AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

I. AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

STAFF

Scientific Staff: Univ.Prof. Dr. Helmuth Horvath, Em.O.Univ.Prof. Dr. Othmar Preining, Ao.Prof. Dr. Regina Hitzenberger, Ao.Prof. Dr. Karl W. Kratky, Dr. Christian Kruisz (until September 2004), Ao.Prof. Dr. Georg Reischl, Ao.Prof. Dr. Wladyslaw W. Szymanski, Ao.Prof. Dr. Paul E. Wagner Scientific Coworkers: Ao.Prof. Dr. Axel Berner (retired), Univ.Prof. Dr. Manfred Drosg (retired), Dr. Aron Vrtala Project Coworkers: Peter Ctyroky, Lisa Fenk, Mag. Heinrich Giebl, Arthur Golczewski, Linda Hofer, Bernd Jost, Dr. Miroslav Kocifaj, Dipl.-Ing. Christian Laschober, Andreas Schamanek, Mag. Lucas Wind, Mag. Paul Winkler Guest Scientist: Prof. Lucas Alados Arboledas (Univ. Granada, Spain), Lic. Antonio Alcantra (Univ. Granada, Spain), Dr. Peter Gál (Institute of Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Prof. Marrku Kulmala (Univ. Helsinki), Univ. Doz. Dr. Karl E. Kürten (Univ. Köln), Dr. Attila Nagy (Institute of Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Prof. Francisco José Olmo Reyes (Univ.Granada), Lic. Sandra Isabella Pino Mogo (Univ. Valladolid, Spain), Prof. Albert Podgorski (TU Warschau, Polen) Dr. Janja Tursic (National Institute of Chemistry, Slowenien), Dr. Tomasz Sosnowski (TU Warschau, Polen) Diploma Students: Bernhard Baumann, Oliver Chik, David Diepold, Peter Ctyroky, Naciye Elagöz, Lisa Fenk, Nikolaus Fölker, Artur Golczewski, Verena Hiessberger, Linda Hofer, Petra Kröpfl, Nayla Sabbagh, Gerhard Steiner, Michael M. Steurer, Bettina Strassmeier, Christoph Trimmel, Vera Wurmsdobler PhD Students: Mag. Martin Gangl, Mag. Heinrich Giebl, Mag. Werner Gruber, Mag. Peter F. Hüttner, Dr. Said Ibrahim, Dipl.-Ing. Olga Jovanovic, Dipl.-Ing. Christian Laschober, Mag. Hans Günter Löw, Mag. Ivan Lucic, Mag. Peter Pesava, Mag. Hannes Sauerzopf, Dipl.Phys. Axel Schäfer, Mag. Sonja Seidl, Mag. Lucas Wind, Mag. Paul M. Winkler, Mag.Thomas Wopelka Technical Staff: Mag. Martin Gangl, Mag. Andreas Kästenbauer Administrative Staff: Andrea Hnizdo

RESEARCH

R. Hitzenberger, H. Horvath, G. Reischl, as material and environmental sciences, micro- W.W. Szymanski, P. Wagner electronics, or biotechnology. All these fields require systematic, fundamental studies of the physics of Aerosol Physics aerosol systems and a development of new, unique Aerosols are multiphase, dispersed systems con- experimental tools. A substantial contribution to sisting of solid and/or liquid particles suspended in those vital questions are research efforts in this area air. Particle sizes extend from the single digit nano- conducted by the Aerosol Physics Group. Currently meter range over more than four orders of activities of the Aerosol Physics Group are focused magnitude. Aerosol particles are also a highly on following issues: variable component of the atmosphere. Research in  Aerosol science and technology - physical atmospheric aerosols is fueled by the role they play characterization of aerosol systems including in air pollution, climate, remote sensing, and chemi- nanoparticles and biopolymers, mechanics, cal processes influenced by their presence. The dynamics and optical properties of aerosols, latter has received much attention recently as polar  Environmental and health aspects related to air- stratospheric clouds are known to serve as centers borne particles - air pollution, sampling, charac- for heterogeneous chemistry which enhance ozone- terization and measurement of ambient particu- destroying catalytic cycles. Aerosols also tend to be late matter from nanosized aerosols to dust, very efficient scatterers and absorbers of solar  Applied aerosol technology - development of radiation. Recently a lot of attention has been given aerosol instrumentation, air filtration, utilization to bioaerosols. Aerosol physics therefore is an of light scattering techniques for real-time essential link between physics and other areas of aerosol measurement, science and technology.  Climatology and global issues – impact of airborne particulate pollutants on optical Consequently, aerosol physics research has a properties of atmosphere. substantial impact on many applied disciplines such

25 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

to that of any other nuclear method in use or Laboratory and field studies of aerosol dynamics proposed. A vehicle based prototype device with a and optics are complemented by modeling total mass of less than 600 kg is proposed at a cost experiments. Radiative heat transfer and scattering of less than 1 million $. Using the associated of light in model systems and in atmospheric charged particle technique both the weight and the aerosols are studied. Nucleation and condensation cost could be reduced at least by a factor of ten. processes in aerosols are a further field of an intensive research. Furthermore, the electrostatic behavior of particles is investigated and utilized to K.W. Kratky, K. E. Kürten access the field of nano-aerosols with various industrial and biotechnological applications. Most Chaos and Systems Research recently studies of airborne macromolecules in- The area 'Chaos and Systems Research' deals with cluding viruses created a link to analytical chemistry complex dynamical systems and considers the and nano-biotechnology. Ultimately, probably one of following topics: nonlinearity and feedback, self- the most important aspects of aerosols is their organization, chaos and noise, fractals and multi- impact on the climate and the environment, and fractals, iterated function systems, neural nets and hence on humans. These effects are also a scope cellular automata. These topics are treated in of intensive research together with a development of various ways: from a fundamental point of view, new measurement methods. studying computer experimental results and inter- preting experimental data. Furthermore, the inter- Biological Physics disciplinary aspects of complex dynamical systems The oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea are considered, connecting physics especially with processionea L.) is found in oak forests in most biology, psychiatry/medicine and ecology. In this European countries. It feeds on oak leaves and is a context, biophysical theses have been studying the well known pest. In early spring the eggs hatch, and effect of light and sound on biological systems. For the caterpillars grow. The third to sixth larval instars instance, the change of heart-rate variability of bear poisonous hairs (setae) as a chemical defense. human beings was investigated, and the fractal They contain an urticating toxin (thaumetopoein). dimension of mushroom mycelium was analyzed. In These urticating hairs break off and are small addition to the research, several lectures are enough to become airborne and be transported by offered, e.g., 'Complex Dynamical Systems  from the wind. On contact with humans the toxin can cause allergic reaction ranging from skin rash to Physics to Medicine' and 'Brain Modelling  Physical respiratory distress. Dermatitis caused by setae Models of Memory'. and symptoms of lepidopterism have been reported on surveys in areas of Vienna which are close to Complex dynamical systems: inter- and trans - parks with oak trees. The broken off setae are disciplinary aspects transported in the airborne state. In a small elutriator With the help of chaos and systems research, the aerodynamic behaviour of there needles has bridges to other sciences can be built, in research been studied in the laboratory. The average as well as in teaching. Attention is focused on aerodynamic diameter of this bio-aerosol is 18 µm. biology and medicine. Among other things, it is This means that particles emitted from a tree at an investigated how chaos control is used by orga- elevation of 20 meters can be transported distances nisms to regulate their body functions efficiently. of the order of 10 km. Furthermore, several therapies in complementary medicine are interpreted from the view-point of chaos and system research. M. Drosg Neurophysics The mental processes of the brain are described by Fast neutron research physical methods. At the moment the problem of In a cooperation with Los Alamos National cognitive learning and stammering is in the focus of Laboratory, going back to the year 1969, neutron investigation. and gamma ray data both for basic physics and applied purposes are being measured and eva- Light therapy under variation of physical parameters luated. The data reduction and evaluation is done at The thesis is about the effect of light of different the institute. More recently, in a cooperation with the spectral composition and of different and varying University of Cape Town neutron experiments for intensity on humans. Central method is the data applied purposes are made at the National acquisition of biophysical parameters (e.g. ecg, Accelerator Centre of South Africa in Faure. emg, breath) and their numerical analysis by nonlinear time series and other methods. This may Recent high-lights give new insights in relation to traditional medical Invention of a nuclear method for the identification research on light therapy, which is based on and possibly the detection of hidden explosives: psychiatrical and/or hormonal investigations. This invention is based on the fact that as a rule, at least 1 out of 4 atoms in an explosive is hydrogen. It Dynamical phase transitions in scale-free inter - was shown experimentally that as little as 130 g of connected systems. Urea can be measured very easily when covered Scale-free network topologies have become quite with 14 cm of sand. So it is likely that mines with fashionable during the last few years. Many only 100g explosive with a cover of up to 30 cm of networks expand through the addition of nodes to soil can be detected. This sensitivity is far superior an already existing network, and those nodes attach

26 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS preferentially to nodes that are already well sional lattice of N oscillators interacting with nearest connected. When this is the case, a scale-free neighbors via a harmonic intersite potential. The network naturally arises. In fact, a scale-free energy of the system is given by an N-particle network is a very specific kind of network in which Hamiltonian comprised of the vibrational kinetic the distribution of connectivity is extremely uneven: energy, the intersite energy specified by the some nodes act as "very connected" hubs using a coupling strength, and the on-site energy specified power-law distribution, whereas most of the nodes by an external on-site potential. are rather sparsely connected. Examples are com- puter networks and the word wide web, which react Biophysical investigation of energetic metabolic significantly different from randomly connected parameters muscle tissue during electrostimulation: networks in the presence of perturbations. If nodes papillary- and skeletal muscles as examples fail randomly, scale-free networks behave even Based on the physical developments during the better than random connectivity networks, because refereed project “Continuous fluorescence-optical random failures are unlikely to harm an important detection of energetic metabolic parameters of hub. However, if the failure of nodes is not random, cardiomyocytes during stress induction by electro- scale-free networks can fail catastrophically. We stimulation”, (University Vienna and Facultas study phase transitions from ordered to chaotic Verlag), further developments are performed. behavior for the famous Kauffmann model for cell Primary specific aim of this project is to investigate differentiation as well as for a special class of biophysical parameters in vital muscular bio- artificial neural network models, namely linear molecules under presence of short pulsed magnetic threshold networks with asymmetric couplings. One fields. Modulating the chemical and environmental focus of this study is the determining critical conditions of the buffer solutions as well as coil- parameters, where the network is placed "at the conformations and current pulse shapes studies are edge of chaos", i.e. at the subtle compromise focused on influences of dynamic contraction–force- between stability and flexibility. development as well as on autofluorescence, oxygen demand, Calcium-fluorescence which repre- Space-time chaos in Hamiltonian lattice models sent ionic channel activities under pulsed magnetic Numerous condensed-matter systems are effec- stress induction. Force–frequency relations under tively discrete by nature because the relevant length presence of ionic channel blockers as well as under scales are of the order of the interparticle distance. normoxic and hypoxic conditions are measured. Such systems are described by a Hamiltonian that Influences of spectral components of magnetic is discrete in space, while their time evolution is pulses on penetration depth and biomechanical considered as continuous. Their remarkable beha- transduction efficiency are studied using a novel vior, exemplified in charge-density waves, magnetic type organ bath. This instrument allows combining spirals, disordered crystals, adsorbed monolayers, fluorescence excitation, optical detection of muscle and magnetic multilayers, stems from a competition tissue as well as simultaneous measurement of between two or more forces that leads to locally muscle-tension. All data are recorded and time- stable spatially modulated structures. The particles stamped within a datastream using LABVIEW- are non-trivially displaced from a reference lattice Software packages and a novel developed software and spatial disorder is created due to a highly com- protocol which allows minimizing stochastic signal plex energy landscape in configuration space. The deviations during acquisition. This application number of locally stable configurations typically oriented project allows specifying the electro- increases exponentially with the size of the system. dynamic field-parameters influencing muscle con- A model system can be envisioned as a chain of N traction and characterizes a novel kind of muscle- particles connected by harmonic springs, each stimulation from biophysical and biomedical point of particle also being subject to an external multi-well view. potential field. A widely used standard model is the so-called linear chain, consisting of a one-dimen-

REFEREED PROJECTS

R. Hitzenberger program "Arrays of Quantum Dots and  ÖAD WTZ Projekt "Heterogene Reaktionen von Josephson Junctions") atmosphärischen Aerosolen, Teil 2", SL-A2/0405 The study of nanometer-sized magnetic thin film structures separated by non-magnetic spacers, as H. Horvath well as the study of small magnetic particles is a rich  Effect of Typical European Aerosols on Climate. and rapidly advancing area within condensed matter Acciones integradas, Austria-Spain 2003-2004 physics. Moreover, it is one of the hot topics in condensed matter physics. On the one hand, K.E. Kürten interest comes from the enormous application  Phase transitions, multistability potential, such as data storage technology as well and fractal structures in arrays of small magnetic as numerous sensor applications associated with particles (supported by the European Science the giant magnetoresistance effect. On the other Foundation ESF in the framework of the network hand, nanomagnets provide an experimental

27 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS system for studying fundamental phenomena in Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, Dept. of nanomagnetism and statistical physics. Because of Theoret. Chemistry and KH Lainz, Department the large number of degrees of freedom and due to of Urology, since December 2004) competing interactions, these many particle systems Based on the results of the refereed project 9675 display rather rich and interesting collective (Austrian National Bank, see above), time- behaviour not found in bulk crystalline magnets. In correlated methods for detection of molecular bin- particular, spatial disorder is associated with a ding properties between biomolecules are applied to highly complex energy landscape in configuration develop and construct a miniaturized fluorescence space, where the number of locally stable detection device for small liquid samples in context configurations typically increases exponentially with to establish binding assays for medical diagnosis. the size of the system. The aim of this project is focused to construct an Provided that the nano-layer thickness is of the “easy to use low-cost” fluorescence device for order of nanometers and assuming that within each diagnostic physicians, which allows performing pre- layer all magnetic moments are ferromagnetically screening-tests on patients' blood and liquid aligned but with an orientation differing from layer to samples. Incubation the novel developed tumor- layer, each layer can be considered as an targetting substance Photovidon (Hypericin-PVP- elementary magnetic particle. Networks of elemen- Complex derivative) urinary samples of potential tary interacting small magnetic particles, smaller bladder-wall cancer patients are investigated using than the bulk domain size, are potential candidates a “mini-FACS” device as well as an ordinary to store and to propagate information. The states standard fluorescence cell-sorter (FACS). The are signaled by the magnetization direction of correlations between both methods are compared single-domain magnetic particles coupled to their and related to the clinical data supplied by the nearest neighbours through magnetostatic inter- hospital. The novel device is a contribution to early actions. Such a network could consist of a one- cancer diagnosis methods in biomedicine and may dimensional chain of circular magnetic dots each enhance diagnostic performance at low cost levels. about 10 nm thick and of diameter about 100 nm. They are made from a commonly used magnetic I. Lucic supermalloy on a single-crystal silicon substrate.  Biological impacts of The uniaxial anisotropy field is of the order of a few electromagnetic fields: An effect of different Oersted. One focus of this study is to understand frequencies on biological systems (project No. magnetism on a molecular scale both in the form of 1.57.00128 of the ARC Seibersdorf Research thin films and small magnetic particles. GmbH). Purpose of this project is a development of a H.G. Löw biological test-system for indication of high fre-  Novel Supramolecular complex- quency electromagnetic fields. Gravity of the year formation of high purified hypericin in water 2003 research are experiments with seedlings, soluble Poly-N-vinylamides. Characterization young plants and mushroom mycels, improvement using time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of the monitoring systems for non-linear mycel in context to tumor targetting diagnostic methods analysis and extent usage of evolved technical test (project grant No. 9675, Austrian National Bank, block for field strength and variable frequencies. extended to 2004) Used evaluation parameter are: chlorophyll The specific aim of this biophysical project is based fluorescence of overground sprout, dry material on the international Austrian patent No. 408.835 and weight of shoot separated for root, stem and leaf, PCT-Application, invented by H.G. Löw and fractal dimension and growth of mushroom mycel A. Kubin. The purified plant extract and photo- and biophoton emission. sensitizer Hypericin, which is practically insoluble in water, is enabled to dissolve by complex-formation O. Preining under presence of a special biocompatible Poly–N-  Austrian Project on Health Effects of Parti- vinyl amide, presently used as blood substitute. This culates-AUHEP (Kommission für Reinhaltung highly fluorescent polymer complex shows high der Luft der Österreichischen Akademie der affinity to proliferating tissue cells, which was Wissenschaften) demonstrated by confocal microscopy. To investi- gate the backgrounds for this specific molecular W. W. Szymanski behaviour time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy  Light Scattering in Inhomogeneous Nano- and and dynamic fluorescence anisotropy measurement Microdroplets (FWF-Project Nr. P15619) techniques are applied under various conditions, Cooperating: Mag. L. Wind, L. Hofer like PH, temperature, etc. Molecular dynamic Scattering and radiative transfer in turbid media simulations under periodic boundary conditions are such as aerosols is based on the interaction applied to predict electron density distributions and between the electromagnetic irradiation and aerosol phase transitions during complex formation using particles, which is mainly determined by micro- the well established quantum chemical GAUSSIAN- physical properties of the suspended matter and the software. The work on this project opens up new wavelength of the irradiation. Until few years ago perspectives to early cancer detection in hollow due to theoretical and computational limitations the organs, like bladder or esophagus by use of bio- assumption of homogeneity of particles was widely physical methods. accepted, although it was known that most of atmospheric, biological or technical aerosols consist  Fluorescence diagnosis, mini- of inhomogeneous particles, such as e.g. droplets FACS on chip (cooperation-project with Max with inclusions. In this project we tackle on one

