2012 BARGE Edited by Chris Ray Packet by Chicago A

1. The opening chapter of this director's Something Like an Autobiography describes how a recurring sense- memory of sitting in a bathtub influenced his film about an art student who hears Chopin's Raindrop Prelude and is sucked into Wheatfield with Crows, where he converses with a Martin Scorsese-portrayed Van Gogh. This director of Dreams relied on his score to thwart censors in a film about a bond between a tubercular lowlife and his alcoholic doctor, the titular (*) Drunken Angel. A shoe company executive tries to retrieve his kidnapped son this man's High and Low, while Red Harvest inspired his film about a bodyguard pitting rival gangs against each other that was remade into A Fist Full of Dollars. Sanjuro was the sequel to that work by this man, who directed the Macbeth-inspired Throne of Blood and often worked with Toshiro Mifune. Known for retelling the King Lear story in Ran, for 10 points, identify this Japanese director of The Seven Samurai. ANSWER: Akira Kurosawa

2. The ability to create these molecules is a key factor for Campylobacter jejuni’s invasion of E. coli and can be transferred to the latter organism. Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia is a platelet abnormality specifically caused by a lack of one of these. Another example of these are the mucins found in respiratory and digestive mucus. UGGT corrects mistakes in one enzyme whose primary function is to deal with these substances. That protein, (*) calnexin, retains these substances in the endoplasmic reticulum. One way to make these substances is to use a GPI anchor, though more famously they can be produced by acting upon hydroxyproline’s hydroxy oxygen or the side chain nitrogen of asparagine in the O-linked or N-linked processes. For 10 points, name these substances that are named because they have oligosaccharide chains attached to their side-chains after translation. ANSWER: glycoproteins [do not prompt on or accept “proteins”]

3. This man criticized Henry Mansel's claim that unknowable entities like God could only be described approximately in Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy. In another work, this thinker proposed the methods of agreement and difference as two of the four methods of experimental inquiry. In the same work, this thinker claims that deductive sciences are a (*) subset of inductive, as the axioms and definitions of geometry and arithmetic are based on generalized experience. That work's sixth chapter, “On the Logic of the Moral Sciences,” reiterates a reductionist social view he uses while discussing Malthus and Ricardo in Principles of Political Economy. This author of A System of Logic argued that power can only be rightfully exerted over a person to prevent harm to others in his On Liberty. For 10 points, name this English philosopher who also wrote Utilitarianism. ANSWER: John Stuart Mill [or J.S. Mill]

4. A collection titled for and ending with this work opens “Old Flame,” a poem about Jean Stafford, and another work noting that the titular “Water” was “too cold for us” in reference to another poet. Schoolchildren’s faces “rise like balloons” in this poem, whose speaker is struck by an advertisement for the “rock of ages,” a Mosler safe shown surviving an atomic bomb. It describes the “angry, wrenlike vigilence” of a figure who is “thin as a compass needle” after noting the “puritan, pumpkin-colored girders” that surround the (*) statehouse. The central subject of this poem is said to stick “like a fish-bone / in the city's throat,” an image that, like the “giant finned cars,” extends marine imagery established by this poem's opening stanza about a snow- covered aquarium. A Saint Gaudens work in Boston inspires the speaker's musing in, for 10 points, what work titled after the subjects of the Robert Gould Shaw civil war memorial, a poem by Robert Lowell? ANSWER: “For the Union Dead”

5. Luke’s variational principle incorporates this statement in regards to unsteady potential dynamics. In ae rodynamics, this statement can be used to find the pressure difference when applied to the Kutta-Joukowski theorem, which relates the lift provided by a cylinder to the speed and circulation of the cylinder. A combination of this statement and the equation of continuity can describe the pressure difference in a (*) Venturi tube. This statement can be simplified to express that total pressure is the sum of static and dynamic pressures, in cases where the differences in height between two states of a streamline is minimized. For 10 points, name this principle of fluid dynamics that states that the velocity of a flow increases as the pressure or potential energy of the fluid decreases, named for a Dutch-Swiss mathematician. ANSWER: Bernoulli’s principle or equation

