All Make-Up Work After School As Always s1

Italiano II Il 5 di ottobre 2016

All make-up work after school as always Extra help always available after school Before school by appointment (let me know¡¡¡)

Meta: Using Past Tenses English to Italian TENSES

Present Perfect Tense -ENGLISH Pteterite or (past Absolut/Simple Past)

The preterite, in US English also preterit (abbreviated PRET or PR T), is a grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past. In general, it combines the perfective aspect (event viewed as a single whole; it is not to be confused with the similarly named perfect) with the past tense, and may thus also be termed the perfective past. In grammars of particular languages the preterite is sometimes called the past historic, or (particularly in the Greek grammatical tradition) the aorist.

When the term "preterite" is used in relation to specific languages it may not correspond precisely to this definition. In English it can be used to refer to the simple past verb form, which sometimes (but not always) expresses perfective aspect. The case of German is similar: the Präteritum is the simple (non- compound) past tense, which does not always imply perfective aspect, and is anyway often replaced by the Perfekt (compound past) even in perfective past meanings. Preterite may be denoted by the glossing abbreviation PRET or PRT. The word derives from the Latin praeteritum (the perfect passive participle of praetereō), meaning "passed by" or "past". Definition In traditional grammar, thepreterit(e) is the simple past tense of the verb, such aswalked or said. In English, the preterit(e) is typically formed by adding thesuffix -ed or -t to the base form of a verb. This form is sometimes referred to as thedental preterit(e).

The term is usually spelled preterit in American English, preterite in British English.

Examples and Observations "They jumped and laughed and pointed at the solemn guards." "I removed the crucible from the wire stand, and poured the silver. Some of the metal ran into the mold, some of it spilled over the outside, and some of it adhered to the crucible." "We climbed the mountain sides, and clambered among sagebrush, rocks and snow.

"Ben snatched the squash from her, sprinted across the living room, trippedover a toy he'd left there and spilt the entire contents of the glass over the sofa."

"During many of the group sessions, the women and I painted, glued, cut, pasted, talked, listened, ate, drank, laughed, cried, and engaged in collaborative processes of reflection and action."

Backshifting Another use of the preterite shows up in indirect . Notice the contrast between has and had in this pair. Kim has blue eyes.

If I say to Stacy, I can use "The most obvious cases of backshift are with verbs of reporting that are in the preterite, like told or said."

We use this tense for unfinished and finished actions:

Unfinished Actions

We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' an action or state has continued with 'since' and 'for'. Often, we use stative verbs in this situation:

 I've known Karen since 1994.  She's lived in London for three years. 'Since' and 'For'

We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year, two hours ago). The fixed time can be another action, indicated with the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived):

 I've known Sam since 1992.  I've liked chocolate since I was a child.  She's been here since 2pm. We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months):

 I've known Julie for ten years.  I've been hungry for hours.  She's had a cold for a week.

Finished Actions

1: Life experience (we don't say when the experience happened, just sometime in the past)

 I have been to Tokyo.  She has lived in Germany.  They have visited Paris three times.  We have never seen that film.  Have you ever read 'War and Peace'?

2: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result)

 I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house).  She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today).  They've missed the bus (so they will be late).  I've cooked dinner (so you should come and eat).

3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today, in the last year)

 I haven't seen her this month.  She's drunk three cups of coffee today.  This week they've been shopping four times. Note: We can't use the present perfect with a finished time word:

'Been' and 'Gone'

In this tense, we use both 'been' and 'gone' as the past participle of 'go', but in slightly different circumstances.

We use 'been' (often when we talk about 'life experience') to mean that the person being talked about has visited the place, and come back. Notice the preposition 'to':

 I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live).  She has been to school today (but now she's back at home).  They have never been to California.

We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person is at the place now:

 'Where's John?' 'He's gone to the shops' (he's at the shops now).  Julie has gone to Mexico (now she's in Mexico).  They've gone to Japan for three weeks (now they're in Japan).

Review of Work from last Thursday and Friday Preparazione per l’esame A Ripassare il lavoro della settimana scorsa Italian III Block I and Block III - Sentieri textbook th Work from the 29 of September 2016 Giovedi’ THURSDAY please complete the following

Sentieri Textbook- page 126 PRATICA section I 2 and 3. Copy section 1 as it is in the book and respond

Complete section 2 and 3 in complete sentences

PROVALO! bottom of page 127

Copy the Provalo! as it is in the boo and answer.

Passato Prossimo with AVERE

Review pages 138 and 139.

complete : page 138 PRATICA Section 1 Copy the activity and answer

Section 2 and Section 3 Answer in complete sentences

PROVALO! bottom of page 139 1-8 answer in complete sentences If students complete the assignments above they may continue to complete the following:

Sentieri textbook

CONOSCERE and SAPERE page 140 Pratica Sectons: 1, 2, and 3. page 141 PROVALO! complete

30 September 2016

Lesson Plans for Mr. J Capaldo-Masi FRIDAY JUEVES

All classes in room 135 All work must be written on looseleaf complete heading- neat and easy to read please!

Complete all work from: 29 September 2016 Thursday All work is on the WEBSITE for ALL CLASSES. SEE MY WEBSITE to finish any work not completed yesterday!!!

Italian III Block I and III SENTIERI textbook page 162 DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS copy the information on pages 162 and 163. Copy the work in your notebooks.

Attivita’: Complete the following on looseleaf

PRATICA page 162 Sections 1, 2, and 3. page 163 PROVALO! Please write out the complete sentences. page 176 INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS please copy the information on page 176 and on page 177 as review!

On looseleaf: please complete the PRATICA on page 176 Sections 1 2 and 3. Complete page 177 PROVALO! Write out complete sentences.

and page 179 in notebooks please copy the information on pages 178 (adverbs) and 179 (adjective and adverb) in notebooks

PRATICA please complete sections 1 2 and 3.

______

Compiti

1. On looseleaf SENTIERI textbook

Pagina 138 copy the sentences and fill in the blanks (use rulers please)

PRATICA Sections 1, 2 and 3.

Pagina 139 COMUNICAZIONE

Section 5 and PROVALO!

Per il 29 di settembre 2016 Mini lezione

2. On looseleaf with the complete heading

Write out the following Three Sections

Direct Object Pronouns

Indirect Object Pronouns

Disjunctive Pronouns

In each section you must write out the Italian AND the English Pronouns For each section. You must explain what they are and show how to use them.

Each section must have five sentences which demonstrate their uses

Example for Direct Object Pronouns:

I see her every day.

Io la vedo tutti I giorni.

IN BOCCA AL LUPO IN BOCA AL LUPO!!!!!! Lugares Turisticos

Soccer ITALIANO III!!

