Bold Words Denote Words That Must Be Known to Complete Eoc

Biology Vocabulary (All by Unit)

VOCABULARY FOR ALL OF BIOLOGY, BY UNIT BOLD WORDS DENOTE WORDS THAT MUST BE KNOWN TO COMPLETE EOC UNIT 1: ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. How do humans change the ecosystem?

2. How can “systems thinking” be used to understand and solve complex problems? ESTABLISHED GOALS: Bio.2.1 Analyze the interdependence of living organisms within their environments. 2.1.1 Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter (such as water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) through ecosystems relating the significance of each to maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem. 2.1.3 Explain various ways organisms interact with each other (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism) and with their environments resulting in stability within ecosystems.

1. PhotosynthesisUnit 1: Introduction, Ecosystems, Human Impact on Environment 2. Cellular respiration 3. Decomposer 4. Energy pyramid 5. Greenhouse effect 6. Global warming 7. Nitrogen cycle 8. Carbon cycle 9. Autotroph 10. Heterotroph 11. Consumers 12. Producers 13. Food web 14. Food chain 15. Mutualism 16. Parasitism 17. Population 18. Community 19. Ecosystem 20. Ecology 21. Territoriality 22. Symbiosis 23.Predation 24. Carnivore 25. Herbivore 26. Omnivore 27. Scavenger 28. Carrying capacity Limiting factor 29. Population 30. Ecosystem 31. HIV/AIDS 32. Influenza 33. Smallpox 34. Tuberculosis 35. Dutch elm disease 36. Pfiesteria 38. Exponential growth 39. Logistic growth 40. J-curve graph 41. S-curve graph.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. How are the structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids essential for living organisms? ESTABLISHED GOALS: Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms. 4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms. 4.1.3 Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions

Unit 2: Biochemistry 1. Organic 2. Monomer 3. Polymer 4. pH scale 5. Carbohydrates 6. Proteins 7. Amino acids 8. Lipids 9. Fatty acids 10. Nucleic acids 11. Nucleotides 12. Glucose 13. Cellulose 14. Starch 15. Glycogen 16. Insulin 17. Hemoglobin 18. Phospholipids 19. Triglyceride 20. Steroids 21. DNA 22. RNA 23. Enzymes 24. Activation energy 25. Catalyst 26. Active site 27. substrate 28. Product(s).

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. How is structure related to function in cells?

2. What is the relationship/interaction between specific organelles, and how they are part of a living system? ESTABLISHED GOALS: Bio.1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles. 1.1.1 Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells (including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes) and ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell. 1.1.2 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structures (plasma membrane and genetic material) and degree of complexity.

Unit 3A: Cell Structure 1. Organelles 2. Nucleus 3. Plasma membrane 4. Cell wall 5. Mitochondria 6. Vacuoles 7. Chloroplasts 8. Ribosomes 9. Golgi apparatus 10. Endoplasmic reticulum 11. Centriole 12. Structure 13, Function 14. Prokaryotic 15. Eukaryotic 15. Light microscope 16. Electron microscope 17. Magnification 18. Resolution 19. Multicellular 21, Contractile vacuoles 22. Cilia 23. Flagella 24. Pseudopods 25. Eyespots 26. Chemotaxis 27. Phototaxis 28. Adaptation 29. Innate 30. unicellular

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. How do cells interact with the nonliving environment to maintain homeostasis?

2. How do cells participate in the energy flow in biological systems? ESTABLISHED GOALS: Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system. 1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and pH). Bio.4.2 Analyze the relationships between biochemical processes and energy use in the cell. 4.2.1 Analyze photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of how energy is stored, released, and transferred within and between these systems. 4.2.2 Explain ways that organisms use released energy for maintaining homeostasis (active transport).

Unit 3B: Energy in the Cell 1. pH 2. Buffer 3. Glucose 4. Semi-permeable 5. Passive transport 6. Solute 7. Concentration gradient 8. Diffusion 9. Osmosis 10. Facilitated diffusion 11. Active transport 12. ATP 13. Sodium-potassium pump 14. Endocytosis 15. Exocytosis 16. Regulation 17. Homeostasis 18. Photosynthesis 19. Cellular respiration 20. Aerobic 21. Anaerobic 22. Alcoholic fermentation 23. Lactic acid fermentation 24. Metabolism

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. Why are cell reproduction and specialization essential for life? ESTABLISHED GOALS: Bio.1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles. 1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.

Unit 3C: Cell Reproduction and Specilizatioz Regulation 1. Interphase 2. G1 (Growth1 3. S (Synthesis) 4. G2 (Growth2) 5. Mitosis 6. Prophase 7. Metaphase 8. Anaphase 9. Telophase 10. Cytokinesis 11. Asexual reproduction 12. Cell differentiation/specialization 13. Hormone 14. Receptor 15. Stem cell 16. Meiosis 17. Chromosomes 18. Homologous chromosomes 19. Gametes 20. Sexual reproduction 21. Fertilization

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. What determines who you are (in terms of proteins and mutations)? ESTABLISHED GOALS:

Bio.3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA. 3.1.1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell. 3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits. 3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with t the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype. Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms. 4.1.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all organisms.

