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Appendix Table F36. Association between intermediate outcomes and disability Author, year Adjustment Intermediate Outcomes Regression model Regression coefficient Study characteristics outcome (95% CI) van Baar, 1998381 Pain coping: Muscle strength Observed disability determined Linear -0.24 P value ≤0.01 Country: The Netherlands worrying, resting; by studying videos of the Age: NR range of motion; patients' performance of a series Sample: 112 medication: NSAID; of standardized tasks using an age adaptation of the method described by Keefe van Baar, 1998381 Pain coping: resting; Muscle strength Self-reported disability-IRGL, Linear -0.22 P value ≤0.01 Country: The Netherlands range of motion; pain mobility subscale Age: NR Sample: 112 van Baar, 1998381 Pain coping: Range of Motion Observed disability determined Linear -0.27 P value ≤0.01 Country: The Netherlands worrying, resting; by studying videos of the Age: NR muscle strength; patients' performance of a series Sample: 112 medication: NSAID; of standardized tasks using an age adaptation of the method described by Keefe van Baar, 1998381 Pain coping: resting; Range of motion Self-reported disability-IRGL, Linear -0.28 P value ≤0.01 Country: The Netherlands muscle strength; mobility subscale Age: NR pain Sample: 112 Clark, 1998382 Education, Osteoarthritis of the SF-36: Role function with Linear -1.19 P value <0.001 Country: U.S. employment, Knee Severity Index physical limitations Age: >40 comorbidity, crepitus, Sample: 415 bony enlargement, joint tenderness Clark, 1998382 Age, education, Joint tenderness SF-36: Physical function Linear 1.07 P value 0.69 Country: U.S. comorbidity, crepitus, Age: >40 employment, bony Sample: 415 enlargement Clark, 1998382 Age, education, Joint tenderness SF-36: Role function with Linear -0.84 P value 0.83 Country: U.S. comorbidity, crepitus, physical limitations Age: >40 employment, bony Sample: 415 enlargement van Baar, 1998381 Pain coping: resting; Pain Self-reported disability-IRGL, Linear 0.21 P value ≤0.05 Country: The Netherlands muscle strength; mobility subscale Age: NR range of motion Sample: 112 van Baar, 1998381 Pain coping: Pain coping: Resting Observed disability determined Linear 0.21 P value ≤0.01 Country: The Netherlands worrying; muscle by studying videos of the Age: NR strength; medication: patients' performance of a series Sample: 112 NSAID; age; range of standardized tasks using an of motion adaptation of the method described by Keefe van Baar, 1998381 Pain; muscle Pain coping: Resting Self-reported disability-IRGL, Linear 0.26 P value ≤0.01 Country: The Netherlands strength; range of mobility subscale Age: NR motion F-1 Appendix Table F36. Association between intermediate outcomes and disability (continued)

Author, year Adjustment Intermediate Outcomes Regression model Regression coefficient Study characteristics outcome (95% CI) Sample: 112 van Baar, 1998381 Pain coping: resting; Pain coping: Worrying Observed disability determined Linear 0.20 P value ≤0.05 Country: The Netherlands muscle strength; by studying videos of the Age: NR medication: NSAID; patients' performance of a series Sample: 112 age; range of motion of standardized tasks using an adaptation of the method described by Keefe van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength ROM Self-reported limitations Linear 0.252, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength, ROM Self-reported limitations Linear 0.153, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands pain Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength, ROM Self-reported limitations Linear 0.133, P value <0.05 Country: The Netherlands pain, comorbidity Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength ROM hip internal Self-reported limitations Linear 0.153, P value <0.05 Country: The Netherlands rotation Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength, ROM: Hip internal Self-reported limitations Linear 0.044, P value NR Country: The Netherlands pain rotation Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength, ROM: Hip internal Self-reported limitations Linear 0.041, P value NR Country: The Netherlands pain, comorbidity rotation Age: >50 Sample: 288 Maly, 2006384 NR Peak knee extension SF-36 (disability) Linear -6.42, P value 0.001 Country: Canada angle (o) Age: >50 Sample: 54 Maly, 2006384 NR Range knee SF-36 (disability) Linear 3.04, P value 0.021 Country: Canada flexion/extension Age: >50 angle (o) Sample: 54 Steultjens, 2000365 NR Knee flexion (ROM) Observed disability Linear -0.154, P value NR Country: The Netherlands Age: NR

F-2 Appendix Table F36. Association between intermediate outcomes and disability (continued)

Author, year Adjustment Intermediate Outcomes Regression model Regression coefficient Study characteristics outcome (95% CI) Sample: 198 Steultjens, 2000365 NR Hip extension (ROM) Observed disability Linear -0.201, P value <0.05 Country: The Netherlands Age: NR Sample: 198 Steultjens, 2000365 NR Hip abduction (ROM) Observed disability Linear -0.186, P value NR Country: The Netherlands Age: NR Sample: 198 Steultjens, 2000365 NR Hip external rotation Observed disability Linear -0.224, P value <0.05 Country: The Netherlands (ROM) Age: NR Sample: 198 Steultjens, 2000365 NR Knee flexion (ROM) Self-reported disability Linear -0.195, P value <0.05 Country: The Netherlands Age: NR Sample: 198 Steultjens, 2000365 NR Hip extension (ROM) Self-reported disability Linear -0.279, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands Age: NR Sample: 198 Steultjens, 2000365 NR Hip external rotation Self-reported disability Linear -0.331, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands (ROM) Age: NR Sample: 198 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength ROM: Hip flexion Performance -based limitations Linear, standardized -0.21, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Hip flexion Self-reported limitations in Linear, standardized 0.376, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Hip flexion Performance -based limitations Linear, standardized -0.401, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands in activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Hip internal Self-reported limitations in Linear, standardized 0.246, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands rotation activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Hip internal Performance -based limitations Linear, standardized -0.125, P value <0.05

