H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content 1900 2015 5/5/2015

H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 Name: ______DUE: FRI. 12 June 2015 Homework: REVIEW for REGENTS: [1900 – 2015] Global History 2 UNIT 6 CRISES AND ACHIEVEMENTS (1900-1945) Section 1 Scientific and Technological Achievements Section 2 World War I Section 3 Revolution in Russia: Causes and Impacts Section 4 Between the Wars Section 5 World War II SECTION 7 T H E T W E N T I E T H C E N T U R Y S I N C E 1 9 4 5 ( 1 9 4 5 - T H E P R E S E N T ) Section 1 Cold War Balance of Power Section 2 Economic Issues Section 3 Chinese Communist Revolution Section 4 Collapse of European Imperialism Section 5 Conflicts and Change in the Middle East Section 6 Collapse of Communism and the Soviet Union Section 7 Political and Economic Change in Latin America S E C T I O N 8 T H E W O R L D T O D A Y : C O N N E C T I O N S A N D I N T E R A C T I O N S ( 1 9 8 0 - T H E P R E S E N T ) Section 1 Economic Trends Section 2 Conflicts and Peace Efforts Section 3 Social Patterns and Change Section 4 Science and Technology Section 5 The Environment 1. When the Indian subcontinent became independent of Great Britain, the subcontinent was partitioned because of 1. religious differences between Hindus and Muslims 3. unresolved territorial claims of local princes 2. ethnic problems between Punjabis and Bengalis 4. economic conflicts between rural and urban dwellers 2. During the 1980s, a major problem in India was 1. widespread rejection of the policy of nonalignment 3. the decline of the Hindu religion 2. the threat of invasion from Pakistan 4. violence resulting from cultural differences

3. Japan's present-day industrial success is based primarily on 1. dependence on loans from Western European nations 3. abundant natural resources of iron and petroleum 2. cultural adaptation and modern technology 4. a strong military force and imperialism 4. The Chinese Communists were successful in their revolution during the 1930s and 1940s mainly because the Communists 1. gave factory workers leadership positions in the Communist Party 3. emphasized the needs of the rural peasant population 2. accepted advanced military technology from Western nations 4. provided for universal suffrage and free elections

5. In Africa and southern Asia, a major result of World War II was 1. an increase in feelings of nationalism 3. a general decline in the standard of living 2. an increase in colonization by European nations 4. a rapid decline in population

6. According to the table, which nation has the greatest problem in the area of public health? 1. Bolivia 2. Costa Rica 3. Mexico 4. Venezuela

7. Which was a major trend in Latin American politics during the 1980s? 1. Civilian governments replaced military governments in many countries. 2. Monarchies were returned to power throughout the region. 3. Most countries supported United States intervention in Cuba. 4. Many countries rejected the policies of the Organization of American States.

8. Which has been a major goal of both the Zionists and the Palestinian Arabs in the Middle East? 1. to unite the Middle East under their religion 3. to improve their relations with the Soviet Union 2. to become leaders in the world economy 4. to have their own independent country 9. The Holocaust in Europe, the treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Rwanda, the Killing Fields of Cambodia, and Bosnia have been cited PAGE 1 H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 as examples of 1. imperialism 2. divine right 3. genocide 4. socialism 10. A major cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was the 1. defeat of Germany in the Russian campaign 3. marriage of Czar Nicholas II to a German princess 2. existence of sharp economic differences between social classes 4. appeal of Marxism to the Russian nobility 11. Which statement best describes most Eastern European countries immediately after World War II? 1. They adopted democratic reforms in their political systems. 3. They became satellite states of the Soviet Union. 2. They became dependent on aid provided by the Marshall Plan. 4. They emerged as world economic powers. 12. The economic policies of the former Soviet Union have traditionally emphasized the production of 1. automobiles for export 3. consumer goods 2. building materials for luxury housing 4. heavy industrial goods

13. Technological changes in economically developing countries have most often resulted in 1. mass migrations from urban to rural areas 3. fewer educational and employment opportunities 2. weakening of traditional values and family patterns 4. decreased use of natural resources 14. Which is the best example of an element of a command economy? 1. large, modern corporations in Japan 3. cottage industries in India 2. subsistence agriculture of Southeast Asia 4. Five-Year Plans in the Soviet Union 15. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Korean War were examples of 1. attempts to prevent the spread of communist power 3. United States efforts to gain foreign territory 2. the failure of capitalism and free market economies 4. United Nations interference in the internal affairs of member nations 16. In many Latin American nations, reliance on the production of a single cash crop has led to 1. economic dependence on other nations 3. rapid repayment of foreign loans 2. a high per capita gross national product 4. development of a strong industrial economy 17. Which conclusion is valid concerning the food shortages in some nations of Africa and Asia during the 1970s and 1980s? 1. Misuse of the land has destroyed many rich food-producing regions. 3. Too few people in Africa and Asia are involved in food production. 2. Acid rain has been the major cause of crop failures. 4. European nations stopped shipping food to these regions.

18. Which action best illustrates Mohandas Gandhi's concept of civil disobedience? 1. A British army outpost was bombed as a protest against the British presence in Northern Ireland. 2. Citizens in the United States went to jail for violating segregation laws. 3. French citizens wrote letters to their government to oppose arms sales to Iraq. 4. Supporters of Ferdinand Marcos attempted a coup d'etat against the Philippine Government. 19. During the 1980s, the Chinese Government adopted policies designed to 1. increase industrial productivity 3. reestablish Confucian traditions and values 2. gain colonies throughout east Asia 4. maintain its isolation from world events 20. A comparison of Japan's policies before 1945 with the policies in effect after 1945 indicates that 1. reduction in spending on military goods leads to economic depression 2. dependence on foreign trade usually leads to a weakened national economy 3. territorial aggression is not necessary to secure national economic goals 4. democratic institutions hinder economic growth 21. The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran was a reaction to the failure of Shah Reza Pahlevi to 1. modernize the nation's economy 3. meet the social and political needs of the people 2. establish political ties with Western nations 4. supply the military with advanced weapons technology 22. Which was a major result of World War II? 1. Nationalistic feelings among the people of Europe disappeared. 3. Efforts to develop new weapons decreased. 2. European colonialism in many areas of the world declined. 4. International alliances were abolished.

