<p> Fresh and Salt Water Systems</p><p>Science 8 Unit 5</p><p>Name:______Class:______</p><p>THIS IS YOUR LAST UNIT OF YOUR MIDDLE SCHOOL CAREER! Fresh and Salt Water Systems Topic 1 - A World of Water</p><p>A World of Water Page 364</p><p>1. Define “Salt Water”: ______</p><p>______</p><p>2. Define “Fresh Water”: ______</p><p>______</p><p>3. How much of Earth’s water is salt water? ______</p><p>How Do You Depend on Water? Page 366</p><p>4. How much of your body mass is water? ______</p><p>How Do We Use Water? Page 367</p><p>5. Study the illustration on pages 366-367. Record six of the uses of water that you can identify.</p><p>1. ______</p><p>2. ______</p><p>3. ______</p><p>4. ______</p><p>5. ______</p><p>6. ______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 2 6. “Water is vital to the quality of life of everyone in Alberta.” What evidence do you have to support this statement? Write a short paragraph to explain your answer. ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>The Water Cycle Page 268</p><p>7. Define Water Cycle: ______</p><p>______</p><p>8. Define Evaporation: ______</p><p>______</p><p>9. Define Condensation: ______</p><p>______</p><p>10. What drives the water cycle?</p><p>______</p><p>11. How much of the earth’s water evaporates each year?</p><p>______</p><p>12. What eventually happens to the water that evaporates?</p><p>______</p><p>Have you ever had any contact with a dinosaur? Read “Off the Wall” on page 369.</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 3 The Distribution of Water on Earth Page 372</p><p>13. How much of all the water on Earth is fresh water? ______</p><p>14. Of that amount, how much is found as liquid fresh water? ______</p><p>Water Enough for All? Page 373</p><p>15. Define Water Quantity: ______</p><p>______</p><p>16. Define Water Quality: ______</p><p>______</p><p>17. What percentage of Earth’s renewable fresh water is in Canada? ______</p><p>18. What country has the largest amount of the Earth’s renewable fresh water?</p><p>______</p><p>Managing Our Water Resources Page 374</p><p>19. What does water management involve? ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p> Websites</p><p>Names for Water Bodies http://geography.about.com/library/misc/blwaterbodies.htm http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/landforms/glossary.shtml</p><p>Government of Canada – Freshwater Website http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/info/gloss/e_gloss.htm</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 4 Bodies of Water Trivia http://www.funtrivia.com/dir/3995.html</p><p>National Water Research Institute of Canada http://www.nwri.ca/nwri-e.html</p><p>The Blue Planet http://www.galileo.org/schools/crowther/science/blueplanet/index.html</p><p>Water Science for Schools http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/</p><p>Earth’s Water http://wwwga.usgs.gov/edu/mearth.html</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems Topic 2 – Earth’s Frozen Water</p><p>What is a Glacier? Page 375</p><p>1. Define Glacier: ______</p><p>______</p><p>2. Define Ice Cap: ______</p><p>______</p><p>3. Define Icefield: ______</p><p>______</p><p>How Does a Glacier Form? Page 376</p><p>4. Using Figure 5.8, describe how glaciers form. ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>Valley Glaciers Page 376</p><p>5. Define Valley Glacier: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Continental Glaciers Page 377</p><p>6. Define Continental Glaciers: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 6 7. Where do continental glaciers usually occur? ______</p><p>Glacial Features Page 377</p><p>8. Define Icefall: ______</p><p>______</p><p>9. Define Crevasse: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Advancing or Retreating? Page 379</p><p>10. What is a retreating glacier? ______</p><p>______</p><p>11. What is an advancing glacier? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Pack Ice and Icebergs Page 379</p><p>12. Define Pack Ice: ______</p><p>______</p><p>13. Define Icebergs: ______</p><p>______</p><p>14. Define Calve: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 7 15. Which part of an iceberg melts more slowly? Why?</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>How Glaciers Shape the Land Page 380</p><p>Part 1 - Glacial Erosion</p><p>16. Define Striation: ______</p><p>______</p><p>17. Glaciers ______and ______rock.