Unit Exam Study Guide

Unit Exam Study Guide Name______

S8P2. Students will be familiar with the forms and transformations of energy. c. Compare and contrast the different forms of energy (heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, sound) and their characteristics.

Remember Sound (vibrations) Chemical (reacting/reaction) Radiation (light) Electrical (electrons) Atomic (nuclear) Mechanical (moving-kinetic and potential) Thermal (heat)

Section: What Is Energy? ---Chapter 9 section 2 ENERGY AND WORK: WORKING TOGETHER Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 1. What is the ability to do work called? a. movement b. energy c. power d. force

KINETIC ENERGY

2. What is the energy of motion called? a. potential energy b. mechanical energy c. kinetic energy d. force energy

Kinetic Energy Depends on Mass and Speed 3. In the formula for kinetic energy, what does the m stand for? a. measurement b. mechanical energy c. mass d. meter 4. When a moving object has a greater mass, what happens to its kinetic energy? a. Its kinetic energy becomes greater. b. Its kinetic energy becomes less. c. Its kinetic energy stays the same. d. Its kinetic energy stays the same and then becomes less.

Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 5. Speed has the greatest effect on which of the following types of energy? a. kinetic energy b. mechanical energy c. potential energy d. force energy

POTENTIAL ENERGY

6. The energy an object has because of its position is called what? a. mechanical energy b. potential energy c. kinetic energy d. thermal energy

Gravitational Potential Energy 7. When you use force to lift an object, what are you giving the object? a. mechanical energy b. wind energy c. gravitational potential energy d. thermal energy

Calculating Gravitational Potential Energy 8. The amount of gravitational potential energy that an object has depends on what? a. the object’s height and circumference b. the object’s weight and height c. the object’s weight and energy d. the object’s height and energy

Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 9. Which of the following is the formula for gravitational potential energy? a. gravitational potential energy = kinetic energy  potential energy b. gravitational potential energy = kinetic energy  potential energy c. gravitational potential energy = weight  height d. gravitational potential energy = weight  height

Height Above What? 10. If an egg is sitting on a kitchen counter, what would you measure to determine its gravitational potential energy? a. the egg’s height from the ceiling b. the egg’s kinetic energy c. the egg’s length d. the egg’s height from the floor

MECHANICAL ENERGY

11. What is the total energy of motion and position of an object called? a. potential energy b. gravitational potential energy c. mechanical energy d. kinetic energy 12. Which of the following is the formula for finding mechanical energy? a. mechanical energy = potential energy + kinetic energy b. mechanical energy = potential energy  kinetic energy c. mechanical energy = potential energy + gravitational potential energy d. mechanical energy = potential energy  gravitational potential energy Mechanical Energy in a Juggler’s Pin Circle the letter of the best answer for the question. 13. When the juggler moves the pin, what kind of energy is moved to the pin? a. potential energy b. kinetic energy c. mechanical energy d. gravitational potential energy

OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY Thermal Energy 14. How do particles move at higher temperatures compared with how they move at lower temperatures? a. They move slower at higher temperatures. b. They move faster at higher temperatures. c. They move at the same speed at all temperatures. d. They move in circles at higher temperatures.

Chemical Energy Read the description. Then, draw a line from the dot next to each description to the matching word.

15. all of the kinetic energy due to • random motion of the particles that make up an object a. chemical energy 16. energy of a compound that changes • b. thermal energy as its atoms are rearranged c. electrical energy 17. energy of moving electrons •

Sound Energy Read the description. Then, draw a line from the dot next to each description to the matching word. 18. energy that comes from changes in • the nucleus of an atom a. light energy 19. energy produced by the vibrations • of electrically charged particles b. nuclear energy 20. energy caused by an object’s • c. sound energy vibrations

d. Describe how heat can be transferred through matter by the collisions of atoms (conduction) or through space (radiation). In a liquid or gas, currents will facilitate the transfer of heat (convection). Three main types of heat transfer 1. Convection- liquid to liquid or gas to gas ONLY 2. Conduction- by contact, two things must touch 3. Radiation- by light ONLY

Section: What Is Heat?--- Chapter 10 section 2 TRANSFERRED THERMAL ENERGY Circle the letter of the best answer for each question.