23. Nationalism means 1. using the natural resources in a colony for your own benefit 3. pledging your allegiance to a king in return for protection 2../../../../School 2007 2008/001 Global II Honors/mughalindia/answers/wa339.html. taking pride in, and being loyal to your tribe 4. taking pride in, and being loyal to your country

24. Strong feelings of nationalism usually begin with existence of 1. abundant natural resources. 3. a common history, language, and culture. 2../../../../School 2007 2008/001 Global II Honors/mughalindia/answers/wa306.html. democratic traditions. 4. imperialistic ambitions.

25. What was the cause of World War I? 1. nationalism 2. socialism 3. feudalism 4. Communism

26. Which was a major goal of the League of Nations and the United Nations? 1. limiting world trade 3. eliminating colonial empires 2. maintaining peace among nations 4. establishing democracy in all nations PAGE 2 H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018

27. One similarity between Napoleon Bonaparte, Otto von Bismarck and Adolf Hitler was that each 1. formed an alliance with Japan during a world war 3. followed a policy of nonalignment in foreign affairs 2. used warfare as an instrument of national policy 4. supported communist ideals

28. Why was the Balkan region referred to as the "Powder Keg of Europe" prior to World War I? 1. The aggression of the Ottoman Empire was disrupting the balance of power. 2. China was invading its neighboring countries. 3. Nationalistic and imperialistic rivalries were increasing. 4. The area was the leading supplier of military equipment to the rest of the world.

29. A major result of the French Revolution was 1. an increase in nationalism in Europe. 3. the expansion of the power of the French king. 2. an increase in European colonies in South America. 4. the spread of communism in Western Europe.

30. The main purpose of the Congress of Vienna was to 1. entertain European royalty. 3. restore the balance of power in Europe to pre-Napoleonic times. 2. unite Germany, Italy, and Serbia 4. develop an alliance system which would further the cause of European imperialism

31. Social Darwinism means (1) survival of the fittest (3) equality for all people (2) socializing at Darwin, England (4) everyone should help the needy/poor

32. In the 19th century, the unification of Italy and the unification of Germany resulted in 1. upsetting the balance of power in Europe 3. increasing competition for trade with Russia 2. reducing feelings of nationalism in these nations 4. encouraging a century of peaceful coexistence in Europe

33. What type of government did Saddam Hussein, Julius Caesar, Louis XIV, Napoleon, and Otto von Bismarck believe in 1. representative democracy 2. constitutional democracy 3. theocracy 4. totalitarianism

34. Otto von Bismarck, Mazzini, Count Cavour, and Guiseppe Garibaldi were best known for helping 1. bring imperialism to the African continent. 3. unite their respective nations. 2. to bring an end to absolute monarchies in their nations. 4. to stop the advances of Napoleon's armies.

35. In a number of European countries in the 1800’s, which situation occurred as a result of the influence of the French Revolution? 1. increase in religious conflict 3. rise of nationalistic movements 2. decentralization of governmental power 4. economic depression

36. Which quotation best reflects a feeling of nationalism? 1. “An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” 3. “A person’s greatest social obligation is loyalty to the family” 2. “For God, King, and Country” 4. “Opposition to evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good”

37. Disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, creation of new nation-states in central Europe, and Germany’s loss of colonies were all consequences of (1) the Napoleonic Wars (2) the Franco-Prussian War (3) World War I (4) World War II [August 2011]

38. Which event is considered the immediate cause of World War I ? (1) signing of the Treaty of Versailles (3) invasion of Poland by Germany (2) assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (4) use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany [June 2011]

39. Which political leader gained power as a result of the failing economy of the Weimar Republic? (1) Adolf Hitler (2) Benito Mussolini (3) Francisco Franco (4) Charles de Gaulle [June 2011]

40. The slogan “Blood and Iron” and a united Germany are most closely associated with (1) Confucius (2) Camillo Cavour (3) Louis XIV (4) Otto von Bismarck [January 2011]

41. The rise of fascism in Germany between World War I and World War II is often associated with the (1) promotion of ethnic diversity (3) appeal of the doctrine of nonviolence (2) establishment of a strong parliamentary system (4) impact of the global economic depression [January 2011]

42. The Treaty of Versailles contributed to the economic collapse of Germany after World War I by 1. mandating economic reforms in Germany 3. requiring that Germany pay for war damages 2. placing a quota on goods exported from Germany 4. devaluing German currency

H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 43. Which was the major result of the Nuremberg War Trials? 1. National leaders were held personally responsible for war crimes against humanity. 2. The State of Israel was created as a home for victims of the war. 3. Soldiers were required to pay for the property damages they caused during the war. 4. Prisoners from all countries were immediately released from captivity.

44. Which action illustrates the concept of genocide? 1. the British negotiating peace with Adolf Hitler during the 1938 Munich Conference 2. Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signing a non-aggression pact in 1939 3. the Nazi armies eliminating the Jews and other groups as part of Adolf Hitler's Final Solution 4. German generals plotting against Adolf Hitler

45. Which situation was a direct result of the Holocaust and other atrocities committed by the Nazis during World War II? 1. development of the Cold War 3. separation of Germany into Eastern and Western zones 2. war crimes trials in Nuremberg 4. formation of the League of Nations

46. The Holocaust 1. was an attempt by Adolph Hitler and Nazi Germany to eliminate the Jewish population. 2. gave universal suffrage to all women for the first time. 3. established 200 years of Roman peace in Europe. 4. marked the beginning of the French Revolution.

47. What is the social significance of women working in factories during World War 1? 1. due to the wartime shortage of male workers, even the supervisors were women. 2. women were found to be more adept than men at close detail work. 3. universal suffrage had been granted with the outbreak of war, and women used the vote as leverage for getting industrial jobs. 4. the vital contribution of women to the war effort helped in their liberation from narrow social roles. 5. only women in those days would accept such tedious, menial work.

