Capital: Population: 6· Sm. (1986) GNP per capita: US$14,030 (1985) Schweiz-Suisse-Svizzera

HISTORY. On I Aug. 1291 the men of Uri, Schwyz and entered into a defensive league. In 1353 the league included 8 members and in 1513, 13. Various territories were acquired either by single cantons or by several in common, and in 1648 the league became formally independent of the Holy Roman Empire, but no addition was made to the number of cantons till 1798. In that year, under the influence of France, the unified Helvetic was formed. This failed to satisfy the Swiss, and in 1803 Bonaparte, in the Act of Mediation, gave a new Constitution, and out of the lands formerly allied or subject increased the number of cantons to 19. In 1815 the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland and the inviolability of her territory were guaranteed by Austria, France, Great Britain, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Spain and Sweden, and the Federal Pact, which included 3 new cantons, was accepted by the . In 1848 a new Constitu• tion was passed. The 22 cantons set up a Federal Government (consisting of a Federal Parliament and a Federal Council) and a Federal Tribunal. This Constitu• tion, in tum, was on 29 May 1874 superseded by the present Constitution. In a national referendum held in Sept. 1978,69.9% voted in favour of the establish• ment of a new canton, Jura, which was established on I Jan. 1979. AREA AND POPULATION. Switzerland is bounded west and north-west by France, north by the Federal Republic of Germany, east by Austria and south by Italy. Area and population, according to the census held on 1 Dec. 1980 and estimate 3 I Dec. 1986. Pop. per Area Census Estimate sq. km, Canton (sq. km) 1 Dec. 1980 31 Dec. 1986 1980 Ziirich (Zurich)(1351) 1,729 1,122,839 1,131,600 650 Bern (Berne) (1553) 6,049 912,022 925,600 151 Luzern () (1332) 1,492 296,159 306,100 198 Uri (l29l) 1,076 33,883 33,500 31 Schwyz (1291) 908 97,354 103,400 107 (Obwald) (1291) 491 25,865 27,600 53 Nidwalden (Nidwald) (1291) 276 28,617 31,000 104 (Glaris) (1352) 685 36,718 36,600 54 Zug(Zoug)(1352) 239 75,930 81,600 318 (Freiburg) (1481) 1,670 185,246 194,600 111 So loth urn (Soleure) (1481) 791 218,102 219,500 276 -Stadt (Bale-V.) (150 I) 37 203,915 194,300 5,485 Basel-Land (Bale-C.) (150 I) 428 219,822 225,800 513 Schaflhausen (Schaflhouse) (1501) 298 69,413 69,800 233 Appenzell A.-Rh. (Rh.-Ext.)(1513) 243 47,611 49,300 196 Appenzelll.-Rh. (Rh.-Int.) (1513) 172 12,844 13,100 75 St Gallen (St Gall) (1803) 2,014 391,995 403,900 195 Graubiinden () (1803) 7,106 164,641 166,500 23 (Argovie) (1803) 1,405 453,442 472,700 323 (Thurgovie)( 1803) 1,013 183,795 192 ,400 181 (Tessin)(1803) 2,811 265,899 277,200 95 (Waadt) (1803) 3,218 528,747 550,300 164 (Wallis)(1815) 5,226 218,707 232,600 42 Neuchatel (Neuenburg) (1815) 797 158,368 156,200 199 Geneve (Gent) (1815) 282 349,040 363,500 1,237 Jura (\ 979) 837 64,986 64,700 78

Total 41,293' 6,365,960 6,523,400 154

I 15,943 sq. miles. 1157 J. Paxton (Ed.), The Statesman’s Year-Book © Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 1988 1158 SWITZERLAND The German language is spoken by the majority of inhabitants in 19 of the 26 cantons above (French names given in brackets), the French in 6 (Ftibourg, Vaud, Valais, Neuchiitel, Jura and Geneve, for which the German names are given in brackets), the Italian in I (Ticino). In 1980,65% spoke German, 18·4')'i) French, 9.g% Italian, 0·8% Romansch and 6% other languages; counting only Swiss nationals, the percentages were 73·5, 20.1, 4·5, 0·9 and 1. On 8 July 1937 Romansch was made the fourth national language; it is spoken mostly in Graubun• den. At the end of 1985 the 5 largest cities were Zurich (351,500); Basel (174,600); Geneva (159,900); Berne (138,600); Lausanne (125,000). At the end of 1985 the population figures of the 'agglomerations' or conurbations were as follows: Zurich, 840,000; Basel, 363,600; Geneva, 382,000; Bern, 301,100; Lausanne, 260,200; other towns (and their conurbations) were Winterthur, 84,400 (107,400); St Gallen, 73,200 (125,400); Luzern, 60,600 (160,000); Biel, 52,000 (83,000). The number of foreigners resident in Switzerland in Jan. 1985 was 960,700. Of these, 186,600 were in Zurich canton, 109, I 00 in Vaud and 122,900 in Geneva. Vital statistics for calendar years: Live binhs TOlal IIIegilimale Marriages Divorces Slill birlhs Dealhs 1984 74.700 4,300 38,600 11,200 350 58 ,600 1985 74,700 4,200 38,800 11,400 340 59,600 1986 76,300 4,300 40,200 11,400 330 60,100 In 1983 there were 91,300 emigrants and 88,000 immigrants; in 1984, 85,000 and 97,000; in 1985,85,000 and 99,000. CLIMATE. The climate is largely dictated by relief and altitude and includes continental and mountain types. Summers are generally warm, with quite con• siderable rainfall; winters are fme, with clear, cold air. Bern. Jan. 32°F (O°C), July, 65"F (18·5°C). Annual rainfall 39·4" (986 mm).

CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. Switzerland is a republic. The highest authority is vested in the electorate, i.e., all Swiss citizens of over 20. This electorate-besides electing its representatives to the Parliament-has the voting power on amendments to, or on the revision of, the Constitution. It also takes decisions on laws and international treaties if requested by 50,000 voters or 8 can• tons (facultative referendum), and it has the right of initiating constitutional amendments, the support required for such demands being 100,000 voters (popu• lar initiative). The Federal Government is supreme in matters of peace, war and treaties; it regulates the army, the railway, telecommunication systems, the coining of money, the issue and repayment of bank-notes and the weights and measures of the repub• lic. It also legislates on matters of copyright, bankruptcy, patents, sanitary policy in dangerous epidemics, and it may create and subsidize, besides the Polytechnic School at Zurich and at Lausanne, 2 federal universities and other educational institutions. There has also been entrusted to it the authority to decide concerning public works for the whole or great part of Switzerland, such as those relating to rivers, forests and the construction of national highways and railways. By referendum of 13 Nov. 1898 it is also the authority in the entire spheres of common law. In 1957 the was empowered to legislate on atomic energy matters and in 1961 on the construction of pipelines of petroleum and gas. Naliona/flag: Red with a white couped cross. National anthem: Trittst im Morgenrot daher (words by Leonard Widmcr, 1808-68; tune by Alberik Zwyssig, 1808-54); adopted by the Federal Council in 1962. The legislati ve authority is vested in a parliament of 2 chambers, a Sleil/derat, or Counci I of States, and a Nalionalral. or National Council. The S'l{illderal is composed of 46 members. chosen and paid by the 23 1159 the Confederation, 2 for each canton. The mode of their election and the term of membership depend entirely on the canton. Three of the cantons are politically divided-Basel into Stadt and Land, Appenzell into Ausser-Rhoden and Inner• Rhoden, and Unterwalden into Obwalden and Nidwalden. Each of these 'half• cantons' sends! member to the State Council. The Nationalrat-after the referendum taken on 4 Nov. 1962--consists of200 National Councillors, directly elected for 4 years, in proportion to the population of the cantons, with the proviso that each canton or half-canton is represented by at least I member. The members are paid from federal funds at the rate of 150 francs for each day during the session and a nominal sum of 10,000 francs per annum. In 1983 the 200 members were distributed among the cantons I as follows: Zurich (Zurich) 35 Appenzell-Outer- and Inner-Rhoden 3 Bern (Berne) 29 St Gallen (St Gall) 12 Luzern (Lucerne) 9 Graubunden (Grisons) 5 Uri I Aargau (Argovie) 14 Schwyz 3 Thurgau (Thurgovie) 6 lInterwaiden-lipper and Lower 2 Ticino (Tessin) 8 Glarus (Glaris) Vaud (Waadt) 17 Zug (Zoug) 2 Valais (Wallis) 7 Fribourg (Freiburg) 6 Neu~hiitel (Neuenburg) 5 (Soleure) 7 Geneve (Gent) II Basel (Biile)-town and country 13 Jura 2 Schaffhausen (SchafThouse) 2

1 The name of the canton is given in German, French or Italian, according to the language most spoken in it, and alternative names are given in brackets. Composition of the National Council in 1983: Social Democrats, 47; Radicals, 54; Christian-Democratic People's Party, 42; Swiss People's Party, 23; Liberals, 8; Independents, 8; National CampaignlVigilance, 5; Evangelical Party, 3; Progres• sive Organizations, 3; Environmentalists, 3; Others, 4. Council of States (1983): Christian Democrats, 18; Radicals, 14; Social Demo• crats, 6; Swiss People's Party,S. A general election takes place by ballot every 4 years. Every citizen ofthe repub• lic who has entered on his 20th year is entitled to a vote, and any voter, not a clergy• man, may be elected a deputy. Laws passed by both chambers may be submitted to direct popular vote, when 50,000 citizens or 8 cantons demand it; the vote can be only 'Yes' or 'No'. This principle, called the reforendum, is frequently acted on. Women's suffrage, although advocated by the Federal Council and the Federal Assembly, was on I Feb. 1959 rejected, but in a subsequent referendum, held on 7 Feb. 1971, women's suffrage was carried. The chief executive authority is deputed to the Bundesrat, or Federal Council, consisting of 7 members, elected from 7 different cantons for 4 years by the Vereinigte Bundesversammlung, i.e., joint sessions of both chambers. The mem• bers ofthis council must not hold any other offIce in the Confederation or cantons, nor engage in any calling or business. In the Federal