Ex. the Bowling Ball Has a Mass of 24 Grams.(N=Numbers)

Science Study Guide

1 st Nine weeks INQUIRY UNIT:

Qua n titative observation: observation using measurements or numbers Ex. The bowling ball has a mass of 24 grams.(n=numbers)

Qualitative observation: observation that describes items using words Ex. The bowling ball is purple. (l=letters)

Controls: part that does not change Control Group: group that does not have the new independent variable Variables: any factor that may be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment Conclusion: Summary of the experiment and its results; wrap-up Infer: read between the lines to get information Bias: Having a preconceived opinion or prejudice towards outcome Skepticism: Questioning or doubting

MOTION UNIT: Formula for calculating average speed: Distance divided by time S=d/t Formula for calculating distance: Speed times the time d= s x t Formula for calculating time: Distance divided by speed t=d/s

Formula for calculating acceleration: Final speed minus the Initial (beginning) speed divided by time a=(Sf – SI) / t SPEED GRAPH: Measuring Distance and Time

Horizontal, straight line means object is at Rest.

Time Accleration (speed vs. time) velocity graph Horizontal, straight line means object is at constant speed or zero acceleration.

Displacement Graphing

Displacement: Curved line means object is changing direction; therefore, accelerating `Acceleration: 1. Change in direction- turning 2. Speeding up 3. Slowing Down

Momentum: amount of energy that a moving object has- mass in motion!

NEWTON’S 3 LAWS OF MOTION UNIT: 1st law-law of inertia (resisting a change in motion) -An object at rest will stay at rest unless an unbalanced force acts on it. -An object in motion will stay in motion unless an unbalanced force acts on it. -More mass=more inertia -friction-a force that acts to resist sliding between 2 touching surfaces

2nd law-mass and acceleration -A net force will cause an object to change velocity and accelerate. More mass = less acceleration (throwing a pencil vs. throwing a bowling ball) Formula: Force = mass x acceleration

3rd law-action/reaction forces -For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. -Example: If you push on a wall with 100N of force, the wall pushes back on you with 100N of force. -Example: a person jumping on a trampoline (they are pushing down on the tramp. With their feet and this moves them up Example: a balloon’s air is released from the bottom and this causes the balloon to move up

ELECTRICITY UNIT Electrical power grids- way that electricity travels from a power plant throughout an area (city, neighborhood). For power to be useful in a home or business, it comes off the transmission grid and is stepped-down to the distribution grid in a power substation.

Transformer- transfers electricity from one voltage to another. Transformer (substations) can step up voltages to travel long distances and step down to a lower voltage (transformer drums) to go into homes, businesses, etc. The transformer's (drum) job is to reduce the 7,200 volts down to the 240 volts that makes up normal household electrical service. Electric circuits-a pathway for electricity to move (Remember: a circuit is in a circle)  series circuit is one which provides a single pathway for the current to flow. If the circuit breaks, all devices using the circuit will fail.

  parallel circuit has multiple pathways for the current to flow. If the circuit is broken the current may pass through other pathways and other devices will continue to work.

Resistance (R)-the opposition to the flow of an electric current, causing the electrical energy to be converted to thermal energy (heat) or light.

Generator: power source that uses mechanical energy (from gasoline) to make electrical energy when something is plugged into

The resistance of a short, thick piece of wire is less than the resistance of a long thin piece of wire.

AC vs DC : Direct current (DC)-. Batteries, fuel cells and solar cells all produce direct current (DC). Current always flows in the one direction between the negative and positive terminals. (DC- Duracell battery)

Alternating current (AC) - The power that comes from a power plant. The direction of the current reverses, or alternates, 60 times per second (in the U.S.) instead of the constant flow in the direct current. (think AC-air condition-wall plug) An alternating current is more beneficial for long distance travel because the current has to follow a shorter path and AC can be transferred from high voltage to lower voltage.