48. The Munich Agreement (1938) was significant because it 1. halted Japanese aggression in Manchuria 2. prevented the German annexation of the Sudetenland 3. brought about the creation of the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis 4. represented the appeasement of the Nazis by France and Great Britain 5. resulted in the collapse of the French Popular Front government

49. One action that many governments took during World War I was to 1. encourage political dissent and freedom of the press 3. regulate their economic systems to increase production 2. prevent women from seeking employment in factories 4. raise tariffs to encourage trade

50. Which was a major goal of the League of Nations and the United Nations? 1. limiting world trade 3. eliminating colonial empires 2. maintaining peace among nations 4. establishing democracy in all nations

51. What happened in Russia as a result of actions taken by Tsar Peter the Great? 1. Russia was weakened by French invasions. 3. Catholicism was adopted as the state religion. 2. The Duma was reformed and the serfs were freed. 4. Russia borrowed Western ideas and expanded its territories. [ REGENTS: January 2014 ]

52. Forced famine in the Ukraine (1932 – 1933) was a direct result of 1. Czar Nicholas’s involvement in World War I 3. Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy 2. Josef Stalin’s collectivization 4. Nikita Khrushchev’s removal from power. [ REGENTS: January 2014 ]

53. One reason the Russian Empire was difficult to unite was that it (1) had many diverse ethnic groups (3) possessed limited natural resources (2) served as a crossroads for trade (4) lacked a navy [REGENTS: August 2013]

54. The Truman Doctrine and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) were United States responses to the (1) threat of the Nazis in the 1930s (3) fear of economic depression after World War I (2) concern about the partition of India in 1947 (4) communist threat after World War II [REGENTS: August 2013]

55. The introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet and Orthodox Christianity to Russia is most closely associated with (1) Viking conquests (3) Byzantine missionaries (2) Alexander the Great’s armies (4) Ottoman expansion [REGENTS: June 2013]

56. The mass emigration of the Irish in the mid-19th century was primarily a result of (1) mandatory military service (2) famine (3) civil war (4) farm mechanization [REGENTS: January 2013]

57. “ The workers in industrial countries must create a revolution, overthrow the existing governments using force if necessary, and then create a new classless society. “ This statement expresses the views of PAGE 4 H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 (1) Mikhail Gorbachev (2) Karl Marx (3) Jomo Kenyatta (4) Kemal Atatürk [REGENTS: January 2013]

58. The Russian Orthodox Church developed as a result of Russia’s cultural interactions with which group? (1) Byzantines (2) Muslims (3) Vikings (4) Huns [August 2011]

59. Which factor led to the rise of communist revolution in Russia ? (1) increase in agricultural production around the world (3) onset of the global depression that restricted trade (2) scarcity of workers for available jobs (4) unequal distribution of wealth between social Classes [August 2011]

60. Which title best completes the partial outline below? I. ______A. Berlin blockade B. Cuban missile crisis C. Vietnam War (1) Path to World War I (2) Victories for Democracy (3) Cold War Confrontations (4) Terrorism in the 20th Century [August 2011]

61. The invasions of Russia by France in 1812 and by Germany in World War II were unsuccessful in part because of the (1) Russian alliances with China (3) harsh climatic conditions in Russia (2) inexperience of French and German military leaders (4) failure of France and Germany to develop modern weapons [June 2010]

62. One reason the Bolsheviks gained peasant support during the Russian Revolution was because the Bolsheviks promised to (1) redistribute land (3) bring modern technology to Russian farms (2) abolish communes (4) maintain an agricultural price-support Program [January 2010]

63. Joseph Stalin’s five-year plans are best characterized by (1) efforts to reduce human rights violations (3) policies to improve relations with the West (2) methods used to control population growth (4) attempts to increase agricultural and industrial production [August 2009]

64. The goal of Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost was to (1) expand collectivization and communes (3) stop expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) into Eastern Europe (2) resume development of Soviet nuclear weapons (4) stimulate economic growth and political discussion [August 2009]

65. The primary purpose of the United Nations is to (1) control world grain prices (3) promote democratic governments (2) resolve conflicts between nations peacefully (4) unite all nations militarily through alliances [June 2009]

66. A major purpose of the Marshall Plan was to (1) prevent the spread of nuclear weapons (3) rebuild European nations after World War II (2) eliminate the armies of France and Germany (4) prepare European nations for independence [June 2009] 67. A major contribution of the Byzantine Empire was the (1) invention of the wheel and gunpowder (3) participation of citizens in government (2) diffusion of Hindu beliefs (4) preservation of Greek science and Roman Engineering [January 2009]

· Lake Baikal is fouled by wastes from factories. · Plants and wildlife in Siberia are damaged by mining and smelting in the region. · Radiation still contaminates 2 million acres near Chernobyl. 68. Based on these statements about environmental issues in the former Soviet Union, which conclusion would be most valid? 1. The Soviet Government spent a large portion of its budget conserving the environment. 2. Communist industrial and agricultural policies resulted in serious environmental problems. 3. Changes in the environment in Russia and Ukraine are largely caused by pollution coming from Western Europe. 4. In Russia today, cleaning up the environment has taken priority over economic development.

69. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was initially formed to (1) promote religious freedom (3) defend Western Europe from Soviet aggression (2) isolate member nations from the rest of the world (4) stop the flow of immigration between member nations

70. Which form of political leadership is most closely associated with Ivan the Terrible of Russia, Elizabeth I of England, Philip II of Spain and Vladimir Putin of Russia? (1) democratic (2) communist (3) autocratic (4) geocentric

71. In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels expressed the idea that (1) religion should be the most important factor in society (3) power should be determined by a person’s wealth (2) profits from work should belong to the workers (4) supply and demand should control prices

72. Which two (2) Soviet leaders allowed some form of free market enterprise (capitalism) to jump start the Soviet economy? 1. Peter the Great & Catherine the Great 3. Stalin & Brezhnev 2. Lenin & Gorbachev 4. Putin & Ivan IV

73. A totalitarian society is one in which PAGE 5 H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 (1) the government controls most aspects of life (3) religious beliefs are supported by the government (2) the state is considered a servant of the citizens (4) citizens can publicly criticize the actions of the leaders

74. The main purpose of the many purges and public trials that took place in the Soviet Union under Josef Staling in the 1930s was to 1. force the Jewish people to leave the Soviet Union 3. eliminate opposition to Joseph Stalin and his government 2. establish a free and independent court system in the Soviet Union 4. reform the outdated and inadequate agricultural system

75. A study of the causes of the American, French, and Russian Revolutions indicates that revolutions usually occur because the 1. society has become dependent on commerce and trade 3. society has a lower standard of living than the societies around it 2. existing government has been resistant to change 4. lower classes have strong leaders

76. Which event occurred first and led to the other three? 1. rise of fascism in Europe 3. Bolshevik Revolution 2. World War I 4. signing of the Treaty of Versailles

77. Which statement about both the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy is accurate? 1. Economic conditions led to political change. 3. Industrialization hindered national development. 2. Goals were achieved by peaceful means. 4. Communist ideals fueled both movements.

