DOCSLIB.ORG

Bacterial Communities in Floral Nectar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bacterial Communities in Floral Nectar See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228779871 Bacterial communities in floral nectar Article in Environmental Microbiology Reports · February 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00309.x CITATIONS READS 127 1,534 4 authors, including: Ido Izhaki Yoram Gerchman University of Haifa Oranim college and University of Haifa, Israel 358 PUBLICATIONS 5,587 CITATIONS 188 PUBLICATIONS 2,930 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Malka Halpern University of Haifa 187 PUBLICATIONS 2,694 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: “Understanding the ecology and virulence of Legionella spp. populations in freshwater systems in Germany, Palestine and Israel” View project The effects of habitat structure in managed forests on bird community composition and behavior View project All content following this page was uploaded by Ido Izhaki on 17 October 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Environmental Microbiology Reports (2012) 4(1), 97–104 doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00309.x Bacterial communities in floral nectaremi4_309 97..104 Svetlana Fridman,1 Ido Izhaki,1 Yoram Gerchman2 the dominance of sugar (> 90% dry weight) in nectar, and Malka Halpern1,2* non-sugar compounds play an important role. These com- 1Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, pounds (< 10% dry weight) include amino acids, organic Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount acids, lipids, essential oils, polysaccharides, vitamins, Carmel, 31905 Haifa, Israel. antioxidants, minerals and secondary metabolites (Baker 2Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of and Baker, 1983; Dafni, 1992; Carter et al., 2006). Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, 36006 Nectar consumers such as insects, birds and bats were Tivon, Israel. suggested to transfer microflora among flowers, and between flowers and other plant organs (Sandhu and Waraich, 1985). However, floral nectar was suggested to Summary be not suitable as bacterial habitat and was even demon- Floral nectar is regarded as the most important strated to have antimicrobial properties (Sasu et al., reward available to animal-pollinated plants to attract 2010). These properties could be due to several chemical pollinators. Despite the vast amount of publications components that were suggested to limit growths of on nectar properties, the role of nectar as a natural microflora in the nectar: (i) high sugar concentration in bacterial habitat is yet unexplored. To gain a better nectars may impose high osmotic pressure that con- understanding of bacterial communities inhabiting strains microbial growth (Pusey, 1999; Brysch-Herzberg, floral nectar, culture-dependent and -independent 2004); (ii) nectar-associated proteins were suggested to (454-pyrosequencing) methods were used. Our find- function as a defensive mechanism against microorgan- ings demonstrate that bacterial communities in ism infections by producing reactive oxygen molecules nectar are abundant and diverse. Using culture- (Carter and Thornburg, 2004a–c; González-Teuber et al., dependent method we showed that bacterial commu- 2009; Harper et al., 2010); and (iii) secondary metabolites nities of nectar displayed significant variation among such as phenolics have also been suggested to play an three plant species: Amygdalus communis, Citrus antimicrobial role in nectar (Hagler and Buchmann, 1993). paradisi and Nicotiana glauca. The dominant class in Based on these constraints (e.g. Minorsky, 2007), one the nectar bacterial communities was Gammaproteo- may expect that floral nectar is populated by only a few bacteria. About half of the isolates were novel species microbiota groups that are adapted to live in such extreme (< 97% similarities of the 16S rRNA gene with known environment. species). Using 454-pyrosequencing we demon- Although some publications have indicated the pres- strated that nectar microbial community are distinct ence of microorganisms in floral nectar, most of them for each of the plant species while there are no sig- described fungi and yeasts (Sandhu and Waraich, 1985; nificant differences between nectar microbial commu- Lachance et al., 2001; Brysch-Herzberg, 2004; Manson nities within nectars taken from different plants of the et al., 2007; Herrera et al., 2008; 2009; Pozo et al., 2009; same