1. What is true of two objects when heat is passed between them? a. They are both hot. b. They are both large. c. They are at different temperatures. d. They have a lot of energy. 2. What happens when an object at a high temperature touches an object at lower temperature? a. The temperatures of both objects rise. b. The temperatures of both objects fall. c. Energy goes from lower to higher temperature. d. Energy goes from higher to lower temperature.

Heat and Thermal Energy

3. What is the total kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance? a. heat b. cold c. moving particles d. thermal energy 4. If each has the same temperature, which object has the most thermal energy? a. a large pan of water b. a small bowl of water c. a tub of water d. a small cup of water

Reaching the Same Temperature Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 5. How does thermal energy move between two touching objects at the same temperature? a. It moves from the large object to the small object. b. It moves from the small object to the large object. c. It moves from the heavy object to the light object. d. There is no net change in thermal energy.

CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, AND RADIATION Read the description. Then, draw a line from the dot next to each description to the matching word.

6. the transfer of thermal energy from • one substance to another through direct contact a. radiation 7. the transfer of thermal energy by the • b. conduction movements of a liquid or gas c. convection 8. the transfer of thermal energy by • electromagnetic waves such as visible light and infrared waves Read the words in the box. Read the sentences. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. convection current thermal conductors infrared thermal insulators radiation dense 9. Substances that conduct thermal energy very well are called ______10. Substances that conduct thermal energy poorly are called ______11. Heated water becomes less ______as its temperature rises and its particles spread apart. 12. The circular motion of heeated liquids or gases due to density differences is called a(n)______13. The transfer of energy by ______can take place across empty space. 14. Your body feels warmer when it absorbs ______waves.

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE CHANGE Thermal Conductivity 15. the rate at which a substance • conducts thermal energy a. metals 16. the energy needed to change the • b. specific heat temperature of 1 kg of a substance c. water by 1C d. thermal conductivity 17. substances that usually have low • values for specific heat 18. a substance that feels very cool on a • hot day because of its high heat capacity S8P5. Students will recognize characteristics of gravity, electricity, and magnetism as major kinds of forces acting in nature. a. Recognize that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object and that the force exerted depends on how much mass the objects have and how far apart they are.

Section: Gravity: A Force of Attraction---Chapter 5 section 4 Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 1. What is the force of attraction between things because of their masses? a. magnetism b. gravity c. net force d. natural force

THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ON MATTER

2. Why is all matter affected by gravity? a. All matter has weight. b. All matter has size. c. All matter has volume. d. All matter has mass. 3. Why don’t you notice things move toward each other because of gravity? a. The distance is too small. b. The distance is too large. c. Their mass is too small. d. Their mass is too large.

The Size of the Earth’s Gravitational Force 4. Why is Earth’s gravitational force so large? a. Earth’s mass is tiny. b. Earth’s mass is huge. c. Earth is very hot. d. Earth is very cold. THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION Part 1: Gravitational Force Increases as Mass Increases Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 9. What happens to gravitational force as the mass of things increases? a. It disappears. b. It decreases. c. It increases. d. It stays the same. 10. Why is an elephant harder to lift than a cat? a. An elephant has more weight. b. An elephant is farther from Earth. c. An elephant has more mass. d. An elephant is stronger.

Part 2: Gravitational Force Decreases as Distance Increases 11. Why does Earth’s gravitational force affect you more than the sun’s does? a. The sun has more velocity. b. Earth has more air pressure. c. Earth is moving faster. d. The sun is farther away. 12. What happens to the gravitational force between two objects that move closer together? a. It increases. b. It decreases. c. It does not change. d. It has no pattern.

Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 13. What happens to the gravitational force between two objects that move farther apart? a. It increases. b. It decreases. c. It does not change. d. It has no pattern.

b. Demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits and how they transfer energy.

Section: Electric Circuits---- Chapter 17 section 4 Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 1. What is the closed path called where the start and end point are the same? a. circuit c. fuse b. load d. battery

PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

2. What is a complete, closed path where electric charges flow? a. electric charge b. electric circuit c. electric current d. electric meter 3. What are the three basic parts of a circuit? a. energy source, wires, battery b. energy source, wires, load c. energy source, load, battery d. load, switch, wires 4. Which of the following are examples of an energy source? a. wires and currents b volts and amps c fuses and switches d batteries and photocells 5 Which of the following are examples of loads? a. apliances and motors b. electrolytes and electrodes c. photocells and thermocouples d. resistance and power A Switch To Control a Circuit Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 6. What is used to open and close a circuit? a. button c. switch b. string d. loop 7. Which of the following are the two types of circuits? a. opened and closed b. on and off c. charged and uncharged d. series and parallel