78. Which statement describes one major aspect of a command economy? 1. Supply and demand determines what will be produced. 3. Most economic decisions are made by the government. 2. The means of production are controlled by labor unions. 4. The economy is mainly agricultural.

79. After World War II, the Soviet Union established satellite nations in Eastern Europe primarily to 1. promote constitutional democracy 3. expand its own political power 2. prevent the rise of new socialist regimes 4. persuade Western Europe to abandon military alliances

80. Since the end of the Cold War, what has been the primary cause of conflicts in Chechnya, Azerbaijan, and Bosnia? 1. religious and ethnic tensions 3. adoption of capitalism 2. poor health care and starvation 4. efforts at Russification

81. The term “Cold War” is used to describe a conflict of ideas between 1. Germany and Great Britain 3. Egypt and Israel 2. China and Japan 4. the Soviet Union and the United States

82. What was the major goal of Joseph Stalin’s five-year plans in the Soviet Union? (1) encouraging rapid industrialization (3) improving literacy rates (2) supporting capitalism (4) including peasants in the decision making process

83. After World War II, the United States provided financial aid to West Germany, Turkey, and Greece because these nations were (1) beginning their industrial development (3) newly independent (2) facing possible communist threats (4) major military partners of the United States

84. The fall of the Berlin Wall was followed by (1) an end of democratic rule in Germany (3) an expansion of the Warsaw Pact (2) the rise of a Neo-Nazi movement in Spain (4) the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union

 . Hungarian Revolution (1956)  . Prague Spring (1968)  . Formation of Solidarity in Poland (1979) 85. One way in which these events are similar is that each is an example of 1. a reaction of a Warsaw Pact nation to the actions of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 2. violence resulting from massive food shortages 3. opposition to communism in Eastern Europe 4. the failure of the European Economic Community (Common Market) to unify its tariffs

86. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Afghanistan, and Chechnya 1. all have a historical tradition of democratic governments 3. are places where the Soviet Union has intervened/interfered 2. are havens of terrorism 4. have developed strong industrial economies

87. The problem facing most Eastern European nations and the Ukraine (2014) is that these nations 1. have little arable land and few mineral resources with which to improve their economies 2. have chosen not to belong to international organizations 3. are struggling with a transition to democracy and capitalism after experiencing years of dictatorial rule 4. are experiencing major problems with the flood of illegal immigrants entering their nations

88. A key principle of the economic theory of communism is (1) restoration of a bartering system (3) government ownership of property (2) organization of workers’ unions (4) privatization of business

89. The unification of Germany (1870–71), the Reunification of West & East Germany in 1989, and the breakup of Yugoslavia after 1991 both illustrate the influence of

H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 1. imperialism 2. industrialization 3. westernization 4. nationalism

90. Which area was once controlled by Britain, suffered a mass starvation in the 1840s, and became an independent Catholic nation in 1922? (1) Scotland (2) India (3) Ghana (4) Ireland

“The Soviet people want a clear perspective on traditional democracy…. Glasnost in all things, big and small...respect for hard work … and faithful service for the cause and the good of society.” 91. The main idea of this 1980s quotation is that 1. the political system of a Communist nation cannot be changed 3. foreign aid is needed to achieve economic stability 2. the nation has been damaged by civil unrest 4. both the government and the people must make major change

92. The primary reason for China’s policy of one child per family was to 1. introduce labor-saving devices. 3. limit the need for doctors. 2. add unskilled workers. 4. prevent population increases.

93. During the 1800’s, imperialistic nations divided China into 1. spheres of influence. 2. plantations. 3. communes. 4. independent city-states.

94. Before the 20th century, China’s history was best characterized by 1. many violent revolutions. 3. being Communist. 2. rule by dynasties. 4. rule by democratic leaders.

95. Which group would have supported the Boxer Rebellion? 1. European imperialists 3. Chinese opposed to foreigners 2. Westerners living in China 4. Christian missionaries

96. The travels of Marco Polo resulted in the (1) introduction of gunpowder to China (3) expansion of trade between China and Europe (2) decline of Mongol rule in China (4) use of Confucian teachings in Europe

97. The failure of the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square illustrated the fact that 1. creating a democracy is important to Chinese leaders. 3. certain democratic demands are unacceptable. 2. young people want to fight hunger in China. 4. there is increased participation of women in government.

98. In China, the Great Leap Forward was an attempt to 1. promote democratic reform 3. strengthen economic ties with Europe 2. end the private land ownership 4. increase agricultural and industrial production

99. A major reason for the success of the Communist revolution in China was that the Communists 1. stressed Buddhism in their military training 3. included important businessmen in their ranks 2. promised land and power to the peasant class 4. fought successfully against the United States during World War II

100. In China, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution promoted by Mao Zedong were similar in that both plans 1. ended dynastic rule 3. encouraged capitalism 2. disrupted industrial development 4. guaranteed human rights

101. Sun Yat-sen’s (Sun Yixian’s) “Three Principles of the People” (1911) and the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square (1989) were similar in that they both demanded that the Chinese government 1. achieve global interdependence 3. introduce democratic reforms 2. restore dynastic rule 4. end foreign influences in China

102. In the People’s Republic of China, which factor best reflects Marxism? 1. communal work teams on farms 3. small family-owned businesses in villages 2. ownership of small farms by individuals 4. foreign influence on the economy

103. The philosophies of Confucius and Mao Zedong both emphasized 1. individual rather than cooperative gain 3. group rather than individual welfare 2. industry rather than agriculture 4. religious values rather than economic profits

104. In a communist (command) economy, economic resources are distributed 1. by the military 3. based on the principles of supply and demand 2. by local churches 4. according to the plans of the central government

105. Under Mao Zedong and Josef Stalin, the Soviet Union and Communist China both emphasized centralized economic planning and five-year plans primarily to 1. produce more consumer goods 3. create a demand for high-quality imports 2. expand exports 4. develop heavy industry

106. An immediate result of the Cultural Revolution in China was that it 1. helped to establish democracy in urban centers in China 3. led to economic cooperation with Japan and South Korea 2. disrupted China’s economic and educational systems 4. strengthened political ties with the United States PAGE 7 H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018

107. The Confucian view of government and the Chinese Communist view of government were similar in that both stressed 1. loyalty to the government 3. Equality of men and women 2. The need for filial piety 4. A civil service examination system

108. A nation like Japan, made up of many islands is called a (an) 1. archipelago. 2. isthmus. 3. continent. 4. peninsula.