Author, year Adjustment Intermediate Outcomes Regression model Regression coefficient Study characteristics outcome (95% CI) Country: The Netherlands rotation in activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Hip external Self-reported limitations in Linear, standardized 0.175, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands rotation activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Hip external Performance -based limitations Linear, standardized -0.238, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands rotation in activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Knee flexion Self-reported limitations in Linear, standardized 0.204, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Knee flexion Performance -based limitations Linear, standardized -0.296, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands in activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Knee extension Self-reported limitations in Linear, standardized -0.008, P value NR Country: The Netherlands activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted ROM: Knee extension Performance -based limitations Linear, standardized -0.246, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands in activities beta coefficient Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength Muscle strength knee Self-reported limitations Linear 0.215, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands extension Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength, Muscle strength knee Self-reported limitations Linear 0.136, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands pain extension Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength, Muscle strength knee Self-reported limitations Linear 0.128, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands pain, comorbidity extension Age: >50 Sample: 288 O’Reilly, 1998380 Age, sex, BMI, MVC (Maximum Disability (WOMAC function Logistic 1.00 (1.00; 1.00) Country: UK depression, anxiety, voluntary contraction score >19) reference Age: >40 activation (%), of quadriceps) (kgF):

Author, year Adjustment Intermediate Outcomes Regression model Regression coefficient Study characteristics outcome (95% CI) Sample: 300 each of cases and radiographic score >30 controls O’Reilly, 1998380 Age, sex, BMI, MVC (Maximum Disability (WOMAC function Logistic 1.48 (0.37; 5.93) Country: UK depression, anxiety, voluntary contraction score >19) Age: >40 activation (%), of quadriceps) (kgF): Sample: 300 each of cases and radiographic score 20-30 controls O’Reilly, 1998380 Age, sex, BMI, MVC (Maximum Disability (WOMAC function Logistic 4.88 (1.18; 20.14) Country: UK depression, anxiety, voluntary contraction score >19) Age: >40 activation (%), of quadriceps) (kgF): Sample: 300 each of cases and radiographic score 10-20 controls O’Reilly, 1998380 Age, sex, BMI, MVC (Maximum Disability (WOMAC function Logistic 8.23 (1.53; 44.38) Country: UK depression, anxiety, voluntary contraction score >19) Age: >40 activation (%), of quadriceps) (kgF): Sample: 300 each of cases and radiographic score <=10 controls O’Reilly, 1998380 Age, sex, BMI, MVC (Maximum Disability (SF-36 function score Logistic 1.00 (1.00; 1.00) Country: UK depression, anxiety, voluntary contraction) <90) reference Age: >40 activation (%), (kgF): >40 Sample: 300 each of cases and radiographic score controls O’Reilly, 1998380 Age, sex, BMI, MVC (Maximum Disability (SF-36 function score Logistic 3.04 (0.86; 10.71) Country: UK depression, anxiety, voluntary contraction) <90) Age: >40 activation (%), (kgF): 30 -40 Sample: 300 each of cases and radiographic score controls O’Reilly, 1998380 Age, sex, BMI, MVC (Maximum Disability (SF-36 function score Logistic 3.77 (1.02; 13.91) Country: UK depression, anxiety, voluntary contraction) <90) Age: >40 activation (%), (kgF): 20-30 Sample: 300 each of cases and radiographic score controls O’Reilly, 1998380 Age, sex, BMI, MVC (Maximum Disability (SF-36 function score Logistic 4.98 (1.08; 22.97) Country: UK depression, anxiety, voluntary contraction) <90) Age: >40 activation (%), (kgF): <=20 Sample: 300 each of cases and radiographic score controls van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength Muscle strength hip Performance -based limitations Linear -0.184, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands abduction Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength, Muscle strength hip Performance -based limitations Linear -0.174, P value <0.01

Author, year Adjustment Intermediate Outcomes Regression model Regression coefficient Study characteristics outcome (95% CI) Country: The Netherlands pain abduction Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength, Muscle strength hip Performance -based limitations Linear -0.186, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands pain, cognitive abduction Age: >50 functioning Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Muscle strength, Muscle strength hip Performance -based limitations Linear -0.17, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands pain, cognitive abduction Age: >50 functioning, age/BMI Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted Muscle strength hip Self-reported limitations in Linear 0.318, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands abduction activities Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted Muscle strength hip Performance -based limitations Linear -0.356, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands abduction in activities Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 Unadjusted Muscle strength knee Self-reported limitations in Linear 0.306, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands extension activities Age: >50 Sample: 288 van Dijk, 2009383 NR Muscle strength knee Performance -based limitations Linear -0.274, P value <0.01 Country: The Netherlands extension in activities Age: >50 Sample: 288 Bold- statistically significant results