Parliament legislation may be introduced either by a member, or by either House, or by the Federal Council (but not by the people). Every citizen who has a vote for the National Council is eligible for becoming a member ofthe executive. The President of the Federal Council (called President of the Confederation) and the Vice-President are the fmt magistrates of the Confederation. Both are elected by the Federal Assembly for I calendar year and are not immediately re-eligible to the same offIces. The Vice-President, however, may be, and usually is, elected to succeed the outgoing President. President ofthe Confederation. (1988): . The 7 members of the Federal Council---each of whom has a salary of 203,000 francs per annum, while the President has 215,000 francs-act as ministers, or chiefs of the 7 administrative departments of the republic. The city of Be me is the seat ofthe Federal Council and the central administrative authorities. The Federal Council was composed as follows in 1988. Foreign Affairs: Rene Felber. 1160 SWITZERLAND Interior: . Justice and Police: . Military: . Finance: Otto Stich. Public Economy: Jean-Pascal Delamuraz. Transport. Communications and Energy: AdolfOgi. Local Government. Each of the cantons and demi-cantons is sovereign, so far as its independence and legislative powers are not restricted by the federal constitu• tion; all cantonal governments, though different in organization (membership varies from 5 to 11, and terms of offIce from 1 to 5 years), are based on the principle of sovereignty of the people. In all cantons a body chosen by universal suffrage, usually called der Grosse Rat, or Kantonsrat, exercises the functions ofa parliament. In all the cantonal constitu• tions, however, except those of the cantons which have a Landsgemeinde, the referendum has a place. By this principle, where it is most fully developed, as in Ziirich, all laws and concordats, or agreements with other cantons, and the chief matters offmance, as well as all revisions of the Constitution, must be submitted to the popular vote. In Appenzell, Glarus and Unterwalden the people exercise their powers direct in the Landsgemeinde, i.e., the assembly in the open air of all male citizens offull age. In all the cantons the popular initiative for constitutional affairs, as well as for legislation, has been introduced, except in Lucerne, where the initia• tive exists only for constitutional affairs. In most cantons there are districts (Amtsbezirke) consisting of a number of communes grouped together, each district having a Prefect (Regierungsstatthalter) representing the cantonal government. In the larger communes, for local affairs, there is an Assembly (legislative) and a Council (executive) with a president, maire or syndic, and not less than 4 other members. In the smaller communes there is a council only, with its proper offIcials. DEFENCE. There are fortifications in all entrances to the Alps and on the important passes crossing the Alps and the Jura. Large-scale destructions of bridges, tunnels and defiles are prepared for an emergency. Army. Switzerland depends for defence upon a national militia. Service in this force is compulsory and universal, with few exemptions except for physical disabi• lity. Those excused or rejected pay certain taxes in lieu. Liability extends from the 20th to the end of the 50th year for soldiers and of the 55th,year for offIcers. The first 12 years are spent in the first line, called the A uszug, or Elite, the next 10 in the Landwehr and 8 in the Landsturm. The unarmed Hi/fsdienst comprises all other males between 20 and 50 whose services can be made available for non-combatant duties ofany description. The initial training of the Swiss militia soldier is carried out in recruits' schools, and the periods are 118 days for infantry, engineers, artillery, etc. The subsequent trainings, called 'repetition courses', are 20 days annually; but after going through 8 courses further attendance is excused for all under the rank of sergeant. The Landwehr men are called up for training courses of 13 days every 2 years, and the Landsturm men have to undergo a refresher course of 13 days. The Army is divided into 3 field corps each of I armoured and 2 infantry divi• sions, II independent frontier brigades, 3 mountain divisions, and independent redoubt-, fortress- and territorial-brigades, organized in 4 army corps. Strength on mobilization (1988): 580,000, and 400,000 reserves. The administration of the Swiss Army is partly in the hands of the Cantonal authorities, who can promote offIcers up to the rank of captain. But the Federal Government is concerned with all general questions and makes all the higher appointments. In peace-time the Swiss Army has no general; only in time of war