ENERGY CONSERVATION UNIT: Renewable resources- any natural resource that provides energy and can be used over and over. Examples: sun, wind, water (hydroelectricity), trees, and tidal

Nonrenewable resources- any natural resource from the Earth that cannot be renewed in a short period of time once it is used up Examples: Oil, coal, natural gas (fossil fuels), and nuclear energy

Global Warming- an increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and may result from the greenhouse effect. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions are thought to contribute

Greenhouse gases- include methane, chlorofluorocarbons and carbon dioxide

(CO2). These gases act as a shield that traps heat in the earth’s atmosphere. Contributes to global warming (burning fossil fuels increases level of CO2 in air). Ways to conserve energy: recycle, cut off lights, car pool The Oxygen Cycle

Plants give off oxygen as a result of photosynthesis and animals/humans breathe it in and then give off CO2 through respiration.

Water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation

Carbon Cycle: CO2 is absorbed by plants photosynthesis (oxygen and sugar is released) 

O2 and sugar is absorbed by animals/plants respiration (CO2 is released) Carbon is returned to the soil through decomposition

Nitrogen Cycle- nitrogen gas is “fixed” by bacteria and sometimes lighteningturned into nitrogen compoundsabsorbed by plants & animalsreturned back to the atmosphere as a gas by bacteria

Weather Unit Temperature: how hot or cold something is *created from molecules in the air –Warm air=molecules moving quickly Cool air=molecules moving SLLOOOWWWLY

Convection: transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (happens within the troposphere-most of trop is heated this way)

Wind: air moving in a specific direction. Moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Anemometer: measures wind speed Wind vane: measures wind direction

Sea breeze: wind that blows from a body of water to the land (beach) Happens during the DAY

Land breeze: wind that blows from the land to a body of water Happens during at NIGHT

Coriolis Effect: the way Earth’s rotation makes winds curve • Northern Hemisphere= winds turn right • Southern Hemisphere=winds turn left

Types of global (winds that move over long distances) winds: • Doldrums: areas near the equator with little or no wind b/c warm air is always in place • Horse latitudes: calm areas of falling air at 30 degrees N & S • Trade Winds (EASTERLY WINDS): winds that blow steady from the horse latitudes TOWARD the equator. BLOW FROM THE EAST. • Prevailing Westerlie Winds: blow north & south AWAY from the equator (blow from west to east) • Polar Easterlies: blow cold air away from the North Pole & South Pole • Jet Streams: bands of high speed winds that move from west to east. Located 10 km above Earth’s surface. • •

Jet Streams

• Air Pressure (barometric pressure): weight of a column of air pushing down on an area

• Changes in Air Pressure: • 1. High Pressure System= clear weather b/c the sinking air prevents upward movement that forms clouds (precipitation) • Symbol is H • 2. Low Pressure System= brings rainy or stormy weather b/c the rising air encourages cloud development • Symbol is L

Barometer: measures air pressure

Higher altitudes (mountainous areas) have less air pressure AND the air is LESS dense.

Remember: Warm air is LESS dense (rises in the atmosphere) and has LOW atmospheric pressure. Cooler air is MORE dense (sinks in the atmosphere) and has HIGH atmospheric pressure. Wind cools us off=moves from H to L pressure

Humidity: the amount of water vapor in the air. – Cooler air = less water vapor – Warmer air= more water vapor Relative humidity : the percent of water vapor that air is currently holding. – If the air is holding all of the water vapor it can, the relative humidity is 100%. Dew point: the point at which air is saturated with water vapor & condensation forms. – For condensation (clouds)to occur, the air must be cool (remember: warm air rises and cools off) *Condensation (cloud formation) can lead to precipitation.

Precipitation: any form of water that falls to Earth from clouds (condensation- water vapor clumps together) Ex. Sleet, freezing rain, snow, rain

Air Mass: a large body of air that has properties that are similar to the area it forms over. • Maritime Tropic (2 on each coast): warm, moist air • Maritime Polar (2 on each coast): cool, moist air • Continental Polar: cold, dry air • Continental Tropic: hot, dry air

Front: the boundary that forms when 2 air masses having different densities, moisture or temperature touch.