Direct object pronouns in English Sapere/Conoscere sapere: to know, know how (to), can; to be aware (of), learn, hear Irregular second-conjugation Italian verb Transitive verb (takes a direct object) or intransitive verb (does not take a direct object) conjugated with the auxiliary verb avere

INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO

SAPERE to know a FACT

SAPERE

Presente Passato Prossimo io so io ho saputo tu sai tu hai saputo lui, lei, Lei sa lui, lei, Lei ha saputo noi sappiamo noi abbiamo saputo voi sapete voi avete saputo loro, Loro sanno loro, Loro hanno saputo loro, Loro sapevano loro, Loro seppero

Futuro Semplice io saprò tu saprai lui, lei, Lei saprà noi sapremo voi saprete Futuro Semplice loro, Loro sapranno

Conoscere to know a person or something very very well

Italian Verb Conjugations: Conoscere Conjugation table for the Italian verb conoscere conoscere: to know, be familiar with, meet; recognize, experience, enjoy Irregular second-conjugation Italian verb Transitive verb (takes a direct object)

INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO

Presente Passato Prossimo io conosco io ho conosciuto tu conosci tu hai conosciuto lui, lei, Lei conosce lui, lei, Lei ha conosciuto noi conosciamo noi abbiamo conosciuto voi conoscete voi avete conosciuto loro, Loro conoscono loro, Loro hanno conosciuto

Imperfetto io conoscevo tu conoscevi lui, lei, Lei conosceva noi conoscevamo voi conoscevate loro, Loro conoscevano

Futuro Semplice io conoscerò tu conoscerai Futuro Semplice lui, lei, Lei conoscerà noi conosceremo voi conoscerete loro, Loro conosceranno

Conoscere o Sapere? Ways to Say "to know" I. Conoscere. Ask these people if they are acquainted with the people and places indicated: Esempio: tu: Paolo > Conosci Paolo? voi: l'amico di Giorgio loro: Venezia tu: mia madre Giovanna: Boston Lei : i signori De Sanctis

II. Sapere: to know a fact. Complete these questions with the correct form of sapere. Graziella, ______dov'è la biblioteca? Mi scusi, signore, ______per caso che ora è? Ragazzi, ______che cosa danno al cinema Odeon stasera? Scusi, signora, ______se l'autobus numero 27 si ferma qui? Io ______il nome di quella ragazza. Tu ______anche il suo numero telefonico? Bambini, ______chi fu il primo presidente?

III. Sapere + Infinitive. Say these people know how to do the following activities:

Esempio: tu : parlare spagnolo > Sai parlare spagnolo?

lei: cantare voi ragazzi: nuotare noi : giocare a calcio Mimmo : andare a cavallo io : cucinare la pasta i ragazzi : suonare la chitarra

IV. Conversazione. Creare un dialogo usando le parole date e facendo altri cambiamenti necessari. esempio: -Scusi, signorina (signore). Sa dov'è lo zoo? -Mi dispiace, non conosco bene Pistoia.

il ristorante Tritone Roma il cinema Odeon Siena lo stadio Napoli la Bibilioteca Nazionale Firenze la stazione Termini Roma piazza San Marco Venezia La Scala Milano

V. Conoscere o sapere? A. Scegliere il verbo giusto. 1. Sai / Conosci il fratello di Giorgio? 2. Sapete / Conoscete dove Giorgo abita? 3. Sa / Conosce giocare a futbol Massimo? 4. Sappiamo / Conosciamo la politica di Estonia. 5. So / Conosco bene la regione Chianti nella Toscana.

B. Completare le frasi con il verbo appropriato.

1. ______Roma, signorina? 2. Io ______suonare il pianoforte. 3. Tutti ______che Pietro arriva oggi. 4. Noi ______dov'è il castello Sforzesco. 5. (tu) ______se vengono stasera? 6. Chi ______la differenza fra "ciao!" e "arrivederci"? 7. Lei non ______quando partono. 8. Tu ______bene Mariangela; infatti, esci sempre con lei. 9. Enzo non ______quanti CD ha. 10. Non compro il biglietto ancora perché non ______se Gianna viene. 11. Marco, ______benissimo che i tuoi nonni abitano a Genova! 12. Ragazzi, ______il numero telefonico della professoressa? 13. Voi ______bene francese e avete molti amici francesi. 14. Quell'uomo ______mio padre; lavorano insieme. 15. Io ______cucinare, ma preferisco uscire per mangiare. 16. Io non ______da quanto tempo Maria ______Giuseppe. 17. I signori Martinelli non ______dov'è il loro figlio. 18. Mia madre vuole ______se io ho un ragazzo. 19. Franco ______bene la matematica.

Answer Key: I. Conoscere. Voi conoscete l'amico di Giorgio? Loro conoscono Venezia? Tu conosci mia madre? Giovanna conosce Boston? OR Gi ovanna, conosci Boston? Lei conosce i signori De Sanctis?

II. Sapere: to know a fact. Complete these questions with the correct form of sapere. Graziella, sai dov'è la biblioteca? Mi scusi, signore, sa per caso che ora è? Ragazzi, sapete che cosa danno al cinema Odeon stasera? Scusi, signora, sa se l'autobus numero 27 si ferma qui? Io so il nome di quella ragazza. Tu sai anche il suo numero telefonico? Bambini, sapete chi fu il primo presidente?

III. Sapere + Infinitive: to know how to do.

Lei sa cantare. Voi ragazzi sanno nuotare. Sappiamo giocare a calcio. Mimmo sa andare a cavallo. So cucinare la pasta. I ragazzi sanno suonare la chitarra.

IV. Conversazione.

--Scusi, signoria, sa dov'è il ristorante Tritone. --Mi dispiace, ma non conosco bene Roma.

--Scusi, signore, sa dov'è il cinema Odeon? --Mi dispiace, ma non conosco bene Siena.

eccetera

V. Conoscere o sapere? Part A. Scegliere il verbo giusto. 1. Conosci il fratello di Giorgio? 2. Sapete dove Giorgo abita? 3. Sa giocare a futbol Massimo? 4. Conosciamo la politica di Estonia. 5. Conosco bene la regione Chianti nella Toscana.

Part B. 1. Conosce Roma, signorina? 2. Io so suonare il pianoforte. 3. Tutti sanno che Pietro arriva oggi. 4. Noi sappiamo dov'è il castello Sforzesco. 5. (tu) sai se vengono stasera? 6. Chi sa la differenza fra "ciao!" e "arrivederci"? 7. Lei non sa quando partono. 8. Tu conosci bene Mariangela... 9. Enzo non sa quanti CD ha. 10. ...non so se Gianna viene. 11. Marco, sai benissimo... 12. Ragazzi, sapete il numero telefonico... 13. Voi conoscete bene francese... 14. Quell'uomo conosce mio padre... 15. Io so cucinare... 16. Io non so da quanto tempo Maria conosce Giuseppe.

17. I signori Martinelli non sanno dov'è il figlio. 18. Mia madre vuole sapere se io ho un ragazzo. 19. Franco conosce bene la matematica.