species. Primary selection of the nectar bacte- 2011) and only one addressed the presence of bacteria ria is unclear; it may be affected by variations in the (Gilliam et al., 1983). A significant negative correlation chemical composition of the nectar in each plant. The was found between yeast density and sugar content, as role of the rich and diverse nectar microflora in the well as yeast density and nectar concentration in a Wat- attraction–repulsion relationships between the plant sonia species (de Vega et al., 2009). Herrera and Pozo and its nectar consumers has yet to be explored. (2010) described a phenomenon whereby the sugar catabolism of yeast populations inhabiting floral nectar can increase its temperature and thus modify the thermal Introduction microenvironment within the flower. However, despite Floral nectar is considered the most important reward the vast amount of publications on nectar properties, the animal-pollinated plants furnish to attract pollinators role of nectar as a natural habitat for microorganisms (Forcone et al., 1997; Bernardello et al., 1999). Despite and specifically for bacteria is yet unexplored. Microbial communities in nectar may affect the nectar’s chemical Received 22 July, 2011; accepted 27 October, 2011. *For correspon- dence. E-mail [email protected]; Tel. (+972) 4 9838727; profile, thus directly controlling nectar consumption by Fax (+972) 4 9838911. flower visitors such as pollinators and nectar thieves, and © 2011 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 98 S. Fridman, I. Izhaki, Y. Gerchman and M. Halpern consequently indirectly governing plant fitness (Herrera Culturable microbial communities structure in nectar of et al., 2008; 2009; Herrera and Pozo, 2010). different plant species The aim of the current study was to gain a better under- Nectar samples were collected aseptically from flowers of standing of floral nectar bacterial communities. To that A. communis, C. paradisi and N. glauca and were spread end, we studied the bacterial communities in flower nectar onto R2A agar (Himedia) and R2A agar supplemented of three plant species: Nicotiana glauca, Amygdalus com- with 20% sucrose. One hundred representative isolates munis and Citrus paradisi in Northern Israel. Here we were identified by amplifying and sequencing the 16S show that (i) bacteria are common inhabitants of floral rRNA gene (Appendix S1). nectar and (ii) each plant species floral nectar support a About 33%, 75% and 42% of A. communis, C. paradisi unique bacterial community. and N. glauca nectar isolates, respectively, were found to be novel species (< 97% similarities in the 16S rRNA gene Results and discussion sequences to known species) (Table 1). This demon- The presence of bacteria in floral nectar strates that indeed, the nectar is an unexplored bacterial niche. Representatives of the Gammaproteobacteria Yeasts have been shown to inhabit flower nectar (Manson class dominated all nectar samples, accounting for 59%, et al., 2007; Herrera et al., 2008; 2009; Manson, 2009). 82% and 45% of the nectar isolates in A. communis, However, as far as we know, nectar has not been consid- C. paradisi and N. glauca respectively (Table 1). Isolates ered a bacterial habitat. On the contrary, Minorsky (2007) belonging to the Bacilli class also occurred in the nectar raised the question why microbes do not grow in nectar, from all plant species. Actinobacteria was identified only and quoted Carter and colleagues (2007) who found that from A. communis and N. glauca. Representatives of the nectarins, proteins which accumulate in the nectar of Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria classes were ornamental tobacco plants, produce very high levels of found only in the A. communis nectar. Interestingly, the hydrogen peroxide (up to 4 mM). This might be the case most abundant species in the nectar were a novel uniden- for some bacterial strains, but as we show here, many tified Enterobateriaceae species in A. communis and others thrive in floral nectar. C. paradisi and Acinetobacter sp. in C. paradisi and N. glauca (Table 1). Nectar sampling and bacterial counts Significant differences were found between nectar bac- terial communities from different plant species (Table 1 Flower nectar from three plant species: N. glauca (Tree and Fig. 1). Figure 1 displays the results from the canoni- Tobacco), A. communis (Almond) and C. paradisi (Grape- cal correspondence analysis using the CANOCO computer fruit) were collected from flowers of each sampled plant program. The distribution of the bacterial species along (five different plants for each plant species) between March the ordinates was not random according to the Monte and June 2009. All the sampled plants were located within Carlo test (F = 1.14, P < 0.05) and thus can be explained a radius distance of up to 10 kilometres in Northern Israel. by their different plant species source. Plant species These three plant species were chosen because their floral explained 42% of the variation in the bacterial community nectar is known to contain secondary metabolites which composition whereas the horizontal and the vertical axes are considered