Clouds, precipitation, & storms can form at frontal boundaries.

The 4 types of fronts include: • 1. Warm front: warm air moves up and over cold air. Warm air is in place. Symbolized with a red line with semicircles. • 2. Cold front: cold air moves UNDER warm air. Cold air is in place. Symbolized with a blue line with triangles. • 3. Stationary front: when a cold front and a warm front meet & neither one moves the other. Symbolized with an alternating red and blue line • 4. Occluded front: when 3 different air masses meet. Symbolized with a purple line with triangles and semicircles.

Westerly winds and jet streams move air masses across the United States (from west to east).

Hurricanes: a large, swirling low pressure system that forms over the warm Atlantic Ocean. *HAS TO HAVE WARMTH & MOISTURE FOR ENERGY *WHEN IT HITS LAND, LOSES ENERGY *Easterly winds (trade winds) blow it towards land and westerly winds blow back out to sea. Seasons Unit  TILT and Revolution of Earth around the sun causes seasons.  When Earth is tilted TOWARDS sun, the Northern Hemisphere is having SUMMER. When Earth is tilted AWAY, Northern Hemisphere is having WINTER.  The Southern Hemisphere has opposite seasons: Our summer is their winter (they are tilted away from sun). Our winter is their summer (they are tilted toward the sun).  Fall/Spring Equinox =earth is sideways (NOT tilted toward or away from the sun) sunlight is equal day and night  Summer Solstice = long days, short nights  Winter Solstice =short days, long nights  Earth rotates and REVOLVES COUNTERCLOCKWISE.

Day/Night: Caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis Layers of the Atmosphere:

Periodic Table Unit: Groups on the periodic table: Group 1- highly reactive, 1 electron in outer shell Group 2-2 electrons in their outer shell Groups 3-12 –Transition elements, good conductors Groups 13-15-not very reactive Group 14-Carbon group, can gain, lose or share electrons Group 15-Nitrogen group, can gain or share 3 electrons Group 16-can gain or share 2 electrons Group 17-can gain or share 1 electron, very reactive Group 18 (noble gases)-full valence shell, don’t want to bond with any other elements

PERIODIC TABLE UNIT: Bonds: Ionic (nonmetal bonds with metal-metals gives up an electron, nonmetal gains one-ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED) Covalent (nonmetal bonds with nonmetal-ELECTRONS are SHARED)

Elements at the top of a group are the least reactive!!! GROUPS (families) are the COLUMNS of elements on the periodic table (increase in reactivity as go down) PERIODS are the ROWS of elements on the periodic table (less reactive as go across)

*Elements in the same group share similar properties *zig zag line (metalloids) on the periodic table divides nonmetals (right side) from the metals (left side)-starts at Boron (#5) and goes diagonally down

Periodic Table Unit: Groups on the periodic table: Group 1- highly reactive, 1 electron in outer shell Group 2-2 electrons in their outer shell Groups 3-12 –Transition elements, good conductors Groups 13-15-not very reactive Group 14-Carbon group, can gain, lose or share electrons Group 15-Nitrogen group, can gain or share 3 electrons Group 16-can gain or share 2 electrons Group 17-can gain or share 1 electron, very reactive Group 18 (noble gases)-full valence shell, don’t want to bond with any other elements

Properties of Metals: 1. Malleable : a material that can be hammered or rolled, (ex. Gold, magnesium, aluminum) 2. Ductile: a material that can be pulled out, like wire (copper) 3. Conductive : ability to transfer heat or electricity (all metals on the Per. Table) 4. Luster : the state or quality of shining by reflecting light

Properties of Nonmetals: 1. Insulator: holds in heat (all nonmetals), Not good conductors-do not transfer heat or electricity 2. Brittle: breaks easily

Acids- chemicals that taste sour, have a pH of 1-6.9 on the pH scale (the stronger the acid, the LOWER the # on the scale), release hydrogen (H) ions when mixed with water

