Chapter 7 and 12 Study Guide

Completion Complete each sentence or statement.

1. According to the cell theory, all cells come from existing ______. 2. In a eukaryote, the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the ______.

Figure 7–2

3. The material indicated in Figure 7–2 by the letter B is called the ______. 4. During cell division, chromatin condenses to form ______, which are threadlike structures containing genetic material.

Figure 7–3

5. The structure labeled ______in Figure 7–3 consists of DNA bound to protein. 6. RNA and other molecules leave the nucleus through the structure labeled ______in Figure 7–3. 7. Eukaryotes contain specialized structures that perform important cellular functions. These structures are called ______. 8. Unlike smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum has ______attached to it. 9. Enzymes in the ______attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins.

Figure 7–1

10. The structure indicated in Figure 7–1 by the letter F is usually larger in ______cells. 11. The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through the ______. 12. Molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. This process is called ______. 13. Large molecules such as glucose that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane with a concentration gradient by ______. 14. The cells in a multicellular organism have specific jobs. This is called cell ______. 15. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are ______, tissues, ______, and organ systems.

Figure 12–1 16. The structure labeled X in Figure 12–1 is a(an) ______. 17. The Watson and Crick model of DNA is a(an) ______, in which two strands are wound around each other. 18. Chromatin contains proteins called ______. 19. In RNA, ______and ______are pyrimidines.

Figure 12–3

20. In Figure 12–3, A, B, and C are three types of ______. 21. During transcription, the ______between base pairs are broken. 22. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ______in proteins. 23. There is no ______that is specified by a stop codon on an mRNA molecule. 24. The ______of a tRNA molecule determines the type of amino acid that bonds with the tRNA. 25. Suppose that part of an amino acid sequence of a protein changed from tyrosine-proline-glycine-alanine to tyrosine-histidine-glycine-alanine. This change was most likely caused by a point mutation called a(an) ______. 26. A point mutation will cause the cell to make an incomplete polypeptide if the mutation results in a(an) ______. 27. A typical gene consists of regulatory sites, a(an) ______, and the nucleotide sequence that is transcribed. 28. The lac repressor releases the operator in the presence of ______. 29. In eukaryotes, proteins that attract RNA polymerase bind to ______sequences in DNA. 30. A mutation in a series of genes called ______can change the organs that develop in specific parts of an embryo.

Short Answer

31. What does the cell theory say? Figure 7–2

32. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7–2. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm.

33. What would happen if the cell membrane became impermeable?

34. Suppose a cell were treated with a chemical that inhibits active transport. What would happen?

35. Explain, in terms of osmosis, why a raisin placed in a cup of pure water overnight will puff up with water.

36. What would happen to an animal cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a salt solution with a concentration of 20%? Why? 37. List the four levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex.

38. If the percentage of guanine in the DNA of a certain species decreased by 5 percent over time, what would you expect to have happened to the percentage of adenine in that DNA?

39. During DNA replication, what two processes must occur before the two strands of a DNA molecule can separate?

40. What are the three main parts of an RNA nucleotide?

41. What would happen if codons consisted of fewer than 3 bases?

42. What causes translation to stop?

43. Which genes do not code for proteins?

44. What might be the effect of a mutation in the promoter sequence of a gene?

45. Why are hox genes that are found in different animals very similar to each other? Other

USING SCIENCE SKILLS A student put together the experimental setup shown below. The selectively permeable membrane is permeable to both types of solute molecules shown.

Figure 7–4

46. Interpreting Graphics Describe the experimental setup shown in Figure 7–4. Do you expect the distribution of the solutes on each side of the membrane to change over time?

47. Predicting What will the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4 look like when equilibrium is reached?

48. Predicting Once equilibrium is reached in the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4, will the molecules continue to move? Explain your answer. USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 7–5

49. Comparing and Contrasting Look at Figure 7–5. Which structure in drawing I corresponds to structure M in drawing II? What is the name of this structure?

50. Interpreting Graphics Which organelle is labeled K in Figure 7–5? What is the function of this organelle?

51. Interpreting Graphics Do the drawings in Figure 7–5 represent prokaryotes or eukaryotes? How do you know? USING SCIENCE SKILLS The experimental setup below shows an osmometer. An osmometer is a device used to measure the amount of osmotic pressure exerted by a liquid passing through a semipermeable membrane. The graph shows one lab group’s results compared with the results of the rest of the class combined. Line A represents the results of the single lab group. Line B represents the data of the rest of the class.

Figure 7–6

52. Predicting Look at the graph in Figure 7–6. How would the results differ if a sucrose solution with twice the concentration of the one used to collect the results represented by line A were used?

53. Calculating How might you use the graph in Figure 7–6 to calculate the rate of osmosis observed? What units would you use to report the rate? USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 12–4

54. Interpreting Graphics Identify structure F in Figure 12–4. What does it specify?

55. Interpreting Graphics What is structure E in Figure 12–4? What does it specify?

56. Predicting In Figure 12–4, what effect would the deletion of structure C have on the process that occurs during step Y?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 12–5 57. Interpreting Graphics What process is illustrated in Figure 12–5?

58. Inferring What is the relationship between the codons and anticodons in Figure 12–5? How is this relationship important?

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 12–6

59. Comparing and Contrasting Contrast process A and process B in Figure 12–6.

60. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12–6, which process is a translocation?