28 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS hand the impact of non-homogeneity of aerosol analytical chemistry and biosciences with potential particles on optical properties of single particles. On applications in the field of biotechnology. the other hand we investigate the influence of  Real-time detection of bioaerosols using a nanosized inclusions in microdroplets on the light combination of elastic and non-elastic light propagation pattern in droplet aerosols. The experi- scattering (WTZ Österreich-Ungarn, Proj. Nr. mental evidence in this field is incomplete. The A13/2003, in collaboration with A. Czitrovszky, results of this project will provide a better under- Hungarian Academy of Science) standing and insight into scattering characteristics of In this work we propose study of utilization of light turbid media consisting of non-homogeneous scattering allowing simultaneous measurement of aerosol particles and will also contribute to a further particle size as well as a real-time recognition if a development of instrumental efforts for identification particle in question is an inorganic, or biocompound. and analysis of atmospheric, biotechnological, or Based on our previous development, we are industrial aerosols. envisioning light collection system containing four  Generation and Characterization of Health- sensors – three for elastic light scattering and one related Nanoaerosols (Project Nr. OeAD- for inelastic scattering events. This yields a qua- 16/2002) in collaboration with Prof. L. Gradon druple set of independent scattered light pulses and Prof. A. Podgorski, Warsaw University of from each single particle. In case of bioparticles the Technology, Warsaw illumination with UV light leads to excitation and Generation and measurement of the so-called consequent fluorescence with a wavelength shift. nanoaerosols – aerosols consisting of particles in Fluorescence enables to detect particular com- the sub-100 nm size range down to single-digit ponents of complex biomolecular assemblies, nanometer sizes require special tools regarding including live cells, with high sensitivity and selec- their production and methods of measurement. The tivity. The combination of three elastic scattered main goal of this project is a development of an light signals should result in a monotonic effective method for generation of aerosols from relationship between particle size and scattered light powder structures including the analysis of intensity allowing reliable optical particle size problems linked with particle resuspension utilizing determination. adhesion-lowering interactions, physico-chemical methods for the decrease of agglomeration and P. E. Wagner powder stabilization in the dispersed phase. Those  Nukleation in ternären Dampfgemischen - research results will have a fundamental and also Nucleation in ternary vapor mixtures, FWF practical meaning from the point of view of health (Austrian Science Fund), Proj. Nr. P16958-N02, aspects and medical-technological strategies. Start: December 2003. Collaborators: P.Winkler,  Biopolymers as Nanoaerosols (FWF-Project Nr. A. Vrtala. Cooperation: Prof. M. Kulmala, Univer- P16185) Cooperating: A.Golczewski, G. Allmaier sity of Helsinki (TU Wien), G. Reischl In connection with the variability of the global Biopolymers represent the most abundant organic climate atmospheric aerosols are of great compounds in the biosphere and constitute the relevance. So far, however, it is difficult to quantify largest fraction of living cells. Nanoaerosols are the influence of aerosols in comparison to green- comparable with macromolecules based on their house gases or stratospheric ozone. In this project mass, hence it appears sensible to utilize and new particle formation by gas-to-liquid phase further develop nanoaerosol measuring ideas for transitions in binary and ternary vapor mixtures is analysis of large molecules. This appears parti- studied experimentally. Particular emphasis is cularly appealing based on the important fact that placed on investigations of homogeneous and aerosol measurement is typically performed under heterogeneous nucleation in ternary nitric acid - atmospheric pressure which results in a non- water - ammonia and sulphuric acid - water - destructive measurement of molecular complexes. ammonia mixtures. Corresponding numerical In this project we plan to utilize a combination of models are tested by quantitative laboratory modernized nanoaerosol techniques: charge- experiments under well defined conditions. The reduced nano-electrospray, nano-DMA and single CAMS method is used for non-invasive absolute molecule detection. Along with mass spectrometric measurements of number concentration and growth techniques this will open new access to identi- kinetics of condensing particles. Comparisons to fication, characterisation and quantification of bio- numerical models are performed in cooperation with polymers and also the possibility of their reaction Prof. M. Kulmala and his research group at the monitoring, since the nanoaerosol approach pre- University of Helsinki. The results of this project can serves the solution-based stoichiometry. Results will contribute to an improvement of global climate contribute to proteom research and to further models, which at present are still not sufficiently development of instrumental methods of substantial accounting for the influence of atmospheric interest not only in the domain of physics of aerosols. nanoparticles and nanoaerosols, but also for

29 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

COOPERATIONS a. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONS  University of Valladolid, Light absorption measurements A. Berner SLOVENIA K.W. Kratky  National Institute of Chemistry (NIC), Ljubljana CANADA  International Institute for Advanced Studies M. Drosg in Systems Research and Cybernetics, Windsor, IAEA Ontario, Canada (G.E. Lasker)  Nuclear Data Section  Physics Section K.E. Kürten FRANCE FRANCE  Centre d'Etudes de Bruyeres-le-Chatel  Institut Girard Desargues, Université GERMANY Claude Bernard Lyon-I, France  KfK, Karlsruhe (C. Krattenthaler) JAPAN GERMANY  Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute,  Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Tokai-mura Köln, Germany (L. Ristig) SOUTH AFRICA UK  University of Cape Town, Rondebosch  School of Mathematical and Physical  National Accelerator Centre, Faure Sciences, Loughborough University, USA Loughborough, England (F.V. Kusmartsev)  Los Alamos National Laboratory USA  NNDC of Brookhaven National Laboratory  Department of Physics; Washington University, St. Louis, USA (J.W. Clark) R. Hitzenberger EU H.G. Löw GERMANY  Numerous cooperations within the COST action 633 “Particulate Matter – properties related to  LMU-Klinikum München, Laserforschungs- health effects” laboratorium Großhadern, Germany (C. Betz, GERMANY R. Baumgartner et.al.) RUSSIA  Petzold (DLR), Microphysics of aircraft exhaust, black carbon measurements  Rostov state university, Biophysics department, Rostov-on-Don (A. Uzdensky)  L. Schütz (University of Mainz), Black carbon NORWAY measurements, optical properties of Sahara dust aerosols  Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, ITALY Oslo (J. Moan) USA  R. Rizzi (Universität Bologna), Humidity effects on satellite data retrievals  Wellman Laboratories for Photomedicine, JAPAN Harvard medical school (M. Hamblin et. al.)  S. Tohno (Universität Kyoto), Radiative effects of I. Lucic: atmospheric aerosols and black carbon GERMANY SLOVENIA  Siegen University, department of art and  I. Grgic and J. Tursic (National Institute of music pedagogic, Siegen (H. Kapteina, Chang- Chemistry, Ljubljana, since 2001), Lin Zhang) Heterogeneous Reactions of Atmospheric ISRAEL Aerosols under Controlled Experimental Conditions Typical for Haze  Bar Ilan University, department of physics; Ramat-Gan (A. Vishne, S. Havlin) H. Horvath JAPAN JAPAN  Tokai University, school of high-technology  University of Kyoto: School of energy for human welfare, Numazu, Shizuoka sciences, Experimental study of the optional (S. Matsura). properties of local aerosol and aerosol transported over >2000 km (Kosa, yellow sand, G. Reischl January-March 2004) FINLAND SPAIN  Department of Physics, University of Helsinki,  University of Granada, Evaluation of data of the M. Kulmala, A. Laaksonen, T. Vesala, A. Vrtala VELETA 2002 and INDALO 2003 campaign, GERMANY Participating: Lucas Alados, Francisco Jose  University Karlruhe, G. Kasper Olmo Reyes, Antonio Alcantra, U. Granada, M.Gangl, L. Fenk, B. Jost.

30 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

W. W. Szymanski R. Hitzenberger HUNGARY  H. Puxbaum, TU Wien  Dr. Aladar Czitrovszky, Institute of Solid State  A. Kasper-Giebl, TU Wien Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest K.W. Kratky POLAND  Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie der  Prof. Leon Gradon, Warsaw University of Tech- Universität Wien (S. Kasper) nology, Warsaw  Atominstitut der Österreichischen  Dr. Albert Podgorski, Warsaw University of Universitäten, Wien (H. Klima) Technology, Warsaw  Forschungsstelle für niederenergetische THAILAND Bio-Information in Graz (P.C. Endler)  Prof. Dr. Sirikalaya Suvachittanont, Kasetsart  Universitätsklinik für Neuropsychiatrie des University, Bangkok Kindes- und Jugendalters der Universität Wien USA (K. Toifl).  Prof. Dr. David Y.H. Pui, University of Minne- sota, Minneapolis H.G. Löw  Prof. Dr. Da-Ren Chen, Washington University,  Institut für Theoretische Chemie und St.Louis Molekulare Strukturbiologie der Universität Wien (G. Grabner, G. Köhler, E. Gaubitzer, P. E. Wagner M. Edetsberger) FINLAND  Institut für Physiologie der Universität Wien  Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, (D. Schmid, Ch. Plass, P.G. Spieckermann) M. Kulmala, T. Vesala, A. Vrtala, P.M. Winkler  Institut für Medizinische Chemie der  Department of Applied Physics, University of Universität Wien (P. Chiba, H. Goldenberg) Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland, A. Laaksonen, K.E.J.  GZW Lainz, (H. Loew-Weiser, R.Werni) Lehtinen  Institut f. Toxikologie der Universität Wien GERMANY (Ch. Studenik)  Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität zu Köln, R. Strey I. Lucic JAPAN  ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH;  Department of Chemical Engineering and environmental department; (G. Soja) Materials Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto,  Universität Wien; Institut für allgemeine M. Itoh Psychologie, Sozialpsychologie und Methoden- lehre der Universität Wien (E. Vanecek) b. NATIONAL COOPERATIONS G. Reischl  Technische Universtität Wien, Institut für M. Drosg Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Kraftfahrzeug-  Institut für Isotopenforschung und Kernphysik, bau, B. Geringer University of Vienna A. Schäfer W. Gruber  Fa. ProQuant Systeme, Graz  Wiener Volkshochschulen, program (F. Senekowitsch, F. Tschinder) 'University meets public' W. W. Szymanski  Prof. Dr. Günter Allmaier, Technical University Vienna, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analysis

PUBLICATIONS a. PUBLICATIONS 2. Muller K, Spindler G, Maenhaut W, Hitzen- 1. F. D. Brooks, M. Drosg, A. Buffler, M. S. Allie, berger R, Wieprecht W, Baltensperger U, ten “Detection of anti-personnel landmines by Brink H, INTERCOMP2000, a campaign to neutron scattering and attenuation”, Appl. Rad. assess the comparability of methods in use in Isot. 61, 27 (2004). Europe for measuring aerosol composition, Four methods for employing neutrons to detect ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 38 (38): abandoned small anti-personnel landmines are 6459-6466 DEC 2004. presented and discussed. The techniques used are In the period 4-14 April 2000, the comparability of based on measurements of effects due to the methods in use in Europe for measuring aerosol scattering of neutrons on the hydrogen content of composition was tested. The intercomparison was the landmine. organised in the framework of the Eureka- http://www.ap.univie.ac.at/users/drosg/backscatt.htm EUROTRAC-II subproject AEROSOL and took

31 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS place at the IfT research station near Melpitz. The 4. Wieprecht W, Acker K, Muller K, Spindler G, origin of the aerosol was highly variable, ranging Bruggemann E, Maenhaut W, Chi XG, from very "clean marine" (with PM10 = 7.6 gm-3) to Hitzenberger R, Bauer H, ten Brink H, quite polluted continental (PM10 = 32.4 gm-3), INTERCOMP2000: ionic constitution and respectively. The focus of the intercomparison was comparison of filter and impactor, ATMO- the collection and analysis of those aerosol SPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 38 (38): 6477-6486 components for which artefacts occur in sampling DEC 2004. and/or analysis, e.g., nitrate and carbon. It was the The field campaign INTERCOMP2000 was orga- first field campaign for testing the comparability of nised within the EUROTRAC-2 subproject the methods in use for measuring aerosol-carbon in AEROSOL for characterisation of aerosol at a rural Europe. Nineteen collectors were used for its site. The groups involved used a wide range of sampling. The average concentration of total carbon measurement methods for aerosol particles. (TC) was 2.9 gm-3 with an overall relative standard Although the focus was on critical aerosol properties deviation of 15%. The concentrations derived from like mass, nitrate and carbon, in this paper particular sampling with cascade impactors were on average attention is given to the role of inorganic soluble 77 (+/-10)% of those obtained with the filters. For material being main part of the cloud condensation elemental carbon (EC), differences of more than a nuclei. Here, we compare methods used in Europe factor of three between methods were observed at a also for inorganic ion mass concentrations: three low concentration level. The various optical methods high-volume samplers (2 Digitel and 1 Sierra for black carbon (BC) showed good comparability. Andersen, equipped with quartz fibre filters), four The concentrations of organic carbon (OC) differed low-volume samplers (1 Rupprecht Patashnik with by up to a factor of 2.3. The comparability of nitrate Teflon filter; 3 stacked filter units with Teflon, was better than that of carbon, with a random cellulose ester or Whatman 41 filter), and 2 low- difference between samplers with a mean standard pressure impactors (Berner type with Tedlar foils). deviation of 0.3 gm-3 day-1, independent of the Ten parallel 24h samples were compared. The data concentration. The average PM10 nitrate level was for the main ions nitrate, sulphate and ammonium 3.6 gm-3. The same variability of 0.3 gm-3 was agree well for the PM10 as well for PM2.5 aerosol applied for ammonium, which corresponds to a fraction; relative standard deviation of about 20-40% higher relative difference because of the lower were found. The single values for calcium, sodium absolute values (average ammonium level 2.1 and chloride which contribute only minor to the gm-3). The mass of the individual aerosol soluble inorganic mass scatter very strongly around components should add up to that of the directly the calculated averages: about 50% in PM10 mode, measured mass. This mass closure, within the error and even 100% in PM2.5 mode. While laboratory limits of such an exercise, was indeed observed. calibrations typically indicate performance close to Carbon-containing compounds (35%), ammonium design specifications, methods during field opera- nitrate (35%) and ammonium sulphate (25%) were tion are subject to a number of sampling and the dominant species in PM2.5. handling artefacts. We know that the different sampling principles used in this study, and the 3. Hitzenberger R, Berner A, Galambos Z, analytical procedures done by each group with their Maenhaut W, Cafmeyer J, Schwarz J, Muller K, own methodology will cause a main part of the Spindler G, Wieprecht W, Acker K, Hillamo R, observed uncertainties. In reality, due to different Makela T, Intercomparison of methods to reasons (availability, costs, manpower, different measure the mass concentration of the analysis from the same sample, size and time atmospheric aerosol during INTERCOMP2000 - resolution, etc) in many networks and field studies a influence of instrumentation and size cuts, high variability of methods for aerosol charac- ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 38 (38): terisation is used and often those experimental 6467-6476 DEC 2004. figures will be used for statistical interpretations. Within the EUROTRAC-2 subproject AEROSOL, the Thus, our paper will emphasise that harmonisation intensive field campaign INTERCOMP2000 was among different PM measurements is the "order of conducted to compare aerosol samplers and the day". methods to measure various aerosol properties. Here a comparison of mass concentrations measu- 5. Schaap M, Spindler G, Schulz M, Acker K, red with different PM2.5 and PM10 samplers as well Maenhaut W, Berner A, Wieprecht W, Streit N, as cascade impactors is described. Different filter Muller K, Bruggemann E, Chi X, Putaud JP, types were used. In general, the PM2.5 and PM10 Hitzenberger R, Puxbaum H, Baltensperger U, mass concentrations obtained on filters agree well. ten Brink H, Artefacts in the sampling of nitrate The data agree within 18.1 % (PM2.5, all data). If studied in the "INTERCOMP" campaigns of data obtained with the TEOM (18% low) and on EUROTRAC-AEROSOL, ATMOSPHERIC EN- Whatman QM-A quartz fibre filters (low face VIRONMENT 38 (38): 6487-6496 DEC 2004. velocity, 38% high) are excluded, PM2.5 data agree Sampling of aerosol-nitrate can be problematic within 8.1%. For PN10, the agreement is within because of evaporative loss of the semi-volatile 6.6% (again excluding the Whatman QM-A quartz ammonium nitrate or adsorption of nitric acid gas. fibre filters, 22% high) or 12.1% (all data). For the Such artefacts, which depend on filter type and impactor samples, the data agreed within 6.3% ambient conditions, are not well documented for the (excluding the ELPI, which was 92% high) and 8.7% filters in use in Europe and this was the reason to for PM2.5 and PM10. study these in a series of intercomparison trials. The trials were performed within the "INTERCOMP" programme of the AEROSOL subproject of EUROTRAC-2. The major effort was a 2-week field