109. Which statement is an opinion rather than a fact? 1. China has the largest population. 2. Elected rulers who try to establish democracy have sometimes been overthrown by military coups. 3. Subsistence farmers in Asia are satisfied with their lives. 4. Japan exports more automobiles to the United States than the United States exports to Japan.

110. Which idea did Napoleon Bonaparte, Sun Yat-Sen, Ho Chi Minh, and Simone Bolivar have in common? 1. divine right 2. nationalism 3. totalitarianism 4. nonviolence

111. The Opium War (1839) and Commodore Perry's visit to Japan (1853) were similar in that both cases 1. Asian nations were forced to open themselves to the West. 2. Emperors regained control of vast territories and colonial empires they once ruled. 3. they became a long period of isolationist history for China and Japan. 4. they were launching pads for regional wars which later developed into world wars.

112. One reason North Korea has been the focus of worldwide attention in the mid-1990’s is because of its 1. nuclear weapons development programs 3. commitment to increasing political freedoms 2. development of a strong and expanding economy 4. efforts to revive communism in Eastern Europe

113. The Korean peninsula has been seen as a "land bridge" because 1. it transmitted culture between China and Japan 3. it physically connects China to Japan 2. it protected Japan from Mongol invasion 4. it was used as invasion route to China by the Vietnamese

114. Which problem has faced both Cuba and North Korea under communist rule? (1) Their monarchs have been ineffective rulers. (3) Their governments have played a limited role in the economy. (2) Their workers have called many strikes. (4) Their command economies have been inefficient.

115. When Koreans call their land “a shrimp among whales,” they are referring to 1 (1) the mountains that cover much of the Korean peninsula (3) the environmental damage caused by overfishing in the Pacific 2 (2) their traditional respect for the sea (4) their location between powerful neighbors: Russia, China, and Japan

116. Confucianism is primarily concerned with 1. learning about God. 3. praying five times daily. 2. suffering caused by desire. 4. honoring and respecting others.

117. Which was an important teaching of Confucius? 1. intellectual knowledge is secondary to one's emotions 3. the family group can often hinder the smooth functioning of the society 2. all persons must accept and perform their duties in society 4. those who have military power have earned the right to govern

118. Both Shintoism and Taoism (Daoism) stress 1. respect for nature 3. the need for government based on religious principles 2. respect for elders 4. the need for continual spiritual rebirth until one reaches nirvana

119. Mao’s “Cultural Revolution” is an example of 1. Totalitarianism 3. Parliamentary democracy 2. Free market enterprise 4. A command economy

120. The initial goal Mao’s “Let 100 Flowers Bloom” campaign was to 1. Return to the days of the Qing Dynasty 3. Intensify horticulture (flower planting) throughout China 2. Obtain new ideas to help stimulate China’s economy 4. part of the Cold War

121. The end result of Mao’s “Let 100 Flowers Bloom” campaign was similar to 1. Stalin’s purges of the 1930s 3. Vladimir Putin’s perestroika 2. Catherine the Great’s expansion 4. Otto von Bismarck’s “Realpolitik”

122. Which characteristic did the early civilizations that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River), and the Dnieper (River) have in common? 1. Each society’s religious beliefs were based on monotheism. 2. Urban communities were built using iron and steel tools. 3. The form of government in each community was based on male suffrage. 4. Transportation and communication were promoted by a mild climate, fertile soil, and natural waterways.

123. One way in which Medieval European society, Latin American colonial society, and society in Imperial China were similar is that each PAGE 8 H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 1. placed great value on public education 3. experienced a surplus of skilled labor 2. was organized according to a rigid class structure 4. de-emphasized the role of religion

124. The building of the Great Wall in China and the Boxer Rebellion were similar because they both 1. resulted from a fear of foreign influences. 3. increased technological development of China. 2. expanded Chinese territory. 4. brought more power to the Chinese warlords.

125. In 1997 Great Britain plans returned Hong Kong to China. This was considered a victory of 1. democracy over totalitarianism. 3. nationalism over imperialism. 2. capitalism over communism. 4. ethnocentrism over internationalism.

126. Violent revolutions are most likely to occur in societies where the people 1. have representation in their government. 3. see little hope for peaceful change. 2. cannot read and write. 4. enjoy a high standard of living.

127. An important principle of Communism is 1. freedom of religion. 3. state ownership of property. 2. peaceful social change. 4. the profit motive.

128. In the Soviet Union, Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) and Gorbachev’s policy of perestroika, and in Communist China, Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations were similar in that each 1. included some practices of capitalism 3. rejected central government involvement in the economy 2. established a series of Five Year Plans for economic growth 4. linked economic growth to military strength

129. Communism as practiced in the 20th century in Cuba, the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea consists of 1. a democratic political system and a capitalist economy 3. a theocratic political system and an agrarian (agricultural) economy 2. an authoritarian political system and a command economy 4. a feudal political system and a manorial economy

130. The Age of Pericles in Athens, the Gupta Empire in India, and the Tang dynasty in China all experienced a “Golden Age” with (1) advancements in the principles of democratic governments (3) outstanding contributions in the arts and sciences (2) the end of foreign domination (4) the furthest expansion of their borders

131. The Four Modernizations of Deng Xiaoping in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in (1) an emphasis on the Five Relationships (3) a return to Maoist revolutionary principles (2) a move toward increased capitalism (4) the end of the communist system of government [Regents: August 2007]

132. A major reason for Zheng He’s voyages during the 15th century was to (1) promote trade and collect tribute (3) establish colonies in Africa and India (2) seal off China’s borders from foreign influence (4) prove the world was round [Regents: August 2007]

133. In 1989, the government of China responded to the challenge of protests in Tiananmen Square by 1. Halting trade with the West 3. calling for a special session of the United Nations Security Council 2. Sending in tanks and troops to end the demonstrations 4. Allowing democratic elections [Regents: January 2008]

134. What is Tibet’s “official” status today (2008)? 1. Independent 2. part of communist China 3. Engaged in a civil war 4. Autonomous region

135. A study of Japan’s economy since World War II would lead to the conclusion that 1. government support of technological advances can improve a nation’s economic position. 2. imperialism is necessary for the economic development of a nation. 3. a Communist system leads to economic prosperity. 4. the feudal system is more economically productive than the market system.

