Clauses of Reasos Result

1 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES / CONNECTORS

We use connectors of addition to add more information. We use connectors of contrast to express opposing ideas. Connectors of cause and result enable us to show the influence of one particular action on another.

CONNECTORS OF CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST CONNECTORS OF CONNECTORS OF RESULT ADDITION CAUSE In addition However Because As a result Furthermore Nevertheless Since Therefore Moreover Yet As Consequently On the one hand / On the other Due to For this reason hand Although / Even though

Read the following sentences:

1- I have got a driving licence. Furthermore, I own a car. 2- I have got a driving licence. However, I haven’t got a car. 3-Frank had strong anti-communist views, therefore no one suspected him of being a Russian spy. 4-Due to the information received from Frank, two Russian spies were executed. 5-The tunnel had remained a well-kept secret since the FBI used it to listen in to conversations. 6- Frank thought the FBI had discovered this secret. Consequently, he cut off his contacts with the KGB.

 Which connector shows that we are adding information?  Which one shows that we are contrasting information?  Which connector shows the cause of a particular action?  Which one shows the result?

Match each sentence in A with a sentence in B:

1- Jean hasn’t got a car. a- Moreover, he hasn’t even got a licence. 2- Carol took the shortest route home. b- Nevertheless, he insists on driving. 3- Julie has never driven to London before. c- Furthermore, she got stuck in a traffic jam. 4- Julie left home late. d- However, she often borrows her father’s. 5- Kenny doesn’t feel well. e- yet the journey took over an hour. 6- Mike crashed his father’s car. f- in addition, she left her map at home. 7- Geoff was really annoyed g- since they haven’t got a job. 8- As a result of her success, h- so we phoned him early in the morning. 9- Sue and Mark have got lots of free time I- she couldn’t appear at the concert. 10- These men aren’t good workers j- she is asked to work in many films. 2 11- Paul hadn’t heard the news, k- because we phoned him early in he morning. 12- Due to her illness, l- therefore they haven’t got a job. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

1-Nobody passed the exam. It was very difficult. 2-She fell asleep during the lecture. It was very boring 3-She drives well. She passed the test first time. 4-Their holiday was terrible. They came home after four days. 5-It was very cold. We stayed in the hotel all day. 6-He arrived late. He missed the train. 7-Television is boring. I never watch it. 8-It was cold. We couldn’t go swimming. 9-The film is very good. Bill has seen it three times. 10-Sweets are bad for the teeth. Our children are not allowed to eat them. 11-I couldn’t start the car. It was very cold and the battery was flat. 12-They couldn’t go swimming. It was very windy and the sea was too rough. 13-He is only fifteen. He is not allowed to smoke. 14-There was ice on the roads. There were a lot of accidents. 15- Video machines are expensive. Lots of people are buying them. 16- The house was in very bad conditions. The council decided to demolish it. 17- They put video cameras in shops. They wanted to stop people stealing things. 18- Doctors warn about the dangers of smoking. Many young people smoke cigarettes. 19- There was a bus strike yesterday. Many people had to use their cars to get into town. 20- He was ill. He managed to go to work. 21- The weather was very cold. We kept the fire on all night. 22- There was a very long queue at the bus stop. I decided to walk instead. 23- The authorities are trying to improve the railway system. They want to avoid the heavy traffic in cities. 24- Beethoven was deaf from the age of forty. He continued to compose music 25- Henry’s friend is a millionaire. He hates spending money. 26- David studies encyclopaedias. Then he can answer quiz questions. 27- The road was under water. The police closed it to traffic. 28- Melanie was hurrying. She didn’t want to miss the bus. 29- Olivia booked a babysitter. She wanted to go out for the evening. 30- No one was watching the television. I switched it off. 31- You can’t drive a car. You haven’t got a licence. 3 32- It was sunny. It was quite a cold day. 33-There are laws against pollution. Cars and factories continue to pollute the air. 33- They arrived late to the airport. They missed the flight. 34- He knew it was dangerous. He jumped into the water. 35- She is going on a diet. She wants to lose weight. 36- Andrew was warned of the risks. He decided to travel alone to Africa. 37- Mark has had several car accidents. He is not afraid of driving. 38- She had excellent qualifications. She got the job. 39- Paul went to a summer school in Cambridge. He wanted to improve his spoken English. 40- The wind was blowing very hard. We closed all the windows. 41- She never takes any kind of exercise. She is quite fit and healthy. 42- Olivia booked a babysitter. She wanted to go out for the evening. 43- He was very nervous. He couldn’t eat anything.

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Subordinate clauses

A) Put these sentences together. Use the words in brackets: 1. I put on two sweaters. It was very cold. ( because ) …………………………………………. 2. I’m going to work in Australia. I leave school. ( when ) …………………………………… 3. I was interested in the conversation. I didn’t understand everything. (although ) ………….. 4. I stayed with my friends. My parents were travelling. ( while ) ……………………………. 5. We get back from holiday. There’s always a lot of work. ( after ) ………………………….. 6. She passed the exam. She had a bad teacher. (although) …………………………………… 7. He passed the exam. He had a good teacher. (because) …………………………………….. 8. The taxi was late. We missed the train. (as a result) ………………………………………… 9. I studied very hard. I took my examinations (before) ………………………………………. 10. The weather was bad. We couldn’t play the match. (because of) …………………………… 11. It was raining. The streets were full of people. (in spite of) …………………………………. 12. My sister doesn’t have a job. She is a very talented person. (although) …………………….. 13. The weather is always changeable in London. Nearly everybody carries an umbrella. (as ) B) Fill in the blanks with an appropriate connector: 1- I enjoyed the film ……………………… the beginning was boring. 2- ……………………. the warnings about the dangers of smoking, many people smoke cigarettes. 3- She is going on a diet ……………………. she wants to lose weight. 4- They lost the match ……………………… they played very well. 5- They put video cameras in shops ………….. stop people stealing things. 6- I must go to the post office ……………… it closes. 7- Vicky sent us a map …………………… we would be able to find her house. 8- It was hot and humid. ………………., they really enjoyed their holiday. 9- ………………….there are laws against pollution, cars and factories continue to pollute the air. C) Underline and correct the mistakes: 1- Despite of the rain, we went on a picnic. …………………………………………………………. 2- In spite of he was very rude, we forgave him. ……………………………………………………. 3- She enjoys different kinds of music, like as jazz, rock and reggae. ………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4- Except from Ronny, everyone helped. ……………………………………………………………… 5- The football game was stopped because of it rained. ………………………………………………. 6- She couldn’t come to the party because of she was busy. ……………………………………….. 5 7- He bought a new computer due to work more quickly. …………………………………………… 8- Although the difficult exams, I managed to pass. …………………………………………………..