6. Traditional Quranic accounts chart the transition of this concept through inciting, self-accusing, and peaceful stages, while it includes a superior “spark” aspect in the theology of Meister Eckhart. This word provides the most common translation for the title of an Aristotle work setting three categories of self- nourishment, sense perception, and intellect, which correspond respectively to plants, animals, and man. A work dedicated to Elizabeth of Bohemia claims that the blood carries (*) “animal spirits” that act on the body to effect the titular conditions on this entity; that work posits its seat as the pineal gland and is Rene Descartes treatise on the “Passions of” this entity. Though more synonymous with the concept of Ba, this entity is often compared to the Egyptian Ka, as well as the Hindu jiva and atman. For 10 points, identify this entity, the individual essence which in many faiths is sent either to heaven or hell after the death of the corporeal body. ANSWER: The Soul [accept Nafs; prompt on synonyms like “essence” or “spirit;” prompt on “Anima”]

7. One figure of this surname accused a target of impropriety in the James Callender case while bungling the prosecution of Samuel Chase's impeachment trial. That man, who joined with Clay and Richard Lee to found the American Colonization Society, led the Congressional “Old Republican” faction of the tertium quids. The British government gave Oliver Wolcott a letter from Joseph Fauchet that led to the resignation of another man with this name. That politician succeeded Thomas (*) Jefferson to become the second Secretary of State and submitted a proposal for proportional representation that was reconciled through the Connecticut Compromise with the New Jersey Plan. The Virginia Plan was submitted at the Constitutional Convention by that first U.S. Attorney General, who bore this surname. For 10 points, identify this name held by prominent Virginians like John “of Roanake” and Edmund. ANSWER: Randolphs [or “John Randolph” before “another member of this family”]

8. Miller and Orr created a stochastic model to explain this value for firms, and the Baumol-Tobin model provides a square-root formula for it. Tobin also showed uncertainty and risk-aversion among investors could explain this value being inversely related to the interest rate. Assuming income is constant, this value is the reciprocal of the velocity of money. The (*) LM curve is derived by finding all possible combinations of income and interest rates where this value is in equilibrium. Keynes talked about this value as the liquidity preference, and gave three motives that determined it: the precautionary, the speculative, and the transactions. For 10 points, name this value that refers to the desire to hold assets in the form of a certain item that can be exchanged for goods and services. ANSWER: real demand for money [accept liquidity preference until mentioned; accept equivalents like demand for cash; accept demand for real balances; prompt on just “demand” but don't accept any other expansions on that answer]

9. A B-Z clock reaction is characterized by the presence of an acid and this element, which is analyzed in a namesake “index” that can be used as an alternative to Baeyer's Reagent to determine degree of unsaturation. A silver carboxylate is converted to a compound featuring this element in the Hunsdiecker Reaction. A once-common psychiatric (*) “ism” is named for this element's potassium salt, and it also exists in a “pancuronium” ion used as the muscle relaxant in lethal injections. Atoms of this element are particularly easy to convert from organic compounds, accounting for its use as a fire retardant and the ozone-raping proclivities of its methyl pesticide. For 10 points, identify this only liquid nonmetal, a brown halogen with symbol Br. ANSWER: Bromine

10. A dissident from this country set himself on fire in Italy three years after its monarch attempted to run a counter-coup from an airport tarmac after being ousted in the Apostasy Crisis. A terrorist organization active in this country used its trademark dual-wielded .45s to assassinate CIA Station Chief Richard Welch in 1975. That group, 17-November, took its name from an incident in which a tank gatecrashed a student protest at its leading (*) Polytechnic University. Thousands of children were abducted and shipped to Eastern Bloc countries during this nation's civil war, which set the stage for its later “Regime of the Colonels” after communist forces lost the support of Yugoslavia's Josip Tito and were overwhelmed by funds committed to this country under the Truman Doctrine. For 10 points, name this country that disputes Cyprus with Turkey and is badly mismanaged from Athens. ANSWER: Greece or Hellas or the Hellenic Republic 11. This man quoted Matthew Arnold's belief that the Romantic poets “did not know enough” in the introduction to a work that ends by referring any would-be critics to a selection from Johnson's Life of Cowley. That text notes that Tudor-Stuart drama had been utterly mastered by Swinburne, whose inability to drop his overpowering style made him “imperfect,” shortly before a section which features an extended metaphor of a platinum catalyzed reaction. This man notably called a certain work an “artistic (*) failure” because it lacks the chain of events that serve as the “formula for a particular emotion” in an essay claiming the title figure was made into a Werther by Goethe and into a Coleridge by Coleridge. He submitted his “impersonal theory” of poetry in “Tradition and the Individual Talent” and his concept of “objective correlative” in another piece in The Sacred Wood. For 10 points, name this author of “Hamlet and His Problems,” an anglophile American poet whose own works include The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock. ANSWER: Thomas Stearns Eliot