CONOSCERE/SAPERE io-conoscere conosco  tu-conoscere conosci  lui/lei-conoscere conosce  noi conoscere conosciamo  voi-conoscere conoscete  loro-consocere conoscono  io-sapere so  tu-sapere sai  lui/lei-sapere sa  noi-sapere sappiamo  voi-sapere sapete  loro-sapere sanno  chi who  perche' why  come how  dove where  quando when  quale which  che/cosa what  to know a fact sapere  To know how to do something Sapere  to be familiar with a person, place or thing conscere  Io so ballare I know how to dance  Io so l'indirizzo della scuola I know the address of the school  Io conosco Davide I know David  Io consoco Roma I know Rome  Io so chi e' Davide I know who David is  Io so dov'e' Roma I know where Rome is fine THE DIRECT OBJECT

Recognize a direct object when you see one. A direct object will follow a transitive verb [a type of action verb]. Direct objects can be nouns, pronouns, phrases, orclauses. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct object—if one exists—is easy. Just remember this simple formula:

SUBJECT + VERB + what? or who? = D IR ECT O BJECT Here are examples of the formula in action: Zippy and Maurice played soccer with a grapefruit pulled from a backyard tree. Zippy, Maurice = subjects; played = verb. Zippy and Maurice played what? Soccer = direct object. Zippy accidentally kicked Maurice in the shin. Zippy = subject; kicked = verb. Zippy kicked who? Maurice = direct object. Sometimes direct objects are single words like soccer andMaurice; other times they are phrases or clauses. The formula nevertheless works the same. Sylina hates biting her fingernails. Sylina = subject; hates = verb. Sylina hates what?Biting her fingernails [a gerund phrase] = direct object. Even worse, Sylina hates when Mom lectures her about hand care. Sylina = subject; hates = verb. Sylina hates what?When Mom lectures her about hand care [asubordinate clause] = direct object. Direct objects can also follow verbals— infinitives, gerunds, and participles. Use this abbreviated version of the formula: verbal + what? or who? = direct object Here are some examples: To see magnified blood cells, Gus squinted into the microscope on the lab table. To see = infinitive. To see what? Blood cells = direct object. Gus bought contact lenses because he wanted to see the beautiful Miranda, his lab partner, more clearly. To see = infinitive. To see who? The beautiful Miranda = direct object. Dragging her seventy-five pound German shepherd through the door is Roseanne's least favorite part of going to the vet. Dragging = gerund. Dragging what? Her seventy-five pound German shepherd = direct object. Heaping his plate with fried chicken, Clyde winked at Delores, the cook. Heaping = participle. Heaping what? His plate = direct object. Don't mistake a direct object for a subject complement. Only action verbs can have direct objects. If the verb is linking, then the word that answers the what? or who? question is asubject complement. The space alien from the planet Zortek accidentally locked his keys in his space ship. Alien = subject; locked = action verb. The space alien locked what? His keys = direct object. The space alien was happy to find a spare key taped under the wing. Alien = subject; was = linking verb. The space alien was what? Happy = subject complement. Don't use subject pronouns as direct objects. The chart below contains subject and object pronouns. Because direct objects are objects, always use the objective form of the pronoun when you need a direct object.

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns

I me we us you you he, she, it him, her, it they them who whom

Check out these sample sentences: After I give my dog Oreo a scoop of peanut butter, she always kisses me with her sticky tongue. She = subject; kisses = verb. She kisses who? Me = direct object. Because Jo had skipped Mr. Duncan's class five times in a row, she ducked out of sight whenever she spotted him on campus. She = subject; spotted = verb. She spotted who? Him= direct object. Because David was always eating her food, Theresa sneaked corn chips and candy bars into her room and hid them in the clothes hamper. Theresa = subject; hid = verb. Theresa hid what?Them = direct object.

THE INDIRECT OBJECT Recognize an indirect object when you see one. Indirect objects are rare. You can read for pages before you encounter one. For an indirect object to appear, a sentence must first have a direct object. Direct objects follow transitive verbs [a type of action verb]. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct object—if one exists—is easy. Just remember this simple formula:

SUBJECT + VERB + what? or who? = D IR ECT O BJECT Here are examples of the formula in action: Jim built a sandcastle on the beach. Jim = subject; built = verb. Jim built what?Sandcastle = direct object. Sammy and Maria brought Billie Lou to the party. Sammy, Maria = subjects; brought = verb. Sammy and Maria brought who? Billie Lou = direct object. To explain the broken lamp, we told a lie. We = subject; told = verb. We told what? Lie = direct object. When someone [or something] gets the direct object, that word is the indirect object. Look at these new versions of the sentences above: Jim built his granddaughter a sandcastle on the beach. Jim = subject; built = verb. Jim built what?Sandcastle = direct object. Who got the sandcastle?Granddaughter = indirect object. So that Darren would have company at the party, Sammy and Maria brought him a blind date. Sammy, Maria = subjects; brought = verb. Sammy and Maria brought who? Blind date = direct object. Who got the blind date? Him = indirect object. To explain the broken lamp, we told Mom a lie. We = subject; told = verb. We told what? Lie = direct object. Who got the lie? Mom = indirect object. Sometimes, the indirect object will occur in a prepositional phrase beginning with to or for. Read these two sentences: Tomas paid the mechanic 200 dollars to fix the squeaky brakes. Tomas paid 200 dollars to the mechanic to fix the squeaky brakes. In both versions, the mechanic [the indirect object] gets the200 dollars [the direct object]. When the direct object is a pronoun rather than a noun, putting the indirect object in a prepositional phrase becomes a necessary modification. The preposition smoothes out the sentence so that it sounds natural. Check out these examples: Leslie didn't have any money for a sandwich, so Smitty purchased her it. Blech! That version sounds awful! But now try the sentence with the indirect object after a preposition: Leslie didn't have any money for a sandwich, so Smitty purchased it for her. Locating the indirect object her in a prepositional phrase lets the sentence sound natural! Now read this example: After Michael took generous spoonfuls of stuffing, he passed us it. Ewww! This version sounds awful too! But with a quick fix, we can solve the problem: After Michael took generous spoonfuls of stuffing, he passed it to us. With the indirect object us in a prepositional phrase, we have an improvement! Pronomi diretti e indiretti

Direct object pronouns

Mind, pronouns are little words that replace persons or things. The direct object pronouns replace the object (the thing or person) and take the place of the noun. The direct object pronoun receives the action of the verb directly: there is no preposition after the verb!

For example, after the verb “To invite” we don’t have the preposition “to” > I invited her. “Her” is the

“direct object pronoun“, but the verb “to talk” need the preposition “to” before the pronoun > I will talk to him: “to him” in Italian is an indirect object pronoun!

Generally the object pronouns are before the verb, but they are after the verb in the infinitive or in the imperative mood. Before a vowel, singular pronouns use an apostrophe.

Pronomi oggetto diretto Direct object pronouns

Ti You

Lo Him/It (masculine – sing.)

La Her/It (feminine – sing.)

Vi You

Li Them (masculine – pl.)

Le Them (feminine – pl.)