the Federal Assembly in joint session ofboth Houses appoints a general. The Swiss infantry are armed with the Swiss automatic rifle and with machine• guns, bazookas and mortars. The field artillery is armed with a Q.F. shielded 10·5 Bofors and field howitzers of 10·5 cm calibre. The heavy artillery is armed with SWITZERLAND 1161 guns of 10·5 cm and howitzers of 15 cm calibre. Equipment includes Leopard, Centurian and P3-61/-68 tanks and 600 M-63/-73/-64 armoured personnel carners. Air Force. The Air Force has 3 flying regiments, with about 270 combat aircraft. The fighter squadrons are equipped with Swiss-built F-5E Tiger lIs (7 squadrons), Mirage IllS supersonic interceptor/ground-attack (2 squadrons), Mirage IlIRS fighter/reconnaissance (1 squadron), and Hunter interceptor/ground-attack (9 squadrons) aircraft. Bloodhound surface-to-air missile batteries are operational. Training aircraft are Pilatus P-3 and PC-7 Turbo-Trainer and Vampire; there are also communications and transport aircraft and helicopters. The Vampires will be replaced by Hawk trainers in 1989-90. Personnel (1988), 45,000 on mobilization. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Membership. Switzerland is a member of OECD, EFTA and the Council of Europe. In a referendum in 1986 the electorate voted against joining the UN. ECONOMY Budget. Revenue and expenditure of the Confederation, in I m. francs, for calendar years: 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Revenue 16,460 17,400 18,900 19,400 20,770 22,200 23,700 Expenditure 17,532 17,570 19,300 20,300 21,400 22,900 23,600 The public debt, including internal debt, of the Confederation in 1980 amounted to 24,409m. francs; 1981, 24,677m.; 1982, 24,968m.; 1983, 25,249m.; 1984, 27,700m.; 1985, 29,200m. Schweizerisches Finanz-lahrbuch. Bern. Annual. From 1899 Currency. The franc of 100 Rappen or centimes is the monetary unit. On 10 May 1971 there was a revaluation toO·21759 gramme offme gold. The legal gold coins are 20- and IO-franc pieces; cupro-nickel coins are 5, 2, I and 112 franc, 20, 10 and 5 centimes; bronze, 2 and I centime. Notes are of 1,000, 500,100,50,20,10 and 5 francs. On 10 July 1981 the notes in circulation (of francs of nominal value) was as follows: In 1,000 franc notes, 8,685·1 m. francs; in 500,4,20 1·9m. francs; in 100, 6,687·3m. francs; in 50, 1,058·3m. francs, and in lower denominations 1,195·8m. In March 1988, £1 =2·47 francs; US$1 = 1·39 francs. Banking. The National Bank, with headquarters divided between Bern and ZUrich, opened on 20 June 1907. It has the exclusive right to issue bank-notes. In 1984 the condition of the bank was as follows (in 1m. francs): Gold, 11,904, foreign exchange (currency), 38,800; currency in circulation, 26,500. In 1986 there were 1,689 banking institutions with total assets of 805,000m. Swiss francs. They included 29 cantonal banks (154,600m. francs), 5 big banks (436,800m.), 215 regional banks (69,6oom.), 1,243 loan and Raiffeisen banks (23,000m.), 197 other banks (121,000m.). On 31 Dec. 1986 the total amount of savings deposits, deposit and investment accounts in Swiss banks was 167, 100m. francs. National Bank: Bulletin mensuel.-Das schweizerische Bankwesen. Yearly. From 1920 Weights and Measures. The metric system of weights and measures was made com• pulsory by the federal law on 3 July 1875 and since I Jan. 1887 only metric units have been legal. By the federal law of24 June 1909 the international electric units were also adopted. ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES Electricity. The total production of energy amounted to 57 ,330m. kwh. in 1986 of which 33,589m. kwh. were generated by hydro-electric plants. Supply 220 volts; 50Hz. 1162 SWITZERLAND Gas. The production of gas in 1986 was 54· 52m. cu. metres. Minerals. There are 2 salt-mining districts; that in Bex (Vaud) belongs to the canton, but is worked by a private company, and those at Schweizerhalle, Rheinfelden and Ryburg are worked by a joint-stock company formed by the cantons interested. The output of salt of all kinds in 1982 was 361,964 tonnes. Agriculture. Of the total area ofthe country of 4,129,315 hectares, about 1,057,794 hectares (25 ·6%) are unproductive. Of the productive area of 3,071,521 hectares, 1.051,991 hectares are wooded. The agricultural area, in 1985, totalled 1,076,339 hectares, of which 287,049 hectares arable land, 13,450 hectares vineyards, 7,229 hectares intensive fruit growing and 642,194 hectares permanent meadow and pasture land. In 1985 there were 119,731 farms. The gross value of agricultural products was estimated at 7,243·1 m. francs in 1980 and 8,325m. francs in 1983. In 1985, 100,806 hectares were planted with bread grains; 83,113 hectares fodder cereals; 20,063 hectares potatoes; 14,247 hectares