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tesis L Baena.Pdf
    UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÁNICA TESIS DOCTORAL TRATAMIENTO DE LAS BASES DE DATOS DEL HERBARIO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA (GDA) COMO FUENTE PARA ESTUDIOS DE BIODIVERSIDAD: ENSAYO EN DETERMINADAS FAMILIAS DE ANGIOSPERMAS DICOTILEDÓNEAS DE LA PROVINCIA DE GRANADA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE, CISTACEAE, CRUCIFERAE, CHENOPODIACEAE, ERICACEAE, LEGUMINOSAE, PAPAVERACEAE Y RANUNCULACEAE) LAURA BAENA COBOS GRANADA 2003 HERBARIO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA Editor: Editorial de la Universidad de Granada Autor: Laura Baena Cobos D.L.: Gr. 295 - 2006 ISBN: 84-338-3719-2 UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÁNICA TRATAMIENTO DE LAS BASES DE DATOS DEL HERBARIO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA (GDA) COMO FUENTE PARA ESTUDIOS DE BIODIVERSIDAD: ENSAYO EN DETERMINADAS FAMILIAS DE ANGIOSPERMAS DICOTILEDÓNEAS DE LA PROVINCIA DE GRANADA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE, CISTACEAE, CRUCIFERAE, CHENOPODIACEAE, ERICACEAE, LEGUMINOSAE, PAPAVERACEAE Y RANUNCULACEAE) LAURA BAENA COBOS TESIS DOCTORAL GRANADA, OCTUBRE DE 2003 TRATAMIENTO DE LAS BASES DE DATOS DEL HERBARIO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA (GDA) COMO FUENTE PARA ESTUDIOS DE BIODIVERSIDAD: ENSAYO EN DETERMINADAS FAMILIAS DE ANGIOSPERMAS DICOTILEDÓNEAS DE LA PROVINCIA DE GRANADA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE, CISTACEAE, CRUCIFERAE, CHENOPODIACEAE, ERICACEAE, LEGUMINOSAE, PAPAVERACEAE Y RANUNCULACEAE) Memoria que presenta la licenciada Laura Baena Cobos para aspirar al grado académico de Doctora en Ciencias Biológicas por la Universidad de Granada Laura Baena Cobos VºBº de las directoras: Fdo: Dra. Mª Concepción Morales Torres Fdo.: Dra. Carmen Quesada Ochoa TESIS DOCTORAL GRANADA, OCTUBRE DE 2003 Agradecimientos A mis queridas Concha y Carmen, mis maestras. Mujeres sabias y luchadoras donde las haya, predicáis con el ejemplo, gracias por muchísimas cosas, que queréis que os diga… me habéis visto crecer en el Herbario.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Europe's Threatened Plants
    Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation By Suzanne Sharrock and Meirion Jones May 2009 Recommended citation: Sharrock, S. and Jones, M., 2009. Conserving Europe’s threatened plants: Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK ISBN 978-1-905164-30-1 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK Design: John Morgan, [email protected] Acknowledgements The work of establishing a consolidated list of threatened Photo credits European plants was first initiated by Hugh Synge who developed the original database on which this report is based. All images are credited to BGCI with the exceptions of: We are most grateful to Hugh for providing this database to page 5, Nikos Krigas; page 8. Christophe Libert; page 10, BGCI and advising on further development of the list. The Pawel Kos; page 12 (upper), Nikos Krigas; page 14: James exacting task of inputting data from national Red Lists was Hitchmough; page 16 (lower), Jože Bavcon; page 17 (upper), carried out by Chris Cockel and without his dedicated work, the Nkos Krigas; page 20 (upper), Anca Sarbu; page 21, Nikos list would not have been completed. Thank you for your efforts Krigas; page 22 (upper) Simon Williams; page 22 (lower), RBG Chris. We are grateful to all the members of the European Kew; page 23 (upper), Jo Packet; page 23 (lower), Sandrine Botanic Gardens Consortium and other colleagues from Europe Godefroid; page 24 (upper) Jože Bavcon; page 24 (lower), Frank who provided essential advice, guidance and supplementary Scumacher; page 25 (upper) Michael Burkart; page 25, (lower) information on the species included in the database.
