page 379

10. What is a retreating glacier? ______

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11. What is an advancing glacier? ______

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Pack Ice and Icebergs Page 379

12. Define Pack Ice: ______

______

13. Define Icebergs: ______

______

14. Define Calve: ______

______

Mr. S. Slade 7 15. Which part of an iceberg melts more slowly? Why?

______

How Glaciers Shape the Land Page 380

Part 1 - Glacial Erosion

16. Define Striation: ______

______

17. Glaciers ______and ______rock.

Part 2 - Evidence of Valley Glaciers

18. Define Cirques: ______

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19. Define Arête: ______

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20. Define Horn: ______

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21. Why are valleys formed by glaciers U-shaped?

______

Glacial Deposition Page 382

22. Define Till: ______

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Mr. S. Slade 8 23. Define Moraine: ______

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24. Define Outwash: ______

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25. Define Esker: ______

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Meltwater Features Page 384

26 Define Meltwater: ______

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27. Define Millwell: ______

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The Importance of Glaciers Page 384

28. List three reasons why glaciers are important. 1) ______

2) ______

3) ______

Ice Ages Page 385

29. Define Ice Age: ______

______

Mr. S. Slade 9 30. How much land was covered by glaciers during this time?

______

Climatic Changes Today Page 387

31. Briefly describe what the greenhouse effect is. ______

______

32. What does global warming mean? ______

 Websites

Glaciers http://www.glacier.rice.edu/

All About Glaciers http://nsidc.org/glaciers/

Glacier Guidebook http://www.virtualguidebooks.com/ThematicLists/Glaciers.html

Glaciers in Canada http://www.entrenet.com/~groedmed/glaciers.html

Glacier Atlas of Canada http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/archives/glacier

Ice of All Shapes and Sizes http://www.glacier.rice.edu/land/5_iceofallshapes.html

Icebergs of Newfoundland and Labrador http://www.wordplay.com/tourism/icebergs/

Ice Ages http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/ice_ages/

Cracking the Ice Age http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ice/

Physical Effects of Glaciers http://www.uvm.edu/whale/GlaciersPhysicalEffect.html

Effects of Glaciers on Land http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574629_2/Glacier.html Mr. S. Slade 10 Fresh and Saltwater Systems Topic 3 – Fresh Water Systems

Fresh Water Systems Page 390

1. Define Surface Water: ______

______

2. Define Groundwater: ______

______

Lakes, Ponds, and Wetlands Page 390

3. What is the main difference between a lake and pond? ______

______

4. What is Clarity? ______

______

5. What are Wetlands? ______

______

Streams and Rivers Page 391

6. How are rivers and streams similar? ______

______

7. What contains more oxygen, cold or warm water? ______

Mr. S. Slade 11 Water Underground Page 391

8. What is the barrier that stops water from moving lower underground? ______

Fresh-Water Links: The Watershed Concept Page 392

9. Define Watershed: ______

______

10. Define Run-off: ______

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11. What is the range of habitats that occupy watersheds? ______

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Watersheds in Alberta Page 393

12. What are the three things that landforms determine? ______

______

Watersheds and Land Use Page 394

13. How do we change the run-off patterns in watersheds? ______

______

14. What does GIS stand for? ______

______

15. What is a GIS used for? ______

______

Mr. S. Slade 12 16. What influences the amount of water discharged by a watershed? ______

______

Run-off and Erosion Page 396

17. Define Erosion: ______

______

18. What four factors determine whether rain soaks into the ground or runs off?

1) ______

______

2) ______

______

3) ______

______

4)______

______

19. What type of slope holds water longer? ______

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Deposition Page 396

20. Define Deposition: ______

______

21. What determines how a river will shape its surrounding? ______

______Mr. S. Slade 13 River Flow Monitoring Page 400

22. Define Streamflow: ______

______

23. Why is streamflow an important part of water management? (refer to your notes) ______

______

Why is Monitoring Sediment Important Page 401

24. Toxic ______can attach themselves to ______particles.

25. Why is monitoring sediments important? ______

______

Reducing Erosion and Stream Sediment Load Page 402

26. How can we reduce sediment load? ______

______

27. What is the best way to restore an eroded river? ______

______

Watershed Management and Groundwater Page 403

28. Define Aquifer: ______

______

Mr. S. Slade 14 29. Define Water Table: ______

______

Wells and Springs Page 404

30. What will happen if too many wells are dug in one area? ______

______

31. How are hot springs formed? ______

______

Groundwater Contamination Page 406

32. Define Contamination: ______

______

Too Little Water Page 407

33. Describe the water differences between northern Alberta and southern Alberta. ______

______

Too Much Water Page 408

34. Define: Flood plain: ______

______

35. What are the uses of dams? ______

______

Mr. S. Slade 15  Websites

Waterquest http://www.waterquest.ca/

Alberta’s River Basins http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/water/basins/BasinForm.cfm

RiverWatch http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/water/basins/BasinForm.cfm