sugar-beet; 42,218 hectares silo and green maize. Production, 1986 (in 1,000 tonnes): Potatoes, 789; sugar-beet, 790; wheat, 530; barley, 270; maize, 157; tobacco, I· 5. Milk produc• tion (in 1,000 tonnes): 1960,3,112; 1970,3,204; 1980,3,679; 1986,3,867. The fruit production (in 1,000 tonnes) in 1986 was: Apples, 280; pears, 130; plums, 38; cherries, 37; nuts,S. Wine is produced in 18 of the cantons. In 1986 Swiss vineyards yielded 1,344,492 hectolitres of wine. Livestock (1986): 48,000 horses, 365,000 sheep, 1,902,000 cattle (including about 815,000 milch cows), 1,973,000 pigs, (1985) 6m. poultry. Forestry. Of the forest area of999, 795 hectares, 56,876 were owned by the Federa• tion or the cantons, 636,069 by communes and 306,850 by private persons or com• panies in 1982. Production (1985) 3,488 cu. metres of softwood and 1,073 cu. metres of hardwood. INDUSTRY AND TRADE Industry. The chieffood producing industries, based on Swiss agriculture, are the manufacture of cheese, butter, sugar and meat. The production in 1985 was (in tonnes): Cheese, 126,400; butter, 37,800; sugar, 147,000; meat, 3,239,000. There are 46 breweries, producing in 1978, 4·05m. hectolitres of beer. Tobacco products in 1982: Cigars, 373 .08m.; cigarettes, 26,497m. Among the other industries, the manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and footwear, chemicals and pharmaceutical products, bricks, glass and cement, the manufacture of basic iron and steel and of other metal products, the production of machinery (including electrical machinery and scientifIC and optical instruments) and watch and clock making are the most important. In 1981 there were 8,738 factories with 693,243 workers. In 1982,41,200 were working in textile industries, 45,000 in the manufacture of clothing and footwear, 70,200 in chemical works, 194,700 in the construction industry, 168,600 in manufacture of metal products, 252,000 in the manufacture of machinery and 55,300 in watch and clock making and in the manufacture ofjewellery. Production in 1982 was: Woollen and blended yarn, IS ,467 tonnes; woollen and blended cloth, 7,534 metres; footwear (1981), 5·87m. pairs; cement, 4,099,874 tonnes; raw aluminium, 75,256 tonnes; chocolate, 76,605 tonnes, 25·38m. watches and clocks were exported (1981). Labour. In 1986, the total working population was 3,218,700, of which 209,200 were active in agriculture and forestry, 1,222,000 in manufacture and construction and 1,787,500 in services. The foreign labour force with permit of temporary residence was 756,000 in Aug. 1985. Of the number recorded 281,800 were Italians, 89,400 Spaniards, 79,700 Frenchmen, 67,600 Germans and 28,700 Austrians. The Swiss Federal Union of Administrative and Public Service Workers had, in 1985, a membership of 123,300. The Federation of Trade Unions had about 443,000 members. SWITZERLAND 1163 Commerce. The special commerce. excluding gold (bullion and coins) and silver (coins), was (in I m. Swiss francs) as follows: 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 19114 1985 1986 Imports 42.299 48,730 60,859 60,094 58.060 61,064 69,024 74.750 73.513 Exports 41,779 44,024 49,608 52,822 52,659 53,724 60.654 66.624 67.004 The following table, in I m. francs, shows the distribution of the special trade of Switzerland among the principal countries: Imporls/i'om EXpOrlS{o Countries 1983 1984 1985 1986 /983 1984 1985 1986 Federal Rep. of Germany 17,413·220,128·022,912·724,267·1 10,697·6 11,853·3 13,103·2 14,146·2 France 7,131.1 7,565·2 8,344.2 8,423 ·6 4,640·8 5,012.7 5,552·5 6,0650 Italy 6,140·7 6.808 ·2 7,243·0 7,487.4 3.803·7 4,461·0 4,956.4 5,161·3 Netherlands 2,6913 3,031·9 3,4126 3,069·9 1,420.4 1,602·3 1,767.4 1,829·8 Belgium-Lux- embourg 2.4909 2,910.4 3,009.4 2.593·1 1,252·3 1,461· 7 1.344· 5 1,450·8 UK 3,303 ·2 4,974· 7 5,425 ·2 5.375·0 3,481·5 4,834.6 5.298·9 5,182·1 Denmark 556·1 612·6 6776 713·0 662-9 730·2 889·8 904·3 Portugal 2716 4132 Ireland 240·9 309·2 354·2 402·9 1626 1751 153· I 150·2 Spain 9445 1,098· 7 Greece 791 107·8 135 I In4 302·2 380·1 406·0 348-4 ------EEC Total 40,046·546,448·051,514053,675·526,424·230,521·0 33,471.7 36,750·0 ------

