Complex Sentences

Complex Sentences Adverb (Dependent) Clauses

1.Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than North Americans because(since or as) they are more used to conserving energy.( the use of Reason Subordinators to form Adverb Clauses of Reason ).

2. Joanna's cookie business is so successful that she hired three new employees last week. .( the use of Result Subordinators (such a(n) + noun + that, so much/many + noun + that, so little/few + noun + that, or so + adjective/adverb + that )to form Adverb Clauses of Result).

3. Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can get higher crop yields.' 3.a. In order that consumers can enjoy unblemished fruits and vegetables, farmers also spray their fields. .( the use of Purpose Subordinators ( In order that and so that ) to form Adverb Clauses of Purpose ). a. In order that is formal. b. The modals may/might, can/could, will/would, or have to usually occur in a purpose clause. c. We often use the phrase in order to + a base verb or simply to + a base verb when the subjects of both the independent clause and the purpose clause are the same person or thing. We prefer to + verb over in order to + verb because it is shorter. The first example above could be written as follows because the two subjects (farmers and they) refer to the same people. 3.b.Farmers use chemical pesticides in order to get higher crop yields. 3.c.Farmers use chemical pesticides to get higher crop yields.

Clauses (Dependent Clause) of Contrast 4. San Francisco is cool during the summer, whereas Los Angeles is generally hot. .( the use of Direct Opposition Subordinators ( while and whereas) to form Adverb Clauses of Contrast of Direct Opposition). 4.a. Although I had studied all night, I failed the test. 4.b. Our house is quite comfortable even though it is small. 4.c. Though the citizens had despised the old regime, they disliked the new government even more. .( the use of Concession (Unexpected Result) Subordinators ( Although ,even though, and Though) to form Adverb Clauses of Contrast of Concession Unexpected Result) 1. Although, even though, and though have almost the same meaning. Though is less formal. Even though is a little stronger than although. -- 2. Some writers follow the normal comma rule for adverb clauses: Use a comma only when the concession clause comes before the independent clause. Other writers use a comma between the two clauses no matter which order they are in. 3. Be careful about which clause you use the subordinator with. Sometimes you can use it with either clause, but not always.

5. If you study, you will get good grades. 5.a.The mayor would have lost the election if the labor unions had not supported him. .( the use of Conditional Subordinators ( if and unless) to form Adverb Clauses of conditional sentences).

Unless means if not. You cannot get a refund unless you have a receipt. (You cannot get a refund if you do not have a receipt.) Unless you get at least 90% on the final exam, you will not get an A in the class. (You will not get an A if you do not get at least 90% on the final exam.)

6. Most people shop where they get the lowest prices. .( the use of Place Subordinators ( where, wherever, everywhere, and anywhere) to form Adverb Clauses of Place

7. Adverb(Dependent) Clauses of Tme).

7. When people had to hunt for food, they moved from place to place. 7.a. Whenever food became scarce in one area, they moved to another area. 7.b. The men hunted game while the women gathered plants. 7.c. Eating habits changed as.soon as people stopped moving from place to place in search of food. 7.d. After people learned how to grow their own food, they settled in villages. 7.e. Since the United States changed from an agricultural to an industrial society, eating habits there have changed. 7.f. People in the United States started eating more processed convenience foods as their lives became busier. 7.g. Before people in the United States moved to cities, they grew most of their own food. 7.h. Women had time to cook meals "from scratch" until they went to work in factories and offices.

(The use of Time Subordinators (as seen in sentences 7.-7.h.) to form Adverb Clauses of Tme).