12. A shockingly non-fictional political debate in this country centers on who is allowed wang-wang privilege, an issue stemming from a 1970s ordinance on official sirens. A state-owned gardening hoe became a symbol of national embarrassment here after a police raid turned up a school bus rigged with a .50 caliber machine gun and flame thrower. That tool was used to bury 58 mutilated bodies in the wake of a 2007 election between the TEAM Unity and Genuine Opposition factions by the now-incarcerated Ampatuan family. This country's ruling Liberal party is challenged by a coalition of KAMPI and (*) Lakas, an Islamic-Christian party, and is led by the son of a politician whose assassination on an airport tarmac ignited the People Power Revolution. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was succeeded as this country's President in 2010 by Benigno Aquino, who has dealt with continued violence in Mindanao while ruling from its largest island, Luzon. For 10 points, name this Pacific archipelago with capital at Manila. ANSWER: The Republic of the Philippines

13. Alternative algebras do not possess this property, and instead possess their weaker namesake property which is stronger than the “power” kind of this property. In Lie algebras this identity is replaced with the Jacobi identity. A magma which has this property is called a semigroup. This adjective is prefixed by the words “set” or “fully” when describing caches which are not direct-mapped. The abstract data type known as this kind of array is also called a (*) dictionary and can be implemented with a hash table. This property holds of the quaternions but not of octonions. For ten points, name this mathematical property of binary operations that says that parentheses can be moved around without changing the value of an expression, often contrasted with the commutative property. ANSWER: associative property or identity or associativity

14. One work by this man can be closed to show a freaky skull and black cross or opened to reveal a thread of text running across a blue sky with a brightly-haloed Christ at center. Gold chainmail is visible beneath the collar of a man whose spindly fingers grasp a ring and a hammer in this man's portrait of Francesco D'Este. Another subject holds a white arrow while displaying the Order of the Golden Fleece, suggesting his parentage by Philip the Good, at whose Burgundian court this artist was a fixture. (*) Crossbow imagery abounds in a work by this painter commissioned by the Louvain Archer’s Guild; that work shows a man in pale blue at top and a skull on the ground next to the hand of a fainting woman in blue who mirrors the central figure, who is lowered by Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea. A red cloak features prominently in all three sections in a panel altarpiece by this student of Robert Campin. For 10 points, name this artist of a famous Descent From The Cross and the Miraflores Altarpiece, a leading early Flemish painter. ANSWER: Rogier Van Der Weyden

15. This work ends after Katy's death is affected by a character who had dreaded the “great rationalization” and made a startling discovery after being chased away from a performance of Sunset at the Globe Salon. That man abandons work on a banjo opera Lord Byron's mistres when he resumes his work carrying euthanized dogs to the incinerator of an animal shelter. A polygamous character jokingly refers to himself as the “dog-man” while gradually buying up pieces of the work's central setting; that man, (*) Petrus, is later suspiciously absent when the protagonist, a paramour of Bev Shaw, is attacked with acid by men who rape his daughter Lucy. That protagonist had retreated to the countryside after an affair with Melanie Issacs forces him to resign from his position at Cape Technical University, one of several manifestations of the titular condition. For 10 points, name this novel about the professor David Lurie, a work by J.M. Coetzee. ANSWER: Disgrace

16. A police shooting of two activists who had planned to sabotage a communications installation in this polity caused a major electoral uproar in 1980. Blanton Winship demanded a last-minute permit withdrawal for a march here on Palm Sunday, leading to the deaths of twenty-one people protesting the detention of a figure known as “El Maestro.” This site of the Cerro Maravilla incident and Ponce Massacre transitioned from an agricultural to manufacturing-based economy during Operation (*) Bootstrap. Luis Munoz Marin helped this subject of the Foraker Act secure the repeal of the later Jones Act, an effort was supported by then-Governor Rexford Tugwell. The Jayuya uprising led nationalists from here to fire on Harry Truman in 1950, shortly before it formalized its relationship as an unincorporated U.S. territory. For 10 points, name this Carribean island with capital at San Juan, often called the “51st state.” ANSWER: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico [or Associated Free State of Puerto Rico; or Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico]

