1. Which of the Following Proteins Can Be Used to Synthesize Ribosomal RNA in Eukaryotes?

1. Which of the following proteins can be used to synthesize ribosomal RNA in eukaryotes? Circle all that apply. a). RNA polymerase I b). RNA polymerase II c). RNA polymerase III d). none of the above

2. ______RNA is usually about 100 nucleotides in length, and functions in the nucleus. It can act as an enzyme catalyst and has been found to have a lot of the ______nucleotide present. 3. Draw a prokaryotic mRNA gene and promoter regions and mRNA transcript formed according to the following specifications: the gene should be 10 nucleotides downstream of the second conserved sequence and 10 nucleotides in length. Label the coding and template strands on the gene.

4. Which RNA polymerase has the ability to transcribe all genes found in a eukaryotic cell? 5. ______is the termination sequence present on a gene for prokaryotic mRNA. This is the (same, different) as the termination sequence present on a gene coding for eukaryotic mRNA.

6. True or False: All RNA transcripts in eukaryotes undergo post-transcriptional modifications. 7. ______is the sequence of nucelotides present on the template strand of the gene for eukaryotic mRNA that signals UsnRNP to remove the over-transcript produced. This sequence is about ______nucelotides upstream of the end of the gene. 8. Give two functions of a spliceosome.

9. True or False: All mature eukaryotic mRNA transcripts have a G-cap and a poly-A tail. 10. List the two conserved sequences found in the promoter region of the gene for eukaryotic mRNA and describe their locations in relation to each other and the gene.

11. Eukaryotes have ______S ribosomes, while prokaryotes have ______S ribosomes. The eukaryotic ribosome is made of a large subunit that is ______S and a small subunit that is ______S. (True or False): The large subunit is made exclusively of large ribosomal RNA. 12. Draw and label a “Christmas tree.” What gene transcripts are being produced and in what ratio? What is the significance of the regions in between each Christmas tree?

13. Eukaryotic ribosomal subunits are assembled in the ______region of the ______. Each subunit is made up of some combination of 4 ______molecules and about ______proteins. ______ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the ______region of the nucleolus, while ______ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the ______. The proteins that are incorporated into the structure of a ribosome are synthesized in the ______. Once these parts are all assembled into ribosomal subunits, they are exported to the ______. 14. Which of the following gene types have both a promoter and associated “promoter- like” regions? Circle all that apply. a). 5S rRNA b). large rRNA c). eukaryotic mRNA d). tRNA e). prokaryotic mRNA 15. A typical 5S rRNA gene is about ______nucleotides in length and is transcribed using RNA polymerase ______. Its promoter region is present (upstream, inside, downstream) of the gene and is also known as the ______. RNA polymerase is attracted to the gene after the binding of ______to the promoter region of this gene. The same molecule combines with the 5S rRNA transcript to form a ______molecule that will be transported to the ______region of the nucleolus. 16. A eukaryotic mRNA transcript has a G-cap, a 40 nucelotide 5’ noncoding region, a 50 nucleotide 3’ noncoding region, a 100 nucelotide poly-A tail, 3 exons that are 20 nucelotides each in length, and 2 introns that are 10 nucleotides each in length. What is the length of the mature mRNA that is transported to the cytoplasm and the length of the mRNA that will be translated?

17. What is the name of the enzyme that will attach an amino acid to a molecule of tRNA? What are the two reactions that take place at its binding sites?

18. The three nucleotides always present at the 3’ end of a molecule of tRNA are ______. The ______loop also contains three nucleotides called the ______, that are complementary to the codon on a molecule of mRNA.

19. ______factors help to begin the process of protein synthesis in a eukaryotic ribosome. ______aligns the first codon, ______, in its proper position. ______and ______act as escorts for the first tRNA molecule bringing in the first amino acid, ______. ______can be phosphorylated to block the process of protein synthesis. 20. True or False: The full 80S ribosome is assembled prior to the introduction of an mRNA molecule. 21. List and describe the function of the four proteins used during the elongation phase of translation. 22. ______factors will bind to stop codons to terminate protein synthesis. What are the three stop codons and which factors will bind to each?

23. ______is a single message that contains multiple ribosomes. One ribosome can bind every ______nucelotides.