32 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS campaign at the rural site of Melpitz, a village near for PM 10 was close 3 to 3 gm-3, of which 90% was Leipzig in eastern Germany (INTERCOMP2000). in the PM2.5 fraction. Carbon and associated Samplers were used containing the most common compounds constituted approximately 25% of the filter types in use in Europe, i.e. quartz, Teflon, total aerosol mass in this fine fraction. Starting point (mixed) cellulose ester and cellulose. The of the evaluation of the data were the concen- concentration of nitrate in PM2.5, mainly present as trations stemming from two identical PM2.5 high- ammonium nitrate, was on average 3.3 gm-3. The volume samplers, of which the samples were variability in the concentrations stemming from the analysed by four institutes. The daily values of TC samplers appeared to be rather constant: +/- 0.5 were highly correlated and the (random) differences gm-3 from the average of all samplers. The reason were of an absolute nature, with an overall standard for the constant (but random) variability remains deviation (SD) of 0.22 ( +/-0.12) mugm(-3). This unexplained. Thus, the concentrations stemming value for the SD is only twice that in the data of the from the samplers agreed very well at the average individual institutes for a similar number of samples. level with relative differences of 15% and less for In the series of four PM10 filter-samplers, the higher concentrations. This is evidence that the highest concentration was obtained with the influence of the mentioned artefacts was negligible. sampler that collected the lowest amount per unit of The absence is explained by extrapolation of results surface area. This difference is indicative of an of tests on the artefacts in a laboratory setting artefact caused by adsorption of gaseous carbon (INTERCOMP99). It was found there that the loss of containing compounds. Evidence for such an ad- ammonium nitrate from Teflon and quartz filters is sorption artefact was provided by the presence of only substantial when temperatures are much carbon in back-up filters, in amounts up to 20% of higher than those during the field campaign. those of front filters. Adsorption can also be (part of) Cellulose and cellulose-acetate filters quantitatively the explanation for a difference of 30% observed collected both ammonium nitrate and nitric acid in between concentrations obtained with filters and the laboratory study, but in Melpitz measured nitric cascade impactors as samplers, because the latter acid concentrations were too low to identify its collectors do not suffer from an adsorption artefact. adsorption. Possible artefacts due to adsorption of Samples were also analysed for elemental carbon nitrous acid were negligible. We also used the (EC). While differences of more than a factor of laboratory information to evaluate the results of a three between methods were observed, the further intercomparison (INTERCOMP98) in the Po- correlation of the daily EC-concentrations over the Valley, performed at much higher temperatures than period was high, better than 0.9 (R-2). Two at Melpitz. We found evidence of adsorption of nitric institutes analysed samples from filters and cascade acid by cellulose filters and evaporational loss of impactors in the same way. Both observed that the aerosol-nitrate from quartz filters. For the conditions EC-values from the filters were a factor of 1.4 higher encountered during the campaign we parameterised than those from the impactors. Three methods were the evaporational loss in a general way as a used to determine black carbon (BC) by optical function of temperature, as follows. There is means. Differences between the methods were complete evaporation at temperatures exceeding 25 large, but apparently of a systematic nature, degrees C and full retention at temperatures less because the correlation of the daily BC-values was than 20 degrees C. At temperatures between 20 very good. The correlation of daily BC and EC and 25 degrees C the retention is on average 50%, concentrations was also high. but with high variability. A main conclusion from this study is that under central European conditions 7. Nyeki S, Gysel M, Weingartner E, Baltens- quartz is a suitable filter material for sampling nitrate perger U, Hitzenberger R, Petzold A, Wilson as long as the temperature does not exceed 20 CW, Properties of jet engine combustion degrees C during sampling. Cellulose-type filters particles during the PartEmis experiment: quantitatively collect aerosol nitrate and nitric acid, Particle size spectra (d > 15 nm) and volatility, but negligible amounts of nitrous acid. Teflon filters GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 31 were more vulnerable for evaporation losses than (18): Art. No. L18105 SEP 18 2004. quartz. Indications for losses from Teflon below 10 Size distributions (d>15 nm) and volatile properties degrees C (at Melpitz) were not obtained. of combustion particles were measured during test- rig experiments on a jet engine, consisting of a 6. ten Brink H, Maenhaut W, Hitzenberger R, combustor and three simulated turbine stages Gnauk T, Spindler G, Even A, Chi XG, Bauer H, (HES). The combustor was operated to simulate Puxbaum H, Putaud JP, Tursic J, Berner A, legacy (inlet temperature 300 degrees C) and INTERCOMP2000: the comparability of me- contemporary (500 degrees C) cruise conditions, thods in use in Europe for measuring the using kerosene with three different fuel sulfur carbon content of aerosol, ATMOSPHERIC contents (FSC; 50, 400 and 1300 g g-1). ENVIRONMENT 38 (38):6507-6519 DEC 2004. Measurements found that contemporary cruise We tested the comparability of methods, in use in conditions resulted in lower number emission Europe, for measuring the concentration of aerosol- indices (EIN15) and higher geometric mean particle carbon. The study was performed in the framework diameter (d(G)) than for legacy conditions. of INTERCOMP2000, a field campaign organised in Increasing FSC resulted in an overall increase in the first two weeks of April 2000 in the vicinity of the EIN15 and decrease in d(G). The HES stages or village of Melpitz, 45 km NE of Leipzig, Germany. fuel additive (APA101) had little influence on EIN15 Sampling of the aerosol took place with 19 or d(G), however, this is uncertain due to the samplers. Total carbon (TC) was measured with measurement variability. EIN15 for non-volatile eleven methods and the mean concentration found

33 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS particles was largely independent of all examined 10. M. Kocifaj, Interstellar dust extinction problem: conditions. benchmark of (semi)analytic approaches and regularization method, Contrib. Astron. Obs. 8. Berner A, Galambos Z, Ctyroky P, Fruhauf P, Skalnaté Pleso, 34, 2004, 141-156. Hitzenberger R, Gomiscek B, Hauck H, Interstellar extinction curves have a typical so-called Preining O, Puxbaum H, On the correlation of bump at a constant wavelength of about 220 nm. atmospheric aerosol components of mass size This indicates that cosmic dust particles distributed distributions in the larger region of a central in space must be quite small in comparison with the European city, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRON- wavelengths of visible radiation. The well-known MENT 38 (24): 3959-3970 AUG 2004. Mie theory, or its approximations, are usually Mass size distributions of atmospheric aerosols employed to simulate an interaction of have been sampled in the region of Vienna, a electromagnetic radiation with such particles. typical city in central Europe, at an urban and a rural However, the conventional Mie theory is applicable site. The aerosol was collected simultaneously by only for spherical and homogeneous particles, and, cascade impactors. Two experiments which had a as known, the spherical geometry is very rare in duration of 4 weeks each, were performed in August space. Utilization of any approximation in solving 1999 and in January/February 2000. Daily sampling the inverse problem for interstellar extinction may periods were from 8:00 to 20:00, and from 20:00 to therefore lead to questionable results. To evaluate 8:00. In evaluation of the mass size distributions is possible differences between retrieved size represented in this paper. Emphasis is on the distributions, we performed a benchmark of three relationships of different aerosol components in a various techniques. The first one is based on the local and a regional context. The main results are as anomalous diffraction approximation and offers a follows. The main components of the atmospheric semi-analytical solution. The profile of an extinction aerosol are a fine aerosol, the accumulation curve is scalable: a simple parametrization uses the aerosol, and a coarse aerosol. Specific coarse modified gamma function as a substitute for the real modes with modal diameters of 4.7 mum average distribution. The second approach extends the first and geometric standard deviations of about 3 occur one, but the distribution function is not expressed in at the urban and at the rural site, some times an analytical form. The final profile of size surprisingly strong. The fine and the coarse modes distribution is computed using Mellin's transform of are very likely related to motor-car traffic. Usually kernel of the integral equation. The third solution the PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols are regionally follows the modified Tikhonov's regularization and strongly correlated. Occasionally, this correlation is can be applied to both spherical and non-spherical effectively disturbed by local and/or regional particles. There is no requirement placed on a emissions. Time series of correlation coefficients distribution function. It is shown that direct reveal an episodic character of the atmospheric consequences of the above discussed approxi- aerosol. Periods of strong inter-site correlations of mations are: i) underestimation of the amount of PM2.5 and PM10 indicate the dominance and the large particles, ii) a reduced value of the modal co-variation of the accumulation aerosols or the radius of the retrieved size distribution, and iii) quite dominance and the co-variation of the coarse narrow distribution functions. modes. 11. M. Kocifaj, H. Horvath, Attenuation of optical 9. M. Kocifaj, J. Klačka, Dynamical behaviour of signals in the atmosphere: An analytic interstellar dust particles in the Solar System, J. approach, In: Applied Electronics 2004, Ed. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer., 89, 165- J. Pinker, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, 177, 2004. September, 2004, 80-7043-274-8, 109-112. Motion and possible capture of interstellar dust The attenuation of UV-visible-near IR radiation in particles (ISDPs) in the Solar System are investi- the turbid atmosphere is analysed. Out of gated. Gravitational force of the Sun, solar electro- absorption bands the atmospheric optical thickness magnetic and corpuscular radiation and interplane- is a product of both, aerosol and molecular ex- tary magnetic field are considered. The effect of tinction. We expressed the total optical thickness in solar electromagnetic radiation plays an important an analytical form, which is suitable for fast role in the sense that non-spherical ISDPs can be numerical simulations of optical signal transmission captured (and survive) much more effectively than through the atmospheric environment. Modified spherical particles. It turns out that particles of gamma function with free parameters is employed effective radii ≈ 0.4 m, moving initially near the to fit a real aerosol size distribution. It enables to solar equatorial plane and with impact parameter formulate parametric solution for atmospheric 400 RS ≤ b ≤ 500 RS (solar radii) exhibit a high extinction, which is adaptable for various poly- probability of capture and survival in the Solar disperse aerosol systems. Such scalability is highly System. Only a very small number of spherical wanted for common optical models of the particles can be captured. Survived non-spherical atmosphere for remote sensing applications or for ISDPs orbiting around the Sun are characterized by designing the free-space communication systems. a quantity analogous to the Kepler's third law: (r3)/T2, where T is orbital period and (r3) is time 12. M. Kocifaj, H. Horvath, Phase function of non- average of cubed solar distance over the period T. spherical dust-like particles, In: Transport of The value of the quantity (r3)/T2 is 0.673 ± 0.002 Water, Chemicals and Energy in the System [AU3/year2]. Soil-Crop Canopy-Atmosphere, Eds. K. Kosorin, V. Novák, V. Štekauerová, J. Šútor, Inst. of Hydrology SAS, Bratislava, 25 Nov. 2004, ISBN 80-89139-05-1, 177-187.

34 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

The scattering patterns for weakly and strongly 14. M. Heim, G. Kasper, G. P. Reischl and absorbing aerosols are compared. Both mentioned C. Gerhart, Performance of a new commercial particle ensembles have the same size and shape electrical mobility spectrometer, Aerosol distributions. Montmorillonite is assumed as re- Science and Technology 38 (S2), 3-14, 2004. presentative for dry dust, while absorbing media are A commercial electrical mobility spectrometer fit by typical urban or rural aerosols. Although these (Grimm 5.4-900 DMA and Grimm 5.403 CPC) was aerosols differ in chemical composition, their real examined with respect to size, concentration and part of refractive index is the same in visible time-dependent responses of the CPC, the transfer spectrum. This is an important fact to make function of the DMA, as well as the performance of comparisons meaningful. It is shown, that both the data inversion algorithm. For comparison with systems are recognizable from their scattering previously published results, the responses were features. In addition, the morphology has also a also measured for two other commercial CPCs (TSI measurable impact on final profile of the phase Model 3010 and TSI Model 3022). All function even if aspect ratio of the non-spherical measurements were performed using sodium particles is less than 2. All these effects of non- chloride aerosol produced by an atomizer, except sphericity may have very serious implications for for size-dependent counting efficiency measure- remote-sensing studies of small particles. The ments, where an evaporation and condensation scattering patterns for weakly and strongly method was used to produce particles down to a absorbing aerosols are compared. Both mentioned size of 2 nm. The concentration-dependent CPC particle ensembles have the same size and shape counting efficiency was measured against a distributions. Montmorillonite is assumed as reference instrument working in the single particle representative for dry dust, while absorbing media count mode following dilution. The CPC time are fit by typical urban or rural aerosols. Although response was evaluated for monodisperse aerosol these aerosols differ in chemical composition, their by measuring the step response using a solenoid real part of refractive index is the same in visible valve technique. The transfer function of the Grimm spectrum. This is an important fact to make DMA 5.4-900 was determined between 10 and 100 comparisons meaningful. It is shown, that both nm with two verified identical DMAs in series systems are recognizable from their scattering following the approach of Fissan et al. Measured features. In addition, the morphology has also a tandem-DMA responses were compared to simu- measurable impact on final profile of the phase lated responses based on the diffusion-broadened function even if aspect ratio of the non-spherical transfer function of Stolzenburg to define the factors particles is less than 2. All these effects of non- influencing resolution. Finally the data inversion sphericity may have very serious implications for algorithm was tested by comparison with other remote-sensing studies of small particles. devices.

