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Lansing, Michigan 48909, (7) Title: Use Title Case in the title and subtitles, e.g. “Debt and The United States Agency Costs”. Telephone:(517) 980-4106 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.sciencepub.org 2005 Marsland Company Marsland Company, P.O. Box 21126, East Lansing, Michigan 48909, The United States, (517) 980-4106 http://www.sciencepub.org [email protected] Nature and Science, 3(2), 2005 Contents ISSN 1545-0740 Nature and Science ( Quarterly, Started in 2003 ) Volume 3 - Number 2 (Cumulated No. 7), July 1, 2005 CONTENTS 1 Apoptosis Hongbao Ma, Kuan-Jiunn Shieh, George Chen 5 Physics and Cosmology Based on Absolute Motion Ken H. Seto 21 Crohn's Disease Gail Michael 22 Application of ANN Model Based Simulated Annealing to Analyzing the Rice Flood Loss Qiang Fu, Nan Sun, Wei Zu 28 Vaccination against Schistosoma mansoni Infection by DNA Encoding SM 21.7 Antigen Mahmoud H. Romeih, Ahmed M. Hanem, Tarek S. Abou Shousha T.S, Mohamed A. Sabe 36 The Optimization Plan of Urban Drainage System of Shenyang City Jing Zhang, Junshi He, Jing Tian 43 Studies on the Optimal Process to Extract Flavonoids from Red-raspberry Fruits http://www.sciencepub.org [email protected] Nature and Science, 3(2), 2005 Contents ISSN 1545-0740 Yaqin Xu, Rui Zhang, Hong Fu 47 A 3D Crotched Double-band Dipole Antenna with Wide Impedance Bandwidth Novel Design for WLAN System Hsien-Chiao Teng, Chih-Sen Hsieh, Shen Cherng, Yuan-Tung Cheng 52 Application of Genetic Algorithm（GA）Trained Artificial Neural Network to Identify Tomatoes with Physiological Diseases Junlong Fang，Shuwen Wang, Changli Zhang 59 Study of Weak Signal Detection Based on Second FFT and Chaotic Oscillator Chongsheng Li 65 Workflow Timed Critical Path Optimization Haibo Li, Dechen Zhan 75 Studying on Flood Damage Assessment System of Hunhe River Basin Jinping Zhang, Junshi He, Lina Cao 79 Comparison Analysis of Foreign Capital Used in China’s Northeast Three Provinces Juan Xiong, Jiancheng Guan 82 Two Probability Theories in Physics Tianrong Tan 92 A Concise Introduction of Avian Influenza and Its Pathogen: the Requirement of Public Health Guangxing Li, Jiechao Yin , Binjie Wang,Yudong Ren , Xiaofeng Ren http://www.sciencepub.org [email protected] Nature and Science, 3(2), 2005, Ma, et al, Apoptosis Apoptosis Hongbao Ma *, Kuan-Jiunn Shieh **, George Chen * * Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, Telephone: 517-432-0623; Email: [email protected] ** Department of Chemistry, Chinese Military Academy, Fengshan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 830, ROC. Telephone: 011-886-7742-9442; Email: [email protected] Abstract: There are two ways for cell dying: (1) By injury or disease. (2) Suicide. Programmed cell death is also called apoptosis - cell suicide. Apoptosis is that the cells undergo death to control cell proliferation. There are 3 different mechanisms by which a cell commits suicide by apoptosis: (1) Generated by signals arising within the cell; (2) Triggered by death activators binding to receptors at the cell surface; (3) Triggered by disadvantaged environment. Besides animal, plant also performs the apoptosis. [Nature and Science. 2005;3(2):1-4]. Key Words: apoptosis; cell; death Contents Introduction 1 Death by Injury 2 Death by Suicide – Apoptosis 3 Why Should a Cell Need Apoptosis as the Suicide? 3.1 There could be two reasons for suicide 3.2 DNA damage causes apoptosis 3.3 Cell immune system causes apoptosis 3.4 Cancer cells 4 What Makes the Apoptosis? 4.1 The balance between positive and negative signals 4.2 Positive signals 4.3 Negative signals 5 The Mechanisms of Apoptosis 5.1 Apoptosis caused by internal signals 5.2 Apoptosis caused by external signals 6 Apoptosis and Cancer 7 Apoptosis and AIDS 8 Apoptosis in Plants 9. Apoptosis and Human Society 10. Discussions Introduction cell death is also called apoptosis, which is cell suicide. Apoptosis is a mechanism by which cells undergo death For all the things existed, including the life cells in to control cell proliferation or in response to DNA the earth and universe itself, there is a time to live and a damage. Some types of cancer cells, such as B-cell time to die. There are two ways in which cells die: (1) chronic lymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma Killed by injury or disease. (2) Suicide. Programmed (Tsujimoto, 1985) and tumors infected by human T-cell http://www.sciencepub.org · 1 · [email protected] Nature and Science, 3(2), 2005, Ma, et al, Apoptosis leukemia/lymphoma virus-1 (Hengartner, 2000) are (1) Mitosis needs apoptosis. For example: A. The characterized by defects in apoptosis leading to frog re-absorbs the tadpole tail when its metamorphosis immortal clones of cells. Other malignancies have changes into a frog. B. The formation of fingers and defects in the apoptotic regulatory pathways such as p53 toes requires the removal of the tissue by apoptosis.