    [Show full text]
  • Este Trabalho Não Teria Sido Possível Sem O Contributo De Algumas Pessoas Para As Quais Uma Palavra De Agradecimento É Insufi
    AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho não teria sido possível sem o contributo de algumas pessoas para as quais uma palavra de agradecimento é insuficiente para aquilo que representaram nesta tão importante etapa. O meu mais sincero obrigado, Ao Nuno e à minha filha Constança, pelo apoio, compreensão e estímulo que sempre me deram. Aos meus pais, Gaspar e Fátima, por toda a força e apoio. Aos meus orientadores da Dissertação de Mestrado, Professor Doutor António Xavier Pereira Coutinho e Doutora Catarina Schreck Reis, a quem eu agradeço todo o empenho, paciência, disponibilidade, compreensão e dedicação que por mim revelaram ao longo destes meses. À Doutora Palmira Carvalho, do Museu Nacional de História Natural/Jardim Botânico da Universidade de Lisboa por todo o apoio prestado na identificação e reconhecimento dos líquenes recolhidos na mata. Ao Senhor Arménio de Matos, funcionário do Jardim Botânico da Universidade de Coimbra, por todas as vezes que me ajudou na identificação de alguns espécimes vegetais. Aos meus colegas e amigos, pela troca de ideias, pelas explicações, pela força, apoio logístico, etc. I ÍNDICE RESUMO V ABSTRACT VI I. INTRODUÇÃO 1.1. Enquadramento 1 1.2. O clima mediterrânico e a vegetação 1 1.3. Origens da vegetação portuguesa 3 1.4. Objetivos da tese 6 1.5. Estrutura da tese 7 II. A SANTA CASA DA MISERICÓRDIA DE ARGANIL E A MATA DO HOSPITAL 2.1. Breve perspetiva histórica 8 2.2. A Mata do Hospital 8 2.2.1. Localização, limites e vias de acesso 8 2.2.2. Fatores Edafo-Climáticos-Hidrológicos 9 2.2.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Bern Conv. Standing Com. DECISIONS
    Strasbourg, 2 December 2011 T-PVS (2011) Misc 1+2 [Misc 1+2 E.doc] CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS Standing Committee 31 st meeting Strasbourg, 29 November-2 December 2011 Palais de l’Europe, Room 5 LIST OF DECISIONS AND ADOPTED TEXTS Memorandum of the Secretariat established by the Directorate of Democratic Governance, Culture and Diversity This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. Ce document ne sera plus distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire. T-PVS (2010) Misc 1+2 - 2 - CONTENTS List of Decisions ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Recommendation No. 152 (2011) on Marine Biodiversity and Climate Change [document T-PVS (2011) 16 ] ................................................................................................................ 12 Recommendation No. 153 (2011) on the Charter on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity on European Islands [document T-PVS (2011) 7] .................................................................................................................. 15 Recommendation No. 154 (2011) on the European Code of Conduct on Pets and Invasive Alien Species [document T-PVS (2011) 20] ................................................................................................................ 23 Recommendation No. 155 (2011) on the illegal killing, trapping and trade of wild birds [document
    [Show full text]
  • Calandrinia and Montiopsis, RICK LUPP 91 Junos from a Minefield, JANIS RUKSANS 95 FORUM: Longevity in the Rock Garden 103
    ROCK GARDEN Quarterly Volume 62 Number 2 Spring 2004 Cover: Dodecatheon pulchellum subsp. monanthum (syn. D. radicatum) in Minnesota. Painting by Diane Crane. All material copyright ©2004 North American Rock Garden Society Printed by Allen Press, 800 E. 10th St., Lawrence, Kansas ROCK GARDEN Quarterly BULLETIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ROCK GARDEN SOCIETY Volume 62 Number 2 Spring 2004 Contents The Mountains of Northeastern Oregon, LOREN RUSSELL 82 With NARGS in the Wallowas, DAVID SELLARS 89 Growing Calandrinia and Montiopsis, RICK LUPP 91 Junos from a Minefield, JANIS RUKSANS 95 FORUM: Longevity in the Rock Garden 103 Diamonds in the Rough, BRIAN BIXLEY 110 Tim Roberts and His Tufa Mountain, REX MURFITT 112 PLANT PORTRAITS Lewisia disepala, JACK MUZATKO 132 Narcissus cantabricus and N. romieuxii, WALTER BLOM 133 Lupinus arcticus, ANNA LEGGATT 134 Primula abchasica, JOHN & JANET GYER 135 Allium aaseae, MARK MCDONOUGH & JAY LUNN 137 How to Enter the 2004 Photo Contest 139 BOOKS R. Nold, Columbines, rev. by CARLO BALISTRJERI 141 W. Gray, Penstemons Interactive Guide, rev. by ROBERT C. MCFARLANE 143 A Penstemon Bookshelf, GINNY MAFFITT 145 J. Richards, Primula, 2nd ed., rev. by JAY LUNN 147 T. Avent, So you want to start a nursery, rev. by ERNIE O'BYRNE 149 NARGS Coming Events 150 The Mountains of Northeastern Oregon Loren Russell Introduction center of scenic beauty and floristic diversity—home to about 2400 species of Avascular plants, more than 60 percent of the state's flora—the mountains of northeastern Oregon have long been one of my favorite destinations for hiking and botanizing. The Wallowas and the Blue Mountain complex, which includes the Ochoco, Maury, Aldrich, Strawberry, Greenhorn and Elkhorn ranges, are collectively known as the Blue Mountain Region and extend for more than 200 miles, from the northeastern corner of Oregon and adjacent southeastern Wash• ington to Prineville in central Oregon.