13. M. Kocifaj, H. Horvath, Inversion of extinction 15. P.M. Winkler, A. Vrtala and P.E. Wagner, The data for irregularly shaped particles, Atmosph. role of nanoparticles in heterogeneous Environ., 39, 2005, 1481-1495. nucleation of binary water-ammonia vapour The retrieval of extinction data in the highly mixtures, in Nanostructured Materials and their urbanized region of Bratislava city is analyzed for Applications, W.W. Szymanski, P.E. Wagner, both, strictly non-spherical particles and volume M. Itoh, T. Ohachi (eds.), Facultas Universi- equivalent particles. Two most typical situations are tätsverlag, Wien (2004). discussed in more details: the summer time dusty In this contribution we describe a measurement atmosphere consisting of strongly scattering system for investigation of heterogeneous nu- particles with refractive index about 1.59, and winter cleation in unary and in binary vapours. We report time atmosphere with usual occurrence of ice-phase the results of measuring series on heterogeneous aerosols. The attention is paid to more frequent nucleation of binary water – ammonia vapour continental polar air mass, with 54% occurrence mixtures on sodium chloride particles with a probability in the Bratislava region. The root-mean- diameter of 8 nm as condensation nuclei. Onset square error of measured optical data varies from activities, i.e. the vapour phase activities, at which 4% up to 8%. When processing extinction data it is half of the particles are activated, have been shown that there are no significant differences experimentally determined. In case of pure water between modal radii computed under assumption of the vapour onset activity was found to be 1.046. randomly oriented irregularly shaped particles and However, with ammonia mass fractions increasing for Mie equivalents. However, the differences can beyond 10-5 we observed a decreasing water vapour occur in case on non-randomly oriented particles. onset activity. Atmospheric ammonia concentrations The modal radius of equally oriented particles in the are typically somewhat smaller, however, ice cloud can be about two times larger than a considering additional trace compounds like sulfuric modal radius of the system volume of volume acid, such ternary systems are very likely to have a identical spheres. Particle irregularity and the significant influence on atmospheric droplet roughness of its surface eliminate the interference formation. Universitätsverlag, Wien (2004). structure and ripple typical for monodisperse scattering patterns. As a consequence the subsi- 16. L. Wind, L. Hofer, A. Nagy, P. Winkler, diary mode within size distribution function dis- A. Vrtala, W.W. Szymanski, Light scattering appears. Such a mode usually occurs with Mie from droplets with inclusions and the impact on particles. Assuming spherical particles for the optical measurement of aerosols, J. Aerosol computation yields a narrower size distribution Sci., 35, 1173-1188, (2004). compared to assuming irregularly shaped particles. We investigate the light scattering characteristics of water droplet aerosols containing defined inclusions.

35 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

The inclusions are either di-2-ethyl-hexyl-sebacate results, e.g. the number concentration of activated (DEHS) droplets or carbon-like particles located cloud droplets. In this paper we argue that a mass within an outer shell of water. For modeling the Mie accommodation coefficient of unity should be used theory of light scattering adapted to scattering from in cloud modelling, since this value has been layered spherical particles has been applied obtained in experimental studies of water droplet assuming that the inclusion is placed centrally in the growth rates, a quantity which is explicitly described outer droplet. Experimental evidence obtained with in cloud models, while lower values have been inclusions having modal diameters in the range from obtained using experimental techniques which are 100 to 800 nm imbedded in water droplets is analyzed with different theoretical expressions than compared with modeled results. The presented data those included in cloud models. suggest evidently that the negligence of inclusions in droplets, especially of those with absorbing 19. P.M. Winkler, A. Vrtala, P.E. Wagner, properties might affect a number of crucial issues M. Kulmala, K.E.J. Lehtinen and T. Vesala, An such as quantification of the impact of atmospheric Experimental Study on Thermal and Mass aerosols on radiative transfer in atmosphere, Accommodation Coefficients for the Conden- modeling of light propagation in aerosols, calibration sation of Water Vapour, in Nucleation and of instruments based on the interaction of light with Atmospheric Aerosols 2004, M. Kasahara and particles, or optical aerosol measurement. M. Kulmala (eds.), Kyoto University Press (2004). 17. P. Davidovits, D.R. Worsnop, J.T. Jayne, C.E. Kolb, P. Winkler, A. Vrtala, P.E. Wagner, 20. K.W. Kratky, Homöopathie und Wasserstruk- M. Kulmala, K.E.J. Lehtinen, T. Vesala and tur: ein physikalisches Modell (Homeopathy M. Mozurkewitch, Mass accommodation and Structure of Water: A Physical Model). coefficient of water vapor on liquid water, Forschende Komplementärmedizin und Klassi- Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(22), L22111 (2004). sche Naturheilkunde (Research in Comple- Clouds play a critical role in both the Earth’s mentary and Classical Natural Medicine) 11 radiation budget and hydrologic cycle. The acti- (2004) 24-32. vation of aerosol particles and subsequent growth of Background: Formerly, the author has suggested a these particles into cloud droplets are often relatively simple water model. There, the dynamical controlled by the transfer of water vapor molecules structure of a typical water cluster was investigated, into liquid droplets. Two parameters that being represented by the movement of a ball in an fundamentally influence the interaction of water abstract energy landscape. Objective: Now the vapor or any other gaseous molecule with a liquid above-mentioned model is investigated in more surface are: the mass accommodation (or con- detail to answer the following question: Are essen- densation) coefficient; and the thermal accommo- tial claims of homeopathy concerning potentiation dation coefficient. The mass accommodation coeffi- (diluting and shaking) in agreement with science? cient is the probability that a gaseous molecule Methods: Equations of motion are employed that striking a liquid surface enters into the bulk liquid represent vibrations of clusters. For the computer phase. The thermal accommodation coefficient is experiments, the formalism of Nosé-Hoover is used, the fraction of collisions that result in the energy of the surrounding water being interpreted as a heat the impinging gas molecule equilibrating with the bath. Diluting corresponds to a shift of the energy mean energy of the liquid surface molecules. Here landscape towards the pure solvent (water), shaking we discuss mass accommodation coefficient data is accompanied by an increase of the contact to the for water vapor obtained using two unique heat bath. Results: There is a tendency of the ball to experimental methods: the droplet train/fast flow be caught in local valleys of the energy landscape reactor and the expansion cloud chamber system. (metastable states) if the temperature is not too high Both methods show that mass accommodation and if the liquid is not shaken. Thus, even for a coefficient for atmospherically relevant temperatures given landscape there are a variety of structures is always greater than 0.1; the latter method yields being durable for some time. Conclusions: The values very near 1.0. By ruling out earlier computer experiments suggest that the repeated experimental data indicating that the mass accom- process of potentiation eventually results in a modation coefficient was significantly below 0.1 specific metastable state of the pure solvent. The these studies insure that for lower atmospheric initial substance helps to obtain this goal, but is no clouds the growth of cloud droplets will be controlled longer necessary at last. by the rate of water vapor transport to the droplets’ surface without any significant limitation due to 21. K.W. Kratky, Weltbilder komplementärmedizi- accommodation probabilities. nischer Richtungen. In: M. Frass, M. Maier und A. Reiter (Hrsg.), Grundlagen und Praxis kom- 18. A. Laaksonen, T. Vesala, M. Kulmala, plementärmedizinischer Methoden. Facultas, P.M. Winkler and P.E. Wagner, On cloud Wien 2004 (S.32-38). modelling and the mass accommodation Medizinische Richtungen unterscheiden sich in coefficient of water, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Denken, Sprechweise und Weltbildern. Steht die Discuss., 4, 7281-7290 (2004). kranke Person oder die Krankheit im Vordergrund, The mass accommodation coefficient of water is a geht es um das Erfassen der Symptome oder das quantity for which different experimental techniques Auffinden der eigentlichen Krankheitsursache? have yielded conflicting values in the range 0.04 - 1. Einige solcher Fragen werden aufgelistet und From the viewpoint of cloud modelling, this is an exemplarisch behandelt. In der Vertiefung geht es unfortunate situation, since the value of the mass dann um die Grundlagen von Weltbildern und accommodation coefficient affects the model wissenschaftlichen Ansätzen, was uns zu drei Arten

36 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS von Denkweisen führt. Unter Zuhilfenahme der 24. W. Gruber, Falten und Fliegen – Papierflieger hawaiianischen Tradition wird dieser Ansatz auf vier und ihre Physik. Physik in unserer Zeit 5 Blickwinkel erweitert, unter denen wir die Welt (2004) 234-240. betrachten können: den systematischen, syste- Ein Blatt Papier, ein paar Faltungen, ein perfekter mischen, symbolischen und symbiotischen Blick- Wurf, und man kann sich am ästhetischen Gleitflug winkel. In ihnen spiegeln sich vier unterschiedliche eines Papierfliegers freuen. Für einen gelungenen Weltbilder. In unserem westlichen Kulturkreis ist vor Flug bedarf es jedoch einiger Tricks aus der Physik. allem der logisch /systematische Blickwinkel üblich, aber auch der kybernetisch /systemische und der 25. K.E. Kürten, C. Krattenthaler, Multistability and konstruktivistisch /symbolische sind anzutreffen. Der Fractal Properties of Hamiltonian Lattice Mod- holistisch /symbiotische Blickwinkel ist hingegen els. In: E. Suraud (Ed.), Condensed Matter eher dem spirituellen Bereich bzw. traditionellen Theories, Vol. 19. Nova Science Publishers, Gesellschaften zuzuordnen. New York 2004. Assuming that within each layer all magnetic 22. I. Lucic and K.W. Kratky, Fractal dimension moments are ferromagnetically aligned but with an as a tool for detection of morphological orientation differing from layer to layer, our model changes caused by impact of mechanical system can be modelled as a collection of N ele- waves on mushroom mycelium. Österrei- mentary magnetic moments described by a classical chische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde (Austrian Hamiltonian that is discrete in space. The variety of Journal of Mycology) 13 (2004) 101-107. possible spatial magnetic structures stems from a The Influence of low-power mechanical and competition between three forces: First, the inter- acoustic waves produced by a tuning fork on the layer exchange energy, favoring uniform magne- mushroom mycelium is studied. In the past decade tization configurations. Second, the Zeeman energy the morphology of mycelium colonies was used as defined by the strength of an external magnetic field parameter for detection of complexity changes that H, favoring the alignment of the moments along the were caused by the variation of environmental field direction. Third, the anisotropy energy defined factors. In this research we compare the colony by a suitable multi-well potential favoring collinear morphology of treated vs. non-treated mycelium structures along preferred directions. We give an cultures of Psilocybe cubensis (EARLE) SINGER on exact enumeration of all possible nonequivalent the basis of their complexity feature – fractal magnetic structures of the system that can be dimension. The colony treatment takes place thought of as collection of interacting magnetic through one tuning fork whose frequency has particles residing on a ring. The resulting magnetic natural origin. Significant complexity changes were structures are specified by periodic orbits a two- revealed. Possible explanations by the mechanical dimensional map. They fall into equivalence and resonance model are discussed. classes, where the internal symmetries are given by the action of the dihedral group DN. consisting of N 23. K.W. Kratky, Die (Un-)Regelmäßigkeit körper- rotations and N mirror reflections with respect to all eigener Rhythmen. In: G. Tucek (Hrsg.), Musik possible N symmetry axes. We show that the und Medizin. Beiträge zur Musik- und number of nonequivalent magnetic structures in- Therapieforschung 1995-2004. Akademie für creases exponential with N. Accordingly, the energy Ganzheitsmedizin, Wien 2004. surface consists of exponentially many locally stable Im menschlichen Organismus gibt es sehr viele minima separated by large barriers. We show verschiedene Rhythmen, die miteinander vernetzt further that with increasing number of layers the sind und auch von der Umgebung bzw. der Umwelt spectrum of the spatial distribution of the magnetic beeinflußt werden. Man denke nur an den Schlaf- moments grows in a quasi self-similar manner and Wach-Rhythmus, der durch die Einwirkung der give an exact enumeration of all possible Sonne auf 24 Stunden eingestimmt wird. Die magnetization directions. In the large N-limit the Rhythmen gehen hinunter bis zu Bruchteilen von magnetic patterns turn out to have a multi-fractal Sekunden, den typischen Frequenzen unserer structure intimately connected to the experimentally Gehirnwellen, die mit dem EEG erfaßt werden. Was observed Barkhausen jumps. in der Folge speziell betrachtet werden wird, ist der Herzrhythmus (EKG-Messungen). Es stellt sich 26. W.W. Szymanski and G. Allmaier, Applicability dabei die Frage, wann das Herz gesund ist. Wird es of nanoaerosol techniques for real-time durch einen regelmäßigen oder einen unregel- measurement of high-mass biopolymers and mäßigen Herzschlag charakterisiert? Zunächst their modifications, in "Nanostructured Mate- könnte man meinen: Je regelmäßiger, desto besser. rials and their Applications" (Szymanski, Es zeigt sich allerdings, daß man mit einem zu Wagner, Itoh and Ochachi, Eds.), Facultas, regelmäßig schlagenden Herzen nicht überleben Vienna 2004). könnte. Zu diesem Thema kann die Chaos- The potential of an innovative experimental forschung einiges anbieten. In der Folge möchte ich approach for determination of molecular masses of auch einen Zusammenhang mit musikalischen high-mass biopolymers – they can be viewed as Rhythmen herstellen. Der Takt wird z.B. beim nanoparticles - at atmospheric pressure has been Trommeln nicht ganz regelmäßig angeschlagen, explored. Macromolecular ions were formed by das würde auch nicht sehr lebendig klingen. means of nano-ESI (electrospray ionization) and Vermutlich gibt es zwischen den leicht unregel- charge-reduced to yield neutral and mainly single- mäßigen Rhythmen der Musik und den körper- charged particles. Subsequently, the so obtained eigenen Rhythmen einen tieferen Zusammenhang. ions were size-separated according to their electrophoretic mobility (EM) in air using a nano-

37 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

DMA (differential mobility analysis) and then a rather interesting insight into the accuracy of the detected by means of a CPC (condensation particle individual experimental techniques. counter) technique. The EM diameters of well- defined proteins were determined and linked with 29. T. Vesala, M. Kulmala, P. E. Wagner, Com- their molecular weights up to 2000 kDa showing a ment on ’Postnucleation Droplet Growth in correlation coefficient of 0.999. This relationship Supersaturated Gas with Arbitrary Vapor allowed then the determination of recombinant Concentration’ [J. Chem. Phys. 120, 10455 glycoproteins, polysaccharides and biocomplexes (2004)], J. Chem. Phys. 121, 8163 (2004). with a mass accuracy of the order of 5% including supramolecular functional complexes (catalase tetramers or virus/antibody complex). These data b. ACCEPTED PUBLICATIONS were compared with MALDI mass spectrometry- derived data. Furthermore, we investigated the 30. M. Drosg and F. D. Brooks, Increasing the behavior of a glycoprotein before and after RP- capability of MNBRP for the detection of anti- HPLC (reversed phase high performance liquid personnel landmines, Appl. Rad. Isot., (2004). chromatography) passage as well as the stability of Monte Carlo simulations were used to show that protein complexes as a function of pH-values. The even very small explosives (<100g) can be detected study on antibodies and human rhinoviruses by MNBRP (monoenergetic neutron backscattering demonstrated the capability of the experimental with resonance penetration) at a depth well beyond arrangement to determine in real-time the size of 30 cm when time slicing is used for background the functional virus and the formed virus-antibody suppression. At the present state of technology no complex. other nuclear method appears to have a com- parable sensitivity or penetration capability. This 27. P. M. Winkler, A. Vrtala, P. E. Wagner, M. method has been successfully tested experimentally Kulmala, K. E. J. Lehtinen, T. Vesala, Mass and at a depth of 16.5 cm. A substantial simplification of Thermal Accommodation during Gas-Liquid the detection procedure could be achieved either by Condensation of Water, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, taking advantage of the time shadow rather than the 075701-1 (2004). geometric shadow or by applying neutron threshold In this Letter we report, for the first time, direct and detectors. Using a threshold detector could simplify simultaneous determinations of mass and thermal the application, too. accommodation coefficients for water vapour condensation in air, based on the observation of 31. F.D. Brooks and M. Drosg, The HYDAD-D droplet growth kinetics in an expansion cloud antipersonnel landmine detector, Appl. Rad. chamber. Our experiments exclude values below Isot., (2004). 0.85 for the thermal and below 0.4 for the mass HYDAD (Hydrogen Density Anomaly Detection) accommodation coefficients at temperatures ran- systems have been developed to detect small ging from 250 to 290 K. Both coefficients are likely (> 200 g) antipersonnel landmines (APM) of plastic to be 1 for all studied conditions. Previously construction. The HYDAD-D detector is based on available experimental data on the mass accom- the earlier HYDAD designs HYDAD-H and HYDAD- modation coefficient for water span about 3 orders VM. It consists of a neutron source and two identical of magnitude. Our results provide new and firm slow neutron detectors. The difference between the insight to cloud microphysics and consequently to responses of the two detectors is monitored as a the global radiative balance. function of position in the minefield and APM detection is based on an analysis of this difference. 28. K. Iland, J. Wedekind, J. Wölk, P. E. Wagner, Laboratory tests and Monte Carlo simulations R. Strey, Homogeneous Nucleation Rates of 1- demonstrate that HYDAD-D is capable of detecting Pentanol, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 12259 (2004). the IAEA standard dummy landmine DLM2 at burial We have measured isothermal homogeneous nucle- depths up to 23 cm in dry sand and at burial depths ation rates J for 1-pentanol vapor in two different up to 7 cm in damp sand containing 12 % (by mass) carrier-gases, argon, and helium, using a two-valve water. nucleation pulse chamber. The nucleation rates cover a range of 105 < J/cm-3s-1 < 109 at tem- 32. A. Petzold, M. Fiebig , L. Fritzsche, C. Stein , peratures between 235 < T/K < 265. We observed U. Schumann, W. Wilson , C.D. Hurley, no influence of the carrier gas on location and slope F. Arnold , E. Katragkou, U. Baltensperger, of the nucleation rate isotherms. These M. Gysel , S. Nyeki , R. Hitzenberger, H. Giebl , measurements are part of an international effort to K. J. Hughes, R. Kurtenbach, P. Wiesen, examine 1-pentanol using various experimental P. Madden, H. Puxbaum , S. Vrchoticky , techniques, which was initiated in Prague in 1995. C. Wahl (2004), Particle emissions from aircraft In the present paper nucleation rate data obtained engines – an overview of the European project by several groups are compared to each other and PartEmis., Meteorol. Z. to the classical nucleation theory. As expected, the classical theory is not able to quantitatively predict 33. A. A. Cheremisin, Yu. V. Vassilyev and the experimental results. Nevertheless, relating the H. Horvath, Gravito-photophoresis and Aerosol experimental data to the classical theory provides a Stratification in the Atmosphere, J. Aerosol suitable way to compare data of widely differing Research, 40 pp. nucleation rates obtained by different experimental The formation of aerosol layers in the earth’s techniques. This comparison helps judging mutual stratosphere and mesosphere under the influence of support of the data and, at the same time, provides gravito-photophoretic forces is considered. The

