Chapter 1 Section 4 Outline

Terms:

Alien Act The Alien Enemies Act, which Adams signed on July 6, gave him the power to deport any alien living in the U.S. with ties to U.S. wartime enemies.

Sedition Act the Sedition Act, passed on July 14, gave Adams tremendous power to define treasonable activity including any false, scandalous and malicious writing. The intended targets of the Sedition Act were newspaper, pamphlet and broadside publishers who printed what he considered to be libelous articles aimed primarily at his administration

Judicial Review –the idea that is the Supreme Court’s responsibility to determine the constitutionality of laws that are challenged in court.

Louisiana Purchase land purchased by Thomas Jefferson from Napoleon that doubled the size of the US.

Impressment when the British would capture American merchant vessels and force the sailors into service on the British ships.

Embargo a blockade keeping ships from going into or out of port.

Cotton Gin a machine created by Eli Whitney that removed the seeds from cotton bolls.

Monroe Doctrine A statement by President James Monroe that basically told Europe to stay out of our hemisphere and we would stay out of their business.

The New Republic : Focus Question – How did the United States and its government change in the late 1700s and early 1800s?

Government and Party Politics: Washington’s government would set precedents of enduring importance to the nation’s future; two terms, stay out of European conflict, quick, strong response to rebellion The Government Under Washington: appointed Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury, this was Washington’s Cabinet.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan Stirs Debate: Alexander Hamilton wanted to pay off the country’s large war debt. He proposed the sale of government bonds and new taxes on goods. He proposed to charter a Bank of the United States using the elastic clause to justify his actions.

Democratic Republicans Challenge Hamilton: Democratic Republicans including Thomas Jefferson saw no need for a national bank fearing over-reach by the government. They supported a strict constructionist view of the Constitution – if it isn’t written it isn’t allowed.

The Struggle Over Foreign Policy: America Has Strained Relations With Europe. France was undergoing a revolution and Britain declared war on the new government of France. America was asked to choose sides, instead they continued to trade with both France and England. The British began seizing American merchant vessels and impressing their sailors into British service. They also refused to vacate their forts on the Great Lakes. John Jay negotiated a treat that freed the forts. Victories against Indians in the Ohio Valley and a treaty with Spain opened up the port of New Orleans. Each of these encouraged westward expansion.

The Alien and Sedition Acts: Washington left office after 2 terms, John Adams succeeded him. During this time France began seizing American ships. When Adams sent an envoy to discuss the matter the French demanded a bribe just to be heard. This outraged the Americans who referred to it as the ABC affair. Adams was unhappy with the criticism he received about his foreign policy and passed the Alien and Sedition Acts outlawing criticism against the government.

Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812: Jefferson defeats Adams in the next election. Jefferson’s presidency was more open to criticism and encouraged Congress to abandon the Alien and Sedition Acts. He also eliminated many of the taxes imposed be previous administrations and he reduced the debt of the country. He did this by shrinking the size of the government and the military.

The Supreme Court Issues a Landmark Decision: John Marshall became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during Adam’s presidency. Marshall served for 35 years and had a lasting impact on this country. He asserted the idea of judicial review in the case of Marbury v. Madison giving the Supreme Court the job of establishing the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress or actions taken by the president.

America Purchases Louisiana: In 1803 Napoleon Bonaparte agreed to sell the Louisiana Territory (he had forced Spain to give it up to France in1801) to the U.S. through President Jefferson . Jefferson violated his strict constructionist view of the Constitution to make the purchase for 15 million. It doubled the size of the United States.

Jefferson’s Embargo: The British continued with impressment so Congress enacted an embargo – suspending trade- but that only hurt American traders and merchants and it was eventually repealed.

The War of 1812: Jefferson stepped down after two terms as president. James Madison the architect of the Constitution became president. He determined it was necessary to go to war with the British over the impressment problem. America tried to push the British out of Canada but failed. The British attacked the capital burning both it and the white house. The Americans won enough other significant battles to force the British to a treaty.

Growing Differences Between North and South – Industry Grows in the North: During the 1700s the Industrial Revolution that began in England came to America. Factories were built primarily in the northeast where the rivers provided power. The textile industry in particular flourished. Industrialization encouraged urban growth (growth of cities) and the northeast became the most heavily populated portion of the U.S.

Cotton Boom in the South: While the northeast industrialized the southern states developed an agricultural economy based on slave labor. Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin caused a surge in cotton production and therefor an increase in the slave trade. As the north and south developed different economies they developed different attitudes about slavery as well. These “sectional” differences would become the dividing line in the Civil War.

The Monroe Doctrine: In 1817 James Monroe succeeded James Madison as President. The Monroe Doctrine was passed during this time and stated that the Europeans had no business in the American Hemisphere and that the US would in turn stay out of European affairs.