Some examples in present tense (pronouns are before the verb):

Prendo il coltello = I take the knife becomes Lo prendo = I take it

Mangio una mela = I eat an apple La mangio = I eat it

Incontro Marco = I meet Marco L'(=lo) incontro = I meet him Incontro Maria = I meet Maria L'(=la) incontro = I meet her

Taglio I pomodori = I cut the tomatoes Li taglio = I cut them

Affetto le melanzane = I slice the Le affetto = I slice them eggplants

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

While direct object pronouns answer the question what? or whom? Indirect object pronouns answer the question to whom? or for whom? Also, they're the same as the Direct Object Pronouns except for the pronouns in the Third Person (i.e. to him; to her; to them). Singolare Singular Plurale Plural mi (to/for) me ci (to/for) us (to/for) you (to/for) you ti vi (informal) (informal) Loro (to/for) You gli (to/for) him, it Gli formal le (to/for) her, it (to/for) you loro Le (formal f. & (to them m.) gli The direct object is governed directly by the verb, for example, in the following statement: Romeo loved her. The Indirect Object in an English sentence often stands where you would expect the direct object but common sense will tell you that the direct object is later in the sentence, e.g.: Romeo bought her a bunch of flowers. The direct object — i.e. the thing that Romeo bought is “a bunch of flowers”; Romeo didn't buy “her” as if she were a slave. So the pronoun her in the sentence actually means "for her" and is the Indirect Object. Examples: » Qulacuno mi ha mandato una cartolina dalla Spagna Someone (has) sent me a postcard from Spain. » Il professore le ha spiegato il problema The teacher (has) explained the problem to her. » Gli hai detto di comprare un regalo per sua madre? Did you tell him/them to buy a present for (his/their) mother. » Voglio telefonargli I want to phone him. » Il signor Brambilla ci ha insegnato l'italiano Mr Brambilla taught us Italian. » Cosa gli dici? What are you saying to him/to them? » Lucia,tuo padre vuole parlarti! Lucia, your father wants to speak to you! » Non gli ho mai chiesto di aiutarmi I (have) never asked him to help me. » Non oserei consigliarti I would not dare to advise you » Le ho regalato un paio di orecchini I gave her a present of a pair of earrings. Italian “passato prossimo” Italian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words). The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (= participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate. Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb. E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)

Italian regular “participio passato”

-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > partito

– Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Avere” = to have): We used auxiliary “Avere” when:

 The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi = transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g. “mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)” or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”

 Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.  [Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]

-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito

Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples:

– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato? – Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno. – Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro… – Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino – L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano – Anche io (= me too)

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Essere” = to be): We used auxiliary “Essere” with:

 Essere = To be; Esserci = To be there; Stare/Restare = to stay; Restare/Rimanere to remain  Most common intransitive verbs (generally verbs of movement in/to the space – they explain the direction to or from a place): they don’t need anyyhing after them: these verb are “intransitivi = intransitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “intr.”) e.g. “entrare = to come in“; “cadere= to fall down” and “partire = to leave“   All verbs expressing change (“verbi di cambiamento”) as “diventare = to become”; nascere = to born”; “crescere = to grow up“; “ingrassare = to become fat; etc…   All reflexive verbs ( do you remember tem?)   Impersonal verbs as “succedere = to happen”, but also “piacere = to like” and “bastare = to be enough“

 [Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “essere”, the past participle (il participio passato) changes and agrees in gender and number with the subject, like the adjectives.] -are -ere -ire

Sono andato/a Sono caduto/a Sono partito/a

Sei andato/a Sei caduto/a Sei partito/a

E’ andato/a E’ caduto/a E’ partito/a

Siamo andati/e Siamo caduti/e Siamo partiti/e

Siete andati/e Siete caduti/e Siete partiti/e

Sono andati/e Sono caduti/e Sono partiti/e

Some examples:

– Ieri c’è stato un concerto dei Genesis.

– E tu ci sei stato?

– Sì, ci sono andato con i miei amici.

– Ieri sono andato/a al cinema con Roberto, e voi dove siete andati? – – Noi siamo andati a sentire un concerto di musica italiana

– Joe è partito ieri per le vacanze: è tornato a casa in treno – Perché è partito in treno e non è andato in aereo? – Perché ha paura di volare

– Ieri sera Paolo ha bevuto troppa birra, durante la notte è caduto dal letto e stamattina si è svegliato sul pavimento (= floor).

Be carefully: there are a lot of irregular past participle

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

. ITALIAN DISJUNCTIVE OR "STRESSED" PRONOUNS: I PRONOMI TONICI Ages ago we learned the direct and indirect object pronouns - mi, ti, lo, la, gli, le, etc. Unlike English, Italian has another version of these which you use after a preposition or verb, often for greater emphasis (hence the name "stressed pronouns"). First we'll learn what these pronouns are, then we'll see how to use them.

Stressed Pronouns me (me) te (you) Lei (you formal) lui (him) lei (her) sé (yourself, himself, herself, oneself - reflexive) noi (us) voi (you plural) Loro (you plural formal) loro (them) sé (yourselves, themselves - also reflexive) So they look like a hybrid of direct or indirect object pronouns and subject pronouns. But take note: although Lei, lui, lei, noi, voi and loro look like subject pronouns, when used disjunctively they are not subjects!

So how are they used?

1) after a preposition Questo libro è per te. (This book is for you.) Siamo usciti con loro. (We went out with them.) Pensa sempre a sé. (He always thinks about himself.) Studiano sempre da sé. (They always study by themselves.) A me non piace questo vino. (I don't like this wine - a more emphatic way of saying, "Non mi piace questo vino.") Andiamo da lui. (We're going to his place.)

2) after a verb to give the direct or indirect object greater emphasis

Lo amo. - Amo lui. (I love him.) Ti cercavo. - Cercavo te. (I was looking for you.) Mi abbraccia. - Abbraccia me. (She hugs me.)

The above pairs of sentences have the same meanings, but the second in each pair is more emphatic. For even greater emphasis, use anche, proprio or solamente - e.g. Cercavo proprio te. Abbraccia solamente me.

3) after a verb to distinguish between multiple objects

Riconosce me ma non lui. - He recognizes me but not him. Ha invitato noi e loro. - He invited us and them.

4) in comparisons

Marcello è più alto di me. (Marcello is taller than me.) Loro sono meno paurosi di noi. (They are less fearful than us.) Tuo fratello non era intelligente quanto te. (Your brother wasn't as smart as you.) A very common Italian idiomatic expression that uses stressed pronouns is, "Tocca a me!" - It's my turn! Of course, you can use it with the other disjunctive pronouns too - Tocca a te, tocca a noi, etc. So when the waiter brings you the bill and someone asks, "Chi paga oggi?" just say, "Eh purtroppo oggi tocca a te!" (Who's buying today? - Unfortunately today it's your turn!) C4N!

I pronomi diretti tonici e atoni

I pronomi personali diretti hanno due forme: la FORMA TONICA e la FORMA ATONA.

 FORMA TONICA significa che l’accento della frase si posa su quel pronome; in questo caso il pronome si trova dopo il verbo.  FORMA ATONA significa che l’accento della frase non si posa su quel pronome; in questo caso il pronome si trova prima del verbo. Poiché le due forme hanno lo stesso significato, la FORMA TONICA è preferita quando il tono della frase è enfatico, cioè si vuole dare risalto alla persona a cui si riferisce il discorso. Esempio:

Cercano TE (FORMA TONICA) TI cercano (FORMA ATONA) Nella frase “Cercano te” l’accento tonico cade sul pronome a sottolineare la II persona singolare; nella frase “Ti cercano” l’accento cade su “cercAno” e “Ti” specifica solo chi viene cercato. In presenza di verbi modali, la posizione del pronome diretto in forma atona non ha una grande importanza: infatti può trovarsi prima del verbo modale (Esempio: Giorgio mi vuole sposare) o dopo l’infinito, ad esso unito (Esempio: Giorgio vuole sposarmi). Diretto Tonico Diretto Atono me mi te ti lui lo lei la Lei (cortesia) La (cortesia) noi ci voi vi loro (m.) li (m.) loro (f.) le (f.)

OSSERVA gli esempi: Angela ha visto il suo amico Lorenzo per strada e l’ha chiamato.