    [Show full text]
  • Threat and Protection Status Analysis of the Alpine Flora of the Pyrenees Isabel García Girón1 & Felipe Martínez García1
    ARTICLES Mediterranean Botany ISSNe 2603-9109 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/MBOT.60780 Threat and protection status analysis of the alpine flora of the Pyrenees Isabel García Girón1 & Felipe Martínez García1 Received: 13 October 2017 / Accepted: 31 May 2018 / Published online: 29 june 2018 Abstract. Threat and protection statuses have been analyzed for the Alpine vascular flora of the Pyrenees, i.e., species that live mainly 2,300 masl (Alpine and Subnival levels). They have been cataloged as 387 different taxa (onwards: Alpine Flora Catalogue, AFC), many of them of conservationist interest, especially in the Iberian context, due to the abundance of endemisms and relict populations. This analysis presents an added difficulty derived from this territory’s administrative situation. The region extends over three countries: Spain, France and Andorra. The first two are divided into four autonomous communities and three regions, respectively. Threat and protection statuses have been assessed according to the presence of AFC species in Red Lists (Spain: RL 2010, Andorra: RL 2008 and France: RL 2012) and catalogues of protected species. In the latter case, it has been analyzed at national level (Spain: LWSSPR-SCTS and France: LPPSNT) and regional level: Spanish autonomous communities and French regions. Andorra lacks catalogue of protected flora. Results demonstrate that, of the 387 AFC species, 46 (12%) are included in some of the national red lists: 8 Spain, 30 Andorra and 13 France. None of the 8 Spanish threatened species appears in the LWSSPR, and in France only 3 of the 13 threatened are protected. In Andorra, none. With respect to threat status: 11 are CR (2 Spain + 9 Andorra +1 France); 11 EN (1 Spain + 8 Andorra + 2 France) and 27 VU (5 Spain + 13 Andorra + 10 France).