38 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS minimum set of effective particle parameters for durch die Lebensspirale dargestellt. Die Bedeutung describing gravito-photophoretic forces, and their dieser Spirale für Gesundheit und Krankheit wird critical values for vertical transport and levitation of erläutert und speziell auch auf Geburt und Tod particles are discussed. The behavior of two types eingegangen. of particles are investigated specifically: (1) soot-like particles strongly absorbing both solar (visible) and 36. K.W. Kratky: The Development of Chinese IR radiation, and (2) sulfate-like particles which are Medicine from a Cross-Cultural Point of View. transparent in the visible, but strongly absorb the In: G.E. Lasker and K.W. Kratky (Eds.): terrestrial IR radiation. Only particles larger than one Health, Healing and Medicine, Vol. XI. micrometer can levitate under the influence of Comparative and Integrative Medicine. The gravito-photophoresis. Particles larger than 1 µm International Institute for Advanced Studies in can be suspended in the atmosphere. They need to Systems Research and Cybernetics, Windsor, have a variation in accommodation coefficient over Canada. the surface. As a rule transparent particles should In this paper, the development of Chinese medicine have a density smaller than the one of water. Both is treated. Starting from its daoistic origin, Chinese black particles and white particles can be levitated. medicine has evolved into the so-called Traditional Gravito-photophoresis explains the existence of Chinese Medicine (TCM). This transition was narrow aerosol layers at altitudes of approximately accompanied by political changes in China. Impor- 20 and 50 km, and also at approx. 70 km and 80-83 tant terms are yin and yang, the elements (phases) km. The thickness of the layers can be less than 1 and the meridians (channels). It turns out that some km if the accommodation coefficient exhibits only of the old Chinese concepts are fruitful for a cross- small differences over the surface. Transparent cultural discussion, e.g., yinyang or qi as third particles may form thick layers above 50 km rather principle. The twelve meridians are grouped in pairs easily. that are associated with the elements. Their commensurate number six, however, was virtually 34. J. Klačka, M. Kocifaj, P. Pástor, Effect of reduced to five during the development of Chinese radiation on nonspherical particles in resonan- medicine. This issue is considered in detail, and it is ces with large planets, In: Electromagnetic and argued that the reintroduction of the sixth element Light Scattering - Theory and Applications VIII, (flora) makes sense, especially from a cross-cultural Ed. xxx, Granada, Spain. point of view. Then the location of the twelve Motion of non-spherical cosmic dust particle under meridians in the human body is treated. They form the action of electromagnetic radiation and three energy circuits, each of them consisting of four gravitational forces of a star and a planet orbiting meridians. A rough estimate of the basic cycle time the star is investigated. The contribution concen- is two hours. This is compatible with the basic rest- trates on the problem if the particle can be trapped activity cycle (BRAC) found in Western chrono- in commensurability resonances with the planet (a biology. particle is in resonance with a planet when the ratio of their orbital periods is the ratio of two small 37. K.W. Kratky, Chronobiology and Cross- integers). Captures in the circular restricted three- Cultural Medicine: Cyclic Processes during a body problem (planetary orbit is circle) with Day, a Year, and a Lifetime. In: G.E. Lasker electromagnetic radiation coming from the star are and K.W. Kratky (Eds.): Health, Healing and presented. The effect of radiation plays an important Medicine, Vol. XI. Comparative and Integrative role as for the possible capture in exterior (particle's Medicine. The International Institute for orbital period is larger than that for the planet) and Advanced Studies in Systems Research and interior (particle's orbital period is smaller than that Cybernetics, Windsor, Canada. for the planet) resonances: particle's optical At first, several results of Western chronobiology are properties do not only define positions of the dealt with, especially diurnal rhythms and the BRAC resonances, but also the capture times and (basic rest-activity cycle). Then we turn to Tradi- evolution of orbital elements. Effect of electro- tional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the functional magnetic radiation on nonspherical particles may relations between the Chinese elements. It turns out produce an increase of particle's semimajor axis that the nourishing cycle can also interpreted in a before the capture. This behavior, unknown for temporal way and is probably the Eastern other types of known forces, holds both for interior counterpart of BRAC. Furthermore, it also appears and exterior resonances. in the annual cycle of the seasons. There are different versions (including Tibetan medicine) with 35. K.W. Kratky, Lebensweg: Rhythmen, Über- 8, 6, 5 and 4 seasons. The advantage of including gänge und Lebensspirale. In: Internationale flora in the Chinese elements is discussed. Then Kinesiologie Akademie (Hrsg.), Leben im diurnal rhythms are considered. In TCM, the large Wandel der Zeit, Ereignisse der Lebens- energy cycle (clock of the organs) is an example of referenzlinie und ihr Einfluss auf die Biografie. such a rhythm. Its deviation from the nourishing Internationale Kinesiologie Akademie, Frank- cycle is described within a cross-cultural graphics, furt am Main. the annular arrangement of meridians. Using this Das Leben ist durch physiologische Rhythmen und graphics, possible cycles are considered that are durch mehr oder weniger markante Übergänge compatible with qi flow in the human body. Referring gekennzeichnet. Beide lassen sich auf der to this, the different versions of seasonal models are Gesundheitsscheibe, einer vom Vortragenden ent- treated again. At last, the slow changes during wickelten graphischen Darstellung, gut darstellen. lifetime are considered, where results of ayurveda, Der Lebensweg als ganzes wird auf dieser Scheibe the Indian medicine, are used. These changes are

39 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS characterized by the life-spiral on a disc that is the integrated CM into their practices. Their attitudes generalization of the annular arrangement. towards CM were positive, but they would like to know how CM works, the degree of its 38. S. Ibrahim and K.W. Kratky, Human Types: effectiveness, its side effects, its complications and Relationship between Yin / Yang and Vago- its cost effectiveness. tonia / Sympathicotonia. In: G.E. Lasker and K.W. Kratky (Eds.): Health, Healing and 40. K.E. Kürten, Fractal Properties of Small Mag- Medicine, Vol. XI. Comparative and Integrative netic Particles and Magnetic Multilayers: an Medicine. The International Institute for Exactly Solvable Model. In: J.W. Clark and Advanced Studies in Systems Research and W. Pannof (Eds.), Condensed Matter Theories. Cybernetics, Windsor, Canada. Vol. 20. Nova Science Publishers, New York, Background: In Traditional Chinese Medicine USA. (TCM), human beings are classified into yin and The focus of this report is an analytical study of the yang with relative excess of yin or yang energy landscape of a Hamiltonian based on a respectively. This classification is used in the piecewise quadratic potential. In contrast to widely diagnosis and therapy of diseases. Western used on-site potentials with a quadratic maximum medicine does not use human types as an [all physical quantities of interest can be studied integrated part of its healing system. Yin and yang analytically. We have shown that, depending on the have many properties of the parasympathetic and strength of the on-site potential, the energy surface sympathetic components of the autonomic nervous of our model can consist of exponentially many system, respectively. Objective: to determine locally stable minima separated by large barriers whether yin and yang may be correlated with the specified by unstable saddle points. Also the degen- dualistic components of the autonomic nervous eracy can be calculated analytically with the aid of system, and whether such a correlation could be Redfield-Pòlya theory. The most important finding is used as a classification for human beings. Methods: that the distribution of the magnetic moments is A questionnaire in German was constructed to fractal provided that the strength of the on-site determine both yin and yang states as well as the potential exceeds the critical value 4/3. With associated parasympathetic and sympathetic increasing strength of the on-site potential the activities. Results: There were a total of 217 fractal dimension of the distribution tends respondents from the 250 questionnaires logarithmically to zero. distributed. The majority of the participants were yin / vagotonia type, followed by yang / sympa- 41. F.V. Kusmartsev and K.E. Kürten, Magnetic thicotonia, yang / vagotonia and yin / Quantum Cellular Automata. In: J.W. Clark and sympathicotonia. Chi-square test shows highly W. Pannof (Eds.), Condensed Matter Theories. significant association between yin / yang and Vol. 20. Nova Science Publishers, New York, parasympathetic / sympathetic. Conclusion: para- USA. sympathetic / sympathetic nervous systems could Recently Cowburn and Welland have proposed to be the scientific basis of yin and yang. In addition, use a chain of magnetic nanoparticles deposited on four human types were identified in this study the a nonmagnetic substrate as a room temperature yin / vagotonia, the yang / sympathicotonia, the yin / Magnetic Quantum Cellular Automata (MQCA). sympathicotonia and the yang / vagotonia. Such automata made of magnetic dots are capable of data handling. The silicon microchip, the single 39. S. Ibrahim, K.W. Kratky and C. Adensamer, electron transistor (SET) seems set to generate the The Practice of and Attitudes towards Comple- next revolution in data processing and storage. mentary Medicine among Non-Hospital Arrangements of SETs have recently shown their Physicians in Vienna. In: G.E. Lasker and ability to perform logic operations. They were called K.W. Kratky (Eds.): Health, Healing and Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) because they Medicine, Vol. XI. Comparative and Integrative use quantum mechanical tunnelling of charge Medicine. The International Institute for between quantum dots to change logic state. Advanced Studies in Systems Research and However, currently, unless the SET dots are less Cybernetics, Windsor, Canada. than 2 nm across, the electronic QCA will only work Background: There is evidence that complementary at millikelvin temperatures. Now the attention is medicine (CM) is becoming more popular among focused on magnetic QCAs instead, which can patients in Vienna. Evaluating the use of and operate at room temperatures. The MQCA networks attitudes towards CM by Viennese physicians could are built up of magnetic dots, which are made from help to integrate it into primary health care. a common magnetic alloy on a silicon substrate. We Objective: To determine the practice of, and have investigated this model in detail considering attitudes towards, CM among non-hospital physi- arrays of a few and many nanoparticles, and shown cians in Vienna. Methods: A questionnaire was sent that besides MQCA they also have potential for out to all non-hospital physicians in Vienna. Results: sensor applications and magnetic data storage. In A total of 3222 questionnaires were sent and a particular we show that such systems have a very response rate of 14% was obtained. 48% of complex nontrivial magnetic behaviour. There respondents practiced CM themselves in addition to different nontrivial structures displaying fractal Western medicine. The most commonly practiced features may be formed. That is with increasing CM were acupuncture and homoeopathy, followed particle number the system behaviour, i.e. the by neural therapy. The majority of the respondents values of magnetic moments, the energy spectrum, believe that CM works, it is effective and safe, but coercive forces, hysteresis loops may display the should be subject to more scientific testing. fractal features. Conclusion: 48% of the respondents have