</p><p>Part 2 - Evidence of Valley Glaciers</p><p>18. Define Cirques: ______</p><p>______</p><p>19. Define Arête: ______</p><p>______</p><p>20. Define Horn: ______</p><p>______</p><p>21. Why are valleys formed by glaciers U-shaped?</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>Glacial Deposition Page 382</p><p>22. Define Till: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 8 23. Define Moraine: ______</p><p>______</p><p>24. Define Outwash: ______</p><p>______</p><p>25. Define Esker: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Meltwater Features Page 384</p><p>26 Define Meltwater: ______</p><p>______</p><p>27. Define Millwell: ______</p><p>______</p><p>The Importance of Glaciers Page 384</p><p>28. List three reasons why glaciers are important. 1) ______</p><p>2) ______</p><p>3) ______</p><p>Ice Ages Page 385</p><p>29. Define Ice Age: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 9 30. How much land was covered by glaciers during this time?</p><p>______</p><p>Climatic Changes Today Page 387</p><p>31. Briefly describe what the greenhouse effect is. ______</p><p>______</p><p>32. What does global warming mean? ______</p><p> Websites</p><p>Glaciers http://www.glacier.rice.edu/</p><p>All About Glaciers http://nsidc.org/glaciers/</p><p>Glacier Guidebook http://www.virtualguidebooks.com/ThematicLists/Glaciers.html</p><p>Glaciers in Canada http://www.entrenet.com/~groedmed/glaciers.html</p><p>Glacier Atlas of Canada http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/archives/glacier</p><p>Ice of All Shapes and Sizes http://www.glacier.rice.edu/land/5_iceofallshapes.html</p><p>Icebergs of Newfoundland and Labrador http://www.wordplay.com/tourism/icebergs/</p><p>Ice Ages http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/ice_ages/</p><p>Cracking the Ice Age http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ice/</p><p>Physical Effects of Glaciers http://www.uvm.edu/whale/GlaciersPhysicalEffect.html</p><p>Effects of Glaciers on Land http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574629_2/Glacier.html Mr. S. Slade 10 Fresh and Saltwater Systems Topic 3 – Fresh Water Systems</p><p>Fresh Water Systems Page 390</p><p>1. Define Surface Water: ______</p><p>______</p><p>2. Define Groundwater: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Lakes, Ponds, and Wetlands Page 390</p><p>3. What is the main difference between a lake and pond? ______</p><p>______</p><p>4. What is Clarity? ______</p><p>______</p><p>5. What are Wetlands? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Streams and Rivers Page 391</p><p>6. How are rivers and streams similar? ______</p><p>______</p><p>7. What contains more oxygen, cold or warm water? ______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 11 Water Underground Page 391</p><p>8. What is the barrier that stops water from moving lower underground? ______</p><p>Fresh-Water Links: The Watershed Concept Page 392</p><p>9. Define Watershed: ______</p><p>______</p><p>10. Define Run-off: ______</p><p>______</p><p>11. What is the range of habitats that occupy watersheds? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Watersheds in Alberta Page 393</p><p>12. What are the three things that landforms determine? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Watersheds and Land Use Page 394</p><p>13. How do we change the run-off patterns in watersheds? ______</p><p>______</p><p>14. What does GIS stand for? ______</p><p>______</p><p>15. What is a GIS used for? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 12 16. What influences the amount of water discharged by a watershed? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Run-off and Erosion Page 396</p><p>17. Define Erosion: ______</p><p>______</p><p>18. What four factors determine whether rain soaks into the ground or runs off?</p><p>1) ______</p><p>______</p><p>2) ______</p><p>______</p><p>3) ______</p><p>______</p><p>4)______</p><p>______</p><p>19. What type of slope holds water longer? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Deposition Page 396</p><p>20. Define Deposition: ______</p><p>______</p><p>21. What determines how a river will shape its surrounding? ______</p><p>______Mr. S. Slade 13 River Flow Monitoring Page 400</p><p>22. Define Streamflow: ______</p><p>______</p><p>23. Why is streamflow an important part of water management? (refer to your notes) ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>Why is Monitoring Sediment Important Page 401</p><p>24. Toxic ______can attach themselves to ______particles.