17. This figure is in the Carmen Arvale chant of the Arval Brethren. Cato the Elder describes the suovetaurilia ritual dedicated to this figure, which involves the sacrifice of a boar, a ram and a bull. A hymn dedicated to this figure contains mysterious words like "cozeulodorieso" and was chanted by a group of preists led by the praesul. Nerio was the consort of this figure, who was conceived without a father when (*) Flora touched his mother with a magical flower. According to Strabo, the Picenti are named for an animal sacred to this deity, the woodpecker. The salii, or "jumping priests," protected this deity's sacred ancile, 11 copies of which were made by Numa after that shield fell from the sky. This god seduced a woman forced by Amulius to become a vestal virgin, resulting in the birth of twins. For 10 points, name this god who seduced Rhea Silvia, the father of Romulus and Remus who was the Roman god of war. ANSWER: Mars

18. Buxtehude composed three D minor variations on this man's aria “Rofilis,” and his title characters include a lover of Oriane who sings the aria “Bois epais” while deep in the woods. Feuillet popularized a notation system created by this man's chief choreographer which traced out the steps of the dancer beneath a bar of music at top. The title figure of his most famous work sings the recitative “Enfin, il est en ma puissance” after capturing Renaud, upon whom she casts a love spell. This collaborator of (*) Beauchamps scored the majority of his leads for the distinct high tenor voice of haute-contre, and like Corelli he was the dedicatee of a trio sonata “apotheosis” by Francois Couperin. He composed Amadis and Armide in his genre of “tragedie en musique” and wrote the music for The Bourgeois Gentleman, one of his comedie-ballets written with Moliere. For 10 points, identify this Italian-born master of French Baroque at the court of Louis XIV, who fatally stabbed himself in the foot while keeping time in 1687. ANSWER: Jean-Baptiste Lully or Giovanni Battista Lulli

19. A type of conditioning associated with this structure was computationally modeled by Krasne et. al and explained by Joseph Ledoux's “high road/low road” mapping, which has been cited by Gavin de Becker. Unique responses to certain parts of the Rorschach test may be a result of increased size of this structure. Urbach-Wiethe disease may cause calcifications on it, leading suffers to be unable to identify specific facial expressions. It also controls (*) behavioral responses to alcohol, and damage to it may be a symptom of binge drinking. As a member of the limbic system with the hippocampus, it plays a role in memory consolidation via dopamine-related long-term potentiation. The recognition of fear and fear conditioning are some of the main functions of, for 10 points, what brain structure in the medial temporal lobe whose name comes from the Latin for “almond?” ANSWER: amygdala

20. One author from this non-Chinese country wrote a play in which an absurd cavalcade of historical figures parade before Qin Shi Huang and The Contemporary Man, “The Chinese Wall,” and opened a more famous prose work with the title figure screaming for Whisky before insisting that he is the mercenary James White. That author wrote of a semi-fictional retreat from this country to the titular New York locale in Montauk and about two arsonists in (*) Firebugs, and formed its Olten Group with a dramatist who wrote of Johann Mobius's attempts to hide his research by feigning madness in an asylum. This country's foremost novels include the aforementioned I'm Not Stiller and one about UNESCO engineer Walter, Homo Faber, both works of Max Frisch. For 10 points, identify this home to the author of The Physicists and The Visit, Friedrich Durrenmatt, a country whose most famous literary character stands up to Gessler near Zurich in Schiller's William Tell. ANSWER: Switzerland

Tiebreaker 1. One artifact from this civilization is a clay disc with a unique script winding to the middle. That artifact's most common glyph is the “Mohican profile” or “plumed head,” which may also appear on a votive double ax of these people. That artifact is called the Phaistos Disc. Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier uncovered evidence of a colony of these people at Miletus, including tablets with one of their (*) scripts, supporting Herodotus's claim that Lycians were originally these people. Michael Ventris discovered another of their scripts was actually Mycenaean when he deciphered Linear B. Some of the first archeological evidence for these people came from Arthur Evan's excavation of the temple or palace complex of Knossos. For 10 points, name this civilization, named for a mythical king with a labyrinth. ANSWER: Minoans [prompt on “Cretans”]

Tiebreaker 2: The single movement Warsaw Concerto written for the film Dangerous Moonlight, was written for this instrument. Works for this instrument by Haydn include his Andante with variations, as well as the Hungarian-themed finale of the Gypsy Rondo. Faure’s Romances sans paroles were a set of pieces written for this that often accompanied a similar (*) Mendelssohn work. Perhaps more famous compositions featuring this instrument include Grieg’s only concerto for this instrument, in A minor, as well as Beethoven’s Tempest and Hammerklavier sonata. The favorite instrument of virtuosi like Chopin and Lizst, for 10 points, name this instrument that comes in grand and upright varieties for which the Fantasie-Impromptu and Transcendental Etudes were composed. ANSWER: pianoforte