Austria 2,166·8 2,430·9 2,666·1 2,896·9 2,211·1 2,359·5 2,582·6 2,605 ·2 Norway 222·2 238·9 302·5 285·0 4191 491·7 560·0 586·0 Sweden 1,030·1 1,199·1 1,3772 1,330·6 1,067·2 1,204·5 1,317·3 1,300·2 Portugal 1833 228·2 2441 3908 3722 3778 Finland 350·0 419.4 418·5 454·0 453·9 4771 530·0 562·9 Iceland 90·2 74.4 669 64·5 17·1 18-4 20·3 19·6 ------EFTA 4,042·7 4,509·9 5,075-4 5,031·0 4,559·2 4,923-4 5,3880 5,073 ·8 ------Spain 883·1 978· 7 1,089·8 1,2647 1,176.4 1,1864 Gibraltar, Malta 1·6 2·3 4·1 23·8 23·3 250 German Dem. Republic 91·6 1113 133·3 129.4 145·6 148·7 189·8 243·0 Poland 75·1 143·1 134·2 101·3 191·2 257·6 300·2 264·3 Czechoslovakia 199·0 1898 194·6 163.4 244·9 261·7 310·2 324.4 Hungary 229·0 378·3 351·2 271·1 305·9 307·0 335·1 321·7 Yugoslavia 199·6 181.4 197· 7 167·9 421·7 465·3 4623 512.4 Bulgaria 25·0 498 33.4 23·2 225·2 287·8 233·3 2792 Romania 32·5 38.4 48·9 38-9 48·5 59.4 84·8 523 USSR 1,412·6 1,217·1 1.196.4 722·0 4630 4661 636·5 535·2 Turkey 118·3 140·3 200·1 2286 408·0 4279 590 I 6679 Other European countries 183 126 23·2 19·8 33·1 38·6 451 63·1 ------Europe Total 47,374·954,482060,196·360,572- I 34,759.039,364.243,258.545.087.3 ------Egypt 61·6 82·8 58·2 no 414·5 437·9 395·9 291·3 Sudan 42 10·1 2·9 I· 7 672 50.4 44·9 36·5 Libya 868·2 1,038·1 949·1 410·7 209·1 242·7 170-4 1174 Tunisia 159·6 150·0 21·6 33·5 52·1 50.4 52·0 50·2 Algeria 523·3 447·3 417·6 166·3 162·6 203·3 242·3 200·7 Morocco 184 24·9 2J.6 25·2 82·6 75·3 90·2 81·1 Cote d'lvoire 336 51·0 67·3 56·5 39·8 42·9 46·2 55·3 (juinea 3·1 1.4 1·8 0·2 9·7 10·9 11.4 82 Ghana 32·6 23·9 30·3 30·1 20·6 20·6 21·5 328 Nigeria 155·8 160·1 439·0 147·8 340·3 242·4 344·6 279·7 ZA~i're 5·9 5·1 6·2 10·0 28· 7 34.4 380 41·2 Angola 13·3 16·6 6.4 5·6 151 174 37·3 23.0 S Atrica, Rep. of 1935 203·7 1714 154·3 489·3 549·5 482.9 430·9 1164 SWITZERLAND ImportsFom Exports to Countries 1983 1984 1985 1986 1983 1984 1985 1986 Zambia 13·9 9·7 5· 7 10·6 12·3 17·8 19·2 8·0 Zimbabwe 43·5 49-4 34·3 19·4 24·8 30·6 32·8 37·1 Tanzania 5·0 6·9 3·9 I· 7 26·5 26·5 26·6 22·9 Kenya 26·9 37·1 35·0 40·7 31· I 30·7 35·6 43·7 Other African countries 94·6 89·3 117·5 101·2 399·9 199·5 216-4 223-4 ------Africa Total 2,257 ·0 2,407-4 2,391 ·8 1,242·5 2,426·2 2,283 ·2 2,308.2 1,983-4 ------Syria 5-4 1·8 3·1 6·5 129·1 79·2 95·3 59·1 Lebanon 78·3 76·9 55-4 93·2 138·1 144·5 81 -4 75·5 Israel 215·8 255·5 260·3 233·6 549·6 597·7 843·0 749·3 Iraq 5·2 3· 7 1·2 1·1 419·9 241·6 256·5 169·0 Kuwait 6·3 5·3 2-4 1·2 202·9 195·6 189·1 111·3 Iran 89·2 124·2 66·7 87·4 642·8 662.1 475·6 420·0 Saudi Arabia 349.2 387·1 307·7 188·7 1,717 ·1 1,571·7 1,410·7 981·6 UAE 52·2 7·0 96·3 7· I 275·3 408-4 342·0 224·3 Pakistan 51· 7 47·7 46·9 54·0 136·6 158·8 197·8 259·2 India 140·6 149·9 173-8 173·3 301·6 368·7 381-4 549·9 Thailand 118·8 163·1 155· 7 200·7 175·2 224·9 248·5 201·8 Malaysia 47·2 54·6 72-2 54·9 186· I 128·3 142.2 144·0 Singapore 85·3 242-4 93·8 87·1 422·7 586·5 457·7 415·6 China 157-4 194·5 218·0 185·3 262·6 291·0 589·1 738·3 Hong Kong 688·6 776·3 802·7 722·1 875·2 932·0 1,086-4 1,305·7 Taiwan 181·9 231·6 233·7 277-1 240·9 260·9 265·6 260·7 Korea, Rep. of 165-4 210·1 227·9 244·7 174·7 205·7 252·8 280·5 Japan 2,342-4 2,631·3 2,960·2 3,418·6 1,508·2 1,998·0 1,122·2 2,171·5 Philippines 33-4 44·8 41·0 3 1·7 93-4 87·9 101.2 104·6 Indonesia 43·4 52·7 70·2 64-4 152-4 186-4 155·9 193·6 Other Asian countries 57·3 83·0 73·6 97·4 409·3 448·2 543·4 464·6 ------Asia Total 4,915·0 5,743·5 5,962·8 6,230· I 9,013·7 9,778·1 10,237.8 9,880·1 ------Canada 270·9 262·2 274·7 240·9 575·2 554-4 759·8 719·5 USA 4,993·3 4,562·6 4,390·9 3,970· I 4,594·1 5,943·2 6,870.8 6,343·0 Mexico 36·3 52-4 43·6 40·4 180·8 258·5 358·5 341·3 Guatemala 48-4 41 ·3 47·3 55·3 21 ·5 30·7 28·1 17·2 Honduras 34·1 38·6 50·5 43·6 26·7 29-4 20·2 15·5 Costa Rica 46·3 49-4 68-4 63·3 10-4 15·7 15·2 17·6 Panama 270·9 428·8 217·8 161·6 268·9 307·8 233·6 176·9 Cuba II· 7 13·9 14·5 14-4 56·0 56·1 65·8 40·7 Colombia 84·7 119·3 140·6 145·2 120·0 107·1 160·9 127·1 Venezuela 16·0 10·3 17·3 9·2 166·8 205·2 190·0 215·2 Brazil 271·7 352·2 421·9 304·6 383·1 358·3 473·5 557·1 Uruguay 28·2 26·1 24·0 29·3 27·5 29·6 29·3 27·3 Argentina 113·0 109·2 132·0 83·5 228·2 228-4 293·1 223·7 Chile 17·4 18·0 18·1 21·2 72-7 80·6 83·0 95·0 Bolivia 3·1 5·1 2·5 0·7 6·3 12·2 9-4 11·9 Peru 28·8 19·9 35·7 34·8 69·9 74·2 86·0 126·4 Ecuador 9·2 15-4 23·5 20·0 48·0 52·3 68-4 67-4 Other American countries 104·8 132·0 126·7 89·1 185·3 238·3 338·5 230·9 Australia and Oceania 128·5 134·8 149·5 140·6 483·1 646·6 735·1 699·5 Custom receipts (in 1,000 francs): 1980, 3,170,700; 1981, 3,243,631; 1982, 3,243,000; 1983,3,382,000; 1984,3,393,000; 1985,3,449,000. Total trade between Switzerland (including Liechtenstein) and UK for calendar years (British Department ofTrade, in £1 ,000 sterling): 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 Imports to UK 2,154,085 2,490,593 2,371,090 2,989,112 3,298,009 Exports and re-exports from UK 1,385,694 1,549,469 1,306,757 1,575,247 1,835,851 SWITZERli\ND 1165

Federal Customs Ot1icc, Statistiqlle mensuelle dll commerce exterieur de la Suis.w From 1925.-Slalislique allnllelle du commerce nlcriclIr de la Suisse. 2 vols. From 1840. -Rapport annllel de la statistique dll comlllerce SlIisse. From 1889 Tourism. Tourism is an important industry. In 1986, overnight stays in hotels and sanatoria were 35,461,000 and in other accommodation 39,427,000 (34,929,000 by foreign visitors).