136. A major barrier to equal rights for women in Japan today is in 1. advancement to executive [business manager] positions. 3. political [Communist] party enrollment. 2. ownership of private property [large estates]. 4. the Shinto [religious] controlled government.

137. In Japanese history, what was the impact of the Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1854)? 1. Japan adopted an isolationist policy. 3. Contact with Western nations encouraged Japan to industrialize. 2. Chinese influence on Japanese literature and art was limited. 4. Japan adopted a feudal society.

138. In Japanese history, what was the impact of the Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) ? 1. Japan adopted an isolationist policy. 3. Contact with Western nations encouraged Japan to industrialize. 2. Chinese influence on Japanese literature and art was limited. 4. Japan adopted a feudal society.

139. During the 1930's, one way in which Germany, Italy, and Japan were alike was that each 1. refused to trade with other nations. 3. imported unskilled labor to solve their unemployment problems. 2. based their economies primarily on agriculture. 4. tried to increase their territory through the use of force.

140. To maintain its economic position, Japan has often limited the number of cars or the quantity of farm products that the United States can sell in Japan. Japan has imposed these limits to develop 1. an equality-of-trade position 3. a favorable balance of trade 2. a more open market 4. a belief system PAGE 9 H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018

141. What would a study of the recent civil wars in Cambodia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Rwanda show about these conflicts? 1. Ethnic conflict was not a factor in the late 20th century. 3. The United Nations was successful in resolving these disputes. 2. Genocide was used as a political and military tactic. 4. Civilians were not affected by these disputes.

142. One way in which Simón Bolívar, Camillo di Cavour, and Ho Chi Minh were similar is that they 1 encouraged a spirit of nationalism among their people 2 enlisted the support of European nations to achieve their goals 3 opposed territorial expansion of their nations 4 followed the ideas of Thomas Hobbes in establishing systems of government

143. In which geographic region has Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar/Burma) labored to bring about democratic reform? (1) Southeast Asia (2) Central Asia (3) Middle East (4) West Africa [ Regents: June 2013

144. Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge, the “killing fields,” and Year Zero are all associated with a violent period in which country? (1) Vietnam (2) China (3) Cambodia/Kampuchea (4) Korea [Regents: January 2013 ]

145. Which Southeast Asian nation fought in wars against Japan, France, and the United States during the 20th century? (1) Myanmar (Burma) (2) Philippines (3) Thailand (4) Vietnam [ Regents: January 2012 ]

146. Which country was ruled by Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge? (1) Afghanistan (2) Cambodia/Kampuchea (3) Kazakhstan (4) Bangladesh [ Regents: January 2012 ]

147. Even though Japan has few natural resources, it has a high standard of living mainly because it has 1. developed technology that can be exchanged for the resources it needs 2. printed more money whenever living standards have started to decline 3. imported manufactured goods 4. produced goods and services without obtaining resources

148. The British reliance on India as a market for its manufactured goods caused Mohandas Gandhi to (1) run for a seat in the British Parliament (3) lead the Sepoy Rebellion (2) support traditional caste divisions (4) refuse to buy British textiles [ Regents: August 2012 ]

149. Which change occurred immediately after the region of British India gained its independence in 1947? (1) India became an ally of the Soviet Union. (3) India adopted Islam as the official state religion. (2) The region was partitioned into two separate states. (4) A military dictatorship took control of the entire region. [ Regents: August 2012 ]

150. Which leader is associated with civil disobedience and the Salt March? (1) Adolph Hitler (2) Mohandas Gandhi (3) Josef Stalin (4) Ho Chi Minh [ Regents: June 2012 ]

151. Who was the father in Indian independence ? 1. Simon Bolivar 2. Mohandas Gandhi 3. Peter the Great 4. Elizabeth I

152. What type of technology, possessed by both India. Pakistan, and possibly North Korea poses the biggest danger to peace in Asia? 1. atomic submarines 2. the Green Revolution 3. chemical warfare 4. nuclear weapons

153. During the 1980s, national unity in India was hindered by 1. a foreign policy of nonalignment 3. continued fear of attack from the Soviet Union 2. political interference from China 4. conflicts between Sikhs, Hindus, and Moslems

154. Which method did Mohandas Gandhi use in his campaign to win independence for India? 1. refusing to cooperate with the British Government 3. leading armed uprisings against the authority of the British 2. enlisting foreign help in driving the British from India 4. requesting that the United Nations order the British to leave India

155. Which action was most opposed by Mohandas Gandhi? 1. using violence to obtain independence 3. boycotting foreign businesses 2. engaging in protest marches 4. supporting the development of native industries

156. In India, Mohandas Gandhi's support for the rights of women and Harijans (untouchables) illustrate Gandhi’s 1. ability to reach agreement with Muslim leaders 3. rejection of Western values 2. commitment to a policy of nonalignment in world affairs 4. willingness to break caste rules in the pursuit of justice

157. The “homespun movement” and the Salt March promoted by Mohandas Ghandi in India are examples of his philosophy regarding change, called 1. industrialization 2. Isolationism 3. Nonalignment 4. nonviolent protest

158. One major reason European countries engaged in imperialism in the late 19th century was to (1) gain a better understanding of unknown territories (3) ease tensions with their rivals (2) develop treatments for diseases (4) obtain markets for their manufactured goods [ REGENTS: January 2014 ]

159. What was the main reason refugees fled Rwanda in the 1990s? PAGE 10 H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 (1) ethnic conflict (3) expansion of the Sahel (2) devastation from an earthquake (4) Cold War tensions [ REGENTS: January 2014 ]

160. Which idea is most closely associated with the economic concept of mercantilism? (1) Colonies exist to provide raw materials and markets for a colonial power. (2) Wealth and power are based on land exchanged between nobles. (3) Goods and services are traded without government interference. (4) Property is owned collectively and administered by the state. [ REGENTS: January 2013 ]