Angela ha visto la sua amica Cecilia per strada e l’ha chiamata.

Dottor Poggiali, ieri L’ho vista per strada, L’ho salutata con la mano, ma Lei non mi ha visto. Angela ha visto i suoi amici per strada e li ha salutati. Angela ha visto le sue sorelle, ma non e le ha salutate.

Il participio passato dei verbi che reggono i pronomi diretti di III persona singolare e plurale concorda in genere ed in numero con il pronome atono.

Solo alla III persona singolare, maschile o femminile, il pronome atono può essere apostrofato. PASSATO PROSSIMO!

Questo tempo indica:  un'azione trascorsa da poco

 un'azione trascorsa da tanto tempo con effetti anche nel presente  un'esperienza di vita  un'azione passata in un periodo di tempo non ancora trascorso del tutto Per formare il passato prossimo si usa:

il presente indicativo dei verbi essere o avere +

il participio passato del verbo in questione

Esempi:

Dopo pranzo Marco ha letto il giornale. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Quest'anno siamo andati in vacanza a Barcellona. (quest'anno è ancora in corso)

Hai studiato all'estero? (un'esperienza di vita)

Sono stata a Parigi due anni fa. (un'esperienza di vita)

Oggi, Luigi e Simona hanno fatto la spesa. (oggi non è ancora finito)

Sono uscita da scuola mezz'ora fa. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Sono sposato da 14 anni. (sono ancora sposato, rapporto con il presente) Nota: Per la maggior parte dei verbi si usa l'ausiliare avere; per molti verbi di movimento si usa l'ausiliare essere. Passato prossimo dei verbi mangiare, credere e partire:

Mangiare Credere mangiato creduto io ho io ho tu hai tu hai lui/lei/Lei ha lui/lei/Lei ha noi abbiamo noi abbiamo voi avete voi avete loro/Loro hanno loro/Loro hanno

Quando il Passato prossimo è costruito con l'ausiliare essere, occorre concordare il participio in genere e numero con il soggetto.

Partire

io sono tu sei partito/a lui/lei/Lei è

noi siamo voi siete partiti/e loro/Loro sono

Italian “passato prossimo”

Italian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).

The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (= participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.

Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb. E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday) Italian regular “participio passato”

-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito

Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > partito

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Avere” = to have): We used auxiliary “Avere” when:

 The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi = transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g. “mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)” or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”  Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”. [Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]

-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples: – Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato? – Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.

– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro… – Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino

– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano – Anche io (= me too)

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Essere” = to be): We used auxiliary “Essere” with:

 Essere = To be; Esserci = To be there; Stare/Restare = to stay; Restare/Rimanere to remain  Most common intransitive verbs (generally verbs of movement in/to the space – they explain the direction to or from a place): they don’t need anyyhing after them: these verb are “intransitivi = intransitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “intr.”) e.g. “entrare = to come in“; “cadere= to fall down” and “partire = to leave“  All verbs expressing change (“verbi di cambiamento”) as “diventare = to become”; nascere = to born”; “crescere = to grow up“; “ingrassare = to become fat; etc…  All reflexive verbs ( do you remember tem?)  Impersonal verbs as “succedere = to happen”, but also “piacere = to like” and “bastare = to be enough“ [Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “essere”, the past participle (il participio passato) changes and agrees in gender and number with the subject, like the adjectives.]

-are -ere -ire

Sono andato/a Sono caduto/a Sono partito/a

Sei andato/a Sei caduto/a Sei partito/a

E’ andato/a E’ caduto/a E’ partito/a

Siamo andati/e Siamo caduti/e Siamo partiti/e

Siete andati/e Siete caduti/e Siete partiti/e

Sono andati/e Sono caduti/e Sono partiti/e Some examples:

– Ieri c’è stato un concerto dei Genesis. – E tu ci sei stato? – Sì, ci sono andato con i miei amici.

– Ieri sono andato/a al cinema con Roberto, e voi dove siete andati? – Noi siamo andati a sentire un concerto di musica italiana

– Joe è partito ieri per le vacanze: è tornato a casa in treno – Perché è partito in treno e non è andato in aereo? – Perché ha paura di volare

– Ieri sera Paolo ha bevuto troppa birra, durante la notte è caduto dal letto e stamattina si è svegliato sul pavimento (= floor).

Be carefully: there are a lot of irregular past participle

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win .

Passato prossimo dei verbi essere e avere:

Essere Avere

io ho io sono tu hai tu sei stato/a lui/lei/Lei ha lui/lei/Lei è noi abbiamo voi avete avuto loro/Loro hanno

noi siamo voi siete stati/e loro/Loro sono

Vedi anche: Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer italiano: Cinderella man Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer in Italiano: Crazy, Stupid, Love Corso di Italiano: Unità 8 La formazione del participio passato e il passato prossimo Dettato: Il viaggio di Paolo Verbo passato prossimo e participio passato Esercizi di Italiano: Passato Prossimo - verbo STARE Il presente indicativo parl - are credere partire io parl - o cred- o part- o tu parl- i cred-i part- i lui/lei parl- a cred- e part- e noi parl- iamo cred- iamo part-iamo voi parl- ate credete part- ite loro parl- ano cred-ono partono finire (isco)fin- iscofin- iscifin-iscefin-iamofin-ite fin-iscono

How to conjugate verbs / Come coniugare i verbi

Auxiliary verbs / Verbi ausiliari

The two most important verbs in Italian, by far, are avere (to have) and essere (to be). They are called verbi ausiliari (auxiliary verbs), and they are irregular in nearly every tense, including the present indicative, sometimes extremely so. Here are their conjugations. Avere (to have):

Italian English (Io) ho I have (tu) hai you (singular) have (lui/lei/Lei) ha he/she/you (singular formal) has (noi) abbiamo we have (voi) avete you (plural) have (loro) hanno they have

Essere (to be): Italian English (Io) sono I am (tu) sei you (singular) are (egli(lui)/ella(lei)/Lei) è he/she/you (singular formal) is (noi) siamo we are (voi) siete you (plural) are (loro) sono they are

Regular verbs / Verbi regolari In Italian, regular verbs are the most common ones. They always end with -are, -ere, and -ire, are the same in the first person (singular and plural) and second person singular. They are different in the third person (singular and plural) and second person plural. According to the different suffix, verbs are assigned to one of the three regular conjugation of verbs in Italian. For instance: • amare (to love): is a first conjugation verb (prima coniugazione); • ripetere (to repeat): is a second conjugation verb (seconda coniugazione); • dormire (to sleep): is a third conjugation verb (terza coniugazione).