Series Circuits 8. How are all parts of a series circuit connected? a. in a single loop b. in a triple loop c. in a double loop d. in an open loop 9. What do all loads in a series circuit share? a. the same voltage b. the same current c. the same wires d. the same resistance 10. What happens in a series circuit if more bulbs are added? a. The current goes up. b. The current drops. c. The current and resistance stay the same. d. The resistance drops. Uses for Series Circuits Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 11. How many pathways for moving charges are there in a series circuit? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4 12. What happens if there is a break in a series circuit? a. The charges slow down. b. The charges stop flowing. c. The charges speed up. d. The charges stay the same. 13. Why would you NOT want to wire your house using only series circuits? a. nothing would work b. nothing could be turned on c. if one thing won’t work, other things won’t work d. nothing could be turned off

Parallel Circuits 14. How are loads connected in a parallel circuit? a. side by side c. on top of each other b. under each other d. crossing each other

Uses for Parallel Circuits 15. What happens in a parallel circuit if one load is broken? a. The charges stop flowing. b. The charges still flow. c. The temperature rises. d. The circuit breaker turns off. Read the words in the box. Read the sentences. Fill in each blank with the word that best completes the sentence series parallel loads voltage switch

16. A circuit where loads are connected side by side is a ______circuit. 17. Objects that use electrical energy are all ______in a large circuit. 18. A circuit where all parts are connected in a single loop is a ______circuit. 19. Each bulb in a parallel circuit uses the full ______of a battery. 20. Each outlet in a home has its own ______.

c. Investigate and explain that electric currents and magnets can exert force on each other.

Section: Magnets and Magnetism---Chapter 18 section 1 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS Circle the letter of the best answer for each question.

1. What material attracts iron? a. magnet b. magnesia c. magnetite d. aurora 2. How many poles does a magnet have? a. one b. two c. three d. four

Magnetic Poles 3. What is found at both ends of a bar magnet? a. magnetic poles b. magnetic coils c. ferromagnets d. electromagnets

Read the words in the box. Read the sentences. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

magnetic force north pole magnetic poles south pole magnetic field magnetic field lines North and South

4. The magnetic pole that points to the north is the magnet’s ______. 5. The magnetic pole that points to the south is the magnet’s ______.

Magnetic Forces

6. When two magnets pull apart or push together it is called ______. 7. Whether magnetic forces pull apart or push together depends on ______.

Magnetic Fields

8. Magnetic forces work in the ______around a magnet. 9. The shape of a magnetic field is shown with ______.

THE CAUSE OF MAGNETISM Circle the letter of the best answer for each question. 10. Which item is magnetic? a. iron b. paper c. plastic d. pennies 11. What makes something magnetic? a. its weight b. its atoms c. its size d. its shape

Section: Magnetism from Electricity---Chapter 18 section 2 Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided. ______1. What does electric current produce? a. a solenoid b. a magnetic field c. an aurora d. a bar magnet ______2. What strengthens a magnetic field made by a current-carrying wire? a. solenoid and electric current b. electromagnet and electric motor c. electromagnet and solenoid d. only an electromagnet ______3. What uses an electromagnet to measure electric current? a. armature b. commutator c. galvanometer d. solenoid

Match the correct definition with the correct term. a. electromagnetism Write the letter in the space provided. b. solenoid ______4. a coil of wire with an electric current in it c. electromagnet d. electric motor ______5. a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy ______6. a coil that has an iron core and that acts as a magnet when an electric current is in the coil ______7. the interaction between electricity and magnetism

Section: Electricity from Magnetism---Chapter 18 section 3 Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided. ______1. Electric current is made when a magnetic field a. changes. b. gets stronger. c. gets weaker. d. stays the same. ______2. Electric current that changes direction is called a. generated current. b. mechanical energy. c. alternating current. d. direct current. ______3. A step-down transformer a. increases voltage and decreases current. b. increases voltage and increases current. c. decreases voltage and increases current. d. decreases voltage and decreases current.

Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. ______4. a device that converts mechanical a. electromagnetic energy into electrical energy induction b. electric generator ______5. a device that increases or decreases voltage of alternating current c. transformer ______6. the process of creating a current in a circuit by changing a magnetic field