Bases- chemicals that taste bitter, have a pH of 7.1-14 on the pH scale (the HIGHER the # on the scale, the stronger the base), release hydroxide (OH) ions when mixed with water

Neutral- 7 is neutral

CHEMISTRY UNIT: Law of the conservation of mass: mass is not created or destroyed but is changed from one form to another (conserved)

If mass is conserved, the chemical equation will be balanced on both sides (same number of atoms for each element and the mass will be the same)

Reactants-the substances that exist BEFORE the reaction

Products-the substances that exist AFTER the reaction

Balance the following equations:

1. ______Na + ____Cl2  __2__NaCl 2. ______SiO2 + _____ HF  _____ SiF4 + _2_H2O Balanced Chemical equation for photosynthesis:

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

6 CO2 + 6 H2O ------C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 molecules of carbon dioxide react with 6 molecules of water to yield or produce 1 molecule of sugar AND 6 molecules of oxygen

Balanced Chemical equation for cellular respiration:

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ------ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (heat is released) 1 molecule Sugar reacts with 6 molecules of oxygen to yield 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and 6 molecules of water and energy

In order for something to burn (combustion), there has to be oxygen present.

CELLS UNIT: Parts of animal AND plant cells (study Cell diagrams too): 1. Cell Membrane-decides what enters and leaves the cell (surrounds the cell) 2. Nucleus-controls ALL cell activities, where DNA is located (close to the center of the cell) 3. Cytoplasm-jelly like fluid throughout the cell 4. Vacuole-Storage area, stores food, waste and nutrients 5. Ribosomes-where PROTEINS are made 6. Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum- collects, maintains & transports things for the cell 7. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum- collects proteins made by ribosomes 8. Golgi Bodies (apparatus)- changes, sorts & packages proteins from the ER 9. Mitochondria-releases ENERGY from food for the cell. Cellular respiration takes place here (powerhouse of cell)-looks like a canoe 10. Lysosome-breaks down food particles and gets rid of waste for the cell (digestive system of the cell)

Plant cell ONLY parts: 1. Cell wall- gives protection & shape to the plant cell, outermost covering of the cell 2. chloroplast- where food is made in the cell 3. LARGER central vacuole 4 Types of Tissue (groups of cells that work together to do a certain job) 1. Connective: provides support for the body & connects the parts EX. bone cells and blood cells 2. Nervous: transmits messages from the BRAIN through the rest of the body 3. Muscular-provides movement for the body EX. Heart muscle, body muscle 4. Epithelial- covers organ surfaces and provides protection from the outside environment. May be covered with many tiny little hairs called cilia EX. Esophagus, stomach, or skin cells,

Muscle Cells Epithelial Neurons Organization: simple to complex

MICROBE UNIT 4 Microbes: 1. Bacteria-One celled Living organism, can be treated with ANTIBIOTICS (these attack the cell membrane) *comes in 3 shapes: sphere shaped (cocci), rod shaped (bacillus) & spiral (spirillium) *used to make cheese, yogurt & buttermilk *CAN be GOOD for you or BAD for you

2. Virus-Not a living organism, but has genetic material & has to have a host cell

to attach to and replicate (reproduce)

Bacteriophage (Virus that attacks bacteria)

Virus attacking a cell and replicating

3. Fungi: living organisms that can cause skin infections by absorbing the spores through the skin Ex. mushrooms, mold, yeast 4. Protista (protozoans)-living organisms that feed on body cells and bodily fluid EX. Amoeba & paramecium DISEASES UNIT 1. Flu- caused by a VIRUS 2. Strep throat-caused by BACTERIA 3. Food Poisoning- caused by BACTERIA 4. Ringworm- caused by FUNGUS (on the surface of the skin) 5. Athlete’s Foot- caused by FUNGUS (on the surface of the skin) 6. HIV & AIDS- caused by VIRUS 7. Malaria- caused by PROTIST