COMMUNICATIONS Roads. There were (1983) 70,848 km of main roads, including 1,300 km of "national roads' for motor cars only, There is a postal autobus service, which, in 1976, carried 53· 7m. passengers. Motor vehicles, as at 30 Sept. 1986, numbered 3,306,000, including 2,679,000 private cars, 207,000 trucks, 226,000 motor cycles, 11,000 buses and 184,000 commercial and agricultural vehicles. Railways. Railway history in Switzerland begins in 1847. In 1986 the length of the general tratTic railways was 5,034 km, and of special lines (funiculars etc.), 814 km. The operating receipts of general tratTic lines amounted to (\ 984) 2,763,400,000 francs; operating expenses, 5,073,000,000 francs. TratTic (\ 986) was 45·1 m. tonnes and 228· 5m. passengers. There are many privately-owned lines, the most important of which are the Bern-Lotschberg- (115 km) and Rhaetian (363 km) networks. Aviation. In 1985 Swiss aviation on domestic and international routes carried 7,498,000 passengers. The air transport organization Swissair (founded in 1931) in 1982 carried 189,139 tonnes offreight and 7, 16E ,567 passengers. Swissair had a capital of422m. francs on 15May 1977. Its fleet consisted of 53 aircraftinlan. 1983. Shipping. A merchant marine was created by a decree of the Swiss Government dated 9 April 1941, the place of registry of its vessels being Basel. In 1985 it con• sisted of 39 vessels with a total of 225,434 GRT. In 1981,8,277,359 tonnes of goods were handled in the port of Base!. Post and Broadcasting. In 1985 there were 3,880 post otTices. On I Jan. 1985 there were 5,435,800 telephones, all integrated in one dial system. Wireless communication is furnished by 3 main medium-wave stations and I short-wave station. There are 3 television studios and more than 100 transmitters. TV programmes are fmanced by licence fees and advertisements. Advertisements are limited to 15 minutes each day. All stations are operated by the Federal Post, Telephone and Telegraph (PTT) services. Radio-telegraph circuits are operated by Radio Suisse SA, radio-telephone circuits by the PTT. Radio licences, 1985, 2,467,200; television licences, 2, 186,500. The total expenditure of the PTT in 1985 was 7,812-4m. francs, the total gross receipts 8,098 ·3m. francs. Cinemas (\ 985). There were 437 cinemas with a seating capacity of 128,000. Newspapers (1985). The number of daily newspapers was estimated to be 399. JUSTICE, RELIGION, EDUCATION AND WELFARE Justice. The Federal Tribunal (Bundes-Gericht), which sits at Lausanne, consists of 26-28 members, with 11-13 supplementary judges, appointed by the Federal Assembly for 6 years and eligible for re-election; the President and Vice-President serve for 2 years and cannot be re-elected. The President has a salary of 170,000 francs a year, and the other members 158,000 francs. The Tribunal has original and tinaljurisdiction in suits between the Confederation and cantons; between cantons and cantons; between the Confederation or cantons and corporations or indivi• duals, the value in dispute being not less than 8,000 francs; between parties who refer their case to it, the value in dispute being at least 20,000 francs; in such suits as the constitution or legislation of cantons places within its authority; and in many classes of railway suits. It is a court of appeal against decisions of other 1166 SWITZERLAND federal authorities, and of cantonal authorities applying federal laws, The Tribunal also tries persons accused of treason or other offences against the Confederation. For this purpose it is divided into 4 chambers: Chamber of Accusation, Criminal Chamber (Cour d'Assises), Federal Penal Court and Court of Cassation. The jurors who serve in the Assize Courts are elected by the people, and are paid 100 francs a day when serving. On 3 July 1938 the Swiss electorate accepted a new federal penal code, to take the place of the separate cantonal penal codes. The new code, which abolished capital punishment, came into force on I Jan. 1942. Religion, There is complete and absolute liberty of conscience and of creed. No one is bound to pay taxes specially appropriated to defraying the expenses of a creed to which he does not belong. No bishoprics can be created on Swiss territory without the approbation of the Confederation. According to the census of I Dec. 1980 Roman Catholics numbered 3,030,069 (47·6%) of the population; Protestants, 2,822,266 (44·3%) and others, 513,625 (8· 1%). In 1960 Protestants were in a majority in 10 of the cantons and Catholics in 12. Of the more populous cantons, Zurich, Bern, Vaud, Neuchatel and Basel (town and land) were mainly Protestant, while Luzern, Fribourg, Ticino, Valais and the Forest Cantons are mainly Catholic. The Roman Catholics are under 6 Bishops, viz., of Basel (resident at Solothurn), Chur, St Gallen, , Lausanne-Geneva• Fribourg (resident at Fribourg) and Sitten (Sion), all ofthem immediately subject to the Holy See. The Old Catholics have a theological faculty at the university of Bern. Education. Education is administered by the cantons and is compulsory. Before the year 1848 most of the cantons had organized a system of primary schools, and since that year elementary