</p><p>25. Why is monitoring sediments important? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Reducing Erosion and Stream Sediment Load Page 402</p><p>26. How can we reduce sediment load? ______</p><p>______</p><p>27. What is the best way to restore an eroded river? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Watershed Management and Groundwater Page 403</p><p>28. Define Aquifer: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 14 29. Define Water Table: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Wells and Springs Page 404</p><p>30. What will happen if too many wells are dug in one area? ______</p><p>______</p><p>31. How are hot springs formed? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Groundwater Contamination Page 406</p><p>32. Define Contamination: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Too Little Water Page 407</p><p>33. Describe the water differences between northern Alberta and southern Alberta. ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>Too Much Water Page 408</p><p>34. Define: Flood plain: ______</p><p>______</p><p>35. What are the uses of dams? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 15  Websites</p><p>Waterquest http://www.waterquest.ca/</p><p>Alberta’s River Basins http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/water/basins/BasinForm.cfm</p><p>RiverWatch http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/water/basins/BasinForm.cfm</p><p>Virtual River http://www.sciencecourseware.com/VirtualRiver/</p><p>Alberta Watersheds http://www.albertawatersheds.org/?LoadPage=home</p><p>Alberta Lake Management http://alms.biology.ualberta.ca/</p><p>Effects of Erosion? http://www.bright.net/~double/erode.htm</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 16 Unit 5 – Fresh and Salt Water Systems Topic 4 – The Oceans</p><p>A Sea Full Of Salt Page 411</p><p>1. Define Salinity: ______</p><p>______</p><p>2. What is the most common material found in ocean water? ______</p><p>3. Where do the salts in the ocean come from? ______</p><p>______</p><p>A Journey on the Ocean Floor Page 413</p><p>4. Define Ocean Ridge: ______</p><p>______</p><p>5. DefineTrenches: ______</p><p>______</p><p>6. Define Abyssal Plains: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Continental Shelf and Slope Page 415</p><p>7. Define Continental Shelf: ______</p><p>______</p><p>8. Define Continental Slope: ______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 17 Ocean Waves Page 417</p><p>9. Define Waves: ______</p><p>______</p><p>10. Define Swells: ______</p><p>______</p><p>11. Record the features of a wave from Figure 5.61B below:</p><p>Breaking Waves Page 418</p><p>12. Define Breaker: ______</p><p>13. In waves, how do water particles pass their energy along? ______</p><p>______</p><p>14. How are breakers formed? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 18 The Waves Change Shorelines Page 419</p><p>15. How do waves shape the shorelines? ______</p><p>______</p><p>16. What are some features formed by waves? ______</p><p>______</p><p>How Beaches Are Formed Page 422</p><p>17. Explain how beaches are formed. ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>18. How do seaside communities protect beaches from erosion? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Tides Page 423</p><p>19. Define Tides: ______</p><p>______</p><p>20. Define Spring Tides: ______</p><p>______</p><p>21. Define Neap Tides: ______</p><p>______</p><p>22. Define Tidal Range: ______Mr. S. Slade 19 23. How does gravity affect tides? ______</p><p>______</p><p>24. How often spring and neap tides occur? ______</p><p>______</p><p>25. Where is tidal movement most noticeable? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Ocean Currents Page 426</p><p>26. Define Currents: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Surface Currents Page 427</p><p>27. Define Trade Winds: ______</p><p>28. Define Westerly Winds: ______</p><p>______</p><p>29. What are the three factors that have an influence on the direction of winds and surface currents? ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>Ocean Temperature and Currents Page 428</p><p>30. What are the three distinct layers of the ocean? ______</p><p>______Mr. S. Slade 20 Warm and Cold Currents Page 429</p><p>31. Define Heat Capacity: ______</p><p>______</p><p>32. What effect does the Gulf Stream have on weather? ______</p><p>______</p><p> Websites</p><p>All About Oceans and Seas http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/ocean/</p><p>Canadian Tides, Currents, and Water Levels http://www.lau.chs-shc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/english/Canada.shtml</p><p>United Nations Atlas of the Oceans http://www.oceansatlas.com/index.jsp</p><p>Fisheries and Oceans Canada http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/home-accueil_e.htm</p><p>Deep Ocean Basins http://www.coast- nopp.org/visualization_modules/physical_chemical/basin_coastal_morphology/pri ncipal_features/deep_ocean/basins.html</p><p>Exploring the Deep Ocean Floor http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/exploring.html</p><p>Tides Online http://tidesonline.nos.noaa.gov/</p><p>Ocean Currents http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/Oceans.html</p><p>Ocean Currents http://www.oar.noaa.gov/k12/html/ocean_currents.html</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 21 Unit 5 – Fresh and Salt Water Systems Topic 5 – Living in Water</p><p>Living in Water Page 432</p><p>1. Define Diversity: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Lakes and Ponds Page 432</p><p>Explain the difference between lakes and ponds (may be in point form).</p><p>2. Pond: ______</p><p>______</p><p>3. Lake: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Rivers and Streams Page 433</p><p>4. How do most animals live in streams and rivers? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Oceans Page 433</p><p>5. Oceans form the world’s largest ______. Where are most of the marine organisms found?</p><p>Adaptations for an Aquatic Life Page 434</p><p>6. What are gills? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 22 7. What adaptations do animals make to live in water that moves very quickly? ______</p><p>______Aquatic Plants Page 437</p><p>8. What are the two types of aquatic plants? ______</p><p>______</p><p>9. What is the restriction on where aquatic plants can grow? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Attached Plants Page 438</p><p>10. How do aquatic plants get oxygen to their roots? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Phytoplankton Page 440</p><p>11. Why does much on life on Earth depend on phytoplankton? ______</p><p>______</p><p>12. What are diatoms? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Nutrients in Water</p><p>13. Define Detritus: ______</p><p>______</p><p>14. Where do essential nutrients, such as nitrate and phosphate, required by aquatic plants come from? ______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 23 ______</p><p>A Steady State Page 441</p><p>15. Why does the level of nutrients and salt remain constant in the ocean? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Nutrient Pollution Page 444</p><p>16. Define Algae: ______</p><p>______</p><p>17. Define Algae Bloom: ______</p><p>______</p><p>18. Why are high levels of algae not good for aquatic systems? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Aquatic Food Chains Page 444</p><p>19. Define Food Chain: ______</p><p>______</p><p>20. Define Food Web: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Fishing Page 445</p><p>21. How do commercial fisheries alter food chains? ______</p><p>______</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 24 Toxins in Aquatic Habitats Page 446</p><p>22. Define Biomagnification: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Exploring Aquatic Habitats Page 447</p><p>23. Define Sea-floor Vents: ______</p><p>______</p><p>24. Define Chemosynthesis: ______</p><p>______</p><p> Websites</p><p>Canada’s Lake Habitats http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/lakes/lakesint.htm</p><p>Canada’s Ocean Habitats http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/oceans/oceanscon.htm</p><p>Freshwater Ecosystems http://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/index.htm</p><p>Marine Ecosystems http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/index.htm</p><p>River Habitats http://www.riversmart.org/rivers101_habitat.cfm</p><p>Center for Aquatic Plants http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/welcome.html</p><p>Mr. S. Slade 25</p>