161. F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize for their work to end the (1) foreign control of the diamond mines (3) discriminatory policy of apartheid (2) anarchy in Somalia (4) Boer War [ REGENTS: January 2013 ]

162. In the second half of the 20th century, what was one action taken by both Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu? (1) protesting against apartheid in South Africa (3) supporting the white government of Rhodesia (2) sending troops to liberate captives in Sudan (4) leading the independence movement in Ghana [ August 2011 ]

163. Which situation was a result of the 1884 Berlin Conference? (1) Africa was divided without regard to ethnic groups. (3) Monarchies were restored throughout Europe. (2) The slave trade with South America was eliminated. (4) The League of Nations was formed. [ August 2011 ]

164. One similarity between the Nile River valley and savanna lands in Africa is that they both (1) served as major barriers to the movement of people and goods(3) had little effect on the lives of the people who lived in these regions (2) are located on the western side of the continent (4) provided necessary resources for settlement [ January 2011 ]

165. In the 1990s, which two countries dominated the headlines because genocide was occurring in those countries? (1) Switzerland and Poland (3) Vietnam and Singapore (2) Sudan and Rwanda (4) Costa Rica and Jamaica [ January 2011 ]

166. In South Africa the term “apartheid” refers to 1. a traditional method of farming. 3. a market economy. 2. terrorist attacks. 4. the separation of races.

167. The political boundaries of most African nations have been most influenced by 1. Africa’s traditional tribal divisions. 3. increased urbanization. 2. patterns of European imperialism. 4. religious beliefs.

168. One way in which Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all 1. supported the United Nations military action in the Persian Gulf War. 3. rejected financial aid from the World Bank. 2. played a major role in independence movements in Africa. 4. opposed the Pan-African movement.

169. One barrier to economic progress in African nations has been a 1. shortage of raw materials. 3. low birth rate. 2. small pool of unskilled workers. 4. lack of money for investment.

170 During the 1980’s and 1990’s, agriculture in the areas near the Sahara region of Africa has become difficult mainly because of 1. widespread flooding of farmland. 3. the introduction of one-crop economies. 2. the effects of hurricanes and tropical storms. 4. droughts and desertification.

171. Much of the wealth of the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali was gained from the (1) sale of slaves to Europeans (3) taxation on goods brought by Indian merchants (2) creation of colonies on the Mediterranean coast (4) control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt

172. The Encounter (Spanish Exploration / Conquest of Latin America) occurred as a result of European explorers crossing the (1) Atlantic Ocean (2) Sahara Desert (3) Andes Mountains (4) Mediterranean Sea [ REGENTS: January 2014 ]

173. The creation of the European Union (EU) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) were efforts to (1) attain economic benefits through regional organization (3) achieve world peace through military alliances (2) reduce resource depletion through economic planning (4) address environmental problems through coordinated research

[ REGENTS: January 2014 ]

174. The Columbian exchange is most closely associated with the beginnings of (1) mercantilism (3) mass production (2) humanism (4) scientific socialism [ REGENTS: June 2013 ]

• The Americas are referred to as the “New World.” • Eastern Asia is referred to as the “Far East.” • Southwest Asia is referred to as part of the “Middle East.” 175. Whose perspective ( ethnocentric viewpoint ) is best represented by these regional place names?

H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 (1) Chinese (2) European (3) African (4) Indian [ REGENTS: June 2013 ]

176. The creation of the European Union (EU) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was intended to (1) benefit member nations through the reduction of tariffs (2) implement sustainable energy policies (2 ) institute a system of impartial courts (4) establish stronger regional military alliances [ REGENTS: June 2013 ]

177. One way in which Miguel Hidalgo, Ho Chi Minh, and Jomo Kenyatta are similar is that they all were (1) leaders of independence movements (3) communist dictators (2) enlightened despots (4) advocates of liberation theology [ REGENTS: June 2013 ]

178. For many Latin American nations, the reliance on single cash-crop economies has led to 1. unstable economies as world market prices rise and fall 2. long-term economic progress as exports continue to increase 3. an increased standard of living for the majority of farmers 4. increased agricultural surpluses as production of food exceeds demand

179. Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, and Toussaint L'Ouverture are important in Latin American history because they were 1. 20th-century caudillos 3. winners of the Nobel Peace Prize 2. fought for Latin American independence from Spain 4. members of the Organization of American States

180. The 19th-century independence movements in Latin America were influenced by 1. Marxist ideology 3. liberation theology 2. the Aztec wars against Hernando Cortes 4. the American and French Revolutions

181. The idea of “ Gran Colombia ” was 1. to turn South America into a confederation of states similar to that found in the United States. 2. to make the nation of Colombia reach the same height of civilization has had the Incas centuries ago. 3. name a Spanish colony for the world renowned explorer Christopher Columbus. 4. into a major sea-going nation.

182. Which situation appealed to Russian serfs in the 1910s, the Chinese peasants in the 1930s & 1940s, the Cuban peasants in the 1950s, and Nicaraguan peasants in the 1980s? 1. The role of religion was reemphasized. 2. Individual rights were guaranteed under constitutional democracies. 3. A Marxist leaders promised land reform and to improve the living standards of the people. 4. Relations with the United States were improving.

183. In the 1980's, the governments of both Brazil and Malaysia supported the cutting of timber in their rain forests as a means of 1. achieving economic prosperity 3. increasing the national debt 2. controlling rebellions of indigenous peoples 4. preventing exploitation by imperialist nations

184. For which achievement is Suleiman the Magnificent best known? (1) building the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (3) uniting the Ottoman Empire under an efficient government structure

(2) conquering the Russian capital of Moscow (4) spreading Christianity into the Balkan Peninsula [ REGENTS: January 2014 ]

185. One way in which Emperor Meiji of Japan and Kemal Atatürk of Turkey are similar is that they both (1) crushed secessionist movements (3) worked to modernize their nations (2) conquered eastern neighboring territories (4) protested against economic sanctions

186. Which leader is responsible for westernizing Turkey and creating a secular government? (1) Kemal Atatürk (2) Ayatollah Khomeini (3) Saddam Hussein (4) Anwar Sadat [ REGENTS: August 2013 ]

187. The main reason that oil-producing states formed the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was to (1) allow foreign ownership in oil fields (3) influence the price of oil and set production levels (2) improve diplomatic relations with the West (4) lift economic sanctions and establish free Trade [ August 2013]

188. Which conclusion about the Middle East can be drawn from these situations that occurred during the Cold War? (1) It served as a key ally for the Soviet Union. (3) It developed a policy of appeasement. (2) It became a site of strategic competition between the superpowers. (4) It allowed the United Nations to establish the region’s foreign policies. [ REGENTS: June 2013 ]

189. Which statement about Shah Reza Pahlavi and the Iranian Revolution is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) Shah Reza Pahlavi was supported by major Western powers. (2) Members of the Islamic clergy opposed Shah Reza Pahlavi. (3) The primary cause for the revolution was the exile of Shah Reza Pahlavi’s critics.