Tiebreaker 3: One man with this name was responsible for a miracle where a rooster and chicken returning to life after being cooked show grieving parents their son still lives. Another person with this name wrote promises to himself in a “little book” that included “Death rather than sin” and “My friends shall be Jesus and Mary.” That man was a student of John Bosco, whose biography of him led to his canonization, making him the youngest non-martyr saint. Another man with this name introduced the (*) rosary as a way to pray in his attempts to stamp out the Albigensian heresy in southern France. His work was continued by the order he founded, whose later members included Thomas Aquinas. For 10 points, name this name shared by men including the founder of the Order of Preachers. ANSWER: Saint Dominic [accept “Dominic de la Calzada” or “Dominic of the Causeway” before “Another person”]

1. This man authored one of Christianity's first examples of De viris illustribus, and spent much of his life in Antioch possibly having sex with his cadre of holy women led Saint Paula. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this man whose most notable effort, begun at the behest of Pope Damasus I, saw him apply the term “apocrypha” to Tobit and other books without direct Hebrew sources. ANSWER: Saint Jerome or Sophronius Eusebius Hieronymus [10] Jerome's major accomplishment was this 4th-century translation of the bible into Latin, whose name reflects its common use throughout the Christian world. ANSWER: The Vulgate [accept Versio Vulgata] [10] Jerome's other major work was this universal “history,” which charts events like the Titanomachy and Battle of Marathon. It set creation at 5199 BCE, since it was largely a continuation of a Eusebius work of the same name. ANSWER: The Chronicle or Chronicon or Temporum liber or Book of Times

2. Neither the fish nor the winds but “angels alone, that soar above, / Enjoy such liberty” as the speaker of this poem. For 10 points each: [10] Name this poem, whose speaker references Charles I when describing the “sweetness, mercy, majesty / And glories of my king,” before following up its most iconic line with “Minds innocent and quite take / That for an hermitage.” ANSWER: “To Althea, From Prison” [10] “To Althea, From Prison” was written by this Cavalier poet, who defended his participation in the English Civil War in some other poems addressed to “Lucasta.” ANSWER: Richard Lovelace [10] Lovelace makes the poor East Wind into a pervy rapist of the “spicy nest” in a poem beseeching Amarantha to perform this action, a not-so-subtle stand-in for getting down with the speaker, who notes that “joys so ripe, so little keep.” ANSWER: Dishevel her hair [accept reasonable equivalents like unbraid or let down; anything involving messing up hair here is fine]

3. By measuring differences in its temperature, the WMAP found strong evidence that the universe has an approximately flat shape, addressing the Shapley-Curtis debate. For 10 points each: [10] Name this radiation, released about 379,000 years after the Big Bang when the universe was cool enough for photons to propagate without being immediately absorbed. It's everywhere! ANSWER: cosmic microwave background radiation [or CMB radiation] [10] The Shapley-Curtis debate was also somewhat addressed by the formulation of this term, which expresses the rate of change of the scale factor over itself, or the ratio of the velocity between two arbitrary objects and their distance. ANSWER: expansion rate [or Hubble parameter or Hubble’s constant] [10] Using only Newton's law of gravitation, one can get a pretty good approximation of these equations, derived from Einstein's field equations. These equations can be used to find the density parameter, which if 1 would predict a flat universe. ANSWER: Friedmann equations

4. Quentin Smith has tirelessly insisted that this work's content was plagiarized from Ruth Barcan Marcus. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this philosophical work, transcribed from a 1970 lecture the author gave at Princeton, which examines the relationship between “pain” and “C-fibers firing” and the identity of iconic figures in various possible worlds. ANSWER: Naming and Necessity [10] This man discussed rigid designators in Naming and Necessity, a work he expanded upon in Reference and Existence and “A Puzzle about Belief.” ANSWER: Saul Kripke [10] Naming and Necessity expands on the discussion of the “present king of France” and his bald-ass head in “On Denoting,” an essay by this British thinker who co-authored Principia Mathematica with Whitehead. ANSWER: Bertrand Russell