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Floral and Vegetative Differentiation Between Two
    Pl. Syst. Evol. 262: 209–224 (2006) DOI 10.1007/s00606-006-0473-2 Comparative floral and vegetative differentiation between two European Aquilegia taxa along a narrow contact zone M. Medrano, M. C. Castellanos, and C. M. Herrera Estacio´n Biolo´gica de Don˜ ana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Sevilla, Spain Received March 13, 2006; accepted July 19, 2006 Published online: November 20, 2006 Ó Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract. As a first step in determining the identity currently established view of the radiation process and relative importance of the evolutionary forces in the genus Aquilegia in North America, where the promoting the speciation process in two closely differentiation of floral traits seems to have played related European taxa of Aquilegia, we investigated a more important role. the levels of morphological variation in floral and vegetative characters over the narrow region where Key words: Aquilegia pyrenaica subsp. cazorlensis, their ranges enter into contact, and evaluate the Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, floral character, relative importance of both types of traits in their Iberian Peninsula, inter- and intraspecific variation, differentiation. A total of 12 floral and ten vegeta- morphological differentiation, Ranunculaceae, tive characters were measured on 375 plants vegetative character. belonging to seven A. vulgaris populations and six A. pyrenaica subsp. cazorlensis populations located in southeastern Spain. Floral and vegetative mor- The radiation of angiosperms has been tightly phological differentiation occur between taxa and linked to the diversification in floral morphol- among populations within taxa, but only vegetative ogy and function, and this effect is particularly characters (particularly plant height and leaf pet- pronounced in animal-pollinated lineages iolule length) contribute significantly to the dis- (Grimaldi 1999, Fenster et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Floral and Vegetative Differentiation Between Two
    Pl. Syst. Evol. 262: 209–224 (2006) DOI 10.1007/s00606-006-0473-2 Comparative floral and vegetative differentiation between two European Aquilegia taxa along a narrow contact zone M. Medrano, M. C. Castellanos, and C. M. Herrera Estacio´n Biolo´gica de Don˜ ana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Sevilla, Spain Received March 13, 2006; accepted July 19, 2006 Published online: November 20, 2006 Ó Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract. As a first step in determining the identity currently established view of the radiation process and relative importance of the evolutionary forces in the genus Aquilegia in North America, where the promoting the speciation process in two closely differentiation of floral traits seems to have played related European taxa of Aquilegia, we investigated a more important role. the levels of morphological variation in floral and vegetative characters over the narrow region where Key words: Aquilegia pyrenaica subsp. cazorlensis, their ranges enter into contact, and evaluate the Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, floral character, relative importance of both types of traits in their Iberian Peninsula, inter- and intraspecific variation, differentiation. A total of 12 floral and ten vegeta- morphological differentiation, Ranunculaceae, tive characters were measured on 375 plants vegetative character. belonging to seven A. vulgaris populations and six A. pyrenaica subsp. cazorlensis populations located in southeastern Spain. Floral and vegetative mor- The radiation of angiosperms has been tightly phological differentiation occur between taxa and linked to the diversification in floral morphol- among populations within taxa, but only vegetative ogy and function, and this effect is particularly characters (particularly plant height and leaf pet- pronounced in animal-pollinated lineages iolule length) contribute significantly to the dis- (Grimaldi 1999, Fenster et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora
    22 . 7 . 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206 / 7 \ II (Acts whose publication is not obligatory) COUNCIL COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92/43 / EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES , Whereas , in the European territory of the Member States , natural habitats are continuing to deteriorate and an increasing number of wild species are seriously threatened ; Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European whereas given that the threatened habitats and species form Economic Community, and in particular Article 130s part of the Community's natural heritage and the threats to thereof, them are often of a transboundary nature , it is necessary to take measures at Community level in order to conserve Having regard to the proposal from the Commission ('), them ; Having regard to the opinion of the European Whereas , in view of the threats to certain types of natural Parliament ( 2 ), habitat and certain species , it is necessary to define them as having priority in order to favour the early implementation of Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social measures to conserve them ; Committee ( 3 ), Whereas , in order to ensure the restoration or maintenance Whereas the preservation , protection and improvement of of natural habitats and species of Community interest at a the quality of the environment , including the conservation of favourable conservation status, it is necessary to designate natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora
    [Show full text]
  • North American Rock Garden Society |
    HexcstyUs CAsa.ru.rrO vlrgi-ntoutium im ^K^rlJMX• a? 4fl * Laura Louise Foster Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society Vol. 35 Winter, 1977 No. The Bulletin Editor Emeritus DR. EDGAR T. WHERRY, 41 W.. Allen Lane, Philadelphia, Pa. 191119119 Editor H. N. PORTER, 158 Whitfield St., Guilford, Conn. 06437 Editorial Advisory Committee: Roy Davidson Donald Peach H. Lincoln Foster Owen Pearce Laura Louise Foster Sharon Sutton Bernard Harkness Margaret Williams Anita Kistler Contents Vol. 35 No. 1 Winter 1977 The Compost Pile — Study Weekend, Anita Kistler on seeds, etc 1 The Wild Gingers — H. Lincoln Foster 4 The Use of Fluorescent Lights in Rooting Cuttings for the Rock Garden — Adelaide E. Minogue 9 Dryas octopetala — Norman C. Deno 15 A Hampshire Rock Garden — Dr. Lionel Bacon 16 Smilacina racemosa — Mrs. Ralph Cannon 35 Four Uncommon Groundcovers — Dorothea DeVault 36 A New Member's Report — E. George Erdman, Jr 38 Let's Hear It For Walls — Palmer Chambers 40 Book Reviews — Dr. Lionel Bacon, Alpines (H. L. Foster) 41 The Constitution and By-Laws of the American Rock Garden Society (as amended July 20, 1976) 42 Published quarterly by the AMERICAN ROCK GARDEN SOCIETY, incorporated under the laws of the State of New Jersey. You are invited to join. Annual dues (Bulletin included) are: Ordinary Membership, $7.00; Family Membership (two per family), $8.00; Overseas Mem• bership, $5.00 each; Patron's Membership, $25.00; Life Membership, $150.00. Optional 1st cl. delivery, U.S. and Canada, $3.00 additional annually. Optional air delivery overseas, $6.00 additional annually.