Here is a table of the regular present indicative for -are, -ere, and -ire verbs. Who amàre (to love) ripétere (to repeat) dormìre (to sleep) Io àmo ripéto dòrmo tu àmi ripéti dòrmi lui/lei/Le àma ripéte dòrme i noi amiàmo ripetiàmo dormiàmo voi amàte ripetéte dormìte Essi/loro àmano ripétono dòrmono It is important to note the change of stress position in different person forms. Regular verbs follow the same position change. Stress is shown in table above to help learning, it is not written in real texts (see Pronunciation for details on stress). Irregular verbs / Verbi irregolari In Italian, there are also several irregular verbs. A very few of them do not even apply to the conjugation previously seen, such as porre (to put down, to place) and tradurre (to translate); actually they derive from second conjugation (ponere,traducere). This is a list of common usage verbs which are known to be irregular, and do not apply to the conjugation rules seen before: • andare (to go) • bere (to drink) • cercare (to seek, to look for) • dare (to give) • dire (to say) • fare (to do, to make) • piacere (to like) • stare (to stay, to remain) • uscire (to leave, to go out) • venire (to come) • vivere (to live) Modal verbs / Verbi servili Three other important verbs, dovere, potere and volere, are irregular too; these three particular verbs are known as verbi servili (modal verbs), as they have the function to “serve” and “support” other infinite verbs. In particular: • dovere is equivalent to the English modal verb must, but also the have to form: for instance, devo studiare (I have to study, I must study). • potere is equivalent to the English modal verbs can and may: for instance, puoi andare (You can go, you may go). • volere expresses willingness to do something, and is actually equivalent to the English verbs to want, to wish and to will; for instance, voglio mangiare (I want to eat). The verb volere can be also used in non-modal forms, that is not in support of an infinite verb.

Another chart to examine the regular verbs in Italian:

Used for: • events happening in the present; • habitual actions; • current states of being and conditions. am ar esser cred ere andar stare dare e dorm ire fin ire e avere / e / / /a /dor /fi / /a kre de /an sta r da r ma r ˈ ː mi re/ ni re/ sser ve re/ ˈ ː ˈ ː ˈ ː re/ ˈ ː ˈ ː ˈɛ ˈ ː da re/ e/ e/ e/ e/ ˈ ː vado io sono (Tusca amo finisco / credo dormo / ho n: vo) sto do / /fi ˈi ː o /ˈ kre ː do/ /ˈ d ɔ rmo/ ˈso ː no /ɔ / / /stɔ / /dɔ / ˈa ː mo/ ˈnisko/ / / ˈva ː do/ /vɔ / tu ami credi dormi finisci sei hai vai stai dai /tu/ /ˈ a ː mi/ /ˈ kre ː di/ /ˈ d ɔ rmi/ /fiˈ ni ʃʃ i/ /ˈ s ɛ i/ /ˈ ai/ /ˈ vai/ /ˈ stai/ /ˈ dai/ lui / lei / Lei ama / crede dorme finisce è ha va sta dà / lui / kre de/ / d rme/ /fiˈ ni ʃʃ e/ / / /a/ /va/ /sta/ /da/ ˈ a ma/ ˈ ː ˈ ɔ ɛ / ˈ ː / ˈl ɛ i/ amia dormia abbia andia stiam diam noi credia finiamo siamo mo mo mo mo o o / mo /fi / /a /dor /ab /an / / no /kre nja mo sja m ˈ mja mja mo ˈ ː ˈ ː bja mo dja m stja dja i/ ˈ ː dja mo/ ˈ ː / o/ ˈ ː ˈ ː ˈ ː ˈ ː mo/ ˈ ː / / o/ mo/ mo/ voi / amate state date credete dormite siete avete andate Voi /a finite / / /kre /dor / /a /an / ˈma ː te /fiˈ ni ː te/ ˈsta ː te ˈda ː te ˈde ː te/ ˈmi ː te/ ˈsj ɛː te/ ˈve ː te/ ˈda ː te/ ˈvo / / / i/ lor aman credon dormon finisco stann dann sono vanno o o o o no o o / hanno / / / / / /fi / / so no / anno/ vanno lo a ma kre don d rmon niskon ˈ ː ˈ ˈ stann dann ˈ ː ˈ ː ˈ ː ˈ ɔ ˈ / / ˈ ˈ ro/ no/ o/ o/ o/ o/ o/ • io credo "I believe" • lei dorme "she sleeps"

Pronouns are not obligatory in Italian, and they are normally only used when they are stressed. The conjugation of the verb is normally used to show the subject. • credo "I believe" • credi "you believe" (2nd pers. sing.) • dorme "he/she sleeps" The pronoun tu (and corresponding verb forms) is used in the singular towards children, family members and close friends (cf. "thou"), whereas voi is used in the same manner in the plural (cf. "ye"). The pronouns Lei and Voi are used towards older people, strangers and very important or respectable people. Note that lei can also mean "she". • Lei va "you are going" (formal) • tu vai "you are going" (informal) • vai "you are going" (informal) • va "you are going" (formal) The irregular verb essere has the same form in the first person singular and third person plural. • sono "I am"/"they are" The forms vado and faccio are the standard Italian first person singular forms of the verbs andare and fare, but vo and fo are used in the Tuscan dialect. The infix -isc- varies in pronunciation between /isk/ and /iʃʃ /, depending on the following vowel. Similar alternations are found in other verbs: • leggo /ˈ l ɛɡɡ o/ "I read" vs. leggi /ˈ l ɛ dd ʒ i/ "you read" • dico /ˈ di ː ko/ "I say" vs. dici /ˈ di ː t ʃ i/ "you say" • etc.

another example of basic regular - ARE - ERE -IRE conjugations

amare temere sentire finire

(io) amo (io) temo (io) sento (io) finisco (tu) ami (tu) temi (tu) senti (tu) finisci (lui, lei) (lui, lei) (lui, lei) (lui, lei) sente ama teme finisce (noi) (noi) (noi) (noi) finiamo amiamo temiamo sentiamo (voi) amate (voi) temete (voi) sentite (voi) finite (loro) (loro) (loro) (loro) amano temono sentono finiscono

It may be a little late in the game for discussing these, but it's still worth covering the topic of question words in Italian and looking at some ways they might be used which aren't immediately apparent.

Che? The word che in Italian means what, but when asking "what" questions it is preferred to ask che cosa, or "what thing". In fact, this is so common that it is actually possible to omit che and just ask cosa as if it were a question! Che cosa fai? What are you doing?

Cosa hai detto? What did you say?

The word chi means who. It can be used to ask and answer question about people. Chi hai incontrato? Who did you meet? chi riceve gli ospiti host (the one who receives guests)

The word dove is used to ask where questions. Also, one interesting thing to note is that for questions of "how far?", Italians ask fin dove? or "ending where?". Di dove sei? Where are you from?

Fin dove andrai? How far will you go?

Quando?

The Italian word quando means when. It asks and answers "when" questions. When paired with da (from), it can be used to form the present perfect tense. Quando torni? When will you return?

Da quando sei qui? How long have you been here?

Perché?

The word perchè means both why and because. Sono in ritardo perché avevo dimenticato di mettere la sveglia. I an late because I forgot to set my alarm clock.

Dimme perchè. Tell me why.

The word come means both how and like. It is capable of both asking and answering "how" questions. Come è vestido? How is he dressed?

È vestido come un poliziotto. He is dressed like a policeman.

It can also be used in the phrase come mai to ask "why" questions (how come). Come mai non sei venuto alla festa? Why didn't you come to the party?

Quanto? The Italian word quanto translates both as how much and how many, depending on its ending. In English, we have separate words for questions about single or plural quantities. In Italian, you just pluralize the question word as you would any other word. Quanto sono grandi i cani? How big are the dogs?

Quanto anni hai? How old are you?

Quale?

The word quale is the equivalent of the English question word "which". Quale preferisci? Which one do you prefer?