5. Answer these questions about Byzantine usurpers, for 10 points each: [10] John I Tzimisces killed this emperor after he and his co-conspirators snuck into the palace in drag. This uncle of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer came to power by thwarting Joseph Bringas and oversaw the founding of the famed Mount Athos monastery. ANSWER: Nikephoros II Phocas [or the White Death of The Saracens] [10] Justinian was very nearly overthrown during these riots spawned by history's most upsetting chariot race. They saw Hypatius briefly proclaimed emperor before Narses bribed away enough rioters for the rest to be slaughtered. ANSWER: Nika Riots [10] Phocas was apparently such a shitty emperor that the Excubitors defending him deserted on the spot to this man, who promptly lopped off Phocas's. This Monothelitism advocate defeated Sassanid ruler Khosrau II at Nineveh but is more famous for getting hammered at Yarmouk by Khalid ibn Walid during the Byzantine-Arab Wars. ANSWER: Heraclius Augustus

6. This poem's speaker hopes that a bird landing on his marker will sing “a song of peace,” and announces that he goes where there are “no hangmen / Where faith does not kill, where the one who reigns is God.” For 10 points each: [10] Identify this poem that ends “Farewell to all I love. To die is to rest,” whose title arose organically after it was recovered untitled by the author's close friends and family. ANSWER: “Mi Ultimo Adios” [or “My Last Farewell;” accept any variations involving the phrase “Last Farewell” as translations differ] [10] This national hero and major literary figure of the Philippines wrote “Mi Ultimo Adios” shortly before his execution for supporting the Katipunan. He is best known for his novel Noli me Tangere and its sequel, El Filibusterismo. ANSWER: Jose Rizal [10] Another major Filipino author, Carlos Bulosan, is best known for describing his immigration to the U.S. in America is in the Heart, a work often compared to this John Steinbeck novel about the Joad family's flight from the Dust Bowl. ANSWER: The Grapes of Wrath

7. Many biological reactions involve cofactors, molecules that bind to enzymes to assist in catalyzing reactions. Name some, for 10 points each: [10] These two elements often form clusters that act as inorganic cofactors. Enzymes with clusters of these two elements include the Rieske protein ubiquinol – cytochrome-c reductase and nitrogenase, which are cited to suggest their roles in the origin of life in their namesake “world theory.” ANSWER: iron and sulfur [10] A derivative of this vitamin acts as a cofactor in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA for use in the Krebs cycle. Deficiency of this sulfur-containing vitamin causes beriberi. ANSWER: thiamine or vitamin B1 [10] Another vitamin-related cofactor is this one, which plays an important role in the metabolism of amino and nucleic acid and is inhibited by methotrexate. It is a commonly known by an acronym shared by a particular polar simple ether and common lab solvent. ANSWER: tetrahydrofolate or tetrahydrofolic acid or THF [accept tetrahydrofuran from the listening- challenged]

8. This work is managed by the Dia Foundation. For 10 points each: [10] Name this artwork that juts into Great Salt Lake at Rozel Point. ANSWER: Spiral Jetty [10] This artist, who envisioned a tugboat pulling some shrubbery around Manhattan in his unrealized Floating Island, created Spiral Jetty and numerous other earthworks. ANSWER: Robert Smithson [10] This other dirt enthusiast covered a gallery a yard deep in soil in his New York Earth Room. He's most famous for an enormous grid of metal sticks in New Mexico, The Lightning Field. ANSWER: Walter De Maria

9. This group's design team was headed up by the carpenter Luchtaine and the smith Goibniu. For 10 points each: [10] Name this group from Irish mythology whose leaders included Lugh of the Long Arm and Nuada of the Silver Hand, and who supplanted the Fir Bolg as rulers of Ireland. ANSWER: Tuatha de Danaan [10] Lugh of the Long Arm was the father of this Irish hero of the Ulster cycle who held off the army of Queen Medb during the cattle raid of Cooley. He gained his name after being forced to kill the hound of Culann due to a dinner reservation snafu. ANSWER: Cuchulainn [or Setanta; accept the Hound of Culann] [10] This object was the fourth great treasure of the Tuatha de Danaan, along with Lugh's spear, Nuada's sword, and the Dagda's tasty cauldron. It was legendarily placed at the coronation site for the High Kings of Ireland. ANSWER: Lia Fail [or the Stone of Fal; accept equivalents; accept the Stone of Tara]