Virtual River http://www.sciencecourseware.com/VirtualRiver/

Alberta Watersheds http://www.albertawatersheds.org/?LoadPage=home

Alberta Lake Management http://alms.biology.ualberta.ca/

Effects of Erosion? http://www.bright.net/~double/erode.htm

Mr. S. Slade 16 Unit 5 – Fresh and Salt Water Systems Topic 4 – The Oceans

A Sea Full Of Salt Page 411

1. Define Salinity: ______

______

2. What is the most common material found in ocean water? ______

3. Where do the salts in the ocean come from? ______

______

A Journey on the Ocean Floor Page 413

4. Define Ocean Ridge: ______

______

5. DefineTrenches: ______

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6. Define Abyssal Plains: ______

______

Continental Shelf and Slope Page 415

7. Define Continental Shelf: ______

______

8. Define Continental Slope: ______

Mr. S. Slade 17 Ocean Waves Page 417

9. Define Waves: ______

______

10. Define Swells: ______

______

11. Record the features of a wave from Figure 5.61B below:

Breaking Waves Page 418

12. Define Breaker: ______

13. In waves, how do water particles pass their energy along? ______

______

14. How are breakers formed? ______

______

Mr. S. Slade 18 The Waves Change Shorelines Page 419

15. How do waves shape the shorelines? ______

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16. What are some features formed by waves? ______

______

How Beaches Are Formed Page 422

17. Explain how beaches are formed. ______

______

18. How do seaside communities protect beaches from erosion? ______

______

Tides Page 423

19. Define Tides: ______

______

20. Define Spring Tides: ______

______

21. Define Neap Tides: ______

______

22. Define Tidal Range: ______Mr. S. Slade 19 23. How does gravity affect tides? ______

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24. How often spring and neap tides occur? ______

______

25. Where is tidal movement most noticeable? ______

______

Ocean Currents Page 426

26. Define Currents: ______

______

Surface Currents Page 427

27. Define Trade Winds: ______

28. Define Westerly Winds: ______

______

29. What are the three factors that have an influence on the direction of winds and surface currents? ______

______

Ocean Temperature and Currents Page 428

30. What are the three distinct layers of the ocean? ______

______Mr. S. Slade 20 Warm and Cold Currents Page 429

31. Define Heat Capacity: ______

______

32. What effect does the Gulf Stream have on weather? ______

______

 Websites

All About Oceans and Seas http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/ocean/

Canadian Tides, Currents, and Water Levels http://www.lau.chs-shc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/Canada.shtml

United Nations Atlas of the Oceans http://www.oceansatlas.com/index.jsp

Fisheries and Oceans Canada http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/home-accueil_e.htm

Deep Ocean Basins http://www.coast- nopp.org/visualization_modules/physical_chemical/basin_coastal_morphology/pri ncipal_features/deep_ocean/basins.html

Exploring the Deep Ocean Floor http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/exploring.html

Tides Online http://tidesonline.nos.noaa.gov/

Ocean Currents http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/Oceans.html

Ocean Currents http://www.oar.noaa.gov/k12/html/ocean_currents.html

Mr. S. Slade 21 Unit 5 – Fresh and Salt Water Systems Topic 5 – Living in Water

Living in Water Page 432

1. Define Diversity: ______

______

Lakes and Ponds Page 432

Explain the difference between lakes and ponds (may be in point form).

2. Pond: ______

______

3. Lake: ______

______

Rivers and Streams Page 433

4. How do most animals live in streams and rivers? ______

______

Oceans Page 433

5. Oceans form the world’s largest ______. Where are most of the marine organisms found?

Adaptations for an Aquatic Life Page 434

6. What are gills? ______

______

Mr. S. Slade 22 7. What adaptations do animals make to live in water that moves very quickly? ______

______Aquatic Plants Page 437

8. What are the two types of aquatic plants? ______

______

9. What is the restriction on where aquatic plants can grow? ______

______

Attached Plants Page 438

10. How do aquatic plants get oxygen to their roots? ______

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Phytoplankton Page 440

11. Why does much on life on Earth depend on phytoplankton? ______

______

12. What are diatoms? ______

______

Nutrients in Water

13. Define Detritus: ______

______

14. Where do essential nutrients, such as nitrate and phosphate, required by aquatic plants come from? ______

Mr. S. Slade 23 ______

A Steady State Page 441

15. Why does the level of nutrients and salt remain constant in the ocean? ______

______

Nutrient Pollution Page 444

16. Define Algae: ______

______

17. Define Algae Bloom: ______

______

18. Why are high levels of algae not good for aquatic systems? ______

______

Aquatic Food Chains Page 444

19. Define Food Chain: ______

______

20. Define Food Web: ______

______

Fishing Page 445

21. How do commercial fisheries alter food chains? ______

______

Mr. S. Slade 24 Toxins in Aquatic Habitats Page 446

22. Define Biomagnification: ______

______

Exploring Aquatic Habitats Page 447

23. Define Sea-floor Vents: ______

______

24. Define Chemosynthesis: ______

______

 Websites

Canada’s Lake Habitats http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/lakes/lakesint.htm

Canada’s Ocean Habitats http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/oceans/oceanscon.htm

Freshwater Ecosystems http://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/index.htm

Marine Ecosystems http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/index.htm

River Habitats http://www.riversmart.org/rivers101_habitat.cfm

Center for Aquatic Plants http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/welcome.html

Mr. S. Slade 25