<p>Chapter 7 and 12 Study Guide</p><p>Completion Complete each sentence or statement.</p><p>1. According to the cell theory, all cells come from existing ______. 2. In a eukaryote, the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the ______.</p><p>Figure 7–2</p><p>3. The material indicated in Figure 7–2 by the letter B is called the ______. 4. During cell division, chromatin condenses to form ______, which are threadlike structures containing genetic material.</p><p>Figure 7–3</p><p>5. The structure labeled ______in Figure 7–3 consists of DNA bound to protein. 6. RNA and other molecules leave the nucleus through the structure labeled ______in Figure 7–3. 7. Eukaryotes contain specialized structures that perform important cellular functions. These structures are called ______. 8. Unlike smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum has ______attached to it. 9. Enzymes in the ______attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins.</p><p>Figure 7–1</p><p>10. The structure indicated in Figure 7–1 by the letter F is usually larger in ______cells. 11. The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through the ______. 12. Molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. This process is called ______. 13. Large molecules such as glucose that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane with a concentration gradient by ______. 14. The cells in a multicellular organism have specific jobs. This is called cell ______. 15. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are ______, tissues, ______, and organ systems.</p><p>Figure 12–1 16. The structure labeled X in Figure 12–1 is a(an) ______. 17. The Watson and Crick model of DNA is a(an) ______, in which two strands are wound around each other. 18. Chromatin contains proteins called ______. 19. In RNA, ______and ______are pyrimidines.</p><p>Figure 12–3</p><p>20. In Figure 12–3, A, B, and C are three types of ______. 21. During transcription, the ______between base pairs are broken. 22. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ______in proteins. 23. There is no ______that is specified by a stop codon on an mRNA molecule. 24. The ______of a tRNA molecule determines the type of amino acid that bonds with the tRNA. 25. Suppose that part of an amino acid sequence of a protein changed from tyrosine-proline-glycine-alanine to tyrosine-histidine-glycine-alanine. This change was most likely caused by a point mutation called a(an) ______. 26. A point mutation will cause the cell to make an incomplete polypeptide if the mutation results in a(an) ______. 27. A typical gene consists of regulatory sites, a(an) ______, and the nucleotide sequence that is transcribed. 28. The lac repressor releases the operator in the presence of ______. 29. In eukaryotes, proteins that attract RNA polymerase bind to ______sequences in DNA. 30. A mutation in a series of genes called ______can change the organs that develop in specific parts of an embryo.</p><p>Short Answer</p><p>31. What does the cell theory say? Figure 7–2</p><p>32. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7–2. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm.</p><p>33. What would happen if the cell membrane became impermeable?</p><p>34. Suppose a cell were treated with a chemical that inhibits active transport. What would happen?</p><p>35. Explain, in terms of osmosis, why a raisin placed in a cup of pure water overnight will puff up with water.</p><p>36. What would happen to an animal cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a salt solution with a concentration of 20%? Why? 37. List the four levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex.</p><p>38. If the percentage of guanine in the DNA of a certain species decreased by 5 percent over time, what would you expect to have happened to the percentage of adenine in that DNA?</p><p>39. During DNA replication, what two processes must occur before the two strands of a DNA molecule can separate?</p><p>40. What are the three main parts of an RNA nucleotide?</p><p>41. What would happen if codons consisted of fewer than 3 bases?</p><p>42. What causes translation to stop?</p><p>43. Which genes do not code for proteins?</p><p>44. What might be the effect of a mutation in the promoter sequence of a gene?</p><p>45. Why are hox genes that are found in different animals very similar to each other? Other</p><p>USING SCIENCE SKILLS A student put together the experimental setup shown below. The selectively permeable membrane is permeable to both types of solute molecules shown.</p><p>Figure 7–4</p><p>46. Interpreting Graphics Describe the experimental setup shown in Figure 7–4. Do you expect the distribution of the solutes on each side of the membrane to change over time?</p><p>47. Predicting What will the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4 look like when equilibrium is reached?</p><p>48. Predicting Once equilibrium is reached in the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4, will the molecules continue to move? Explain your answer. USING SCIENCE SKILLS</p><p>Figure 7–5</p><p>49. Comparing and Contrasting Look at Figure 7–5. Which structure in drawing I corresponds to structure M in drawing II? What is the name of this structure?</p><p>50. Interpreting Graphics Which organelle is labeled K in Figure 7–5? What is the function of this organelle?</p><p>51. Interpreting Graphics Do the drawings in Figure 7–5 represent prokaryotes or eukaryotes? How do you know? USING SCIENCE SKILLS The experimental setup below shows an osmometer. An osmometer is a device used to measure the amount of osmotic pressure exerted by a liquid passing through a semipermeable membrane. The graph shows one lab group’s results compared with the results of the rest of the class combined. Line A represents the results of the single lab group. Line B represents the data of the rest of the class.</p><p>Figure 7–6</p><p>52. Predicting Look at the graph in Figure 7–6. How would the results differ if a sucrose solution with twice the concentration of the one used to collect the results represented by line A were used?</p><p>53. Calculating How might you use the graph in Figure 7–6 to calculate the rate of osmosis observed? What units would you use to report the rate? USING SCIENCE SKILLS</p><p>Figure 12–4</p><p>54. Interpreting Graphics Identify structure F in Figure 12–4. What does it specify?</p><p>55. Interpreting Graphics What is structure E in Figure 12–4? What does it specify?</p><p>56. Predicting In Figure 12–4, what effect would the deletion of structure C have on the process that occurs during step Y?</p><p>USING SCIENCE SKILLS</p><p>Figure 12–5 57. Interpreting Graphics What process is illustrated in Figure 12–5?</p><p>58. Inferring What is the relationship between the codons and anticodons in Figure 12–5? How is this relationship important?</p><p>USING SCIENCE SKILLS</p><p>Figure 12–6</p><p>59. Comparing and Contrasting Contrast process A and process B in Figure 12–6.</p><p>60. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12–6, which process is a translocation?</p>