Quale macchina è la tua? Which car is yours?

Meeting people Introducing Yourself in Italian

When meeting new people in Italy, you will most likely find yourself asking either ‘tu come ti chiami?’ or ‘Lei come si chiama?’ Both mean ‘what is your name’ but the first version is informal, and can be used with people of the same age or younger, and the second version is formal to be used with people of an older age or in a business / formal situation. Tu means you informal and Lei means you formal. If in doubt, use Lei and you may be invited to use Tu with the expression ‘Diamoci del tu?’ (Shall we use the informal with each other?) Male or Female? Gender confusing names If asking the name of a male, you may be surprised to hear them answer Andrea or Nicola as these are female names in the UK and US. The pronunciation in Italian is different, however, with the stress on the middle syllable, rather than the first one as it is in English. These are typical male names in Italy, along with others which can be gender confusing to non-Italians such as Gianmaria, Luca, Rosario and Toni (short for Antonio).

Typical expressions

There are some typical expressions we can use in addition to asking someone’s name when we meet them, such as: Ciao - Hello Piacere - Nice to meet you Di dove sei / di dov’è? - Where are you from (informal and formal)? Sono di ... - I am from ... Che lavoro fai / che lavoro fa? What’s your job (informal and formal)? Mi chiamo ... - My name is ...

MEETING PEOPLE more here……

Your handshake should be firm, and don't be surprised if your new friend moves in for a cheek kiss or shoulder slap. When greeting friends, cheek kisses on both sides are as common as shaking hands in Italy. Remember, though, if you're even in Russia or places like Lebanon they'll be expecting three kisses, not two. When you introduce yourself tell someone your name, first and last. For "my name is..." you can say "Io mi chiamo..." or "Il mio nome è...". If you have a nickname or preferred to be called by a shortened version of your name let people know up front. Eating and dining are an important part of Italian culture and one of the main way friends connect with one another. If you meet Italians during your vacation, don't be surprised if you're invited for a long, lazy dinner where conversation and laughter is shared over some good food. What better way to bond and unwind?

Here is an example of a conversation that may occur between two people who have just met. The scene is a private home in Naples... YOU: "Ciao, mi chiamo Carlo, Carletto per gli amici, piacere di conoscerti. Come ti chiami?" = "Hi, I'm Carlo, but my friends call me Carletto. Nice to meet you. What's your name?" NEW FRIEND: "Io mi chiamo Claudia." = "I'm Claudia." Y: "Come va?" = "How are you doing?" or "How are you?" NF: "Io sto bene, grazie." = "I'm great, thanks." Y: "Di dove sei?" = "Where are you from?" NF: "Io sono italiano e vivo a Roma, e tu?" = "I'm Italian and I live in Rome and you?" Y: "Io vengo da Sidney." = "I'm from Sydney." NF: "Sei mai stata in Italia?" = "Have you ever been to Italy before?" Y: "No, questa è la prima volta." = "No, this is the first time." NF: "Prego, accomodati!" = "Please, take a seat!" NF: "Vorresti un caffè o qualcosa altro da bere?" = "Would you like a coffee or something else to drink?" Y: "Si, grazie un caffè." = "Yes, thank you, a coffee." NF: "Ti stai divertendo qui?" = "Are you having a good time here?" Y: "Si certamente." = "Yes, of course." NF: "Cosa hai fatto di bello oggi?" = "What did you do today?" Y: "Oggi sono andata al Maschio Angioino e ho fatto delle belle foto." = "Today I went to the Maschio Angioino and I took some beautiful pictures." NF: "Napoli è una bella città, e penso che valga la pena vederla una volta nella vita." = "Naples is a amazing city, I think it's worth seeing it once in a lifetime." Y: "Non molto tempo fa ho pensato a questo viaggio in Italia alla scoperta del paese natio di mio nonno." = "Not too long ago I decided to make this trip to explore the country where my grandfather was born." NF: "Che bella idea! Ricercare le tue radici è interessante. Dove vuoi andare precisamente?" = "What a great idea! Discovering your roots is very interesting. Where would you like to go, exactly?" Y: "Mio nonno era di Caserta, e domani vado là." = "My grandfather was born in Caserta and tomorrow I'm going there." NF: "Dal momento che non conosci bene la strada, posso procurarti una cartina." = "Given that you're not familiar with the area I can get you a map." Y: "Grazie, molto gentile." = "Thank you, that's very kind of you." NF: "Ad ogni modo se vuoi stare qui a lungo, mi piacerebbe farti fare un giro qui attorno." = "By the way, if you want to stay here longer, I would love to show you around." Y: "Grazie, sarebbe bello!" = "Thanks, that would be great!" NF: "Allora, fa' buon viaggio!" = "Well, then, have a great trip!" Y: Grazie per la tua ospitalità = "Thanks for your hospitality."

This is only an example about what can be talked about when you meet someone

Nouns and articles in Italian

Italian Definite Article

In English the definite article (l'articolo determinativo) has only one form: the. In Italian, l’articolo determinativo has different forms according to the gender, number, and first letter of the noun or adjective it precedes. i ragazzi e le ragazze (the boys and girls)il quaderno e la penna (the notebook and pen)

Here are some rules for using definite articles:

1. Lo (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with s + consonant or z.

2. Il (pl. i) is used before masculine nouns beginning with all other consonants.

3. L’ (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with a vowel.

4. La (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with any consonant.

5. L’ (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel.

The article agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies and is repeated before each noun. la Coca–Cola e l’aranciata (the Coke and orangeade) gli italiani e i giapponesi (the Italians and the Japanese) le zie e gli zii (the aunts and uncles)

The first letter of the word immediately following the article determines the article’s form. Compare the following: il giorno (the day) l’altro giorno (the other day) lo zio (the uncle) il vecchio zio (the old uncle) i ragazzi (the boys) gli stessi ragazzi (the same boys) l’amica (the girlfriend) la nuova amica (the new girlfriend)

In Italian, the definite article must always be used before the name of a language, except when the verbs parlare (to speak) or studiare (to study) directly precede the name of the language; in those cases, the use of the article is optional. Studio l’italiano. (I study Italian.)

Parlo italiano. (I speak Italian.)Parlo bene l’italiano. (I speak Italian well.)

The definite article is used before the days of the week to indicate a repeated, habitual activity.

Domenica studio. (I’m studying on Sunday.) Marco non studia mai la domenica. (Marco never studies on Sunday)

The Italian indefinite article

(l'articolo indeterminativo)

corresponds to English a/an and is used with singular nouns. It also corresponds to the number one.

INDEFINITE ARTICLES FEMMINILE MASCHILE uno zio (uncle) una zia (aunt) un cugino (cousin, una cugina (cousin, m.) f.) un amico (friend, un’amica (friend, f.) m.)

Uno is used for masculine words beginning with z or s + consonant; un is used for all other masculine words.