Unit 4A: DNA 1. Double helix 2. DNA 3. Nucleotide 4. Hydrogen bonds 5. Nitrogenous base 6. Complementary 7. Gene 8. Replication 9. Transcription 10. mRNA 11. rRNA 12. tRNA 13. Translation 14. Amino acids 15. Protein 16 Codon 17. Codon chart 18. Mutation 19. Point mutation 20. Frame-shift mutation 21. Carcinogen 22. Mutagen 23. Nucleic acids 24. Nucleotides 25. DNA 26. RNA

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. What determines who you are (in terms of proteins and mutations)? ESTABLISHED GOALS:

Bio.3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA. 3.1.1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell. 3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits. 3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with t the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype. Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms. 4.1.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all organisms.

Unit 4B: Heredity 1. Meiosis 2. Chromosomes 3. Homologous chromosomes 4. Crossing over 5. Independent assortment 6. Gametes 7. Genetic diversity 8. Sexual reproduction 9. Gene mutations 10. Non-disjunction 11. Fertilization 12. Punnett square 13. Genotype 14. Phenotype 15. Dominant trait

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. How can DNA be utilized to benefit society?

2. What should be the limits on DNA technology? ESTABLISHED GOALS: Bio.3.3 Understand the application of DNA technology. 3.3.1 Interpret how DNA is used for comparison and identification of organisms. 3.3.2 Summarize how transgenic organisms are engineered to benefit society. 3.3.3 Evaluate some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (including cloning, genetically modified organisms, stem cell research, and Human Genome Project).

Unit 4C: Biotechnology 1. Gel electrophoresis 2. Restriction enzymes 3. DNA fingerprinting 4. Transgenic organism 5. Bacterial transformation 6. Plasmid 7. Genetic engineering 8. Human Genome Project 9. Gene therapy 10. Genetically modified organism

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. Why do humans use classification?

2. How does classifying using criteria help us understand the living world? ESTABLISHED GOALS: Bio.3.5 Analyze how classification systems are developed upon speciation. 3.5.1 Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification systems. 3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees

Unit 5A: Classification System 1. Taxonomy 2. Classification 3. Binomial nomenclature 4. Carolus Linnaeus 5. Scientific name 6. Hierarchy 7. Dichotomous key 8. Classification 9. Phylogenetic tree Unit 5B: EVOLUTION 1. Homologous structures 2. Vestigial structures 3. Anaerobic prokaryote 4. Fossil 5. Evolution 6. Photosynthetic 7. Eukaryotic 8. Multicellular 9. Primordial 10. Carbon 11. Hydrogen 12. Nitrogen 13. Oxygen 14. Amino acid 15. Natural selection 16. Darwin 17. Geographic isolation 18. Co-evolution 19. Divergent evolution 20. Convergent evolution 21. Artificial selection 23. Adaptation 24. Speciation 25. Mutation 26. Antibiotic 27. Antigen 28. Antibody, B-cells 29. White blood cells 30. Passive immunity 31. Active immunity 32. Vaccine 33. T-cells 34. Memory cells 25. Antiviral 26. Toxin 27. Pathogen 28. Helper cells UNIT 5C: ADAPTATIONS 1. Photosynthesis 2. Cellular respiration 3. Excretion 4. Decomposer 5. Energy pyramid 6. Greenhouse effect 7. Global warming 8. Nitrogen cycle 9. Carbon cycle 10. Autotroph 11. Heterotroph 12. Consumers 13. Producers 14. Food web 15. Food chain 16. Adaptation 17. Taxis 18. Estivation 19. Hibernation 20. Learned behavior 21. Habituation 22. Imprinting 23. Conditioning 24. Migration 25. Suckling 26. Vascular 27. Gymnosperm 28. Angiosperm 29. Non-vascular 30. Respiration 31. Fertilization 32. Placenta 33. Marsupials 34. Monotremes 35. Mutualism 36. Parasitism 37. Pheromones 38. Population 39. Community 40. Ecosystem 41. Ecology 42. Territoriality 43. Symbiosis 44. Predation 45. Food chain 46. Carnivore 47. Herbivore 48. Omnivore 50. Scavenger 51. Decomposer 52. Random sampling 53. Mark and recapture 54. Carrying capacity 55. Limiting factor 56. Population 57. Ecosystem 58. HIV/AIDS 59. Influenza 60. Small pox 61. Tuberculosis 62. Dutch elm disease 64. Pfiesteria 65. Exponential growth 66. Logistic growth 67. J-curve graph 68. S-curve graph