40 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

42. K.W. Kratky, Die drei Prinzipien am Beispiel Invited plenary presentation, ICNAA 2004, der Homöopathie (Diathesen, Miasmen) und Kyoto, July 2004. der Traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin (Yin, 53. Tusic, J., Podkrajsek, B., Grgic, I., Berner, A., Yang, Qi). Homöopathie in Österreich. Ctyroky, P., Hitzenberger, R., Reactivity of Weltweit sind in unterschiedlichen Medizinsystemen atmospheric aerosols under conditions typical immer wieder drei Prinzipien anzutreffen, die for haze, EAC 2004, Budapest, Sept. 2004. grundsätzliche Verhaltensweisen von Menschen, 54. Dusek U., Giebl H., Reischl G.P., Hitzen- deren Gesunderhaltung und Krankheitsanfälligkeit berger R.,CCN activation of pure and coated beschreiben. In Kratky (2002) wurden etliche sol- carbon black particles, EAC 2004, Budapest, cher Dreiertypologien verglichen, wobei der Sept. 2004. Ayurveda (indische Medizin) eine wichtige Basis 55. Dusek U., Giebl H., Reischl G. P., Hitzen- darstellte. In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der berger R., Aspects on the calibration of CCN Ausgangspunkt die Traditionelle Chinesische Medi- counters, EAC 2004, Budapest, Sept. 2004. zin (TCM), wo die drei Prinzipien zunächst nicht so 56. M. Gysel, S. Nyeki, E. Weingartner, U. Baltens- klar zutage treten. Es wird aber belegt, dass die perger, H. Giebl, R. Hitzenberger, A. Petzold, Triade Yin, Yang und Qi (bzw. Yinyang) ein Effect of Sulphuric Acid on Hygroscopic Growth Äquivalent der drei Prinzipien darstellt. Danach wird and CCN Activity of Jet Engine Combustion schwerpunktmäßig auf die Diathesen bzw. Miasmen Particles. Workshop on Sulphuric Acid Aero- in der Homöopathie eingegangen und auch neuere sols, Cambridge, March 31 to April 1, 2004. Entwicklungen (Gienow) besprochen. Um Prozesse 57. L. Alados-Arboledas, F.J. Olmo, A. Alcantara, der Erkrankung und Gesundung darstellen zu H. Lymani, H. Martinez-Lozano, V. Cachorro, können, wird die vom Autor entwickelte Gesund- A. Labajo, B. de la Morena, J.P. Díaz, heitsscheibe, insbesondere die so genannte M. Pujadas, H. Horvath, A.M Silva, G. Pavese, Lebensspirale, verwendet. Evolution of the aerosol columnar properties at the main station of Armilla during Veleta field campaigns. Abstr, European Aerosol c. SUBMITTED PUBLICATIONS Conference, Sept. 6 to 10, 2004, J. Aerosol Science S377-8. 43. J. Turšič, B. Podkrajšek, I. Grgić, P. Ctyroky, 58. H. Horvath, M. Gangl, L. Fenk, B. Jost, A. Berner, U. Dusek, R. Hitzenberger, L. Alados-Arboledas, F.J. Olmo, A. Alcantara, Chemical composition and hygroscopic H. Lymani, Size distribution, scattering, extinc- properties of size segregated aerosol particles tion, and absorption of a desert aerosol in collected at Adriatic coast of Slovenia, Southern Spain. Abstr, European Aerosol Chemosphere. Conference, Sept.6 to 10, 2004, J. Aerosol 44. M. Kocifaj, H. Horvath, On re-evaluation of Science S377-8. quondam dust trend in the middle atmosphere, 59. M. Gangl, N. Sabbagh, H. Horvath, Increase Appl. Opt. of light absorption of carbon particles by a 45. J. Klačka, M. Kocifaj, F. Kundracík, Physics of transparent coating. Abstr, European Aerosol the perihelion motion of small dust particles, Conference, Sept. 6 to 10, 2004, J. Aerosol Planet. Space Sci. Science S439-40. 46. K.E. Kürten and F.V. Kusmartsev, Fractal 60. H. Horvath, M. Kasahara, S. Tohno, Angular Structure in Systems Made of Small Magnetic scattering of the atmospheric aerosol in Kyoto, Particles. Phys.Rev.B. Japan. Abstr, European Aerosol Conference, 47. A. Schäfer and K.W. Kratky, The Effect of Sept.6 to 10, 2004, J. Aerosol Science S445-6. Colored Illumination on Heart-Rate Variability. 61. L. Alados-Arboledas, F.J. Olmo, A. Alcantara, Biophysical Reviews and Letters. H. Lymani, H. Martinez-Lozano, V. Cachorro, 48. A. Kubin, H.G. Löw et.al., Water-soluble A. Labajo, B. de la Morena, J.P. Díaz, hypericin. Int. Journal of Photochemistry and M. Pujadas, H. Horvath, A.M Silva, G. Pavese, Photobiology. Atmospheric aerosol changes in the vertical 49. D. Schmid, D. Staudacher, C. Plass, H.G. Löw followed by sun photometers and tele- et.al, Mediated proportional limiting of mecha- photometers during VELETA 2002. Abstr, nical power output in rat and guinea pig left European Aerosol Conference, Sept. 6 to 10, ventricular papillary muscles prone to hypoxic 2004, J. Aerosol Science S503-4. core. Am. Joournal of Physiology. 62. F.J. Olmo, G. Pavese, L. Alados-Arboledas, 50. Ch. Plass, H.G. Löw, G.M. Wiesenthaler, et.al, A. Alcantara, H. Lymani, I. Foyo-Moreno, Photorelaxation of human vascular smooth F. Esposito, L. Leone, H. Horvath, S. Castillo, muscle: mechanisms and clinical implications. L. Ramirez, A comparison of the columnar Int. Journal of Circulation Research. aerosol physicsl parameters retrieved by 51. W.W. Szymanski, A. Podgorski, H. Luckner different methods at INDALO2003. Abstr, and L. Gradon, Design, performance and European Aerosol Conference, Sept. 6 to 10, commisioning of a new cascade virtual 2004, J. Aerosol Science S527-8. impactor (CAVI) for ambient aerosol 63. L. Fenk, H. Horvath, Dispersion of the bio- measurement (Meas. Sci. Technol 2004). aerosol produced by the oak processionary moth. Abstr, European Aerosol Conference, Sept.6 to 10, 2004, J. Aerosol Science S605-6. d. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 64. L. Alados-Arboledas, H. Horvath, G. Pavese, F. Esposito, X. Querol, L. Ramirez A. Alcantara, 52. Hitzenberger, R., Water soluble aerosols. F. J. Olmo, H. Lymani, I. Foyo-Moreno, M. Gangl, L. Fenk, B. Jost, L. Leone,

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S. Castillo, M Escudero, B. Espinar, INDALO vs. non-treated biological tissue. In: V. Marty- 2003 filed campaign. Abstr, European Aerosol nyuk (Ed.), Biophotons and coherent systems Conference, Sept. 6 to 10, 2004, J. Aerosol in biology, biophysics and biotechnology. Con- Science S981-2. ference Proceedings of the 3rd Alexander 65. M. Kocifaj, H. Horvath, Retrieval of size Gurwitsch Conference, Simferopol, Ukraine distribution for urban aerosols using multi- 2004. spectral optical data, J. Phys. Conf. Series. 75. T. Pressertachato, S. Suvachittanont, W.W. 66. L. Bugalho, A.M. Silva, T. Elias, L Alados Arbo- Szymanski, Atmospheric microparticle charac- ledas, J. Lorente, V. Cachorro, H. Horvath, J.A. terization and analysis (Asian Aerosol Con- Martinez-Lozano, B. de la Morena, Aerosol ference 2004, SAR Hongkong, 9. Jänner 2004). radiative forcing estimated at the top of the 76. A. Nagy, A. Czitrovszky, P. Gal, W.W. atmosphere during VELETA2002 Campaign at Szymanski, Environmental monitoring of atmo- Armilla, Spain. Abstr, European Aerosol Con- spheric pollution – mobile laboratory approach ference, Sept. 6 to 10, 2004, J. Aerosol Science (Asian Aerosol Conference 2004, SAR S991-2. Hongkong, 8. Jänner 2004). 67. B. Geringer, G. P. Reischl, W. Weissel, 77. W.W. Szymanski, Size selective sampling and T. Wopelka, Charakterisierung der Partikel- analysis of particulate matter in urban and rural emissionen bei ottomotorischer Brennver- areas in Bangkok and Nakornpratom, Thailand fahren, 4-6 Oktober 2004, in Aachen, Deut- (European Aerosol Conference 2004, Buda- schland. pest, Hungary). 68. P.M. Winkler, A. Vrtala, P.E. Wagner, 78. W.W. Szymanski, Modern instrumentation for M. Kulmala, K.E.J. Lehtinen and T. Vesala, measurement of atmospheric aerosols – a Time-resolved observation of the kinetics of review (Invited lecture at Asian Aerosol nucleation and condensation of water vapour Conference 2004, SAR Hongkong, 6. Jänner using constant-angle Mie scattering (CAMS). 2004). Proceedings of the 7th International Congress 79. C.L. Laschober, G. Reischl, S. Kaufman, on Optical Particle Characterization Kyoto, 1-5 G. Allmeier, W.W. Szymanski, Comparison August 2004. between corona and diffusion charging for 69. P.M. Winkler, A. Vrtala, P.E. Wagner, M. Kul- nanosized biomolecules (European Aerosol mala, K.E.J. Lehtinen and T. Vesala, Conference 2004, Budapest, Hungary, Independent experimental determination of 7. September 2004). thermal and mass accommodation coefficients 80. A.Golczewski, A. Nagy, P. Gal, A. Czitrovszky, for water, in Abstracts of the European Aerosol W.W. Szymanski, Performance modelling and Conference 2004, Elsevier, Vol. II, 889, 2004. response of the dual-wavelength optical particle 70. K.E. Kürten, Multistability and Dynamical spectrometer (European Aerosol Conference Behaviour of Small Magnetic Particles and Thin 2004, Budapest, Hungary. 9. September 2004). Magnetic Multilayers. In: D.C. Dalton, 81. P. M. Winkler, A. Vrtala, P. E. Wagner, The N. Lindsey and F.V. Kusmartsev (Eds.), Role of Nanoparticles in Heterogeneous International Workshop on Arrays of Quantum Nucleation of Binary Water - Ammonia Vapor Dots and Josephson Junctions, Split, Croatia, Mixtures, in Nanostructured Materials and their 21-27 October 2004. Applications (W. W. Szymanski, P. E. Wagner, 71. I. Lucic, G. Soja, H. Haider, W. Giczi und M. Itoh, T. Ohachi, Eds.) p. 55. Facultas, Wien, K.W. Kratky, Untersuchungsmethodik der 2004. Auswirkungen von hochfrequenten elektro- 82. J. Wedekind, K. Iland, P. E. Wagner, R. Strey, magnetischen Feldern (GSM - Basisstations- Homogeneous Nucleation of 1-Alcohol Vapors, Entsprechung) anhand von Pflanzen und in Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 2004 Pilzen. In: Österreichische Physikalische (M. Kasahara, M. Kulmala, Eds.) p. 49. Kyoto Gesellschaft (Hrsg.), 54. Jahrestagung der University Press, Kyoto, 2004. ÖPG, Linz 2004 (S.53). 83. D. Kaller, A. Vrtala, P. E. Wagner, A. Lauri, 72. I. Lucic, G. Soja, H. Haider, W. Giczi und M. Kulmala, A. Laaksonen, Binary Hetero- K.W. Kratky, Biologische Wirkungen hochfre- geneous Nucleation on Partially Soluble quenter elektromagnetischer Felder. In: Nanoparticles, in Nucleation and Atmospheric Österreichische Physikalische Gesellschaft Aerosols 2004 (M. Kasahara, M. Kulmala, Eds.) (Hrsg.), 54. Jahrestagung der ÖPG, Linz 2004 p. 40. Kyoto University Press, Kyoto, 2004. (S.113). 84. P. M. Winkler, A. Vrtala, P. E. Wagner, M. Kul- 73. I. Lucic, Biological impacts of high frequency mala, K. E. J. Lehtinen, T. Vesala, An Experi- electromagnetic fields. In: Report of the 1st mental Study on Thermal and Mass International Graduate- and PhD Seminar on Accommodation Coefficients for the Conden- Biogenetics & Natural Resources and the 7th sation of Water Vapour, in Nucleation and International Graduate- and PhD Seminar on Atmospheric Aerosols 2004 (M. Kasahara, Environmental Research. Eds: ARC Seibers- M. Kulmala, Eds.) p. 143. Kyoto University dorf Research GmbH and University of Natural Press, Kyoto, 2004. Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Institute 85. P. E. Wagner, Nucleation and Optical for Soil Research (Eds,), Seibersdorf and Measurement, in Abstracts for the International Vienna 2004 (p. 34). Workshop on Optics, Nucleation and Nano- 74. I. Lucic, K.W. Kratky and H. Klima, Biophoton Technology, Abstract I-3. Doshisha University, emission and supplementary evaluation pa- Kyoto, 2004. rameters of biological tissue that was treated 86. P. E. Wagner, Homogeneous and Hetero- with mechanical and electromagnetic waves geneous Nucleation in Multicomponent

42 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

Systems, Abstracts of the European Aerosol materials and things at the molecular scale – the Conference 2004, Vol. II. J. Aerosol Sci., p. bottom-up nanotechnology. In his lecture he S783 (2004). stressed the fact that this development would only 87. A. Lauri, E. Zapadinsky, H. Vehkamäki, be possible with an innovative instrumentation and P. E. Wagner, M. Kulmala, A New Statistical methods allowing understanding, handling and Mechanical Formulation of Heterogeneous measurement of nanostructures. Nowadays, some Nucleation, Abstracts of the European Aerosol 40 years after Feynman’s visionary lecture the Conference 2004, Vol. I. J. Aerosol Sci., p. investigative tools and level of understanding of S109 (2004). nanoscale phenomena are still in the beginning. To explore the potential possibilities being available at the nanoscale much more fundamental scientific e. BOOKS knowledge and understanding how nanostructure systems function is needed. One of key charac- 1. M. Drosg, Dealing With Uncertainties. A Guide teristics of the nanoscale research is its inter- to Error Analysis, accepted for publication by disciplinarity and fading distinction between Springer, Heidelberg. fundamental and applied science. Making a step in the right direction a Symposium on Nanostructured 2. G.E. Lasker and K.W. Kratky (Eds.), Health, Materials - Fundamentals and Applications was Healing and Medicine, Vol. XI. Comparative organized within the Cooperation and Exchange and Integrative Medicine. The International Program between the Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Doshisha University, Japan, and the Fakultät für Research and Cybernetics, Windsor, Canada Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik, University of 2005 (in print). Vienna, Austria. Leading experts presented various topics of current interest in the field of nanoscience 3. W.W. Szymanski, P.E. Wagner, M. Itoh and and technology. The present volume is based on T. Ohachi, Nanostructured materials and their contributions given at the Symposium, which was applications, Facultas, Vienna (2004). held at the Institute of Experimental Physics of the Nanostructured materials have great potential for University of Vienna on 27 and 28 November 2002. applications in various industrial areas including nanoceramics, electronics and metallurgy. Further- more, biological systems are structured typically on f. PATENT the nanoscale. Generation, investigation and manipulation of nanostructured materials are of 1. A. Kubin and H.G. Löw, Preparation hypericin great fundamental as well as practical importance bonded with poly-N-vinylamides, 01933457.2- for various disciplines ranging from physics, 2404 PCT/AT0100159 (January 27, 2003), chemistry and materials sciences to biosciences European patent office. Published Dec 29, and medicine. In the year 1959, the Nobel Prize 2004 with the approbated European patent laureate, physicist Richard Feynman gave his number EP 1289 562. famous lecture at the meeting of the American The invention relates to an active agent combination Physical Society “There is plenty of Room at the for diagnosing and treating tumors, comprising a Bottom”. The significance of his ideas becomes water-soluble complex or a water-soluble compound increasingly evident with the ongoing development of pure hypericin and a poly-N-vinylamide, espe- of nanoscience and technology. He had a vision of cially PVP. new, exciting developments based on production of

LECTURES - POSTERS a. LECTURES R. Hitzenberger 5. Water soluble Aerosols, ICNAA 2004, Kyoto, M. Drosg July 2004. 1. Increasing the capability of MNBRP for the 6. Particulate Matter: Properties related to Health detection of anti-personnel landmines by time- Effects, COST Action 633, ÖAW, Kommission slicing, 8th International Conference on Appli- für Reinhaltung der Luft: Statusbericht cations of Nuclear Techniques, Crete, 12 - 18 14.10.2004. September 2004. 7. Particulate Matter: Properties Related to Health Effects, COST ACTION 633, Invited Lecture, W. Gruber AIRNET Conference, Prag. 22.10.2004. 2. Papierflieger, Boomerangs und Physik (High- lights der Physik, Stuttgart), 24.-26.6. 2004. H. Horvath 3. Warum fliegen Flieger (KinderUniSteyr, Steyr), 8. Sequestration of CO2 and non conventional 30.-31.Aug. 2004. energy, graduate course held at the University 4. "University meets public"-lectures (VHS Meid- of Kyoto, January-February 2004. ling, VHS Liesing), January-December 2004.