Una is used for feminine words beginning with a consonant; un’ is used for feminine words beginning with a vowel. un treno e una bicicletta un aeroplano e un’automobile uno stadio e una stazione Italian Vocabulary Things in a classroom

Vocabolario italiano - Italian vocabulary GLI OGGETTI IN UN'AULA - CLASSROOM OBJECTS

Italiano English l'aula f classroom il blocchetto per appunti notepad la borsa bag il cancellino board eraser la carta paper la cartella folder la classe class l'evidenziatore m highlighter pen un foglio di carta a sheet of paper il gessetto piece of chalk la gomma eraser (US), rubber (GB) la lavagna blackboard la lavagna bianca whiteboard il lettore di cassette tape player il libro book il libro di esercizi workbook la matita pencil il pastello crayon il pennarello board pen, felt-tip pen la perforatrice hole punch il portafogli briefcase il registratore tape recorder il righello ruler la scrivania desk la scuola school la sedia chair il taccuino notebook il temperamatite, il temperino pencil sharpener alzare la mano to raise one's hand aprire/chiudere il libro to open/close the book ascoltare una cassetta to listen to a tape cancellare la lavagna to clean the board condividere il libro to share a book fare una domanda to ask a question guardare un video to watch a video lavorare a coppie to work in pairs lavorare a gruppi to work in groups parlare col tuo compagno to talk to your partner scambiare i posti to swap places

ENGLISH INGLESE Italian School Words Italiano A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z BELL ART il BOOK ALPHABET l'arte BACKPACK campanello il libro l'alfabeto lo zaino

COMPUTE DESK CALCULATO R la scrivania BOOKCASE R CLOCK il computer lo scaffale la calcolatrice l'orologio

ERASER la gomma GLOBE EXAM il DICTIONAR EASEL l'esame mappamondo Y il cavalletto il dizionario A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W INK KEYBOARD X Y Z l'inchiostro la tastiera LUNCH LEARN LETTERS il pranzo imparare l'alfabeto

RULER MAP MEDAL MOUSE la riga MAGNET la mappa, la medaglia il mouse la calamita la cartina

SCHOOL SCISSORS STAPLER BUS SCALE SCHOOL le forbici la cucitrice la bilancia la scuola l'autobus della scuola

TEACHER TEACH l'insegnante, THINK insegnare professore, pensare maestro/a

Italian Adjectives INGLESE Italiano

ALIKE ANGRY simile arrabbi BIG CLEAN CLOSED ato grande pulito chiuso/chiu sa

DOUBLE doppio COLD CUTE DIRTY freddo carino sporco EARLY presto

FIRST FAST FAT EMPTY primo veloce grasso FULL vuoto pieno

HEALT HAPPY HY HOT LARGE felice HUNGRY sano caldo affamato grande LOUD LAST LITTLE rumoroso NARROW ultimo OPEN piccolo stretto aperto

SAD SICK QUIET triste SHORT malato silenzioso SHUT basso chiuso/chiusa

SLOW UNHAPPY lento SMALL TALL THIN triste piccolo alto magro

YOUNG giovane WIDE largo

Adjectives of nationality djectives of nationality in Italian To find out somebody's nationality and where he or she comes from, we can ask the question:

 Di dove sei (tu)? / Where are you from? - (Io) Sono di Buenos Aires. / I'm from Buenos Aires. - (Io) Sono argentina. / I'm Argentinian.  Di che nazionalità è lui? / What nationality is he? - Lui è giapponese. / He's Japanese.  (Voi) Siete inglesi? / Are you English? - Sì. / Yes. - No, (noi) siamo americani. / No, we are American. Listen to these dialogues: Nazionalità e Provenienza

There aren't any rules to create adjectives of nationality. Usually they come from the same word as the country. One exception is for the country Germania, where the adjective is tedesco. N.B: We use a small letter for the first letter of the adjective.

Adjective of nationality Country -ano/a

Italia italiano/a America americano/a Australia australiano/a Egitto egiziano/a Messico messicano/a Colombia colombiano/a Brasile brasiliano/a Corea coreano/a

Inghilterra inglese Irlanda irlandese Olanda olandese Finlandia finlandese Norvegia norvegese Cina cinese Francia francese Portogallo portoghese Canada canadese

Stati Uniti d'America statunitense Panama panamense

-ino/a

Argentina argentino/a Algeria algerino/a Tunisia tunisino/a

Iraq iracheno/a Cile cileno/a

Russia russo/a Grecia greco/a

Lettonia lettone Estonia estone

Adjectives of nationality with other suffixes:

-ita vietnamita

-egno ecuadoregno/a

-ota keniota

polacco/a -acco slovacco/a

The adjective for Romania, so as not to confuse it with "romano" (from Rome), is rumeno/a. For some nations, there is no corresponding adjective and so to indicate nationality we say abitante di / cittadini di(inhabitant of / citizen of) plus the name of the country. Examples: Io sono abitante del Bangladesh. / I am an inhabitant of Bangladesh. Loro sono cittadini del Botswana. / They are citizens of Botswana. The adjectives for the continents are as follows:

Continent Adjective America americano/a (Oceania) Australia australiano/a Asia asiatico/a Africa africano/a Europa europeo/a

COGNATE ADJECTIVES Content/a Difficile Onesto Disonesto Importante Indipendente Intelligente Interessante Lungo Nervosa Serio Sincero Socievole Studioso Timido e tranquillo

Other common Adjectives Antipatico Bello Bravo Buono Cattivo Divertente Facile Felice Noioso Pigro Simpatico Triste La pizza e’ buona. L’insegnante e’ brava! E’ un libro noioso. Sono ragazzi studiosi.

Che ore sono? Che ora e’ ? Telling Time Telling time in Italian

You've got to know the time if you want to see those Botticelli paintings at the Uffizi in Florence. Luckily, there are two ways to ask "What time is it?" in Italian: Che ora è? andChe ore sono? If the time is one o'clock, noon, or midnight, the answer is in the singular; for all other hours, it is plural. Note that the phrase "o'clock" has no direct equivalent in Italian.

Che ora è? (What time is it?) Che ore sono? (What time is it?) È l'una. (It's one o'clock.) È mezzogiorno. (It's noon.) È mezzanotte. (It's midnight.) Sono le tre e quindici. (It's 3:15.) È mezzo giorno e dieci. (It's 12:10.)

COMMON TERMS RELATED TO TELLING TIME morning di mattino noon mezzogiorno COMMON TERMS RELATED TO TELLING TIME afternoon del pomeriggio evening di sera midnight mezzanotte a quarter un quarto a quarter after/past e un quarto half past e mezzo a quarter to/before meno un quarto sharp in punto

Store hours, TV timetables, performance listings, and other time references are written differently in Italy. When telling time, commas replace colons. For example, 2:00 becomes 2,00; 2:30 becomes 2,30; 2:50 becomes 2,50.

The following table shows how you would tell the time from 5:00 to 6:00.

TELLING TIME 5:00-6:00 5,00 Sono le cinque. 5,10 Sono le cinque e dieci. 5,15 Sono le cinque e un quarto. 5,20 Sono le cinque e venti. 5,30 Sono le cinque e mezzo. 5,40 Sono le sei meno venti. 5,45 Sono le sei meno un quarto. 5,50 Sono le sei meno dieci. 6,00 Sono le sei.

As in most of Europe, Italy uses the so-called "official time" (equivalent to "military time" in the United States) in train schedules, performances, movie timetables, radio, TV, and office hours. Between friends and in other informal situations, Italians may use the numbers from 1 to 12 to indicate time, and the context of the conversation will usually be sufficient. After all, La Scala doesn't have performances at eight in the morning!

Fine parte I