education has steadily advanced. In 1874 it was made obliga• tory for the whole country (the school age varying in the different cantons) and placed under the civil authority. In some cantons the cost falls almost entirely on the communes, in others it is divided between the canton and communes. In all the cantons primary instruction is free. In 1986-87 there were 127,428 pupils in nursery schools and 373,245 in primary schools. In most cantons there are also secondary schools for youths of from 12 to 15, gymnasia, higher schools for girls, teachers' seminaries, commercial and adminis• trative schools, trade schools, art schools, technical schools, schools for the instruc• tion of girls in domestic economy and other subjects, agricultural schools, schools for horticulture, for viticulture, for arboriculture and for dairy management. There are also institutions for the blind, the deaf and dumb and feeble-minded. In 1986-87 there were 316,370 pupils in secondary schools. There are 7 universities in Switzerland. These universities are organized on the model of those of Germany, governed by a rector and a senate, and divided into faculties (theology, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, etc.). In 1986-87 the Federal Institute of Technology at Zurich (founded in 1855) had 632 teachers and 10,263 matriculated students; the Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne, independent of the university since 1946, had 149 teachers and 3,170 students; the St Gall School of Economics and Social Sciences, founded in 1899, had 215 teachers and 3, 198 matriculated students. University statistics in the winter of 1986-87: Teach- The- Humanities £co- Medi- ingstai/ ology etc Law nomics cine Science (/985-86) Basel (1460) 223 1,687 881 848 1,761 1,275 625 Zurich (1523 & 1833) 358 7,463 3,138 2,239 3,354 2,IOI 1,661 Bern (1528 & 1834) 374 2,696 1,657 848 1,798 1,628 723 Gcneve(1559 1 & 1873 1) 130 4,578 995 2,411 1,506 1,645 913 Lausanne (1537 1 & 1890 2) 85 1,678 889 1,405 1,503 875 476 Fribourg (1889) 504 1,999 995 1,129 225 506 548 Neuchiitel (1866 & 1909) 52 870 310 444 57 524 240 I Founded as an academy. 2 Reorganized as a university. SWITZERLAND 1167 These numbers are exclusive of 'visitors', but inclusive of women students. In 1985-86 there were 74,806 students attending universities. Health. In 1985 there were 17,667 doctors, 37,360 (1980) nurses, 4,700 dentists and 9,900 physiotherapists. There were (1985) 456 hospitals and 1.366 pharmacies. Social Security. The Federal Insurance Law against illness and accident, of 13 June 1911, entitles all Swiss citizens to insurance against illness; foreigners may be admitted to the benefIts. Compulsory insurance against illness does not exist as yet, but cantons and communities are entitled to declare insurance obligatory for certain classes or to establish public benefit (sick fund) associations, and to make employers responsible for the payment of the premiums of their employees. Unemployment insurance is based since 13 June 1976 upon a Constitution amendment which stipulates unemployment insurance as compulsory for all wage-earners. Insurance against accident is compulsory for all officials, employees and work• men of all the factories, trades, etc., which are under the federal liability law. On 6 July 1947 a federal law was accepted by a referendum, providing compul• sory old age and widows and widowers insurance for the whole population, as from I Jan. 1948. In March 1985 the number of normal pensioners was 1,033,000. DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES Of Switzerland in Great Britain (16-18 Montagu PI., London, WI H 2 BQ) Ambassador: Fran~ois-Charles Pictet (accredited 9 Feb. 1984). Of Great Britain in Switzerland (Thunstrasse 50, 3005 Bern) If mbassador: Christopher Long. Of Switzerland in the USA (2900 Cathedral Ave., NW, Washington, D.C., 20008) .4 mbassador: Klaus Jacobi. Of the USA in Switzerland (lubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005, Bern) Ambassador: Faith R. Whittlesey. Books of Reference Sialislical In/imnalion. Bureau federal de statistique (Hallwylstr. 15, 3003 Bern) was established in 1860. DireClor: Carlo Malaguerra. Its principal publications arc: .Jllnllaire statistique de la Suisse. Bille. From 1891 BihlioKraphie Suisse de slatistique et £I 'economie politiqlle. Annual, from 1937 Re/h'/I de /'Cconomie(monthly) Swiss Confederation .ll1l1l1air1': Budgel; ."-'feHage du Budgel; Compte d'Etal (annual) Fellillc Fhlerale; Reelleil lin l.ois/i'derales (weekly) RCC1/cil s)'.llhllatique des lois el ordonnance.I'. 1848-/947 (in German, French and Italian), Bern. 1951 Sallllllillng der Hllndes- und Kantonsl'cr/assunKcn (in German. French and Italian), Bern, 1937 Federal Department of Economics /.a rie ''<'OIlOfIlique (and supplements). Monthly, From 1928 /,'gislaliOl/ sociale de la Suisse, Annual, from 1928 McPhee, j" The Swiss Arm)', London, 1985 Riklin, A,. el al. lIandhuch'der schweizerischen AlIssenpolitik, Bern. 1975 Schwarz. U " lite 1:)'<, u(rhe Hurricane: Switzerland in ~{)rld War 1\\'0, Boulder, 1980 \ (/l/onall.ibralT: Bibliotheque Nationale Suisse. Hallwylstr.15. 3003, Bern, DireclVr: F. G, Maier. '