American History I: the Presidency of James Monroe

American History I: The Presidency of James Monroe

I. James Monroe (1758 – 1831)  Democratic-Republican  5th President (1817-25)  Last President to have participated in the ______ Former Governor of Virginia, Secretary of State, and Secretary of War; as Ambassador to France he negotiated the details of the ______ Slave owner who brought slaves to serve him in the White House II. “The Era of ______”  Term created by a newspaper editor to describe Monroe’s presidency  In the years following the War of 1812, ______(intense pride in one’s country) surged and Americans, for the first time, truly thought of themselves as Americans first, ahead of their loyalty to their state or geographic region  The collapse of the ______Party left only the Democratic-Republican Party to dominate politics, so there was little political disagreement III. Economic Issues  Second National Bank of the US  The expense of the War of 1812 led Congress to create a new National Bank  The Bank was not overly popular with small ______because it was aimed at helping Eastern industrialists  Despite this, the need for federal regulation of currency had prompted senators John Calhoun, Daniel Webster, and Henry Clay to support a bill in 1816 creating the Second National Bank  The Panic of ______ The Second Bank of the United States, however, was too generous in offering easy credit, leading to it overextending itself by issuing more loans than it had money  When the European economy recovered following the Napoleonic Wars, demand for American farm goods collapsed; at the same time, the Bank began recalling its loans in an attempt to stabilize its ability to fund the U.S. government’s needs – these two circumstances combined led to massive foreclosures on American farms, creating America’s first economic depression IV. Legal Challenges  McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)  The state of Maryland, angry that Congress had revived the Bank of the U.S., passed a bill taxing any ______issued by the Bank’s Baltimore branch; the Bank’s branch manager (McCulloch) refused to pay the tax  The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that: 1) the “______” clause in Article I of the Constitution gives Congress the “implied power” to create a Bank; 2) the federal government stands above the states and 3) the states cannot interfere with the operation of federal agencies  Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819)  Dartmouth College, operating under a charter granted by King George III in the 1760s, was transformed by the state of New Hampshire from a private to a ______college  Dartmouth’s trustees sued, arguing that their charter, even though it predated the Revolution, was a valid ______and could not be voided by the state legislature  The U.S. Supreme Court agreed, denying states the right to interfere with private contracts  Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)  Aaron Ogden was operating ______between New York and New Jersey under an exclusive license from the state of New York  Thomas Gibbons began operating a competing line of steamboats under the argument that the Constitution grants all regulation of interstate commerce to Congress, not the states  The U.S. Supreme Court agreed with Gibbons: Article I, Section 8 grants Congress alone has the right to regulate ______and foreign commerce V. New States Join the Union  18th: ______(1812) - slaves  19th: Indiana (1816) – no slaves  20th: Mississippi (1817) - slaves  21st: ______(1818) – no slaves  22nd: Alabama (1819) - slaves  The admission of Alabama left the nation perfectly balanced between states which allowed slavery and states which did not (11 of each)  By this point, however, the “Era of Good Feelings” was already fading as sectional differences between the North and the South began to grow VI. The ______Compromise (1820)  1819: Missouri (which allowed slavery) applied for statehood  This threatened the balance in Congress by giving pro-slavery states more votes in the ______ U.S. finally agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state but only once ______was admitted as a free state to keep balance  Congress also drew a line through the Louisiana Territory: north of the line, no slavery; south of the line would allow slavery  The Compromise was largely the work of Senator Henry ______of Kentucky, who came to be called the "Great Compromiser" VII. The Treaty of 1818 (Also known as the ______of 1818)  Treaty between the U.S. and Britain, which permanently set the boundary between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains  The Treaty also allowed both the British and Americans to “share” the ______Territory for the next ten years and granted American fishing boats the right to fish the Grand Banks VIII. The First ______War  Spanish Florida was a big problem for the U.S.’s southern states – it harbored runaway ______and was a base for attacks by Seminole Indians into U.S. territory  In 1818, General Andrew ______was ordered into Florida to deal with the Seminole threat, but was also ordered not to engage the Spanish; however, after destroying the Seminole’s stronghold at Tallahassee, Jackson then seized the Spanish capital at Pensacola as well  ______Treaty (1819)  Spain was infuriated by Jackson’s actions  The U.S. put the blame on Spain for not being able to control the Seminoles  Spain finally agreed to sell Florida to the U.S. for $5 million in return for the U.S. agreeing to a formal border between the U.S. and Spanish ______IX. Latin Rebellions  In the early 1820s, Mexico and other Central and South American colonies rebelled against Spanish rule  The U.S. was concerned that Spain would try to retake these newly independent nations in Latin America; they also worried about ______expansion into Alaska and what that might mean for Russian claims against the Oregon Territory X. The Monroe ______ In 1823, President Monroe issued a formal statement of U.S. policy regarding the Americas  1) The U.S. would not tolerate European countries interference in the affairs of countries in the Americas  2) No new European colonization would be allowed in Americas  3) The U.S. would not interfere in the affairs of countries in the Americas or of in Europe