43 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

9. Light absorptive properties of atmospheric 26. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation aerosols, held at the University of Bratislava on in Multicomponent Systems, Aerosoli- ja November 15, 2004. ympäristöfysiikan seminaari, University of K.W. Kratky Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 29. September 10. Menschenbild und Heilkunde: Vergleich und 2004. Integration von Verfahren I (Interuniversitärer 27. Nucleation in Multicomponent Systems I, Fernstudiengang für komplementäre, psycho- Seminar: Aktuelle Probleme der Aero- soziale und integrative Gesundheitsförderung, soldynamik und Aerosoloptik, Universität Wien, Schloß Seggau), 24. & 25.1.2004. 27. Oktober 2004. 11. Weltbild und Realität - Grundsätzliches zum 28. Homogene und Heterogene Nukleation in Verständnis von Medizinsystemen (Klub logi- Multikomponentensystemen, Seminar: Ange- scher Denker, Wien), 18.2.2004. wandte Statistische Physik und Simulation 12. Menschenbild und Heilkunde: Vergleich und (ASPUS), Universität Wien, 1. Dezember 2004. Integration von Verfahren II (Interuniversitärer Fernstudiengang für komplementäre, psycho- P. Winkler soziale und integrative Gesundheitsförderung, 29. Experimental Study on Thermal and Mass Schloß Seggau), 17.4.2004. Accommodation Coefficients for the Conden- 13. Komplementäre Medizinsysteme. Vergleich und sation of Water Vapour, ICNAA, Kyoto, Integration (MedSuccess am AKH, Wien), 27.07.2004. 8.5.2004. 30. Independent experimental determination of 14. Philosophische Grundlagen des Heilens (Club thermal and mass accommodation coefficients philosophique, Wien), 11.6.2004. for water, EAC, Budapest, 09.11.2004. 15. Die Verbindung von Physik und Psychologie bzw. Medizin (Fortbildung der Psychologen des Otto Wagner Spitals, Wien), 20.10.2004. CONFERENCE CONTRIBUTIONS 16. Aspekte der Heilung (Weiterbildung "Energe- tische Modelle und Methoden – Therapeutische 31. Hitzenberger R., Water soluble aerosols. Berührung" der IGSL Hospizbewegung, Wien), Invited plenary presentation, ICNAA 2004, 29.10.2004. Kyoto, July 2004. 17. Weltbilder komplementärmedizinischer Richtun- 32. Tusic J., Podkrajsek B., Grgic I., Berner A., gen (Vorlesung "Grundlagen und Praxis kom- Ctyroky P., Hitzenberger R., Reactivity of plementärmedizinischer Methoden", Universität atmospheric aerosols under conditions typical Wien), 8.11.2004. for haze, EAC 2004, Budapest, Sept. 2004. 33. Dusek U., Giebl H., Reischl G. P., Hitzen- K.E. Kürten berger R.,CCN activation of pure and coated 18. Fractal Spatial Structures and Breathers in carbon black particles, EAC 2004, Budapest, Discrete Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Systems Sept. 2004. (Loughborough University, Department of 34. Dusek U., Giebl H., Reischl G. P., Hitzen- Physics), 14.04.2004. berger, R., Aspects on the calibration of CCN 19. Fractal Watches Made of Small Magnetic Disks counters, EAC 2004, Budapest, Sept. 2004. (Loughborough University, Department of 35. M. Gysel, S. Nyeki, E. Weingartner, U. Baltens- Physics), 22.11.2004. perger, H. Giebl, R. Hitzenberger, A. Petzold, Effect of Sulphuric Acid on Hygroscopic Growth I. Lucic and CCN Activity of Jet Engine Combustion 20. Einfluss von mechanischen und elektro- Particles. Workshop on Sulphuric Acid Aero- magnetischen (Licht) Wellen auf die Pilzmycele sols, Cambridge, March 31 to April 1, 2004. (Austrian society of biophysics. Vienna Univer- 36. R. Hitzenberger, G. Iorga, H. Puxbaum, sity, Universität Wien), 29.6.2004. A. Kasper-Giebl, Modelling the direct radiative effect of aerosols collected at Vienna and Mt. W. W. Szymanski Rax. 8th International Conference on Carbona- 21. Issues and tools for nanotechnology: analysis ceous Particles in the Atmosphere, Vienna, of nanoparticles and molecules – an innovative Sept. 2004. analytical and process technology (Kasetsart 37. J. Tursic, B. Podkrajsek, I. Grgic, P. Ctyroky, University, Bangkok, Thailand, 17. Sept. 2004). A. Berner, R. Hitzenberger, Particle size 22. Aerosole – viel mehr als ein Spray (Rotary distributions of carbon in aerosols collected in Club, Zwettl, 19. Oktober 2004). Vienna and Ljubljana. 8th International Con- 23. Optical particle counters and spectrometers – ference on Carbonaceous Particles in the principle of operation, design and applications Atmosphere, Vienna, Sept. 2004. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA, 17. 38. U. Dusek, P. Ctyroky, H. Giebl, G.P. Reischl, August 2004). and R. Hitzenberger, CCN activation of carbon 24. Performance and applicability of optical particle black particles coated with humic acid. 8th spectrometry for aerosol measurement – limi- International Conference on Carbonaceous tations and error sources (University of Minne- Particles in the Atmosphere, Vienna, Sept. sota, Minneapolis, USA, 19. August 2004). 2004. 39. L. Fenk, H. Horvath, Dispersion of the bio- P. Wagner aerosol produced by the oak processionary 25. Binary Heterogeneous Nucleation on Nano- moth. Workshop on Bio Aerosol Detection particles, Doshisha University, Kyo-Tanabe, Kyoto, Japan, 28. Juli 2004.

44 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

(U115), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, July 8 (16th International Conference on System to 9, 2004. Research, Informatics & Cybernetics, Baden- 40. L. Alados-Arboledas, F.J. Olmo, A. Alcantara, Baden) , 30.7.2004. H. Lymani, H. Martinez-Lozano, V. Cachorro, 53. K.W. Kratky, Chronobiology and Cross- A. Labajo, B. de la Morena, J.P. Díaz, Cultural Medicine: Cyclic Processes during a M. Pujadas, H. Horvath, A.M Silva, G. Pavese, Day, a Year, and a Lifetime (16th International Evolution of the aerosol columnar properties at Conference on System Research, Informatics & the main station of Armilla during Veleta field Cybernetics, Baden-Baden), 30.7.2004. campaigns. European Aerosol Conference, 54. K.W. Kratky, Complementary Medicine: Com- Sept. 6 to 10, 2004. parison and Integration (keynote address at the 41. H. Horvath, M. Gangl, L. Fenk, B. Jost, 16th International Conference on System L. Alados-Arboledas, F.J. Olmo, A. Alcantara, Research, Informatics & Cybernetics, Baden- H. Lymani, Size distribution, scattering, extinc- Baden), 2.8.2004. tion, and absorption of a desert aerosol in 55. K.W. Kratky, Die drei Prinzipien am Beispiel Southern Spain. European Aerosol Conference, der Homöopathie und der Traditionellen Chine- Sept. 6 to 10, 2004. sischen Medizin (Symposium "Energiemedizin 42. M. Gangl, N. Sabbagh, H. Horvath, Increase II. Neue Entwicklungen in Akupunktur und of light absorption of carbon particles by a Homöopathie" der Akademie für Ganz- transparent coating. European Aerosol Con- heitsmedizin, Wien), 5.11.2004. ference, Sept. 6 to 10, 2004. 56. K.E. Kürten, Fractal Properties of Small 43. H. Horvath, M. Kasahara, S. Tohno, Angular Magnetic Particles and Magnetic Multilayers: an scattering of the atmospheric aerosol in Kyoto, Exactly Solvable Model (invited lecture at the Japan. European Aerosol Conference, Sept. 6 XXVIII International Workshop on Condensed to 10, 2004. Matter Theories, St. Louis, MO, USA) 44. L. Alados-Arboledas, F.J. Olmo, A. Alcantara, 18.9.2004. H. Lymani, H. Martinez-Lozano, V. Cachorro, 57. K.E. Kürten, Multistability and Dynamical Be- A. Labajo, B. de la Morena, J.P. Díaz, haviour of Small Magnetic Particles and Thin M. Pujadas, H. Horvath, A.M Silva, G. Pavese, Magnetic Multilayers (invited lecture at the Atmospheric aerosol changes in the vertical International Workshop on Arrays of Quantum followed by sun photometers and telephoto- Dots and Josephson Junctions, Split, Croatia) meters during VELETA 2002. European 24.10.2004. Aerosol Conference, Sept. 6 to 10, 2004. 58. S. Ibrahim, Human Types: Relationship 45. F.J. Olmo, G. Pavese, L. Alados-Arboledas, between Yin/Yang and Vagotonia/Sympathi- A. Alcantara, H. Lymani, I. Foyo-Moreno, cotonia (16th International Conference on F. Esposito, L. Leone, H. Horvath, S. Castillo, System Research, Informatics & Cybernetics, L. Ramirez, A comparison of the columnar Baden-Baden), 29.7.2004. aerosol physical parameters retrieved by 59. S. Ibrahim, Attitudes to Complementary different methods at INDALO2003. European Medicine among General Practitioners in Aerosol Conference, Sept. 6 to 10, 2004. Vienna, Austria (16th International Conference 46. L. Alados-Arboledas, H. Horvath, G. Pavese, on System Research, Informatics & Cyber- F. Esposito, X. Querol, L. Ramirez A. Alcantara, netics, Baden-Baden), 29.7.2004. F. J. Olmo, H. Lymani, I. Foyo-Moreno, 60. W. Gruber, Physikalische Grundlagen der M. Gangl, L. Fenk, B. Jost, L. Leone, Fleischverarbeitung (Agrarpädagogisches Insti- S. Castillo, M Escudero, B. Espinar, INDALO- tut Wien), 9.11.2004. 2003 field campaign. European Aerosol Con- 61. W. Gruber, Standards in der Ernährungs- ference, Sept. 6 to 10, 2004. erziehung (Agrarpädagogisches Institut Wien), 47. L. Bugalho, A.M. Silva, T. Elias, L Alados 9.11.2004. Arboledas, J.Lorente, V. Cachorro, H. Horvath, 62. I. Lucic, Untersuchungsmethodik der Aus- J-A. Martinez-Lozano, B. de la Morena, Aerosol wirkungen von hochfrequenten elektromagne- radiative forcing estimated at the top of the tischen Feldern (GSM-Basisstationentsprech- atmosphere during VELETA2002 Campaign at ung) anhand von Pflanzen und Pilzen Armilla, Spain. European Aerosol Conference, (54. Jahrestagung der ÖPG, Linz), 28.9.2004. Sept. 6 to 10, 2004. 63. B. Geringer, G. P. Reischl, W. Weissel, 48. M. Kocifaj, I. Martinček, Propagation of micro- T. Wopelka, Charakterisierung der Partikel- waves through atmospheric environment, emissionen bei ottomotorischer Brennverfah- AEEE 3, ISSN 1336-1376, 2004, 177-182. ren, Aachen, Deutschland, 4-6 Oktober 2004. 49. M. Kocifaj, J. Klačka, H. Horvath, Non- 64. T. Pressertachato, S.Suvachittanont, W.W Szy- spherical dust in exterior resonances with manski, Atmospheric microparticle charac- Neptune, In: Proc. Dynamics of Populations of terization and analysis (Asian Aerosol Con- Planetary Systems. IAU Colloquium 197, 2004. ference 2004, SAR Hongkong, 9. Jänner 2004). 50. M. Kocifaj, H. Horvath, Retrieval of size 65. A. Nagy, A. Czitrovszky, P. Gal, W.W Szy- distribution for urban aerosols using multi- manski, Environmental monitoring of spectral optical data", J. Phys. Conf. Series. atmospheric pollution – mobile laboratory 51. K.W. Kratky, Lebensweg: Rhythmen, Über- approach (Asian Aerosol Conference 2004, gänge und Lebensspirale (Internationales SAR Hongkong, 8. Jänner 2004). Forum 2004 der Internationalen Kinesiologie 66. W.W. Szymanski, Size selective sampling and Akademie, Bad Nauheim), 27.6.2004. analysis of particulate matter in urban and rural 52. K.W. Kratky, The Development of Chinese areas in Bangkok and Nakornpratom, Thailand Medicine from a Cross-Cultural Point of View

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(European Aerosol Conference 2004, Buda- ceous Particles in the Atmosphere, Vienna, pest, Hungary). Sept. 2004. 67. W.W. Szymanski, Modern instrumentation for 77. J. Tursic, B. Podkrajsek, I. Grgic, P. Ctyroky, measurement of atmospheric aerosols – a A. Berner, R. Hitzenberger, Particle size review (Invited lecture at Asian Aerosol Con- distributions of carbon in aerosols collected in ference 2004, SAR Hongkong, 6. Jänner 2004). Vienna and Ljubljana. 8th International Con- 68. C.L. Laschober, G. Reischl, S. Kaufman, ference on Carbonaceous Particles in the G. Allmeier, W.W. Szymanski, Comparison Atmosphere, Vienna, Sept. 2004. between corona and diffusion charging for 78. U. Dusek, P. Ctyroky, H. Giebl, G.P. Reischl, nanosized biomolecules (European Aerosol and R. Hitzenberger, CCN activation of carbon Conference 2004, Budapest, Hungary, black particles coated with humic acid. 8th 7. September 2004). International Conference on Carbonaceous 69. A. Golczewski, A. Nagy, P. Gal, A.Czitrovszky, Particles in the Atmosphere, Vienna, Sept. W.W. Szymanski, Performance modelling and 2004. response of the dual-wavelength optical particle 79. M. Kocifaj, H. Horvath, Attenuation of optical spectrometer (European Aerosol Conference signals in the atmosphere: An analytic 2004, Budapest, Hungary. 9. September 2004). approach, In: Applied Electronics 2004, Ed. J. 70. P. Wagner, Binary Heterogeneous Nucleation Pinker, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, on Partially Soluble Nanoparticles”, 16th September 2004. International Conference on Nucleation and 80. M. Kocifaj, H. Horvath, Phase function of non- Atmospheric Aerosols, Kyoto, Japan, Koauto- spherical dust-like particles, In: Transport of ren: D. Kaller, A. Vrtala, A. Lauri, M. Kulmala, Water, Chemicals and Energy in the System A. Laaksonen, 26. Juli 2004. Soil-Crop Canopy-Atmosphere, Eds. K. Koso- 71. P. Wagner, Nucleation and Optical Measure- rin, V. Novák, V. Štekauerová, J. Šútor, Inst. of ment, International Workshop on Optics, Hydrology SAS, Bratislava, 25 November 2004. Nucleation and Nano-Technology (IWONN), 81. L. Fenk, H. Horvath, Dispersion of the bio- Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan, 30. Juli aerosol produced by the oak processionary 2004. moth. European Aerosol Conference, Sept. 6 72. P. Wagner, Time-Resolved Observation of the to 10, 2004 Kinetics of Nucleation and Condensation of 82. H.G. Löw, Fluorescence-optical methods in Water Vapour using Constant-Angle Mie therapeutic dermatology and urology. a) En- Scattering (CAMS), 7th International Congress hancing optical detection specifity using PVP- on Optical Particle Characterization, Kyoto, Hypericin as a new substance detecting TCC- Japan, Koautoren: P. M. Winkler, A. Vrtala, carcinoma in human bladderwall. b) Fluores- M. Kulmala, K. E. J. Lehtinen, T. Vesala. cence guided dermatology using 5-ALA 3. August 2004. applications on human skin lesions (Wissen- 73. P. Wagner, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous schaftliche Sommertagung der Gesellschaft der Nucleation in Multicomponent Systems, Plenary Ärzte: Präsentation der wissenschaftlichen Lecture, European Aerosol Conference 2004, Höhepunkte der Wiener Medizin des Jahres Budapest, Hungary, 9. September 2004. 2003, Wien), 29.9.2004. 74. P. M. Winkler, An Experimental Study on Ther- 83. H.G. Löw, Novel type fluorescence-optical mal and Mass Accommodation Coefficients for organ bath for non-invasive continuous the Condensation of Water Vapour, 16th Inter- detection of metabolic energy parameters in national Conference on Nucleation and electrostimulated cardio-myocytes of papillary Atmospheric Aerosols, Kyoto, Japan, Koauto- muscles (Wissenschaftliche Sommertagung der ren: A. Vrtala, P. E. Wagner, M. Kulmala, Gesellschaft der Ärzte: Präsentation der K. E. J. Lehtinen, T. Vesala, 27. Juli 2004. wissenschaftlichen Höhepunkte der Wiener 75. P. M. Winkler, Independent Experimental De- Medizin des Jahres 2003, Wien), 29.9.2004. termination of Thermal and Mass Accom- 84. I. Lucic, Biologische Wirkungen hochfrequenter modation Coefficients for Water, European elektromagnetischer Felder (54. Jahrestagung Aerosol Conference 2004, Budapest, Hungary, der ÖPG, Linz), 29.9.2004 Koautoren: A. Vrtala, P.E. Wagner, M. Kulmala, 85. I. Lucic, Biological impacts of high-frequency K. E. J. Lehtinen, T. Vesala, 9. Sept. 2004. electromagnetic fields (1st International Graduate- and PhD Seminar on Biogenetics & Natural Resources and 7th International c. POSTERS Graduate- and PhD Seminar on Environmental Research. University of Natural Resources and 76. R. Hitzenberger, G. Iorga, H. Puxbaum, A. Applied Life Sciences, Institute for Soil Kasper-Giebl, Modelling the direct radiative Research, Vienna), 17.11.2004. effect of aerosols collected at Vienna and Mt. 86. W. Gruber, Physik und Verkehrssicherheit Rax. 8th International Conference on Carbona- (NAWI-Netzwerk Wien, Technisches Museum Wien), 8.10.2004.