10. This man's Compte rendu presented the kingdom's finances as being in excellent shape, largely by ignoring the cost of the American Revolution and the loans associated with it. For 10 points each: [10] Name this French finance minister, who served during the American Revolution and was called back years later to avert the financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estate General. He was unsuccessful. ANSWER: Jacques Necker [10] Necker served this French king, who ruled for a brief period of time as a constitutional monarch before he was executed by the National Convention. ANSWER: Louis XVI [10] Necker did not get along with this foreign minister of Louis, who was largely responsible for his banishment. This man organized French aid to the American colonists as a way to get back at the British. ANSWER: Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes [accept either]

11. Fun with prehistory, for 10 points each: [10] This megalithic site near Urfa, Turkey holds the earliest known man-made religious site. Although it required a large and organized labor force, it was likely built before the invention of agriculture by bands of hunter-gatherers. ANSWER: Göbekli Tepe [10] Göbekli Tepe was built around the dawn of this historical era. The namesake “revolution” of this period, whose name means “new stone age,” saw the first use of agriculture. ANSWER: Neolithic [10] This more famous neolithic site in Anatolian is the largest and most intact site from the era. The mounds of this site have yielded artifacts like the namesake “seated woman,” a pudgy figure sitting on a lion throne. ANSWER: Catalhoyuk or Catal Huyuk

12. This author wrote about Amusa Sango, an investigative reporter who documents figures like Bayo the penicillin racketeer before fleeing with Beatrice the Second, in his underrated People of the City. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this author whose works like The Drummer Boy popularized English writing in his country, and whose most iconic title character chooses a name reflecting the permeating social desire to acquire a luxury car. ANSWER: Cyprian Ekwensi [10] Ekwensi is a major figure in the literature of this African country, whose authors include Buchi Emecheta and Chinua Achebe. Ekwensi's Jagua Nana is set, like many of his works, in its major city of Lagos. ANSWER: Nigeria [10] This other Nigerian author of Incidents at the Shrine and Stars of the New Curfew is best known for writing about the the spirit child Azaro in The Famished Road. ANSWER: Ben Okri

13. Identify the following scientists who formulate eponymous laws of motion, for 10 points each: [10] The founding principles of classical mechanics were based on this man’s laws, which apply only to particles. His third law is an expression of the idea of action-reaction forces. ANSWER: Newton’s laws of motion [10] Created about 50 years later, this man’s first law states that linear momentum is the product of mass and the velocity of the center of mass. Essentially, he translated Newton’s laws to apply to rigid bodies as well as particles. ANSWER: Euler’s laws of motion [10] This man’s motion equation can be used to derive most other momentum conservation equations. It states that the density of a continuum multiplied by the derivative of the velocity vector field is equal to the divergence of the stress tensor added to the vector sum of all body forces. ANSWER: Cauchy momentum equation

14. Name some paintings by Antoine Watteau for ten points each: [10] This painting, Watteau's most famous, shows various well-dressed people heading to (or from!) the title locale, which has a rose-covered statue. ANSWER: Embarkation for Cythera [or L’ Embarqument Por Cythera or Embarkation from Cythera or anything remotely involving travel and Cythera, you know the drill] [10] This work, titled for its role as an advertisement for a Parisian art dealer, is divided into two sections displaying patrons viewing the pieces on the walls and paintings being crated up. ANSWER: Gersaint’s Shopsign or L’ Inseigne de Gersaint [10] This Watteau painting shows the titular figure, depicted in all white as a Pierrot, standing as if on display while other Commedia dell'arte characters, including one riding a donkey, look on from the low background. ANSWER: Gilles [accept any title variations as long as they involve “Gilles”]

15. When asked to head this agency, Hugh Johnson bizarrely declared “It will be red fire at first and dead cats afterward.” For 10 points each: [10] Name this New Deal agency that asked employers to sign the Presidential Reemployment Agreement, an industrial code designed to maintain wages and limit production, as part of his “Blue Eagle” campaign. ANSWER: National Recovery Administration [or NRA] [10] Johnson was inspired by his WWI work on the War Industries Board, which was chaired by this man. This financier acted as an unofficial national financial adviser for Wilson and FDR, and later served as an adviser to James Byrnes, director of the Office of War Mobilization. ANSWER: Bernard Baruch [10] Baruch and Byrnes were both natives of this Southern state, whose other statesmen included Governor “Pitchfork Ben” Tillman and Senator “Cotton Ed” Smith. Banastre Tarleton's raiders perpetrated the Waxhaw Massacre during the Revolutionary War in this state, which saw the Battle of Eutaw Springs. ANSWER: South Carolina