    [Show full text]
  • Intra-Plant Variation in Nectar Sugar Composition in Two Aquilegia Species (Ranunculaceae): Contrasting Patterns Under Field and Glasshouse Conditions
    Annals of Botany 99: 653–660, 2007 doi:10.1093/aob/mcl291, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Intra-plant Variation in Nectar Sugar Composition in Two Aquilegia Species (Ranunculaceae): Contrasting Patterns under Field and Glasshouse Conditions AZUCENA CANTO1,*, RICARDO PE´ REZ2 ,MO´ NICA MEDRANO1 , MARI´A CLARA CASTELLANOS1 and CARLOS M. HERRERA1 1Estacio´n Biolo´gica de Don˜ana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Avenida de Marı´a Luisa s/n, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain and 2Instituto de Investigaciones Quı´micas, Centro de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas Isla de la Cartuja, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Avenida Ame´rico Vespucio s/n, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain Received: 25 July 2006 Revision requested: 21 September 2006 Accepted: 30 November 2006 Published electronically: 26 January 2007 † Background and Aims Intra-specific variation in nectar chemistry under natural conditions has been only rarely explored, yet it is an essential aspect of our understanding of how pollinator-mediated selection might act on nectar traits. This paper examines intra-specific variation in nectar sugar composition in field and glasshouse plants of the bumblebee-pollinated perennial herbs Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. vulgaris and Aquilegia pyrenaica subsp. cazorlensis (Ranunculaceae). The aims of the study are to assess the generality of extreme intra-plant variation in nectar sugar composition recently reported for other species in the field, and gaining insight on the possible mechanisms involved. † Methods The proportions of glucose, fructose and sucrose in single-nectary nectar samples collected from field and glasshouse plants were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. A hierarchical variance partition was used to dissect total variance into components due to variation among plants, flowers within plants, and nectaries within flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • First Updated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of Andalusia (S of Spain), One of the Main Biodiversity Centres in the Mediterranean Basin
    Phytotaxa 339 (1): 001–095 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Monograph ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.339.1.1 PHYTOTAXA 339 First updated checklist of the vascular flora of Andalusia (S of Spain), one of the main biodiversity centres in the Mediterranean Basin MIGUEL CUETO1,*, MANUEL MELENDO2, ESTHER GIMÉNEZ1, JULIÁN FUENTES3, ENRIQUE LÓPEZ CARRIQUE4 & GABRIEL BLANCA5 1 Departamento de Biología y Geología, CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, Crta. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de S. Urbano, ES- 04120 Almería, Spain; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, ES-23071 Jaén, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 3 C/ Castillo 5, bajo F, ES-18140 La Zubia, Granada, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Departamento de Educación, CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, Crta. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de S. Urbano, ES-04120 Almería, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 5 Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, ES-18001 Granada, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] *author for correspondence Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by Manuel B. Crespo: 24 Dec. 2017; published: 20 Feb. 2018 MIGUEL CUETO, MANUEL MELENDO, ESTHER GIMÉNEZ, JULIÁN FUENTES, ENRIQUE LÓPEZ CARRIQUE & GABRIEL BLANCA First updated checklist of the vascular flora of Andalusia (S of Spain), one of the main biodiversity centres in the Mediterranean Basin (Phytotaxa 339) 95 pp.; 30 cm.
    [Show full text]