H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018 (4) Supporters of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini overthrew Shah Reza Pahlavi. [ REGENTS: June 2012 ] 190. Which has been a major goal of both the Zionists and the Palestinian Arabs in the Middle East? 1. to unite the Middle East under their religion 3. to become leaders in the world economy 2. to improve their relations with the Soviet Union 4. to have their own independent country

191. The main cause of the Arab-Israeli conflicts from 1948 to 1973 was the clash between 1. Islamic fundamentalism and Orthodox Judaism 3. Arab socialism and Israeli capitalism 2. Arab nationalism and Jewish nationalism 4. Israeli technology and Saudi-Arabian economic goals

192. The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran was a reaction to the failure of Shah Reza Pahlevi to 1. modernize the nation's economy 3. meet the social and political needs of the people 2. establish political ties with Western nations 4. supply the military with advanced weapons technology

193. The Persian Gulf, the Straits of Hormuz, and the Suez Canal are strategically important because they are 1. under the control of Communist nations 3. at the center of the world's major illegal drug trade 2. the cause of friction between Israel and its Arab neighbors 4. trade routes for petroleum exports to nations around the world

194. The overthrow of the Shah of Iran in 1979 resulted in a 1. Communist government allied with the Soviet Union 3. government run by Islamic fundamentalist leaders 2. monarchy opposed to constitutional changes 4. government influenced by Iraq and Syria

195. Since independence in 1948, the major objective of the foreign policy of Israel has been to 1. maintain territorial security 3. receive military aid from the United Nations 2. mechanize its farms 4. sign a peace treaty with Libya

196. In 1979, the signing of the Camp David accords by Egypt and Israel indicated that 1. nationalism was no longer a force in Middle Eastern politics 3. the differences between Shi’ite and Sunni Muslims had been settled 2. former enemies were able to negotiate 4. the Soviet Union dominated Middle Eastern affairs

197. A major factor that continues to contribute to terrorist activities in the Middle East is 1. a decrease in crude oil prices on the world market 3. the Palestinian effort to establish a homeland 2. the presence of United Nations forces in Syria 4. the worldwide rejection of violence as a means to end conflict

198. Which development was an important contribution of Muslim culture to civilization? 1. equal distribution of land 3. adoption of a polytheistic religion 2. advances in sciences and mathematics 4. the principle of the separation of church and state

199. During the 20th century, a major Middle Eastern problem has been the 1. conflict between traditional culture and the push for modernization 3. refusal of industrialized nations to sell weapons to Middle Eastern nations 2. decreasing birth rates in rural villages 4. denial of membership in the United Nations to Middle Eastern nations

200. In Middle Eastern society, women have increasingly been at the center of a conflict between the forces of modernization and the 1. values of traditional Islamic culture 3. pressure for a Palestinian homeland 2. shortage of capital for industrial development 4. need to reduce the birth rate

201. Which geographic feature has been most responsible for the population distribution in the Middle East? 1. abundance of oil deposits 3. location of water 2. presence of high plateaus 4. availability of natural harbors

202. Which characteristic did the early civilizations that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates, and the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River) have in common? 1. Each society’s religious beliefs were based on monotheism. 2. Urban communities were built using iron and steel tools. 3. The form of government in each community was based on male suffrage. 4. Transportation and communication were promoted by a mild climate, fertile soil, and natural waterways.

203. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was formed primarily to 1. give member nations more influence in world markets 2. force developing countries to abandon policies of nonalignment 3. help Middle Eastern nations form alliances with Western powers 4. allow the Soviet Union to develop greater influence in the Middle East

204. One way in which the Middle Eastern leaders Kemal Atatürk , Shah Reza Pahlavi, and Gamal Nasser were similar is that they all 1. tried to achieve Arab unity 3. founded the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 2. attempted to modernize their nations 4. demanded the establishment of Islamic fundamentalism

205. A primary purpose for building the Suez canal was to 1. encourage Jewish settlement in nearby Palestine 2. increase trade between the Middle East, Europe, and Asia 3. reduce the time needed for travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea 4. allow Indian merchants to reach the east coast of Africa

H014 - 006 REVIEW for REGENTS: Content [1900 – 2015] 5/31/2018

206. What is the main reason for the international importance of the countries in the Middle East today? 1. They have made innovative political and social reforms. 3. They have superior weapons capability. 2. They are strategically located and have important natural resources. 4. They have an advanced level of scientific and industrial development.

207. Since 1980 … and continuing today (June 2014) the greatest threat to the stability of the nations of Morocco, Algeria, Afghanistan, Egypt and Syria is the 1. rising standard of living of their citizens 3. economic reforms taking place in Eastern Europe 2. rise of Islamic fundamentalism 4. lack of financial aid from the United States

208. David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, and Menachem Begin, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Yasir Arafat, Mao Zedong, and Simón Bolívar, Ho Chi Minh, Mohandas Gandhi, Miguel Hidalgo, David Ben-Gurion, Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Jose de San Martin, and Touissant L’Ouverture are / were similar because they 1. promoted nationalism among their peoples 3. believed in Marxist principles 2. modeled their political actions on religious doctrine 4. encouraged terrorism and violence in their revolutions

209. Which characteristic did the early civilizations (Ancient Egypt, Sumeria/Mesopotamia, Mohenjo-Daro & Harrappan, Ancient China, and Kiev [Russia] that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River), and the Dnieper (River) have in common ? 1. Each society’s religious beliefs were based on monotheism. 2. Urban communities were built using iron and steel tools. 3. The form of government in each community was based on male suffrage. 4. Transportation and communication were promoted by a mild climate, fertile soil, and natural waterways.