16. Answer these questions about frame stories run amok, for 10 points each: [10] Zachry's post-apocalyptic Hawaiian goatherding is interrupted by holograms of Somni-451, whose story intertwines with his in this author's Cloud Atlas, which like his number9dream was shortlisted for the Booker. ANSWER: David Mitchell [10] The central antagonist tells the story of how he tried to befriend a blind man to the title character, who tells his story to ship captain Robert Walton, who relates the events of this Mary Shelley novel in a letter to his sister Margaret. ANSWER: Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus [10] This play actually never gets back to its framing narrative, which sees the drunken Christopher Sly being tricked into thinking he is a lord watching a play staged in his honor. It sees the guise of the music tutor Litio adopted by Hortensio, whose literary origins are often debated. ANSWER: The Taming of the Shrew

17. Brass instruments are an integral part of the modern orchestra. Answer some questions about them, for 10 points each: [10] Brass instruments are distinguished from woodwinds not by the materials they are made of, but by how the player produces a sound with them. By shaping the lip and face muscles into one of these, brass players can utilize the full range of their instrument. ANSWER: embouchure [10] A tight embouchure is required to play this instrument, whose modern form comes with 3 piston valves. Famous performers of this instrument include Louis Armstrong and Herb Alpert. ANSWER: trumpet [10] This instruments is often keyed in F and played with a conical mouthpiece. The right hand of the player is usually stuffed into the bell to lower the pitch of this instrument, whose ancestor was featured in four Mozart conciertos written for Joseph Leutgeb. ANSWER: French (but really German) horn

18. The extinct Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale animal Pikaia gracilens may have been the first to have something resembling this structure. For 10 points each: [10] Name this rod-shaped structure found in embryos, a defining feature of phylum chordata. ANSWER: notochord [10] The notochord secretes sonic hedgehog homolog, which establishes one pole of this axis. These two directional terms in humans denote the front side including the belly and the back side including the back. ANSWER: dorsal and ventral [or dorsoventral; or ventrodorsal; or whatever; both required for the 10 points] [10] The notochord is located ventrally to and directs the formation of this structure, which can be created one of two ways and involves a groove deepening until the folds meet and form a closed ring. ANSWER: neural tube

19. Name these groups of landed nobility, for 10 points each. [10] This group formed a namesake duma whose power was severely curtailed in Peter the Great’s reforms. Ivan the Terrible forced them to perform service for the Tsar in exchange for land. ANSWER: boyars [10] These descendants of families that had Christianized Northeastern Europe controlled the Prussian Army in Hohenzollern times. They are most famously exemplified by Otto von Bismarck. ANSWER: junkers [10] These were the regional administrators in Wallachia, where they aspired to become voivods, and in Croatia, where examples like Josip Jelalcic effectively served as prime ministers. ANSWER: bans

20. Answer the following about mock executions, for 10 points each. [10] Dostoevsky’s experiences with the intellectual Petrashevsky Circle, including being subject to a mock execution, are recounted in this novel about Goryanchikov’s experience in a Siberian prison camp. ANSWER: Memoirs from The House of the Dead [10] The title character believes her lover Mario Cavaradossi will merely be subject to a mock execution in this opera by Puccini. ANSWER: Tosca [10] CIA interrogators used a pistol and a power drill in a mock execution while interrogating Abd al-Rahim al- Nashiri, a terrorist who planned this operation and the similar Limburg bombing with Jamal al-Badawi. ANSWER: bombing of the USS Cole

EXTRA: Henri Lefebvre argued this concept is a product of and in fact mirrors the society it encompasses. For 10 points each: [10] Name this concept. Leibniz claimed this existed only as a property of relations between physical objects, criticizing Newton's “absolutist” understanding of it. In modern physics, it is intimately interconnected with time. ANSWER: space [10] Kant argued the representation of space was an example of this type of knowledge. A statement of this kind says something non-trivially true about the universe and is not found through experience. Geometry is another of Kant's examples. ANSWER: synthetic a priori [prompt on “synthetic” or “a priori”] [10] This man argued explaining space through Euclidean geometry would only change the language and not the substance of theories, an example of this man's belief the framework of theories were determined by convention. As a physicist he foresaw much of the theory of special relativity but stuck with the luminiferous ether. ANSWER: Henri Poincaré