46 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

TEACHING AND WEB-BASED DIDACTICS

W. Gruber zu biologischen Netzwerken. Nach der Vorstellung Vorlesung "Brain Modelling I + II, Physikalische von einigen konkreten Modellen aus der Biologie Modelle für das Gedächtnis", steht auch online zur (Beispiele: Erkennen von Objekten durch das Verfügung: http://brain.exp.univie.ac.at visuelle System, Synchronisation im Gehirn, Steuerungen und Regelungen im Nervensystem) Im Rahmen dieser Lehrveranstaltung werden endet der Streifzug bei philosophischen Frage- aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse aus den Bereichen stellungen. Da in diesem Forschungsgebiet noch der Neuroscience vorgestellt und ihre Relevanz viele Fragen offen sind beziehungsweise noch gar diskutiert. Der Streifzug durch die Neuroscience nicht gestellt wurden, wird auch auf die Grenzen beginnt bei der Beschreibung von Neuronen, des aktuellen Wissens hingewiesen. technischen neuronalen Netzen und dem Vergleich

PHD THESES - DIPLOMA THESES a. CURRENT DIPLOMA THESES particle spectrometry technique

 SUPERVISOR: A. Berner  SUPERVISOR: P. E. Wagner P. Ctyroky V. Hiessberger Nichtideale Strömungserscheinungen in Impaktor- Experimental Investigation of Condensational düsen Growth and Accomodation Coefficients for n- Propanol Vapour B. Strassmeier  SUPERVISOR: R. Hitzenberger Experimental Investigation of Condensational B. Baumann Growth and Accomodation Coefficients for n-Octane Fourier-Domain optische Kohärenztomographie Vapor O. Chik Time-Domain optische Kohärenztomographie

b. COMPLETED DIPLOMA THESES  SUPERVISOR: H. Horvath L. Fenk  SUPERVISOR: R. Hitzenberger Aerodynamische Eigenschaften von Bioaerosolen C. Trimmel N. Fölker Elektrizitätsgewinnung aus Biomasse - Vergleich Light absorption of mixed particles von Direktverfeuerung und Biogasgewinnung. N. Sabbagh Light absorption of coated particles V. Wurmsdobler  SUPERVISOR: K.W. Kratky Angular light scattering of mixed particles M. M. Steurer Bestimmung der elektronischen Arbeitspunkte und der zugehörigen Impedanzen an neuralen Mem-  SUPERVISOR: K.W. Kratky branen. D. Diepold Die Untersuchung von Vorgängen im menschlichen Auswirkung von akustischen Reizen auf die Heart- Gehirn und die Modellierung neuraler Prozesse Rate-Variability kann auf mehreren Ebenen durchgeführt werden. N. Elagöz Diese Ebenen erstrecken sich von molekularen Nichtlineare Analyse des Einflusses von Licht auf Vorgängen über die elektrophysiologischen und den Menschen physikalischen Eigenschaften von Neuronen und Neuronengruppen bis zur Betrachtung psycholo- gischer Effekte. In dieser Arbeit werden die ver-  SUPERVISOR: G. Reischl schiedenen Ebenen dargestellt. Es wird eine Ein- G. Steiner führung in die biologischen Grundlagen gegeben, Generierung von Nanopartikeln die möglichen Modellierungen der elektronischen Eigenschaften von Neuronen aufgezeigt und die grundlegenden elektrophysiologischen Methoden  SUPERVISOR: W. W. Szymanski beschrieben. Diese Methoden werden anhand von A. Golczewski Experimenten mit Neuronen von der Weinberg- Simultaneous determination of refractive indices schnecke (Helix pomatia) erläutert. Weiters wird ein and sizes of aerosol particles with innovative Einblick in die mathematische Modellierung neuro- naler Prozesse, wie zum Beispiel Vesikel-

47 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS ausschüttung und Ionenkanalaktivität sowie in die Simulation von Verbänden von Neuronen gegeben.

 SUPERVISOR: G. Reischl  SUPERVISOR: W. W. Szymanski P. Kröpfl C. Laschober Über die Eichung von Berner Niederdruck Impak- Characterization of biopolymers with nano-aerosol toren techniques

 SUPERVISOR: W. W. Szymanski L. Hofer d. COMPLETED PHD THESES Influence of non-homogeneity of aerosol droplets on their optical properties  SUPERVISOR: K.W. Kratky A. Schäfer Lichttherapie mit Variation physikalischer Para- meter. c. CURRENT PHD THESES Methoden: In dieser Arbeit werden die Aus- wirkungen von hellem Licht unterschiedlicher  SUPERVISOR: R. Hitzenberger spektraler Zusammensetzung auf die Heart-Rate H. Giebl Variablity (HRV) untersucht. In Experiment 1 Wolkenkondensationskerne in der Atmosphäre und wurden zwölf Versuchspersonen je 10 min mit in Flugzeugemissionen rotem, grünem und blauem Leuchtstoffröhrenlicht von ca. 700 Lux bestrahlt und die HRV vor, während und nach der Beleuchtung gemessen. In  SUPERVISOR: H. Horvath Experiment 2 erhielten acht Personen über je M. Gangl 30 min eine Dosis von ca. 2300 Lux von Optische, mechanische und elektrische Eigen- tageslichtweißem und handelsüblichem neutral- schaften von Aerosolen weißem Leuchtstoffröhrenlicht. Untersucht wurden O. Jovanovic dabei nichtlineare sowie Time-Domain- und Photophoresis of stratospheric soot particles Frequency-Domain-Variablen der HRV. Die stati- P. Pesava stische Auswertung wurde anhand der Änderung Turbulent (non turbulent) flow and deposition of dieser Parameter durch die Beleuchtung im Ver- aerosol particles on surfaces gleich zur vorherigen Dunkelheit durchgeführt. H. Sauerzopf Ergebnisse: Die Detrended Fluctuation Analysis Influence of light absorption on the input of solar ergab ein Ansteigen des Selbstähnlichkeitspara- energy meters  bei rotem und grünem Licht und einen S. Seidl Abfall bei blauem Licht. Das neutralweiße Licht und Optische Parameter des atmosphärischen Aerosols insbesondere das Tageslichtspektrum führte ten- denziell zu einem Rückgang der Extreme von  zu führen. Der Puls-Atem-Quotient fiel bei rotem und  SUPERVISOR: K.W. Kratky grünem Licht ab, während das blaue und das W. Gruber tageslichtweiße Licht zu einer Annäherung an den Physikalische Beschreibung des menschlichen für Entspannungszustände charakteristischen Gehirns: Verbände von Neuronen Wert 4 führten. Diese Ergebnisse waren hoch- P. F. Hüttner signifikant. Die Resultate zeigen, daß die HRV Zeitreihenentwicklung von metabolischen Systemen: innerhalb von Minuten durch helles Licht beeinflußt Analyse, Vorhersage, Steuerung wird und dabei auch die Wirkung verschiedener S. Ibrahim Spektren unterschieden werden kann. Naturwissenschaftliche Grundlagen der medizinischen Systeme H. G. Löw  SUPERVISOR: W. W. Szymanski Sauerstoff- und Energietransport in elektrisch gela- L. Wind denen Partikelsystemen turbider Medien. Anwen- Experimental and theoretical assessment of multiple dung in der Tumorbiophysik unter Verwendung light scattering effects in aerosols. photodynamischer und ultraschallinduzierter mole- In this thesis of multiple light scattering (MS) on kularer Interaktionen transmittance measurements under various I. Lucic measurement conditions have been investigated. Der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Frequenzen auf biolo- For this purpose a newly developed expansion gische Systeme chamber was applied. By use of a specially designed optical detector system number concen- trations and light fluxes of particles activated to  SUPERVISOR: G. Reischl condensational growth have been determined. Th. Wopelka These data have been compared to reference data Einflüsse moderner Technologien auf die partikel- from a condensation nuclei counter as well as to förmigen Emissionen von Kraftfahrzeugen; mögliche calculations using numerical and theoretical Auswirkungen auf die lokale Emissionssituation approaches. The applied special detector, developed in the scope of this thesis, allowed for a continuous selection of field of view (0.95-13°) and

48 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS aperture opening (1-40mm). First with this optical nucleation was performed applying the constant- arrangement quantitative measurement of MS-light angle Mie scattering (CAMS)-method, which fluxes and determination of MS-effects was possible provides non-invasive, simultaneous determination and allowed an unambiguous verification of of particle number concentration and droplet size. numerical simulations. Theoretical, experimental Using different vapor mixtures and particles and numerical approaches have been developed, heterogeneous nucleation probability curves have analyzed and combined in a way to produce been determined. From these curves onset vapor numerous quantitative and qualitative results phase activities for each vapor compound have comprising the effects of the detection system on been determined, at which 50% of the particles are the amount of detected multiple light scattering , the activated. For the pure vapors it has been found that spacial light distribution as a function of the media experimentally determined onset supersaturations properties, the influence of the various orders of using Ag and AS particles are significantly below the multiple light scattering on the total contribution, the Kelvin curves of n-propanol and n-nonane, value of the optical depth as an indicator for multiple respectively. For binary vapor mixtures no light scattering and the handling of multiple pronounced mutual enhancement of the scattering in experimental practice. The results heterogeneous nucleation of n-propanol and n- indicate that the optical depth relates well to MS- nonane was observed. The binary heterogeneous effects in general, but may fail to describe MS in nucleation of n-propanol and n-nonane on the cases of changing size parameter. The optical depth particles considered has been demonstrated to be marking the onset of notable MS has been found to independent of particle composition and size. vary between typically 0.1 and 1, which is also a Furthermore, measurements for the determination reasonable limit for the application of a sole single of mass and thermal accommodation coefficients m scattering correction. It has been shown that at and t of water vapor have been carried out small optical depths the MS-enhancement in covering a temperature range from about 250 to 290 measurements with a small field of view and K. For the first time, both coefficients have been aperture opening grows linearly with magnitude, and determined directly and simultaneously. To this end, from the monodirectional scattering approach monodisperse Ag particles of 9 nm in diameter have developed in scope of this thesis it follows that in been used as condensation nuclei and were mixed the limit of very small detector apertures and fields with a well-defined amount of pure water vapor. For of view the positions of the maxima of the n-the humidification a diffusion humidifier was used. order of detected scattered light flux can be found Supersaturation was again achieved by means of also at optical depth equal n. the expansion chamber and droplet growth was monitored by means of the CAMS-method. For determination of the accommodation coefficients  SUPERVISOR: P. E. Wagner experimental droplet growth curves were compared P. M. Winkler to corresponding theoretical droplet growth curves. Experimental study of condensation processes in A 2-parameter fit was performed by varying the systems of water and organic vapors employing an corresponding accommodation coefficient and the expansion chamber. starting time of droplet growth such that the In this thesis heterogeneous nucleation in both, resulting theoretical growth curve was fitting best to unary n-propanol and n-nonane vapors, and binary the experimental data points. Considering experi- n-propanol - n-nonane vapor mixtures has been mental uncertainties in the determination of water investigated. Monodisperse silver particles (Ag) with vapor supersaturation and the uncertainty with diameters ranging from 7 to 15 nm and mono- respect to the starting time of droplet growth disperse ammonium sulfate particles (AS) with corresponding maximum errors have been diameters from 15 to 25 nm, both insoluble in n- determined. From the obtained results it can be sta- propanol and n-nonane, have been used as ted that t is larger than 0.85 over the whole condensation nuclei. Generation of the particles was temperature range considered. For temperatures carried out by means of a tube furnace for the Ag from 250 to 270 K values of m below 0.8 are particles and a collison atomizer for the AS particles excluded, for higher temperatures up to 290 K m is and subsequent electrostatic classification applying always larger than 0.4. Both coefficients are likely to a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). Well-defined be unity for all studied conditions. This enables vapor mixtures produced by means of a syringe accurate predictions of the formation and growth of pump were added to the aerosol. Vapor super- cloud droplets required in order to correctly para- saturation necessary for activation of the particles meterize cloud light scattering/absorption and was achieved by means of a process controlled precipitation properties in climate models. expansion chamber. Investigation of heterogeneous

MISCELLANEOUS

A. Berner  Referent für Appl. Rad. Isot. and Nucl. Sci. Eng.  Member of the Clean Air Commission,  Projektbegutachter. ÖAW. W. Gruber  Rechnungsprüfer der Biophysikalischen M. Drosg Gesellschaft Österreichs.

49 AEROSOL, BIO- AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

 Gutachter für das Technische Museum  Chairman at the Symposium 'Comparative and Wien für den Bereich „Technik im Alltag“. Integrative Medicine' (16th International Con-  Mitglied des Planungskomitees der ÖPG ference on System Research, Informatics & für das Jahr der Physik. Cybernetics, Baden-Baden), Aug 29-30, 2004.

R. Hitzenberger O. Preining  Chair of the Mangement Committee of COST  Delegate of the Austrian Academy of action 633 “Particulate Matter – properties Sciences at EURO-CASE. related to health effects”.  National representative, COST 633. G. P. Reischl  Member of the Committee on Nucleation and  Chemisch-Physikalische Gesellschaft, Atmospheric Aerosols (International Commission Scientific Secretary. on Clouds and Precipitation, IUGG).  Member, Fakultätskonferenz, Fakultät für Physik W. W. Szymanski  Member, Studienkonferenz, Fakultät für Physik.  Member of the Technical Committee "Air  Vice President, Gesellschaft für Aerosolfor- Quality" at the Austrian Standards Institute. schung GAeF e. V.  Reviewer for various scientific journals and  Member, Scientific Steering Committee ESF publishers. project INTROP.  Member of the International Advisory  National Coordinator INTROP for Austria. Committee for the European Aerosol  Reviewer for: Atmospheric Environment; Conference 2004, Budapest, Hungary. Environmental Science and Technology; Aerosol  Member of the Editorial Board of Journal Science and Technology, Meteorologische Zeit- for Air Quality and Control. schrift, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,  Co-organisation and lecturing in the scope Acta Chimica Slovenia, J. Environmental of the Science Week 2004 . Monitoring.  Member of the Editorial Board – Aerosol  Program Chair, Carbonaceous Particles Con- and Air Quality Research. ference, Vienna, Sept. 2004.  Visiting Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engi-  Co editor, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, neering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Special Issue on Carbonacelous Particles in the Thailand, September 2004. Atmosphere. P. E. Wagner H. Horvath  Honorary Member: Committee on Nucleation  Associate Editor, Atmospheric and Atmospheric Aerosols (CNAA); International Environment, Editorial Board, Journal of Aerosol Commission on Clouds and Precipitation (ICCP); Research International Union of Geophysics and Geodesy  President of the Austrian Society for Bio- (IUGG). physics until April 2004.  Chair: Review Committee for Natural Sciences,  Austrian Ministry of Defence, Chair of the Delegate of University of Vienna, Kuratorium der Scientific Advisory Board for Natural Sciences Hochschuljubiläumsstiftung der Stadt Wien. and Technology. 1993 - present .  Member, Fellow Award Committee, International  Chairman: International Aerosol Research Aerosol Research Assembly (IARA). th Assembly Fellow Award Committee.  Member, International Advisory Board, 16  Member of the Clean Air Commission, ÖAW. International Conference on Nucleation and  President of Association for Aerosol research Atmospheric Aerosols, Nucleation Symposium September 2004 - present. 2004, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 2004.  Member, International Editorial Committee, 7th K.W. Kratky International Congress on Optical Particle  Member of the Scientific Board of the Journals Characterization, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 'Systeme' and 'Research in Complementary and Japan, 2004. th Classical Natural Medicine' and of the Viennese  Member, International Advisory Committee, 4 International Academy of Complementary Asian Aerosol Conference, Mumbai, India, 2005. Medicine as well as the Institute of Ethno-music Host: Indian Aerosol Science and Technology Therapy, Schloß Rosenau, Austria. Association (IASTA). th  Fellow of the International Institute for Advanced  General Co-Chair, 17 International Conference Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Nucleation Symposium 2007, University of  Member of the Board of Governors of the Galway, Galway, Ireland, 2007. Scientific Society 'Dynamics – Complexity –  Visiting Professor, Department of Physical Human Systems'. Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki,  Lecturer at the Inter-University Master Course Finnland, September, October 2004. Course of for Complementary, Psycho-social and Inte- lectures entitled “Nucleation, Condensation and grative Health Care, Graz, Austria. Coagulation”, 3st.  Lecturer at the International Pilot Course for Oriental Music Therapy, Schloß Rosenau and Vienna.

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