1. How Are Modes of Reproduction Related to Modes of Livelihood?

Anthropology 100: Ch. 6: Reproduction & Human Development 1. How are modes of reproduction related to modes of livelihood?

A. Foraging Additional notes Examples?

 Moderate birth and death rates

 Moderate value of children

 Birth/fertility control →

 Homogeneous

B. Agricultural

 High birth rates + declining death rates

 High value of children

 Class differences and specialization

C. Industrial/Digital

 Industrialized = negative population growth; developing countries = high population growth

 Mixed value of children

 Stratified fertility and highly developed specialization

2. How does culture shape fertility in different contexts?

1 A. Sexual Intercourse Additional notes Examples?

 When it begins

 Frequency/fertility

B. Fertility Decisions

 Family level

 State level

 Global level

C. Fertility Control

 Indigenous methods

 Induced abortion

 New reproductive technologies

D. Infanticide

 Direct

 Indirect

 Modernization of mortality

 Infant mortality rate

3.How does culture shape personality over the life cycle?

2 A. Birth, Infancy, Childhood Additional notes Examples?  What is personality?

 What is enculturation?

 The birth context

 Bonding

 Gender in infancy

B. Socialization in Childhood The Six Cultures Study (1975) Personality types:  Nurturant-responsible

 Dependent-dominant

 Narcissistic

C. Adolescence and Identity

 Puberty

 Adolescence

 Coming of age and gender identity

 Female circumcision

 Infibulation

 Sexual identity

 Gender pluralism

 Asexuality

D. Adulthood

 Becoming a parent

3 --matrescence Couvade?

--patrescence

 Middle age --the 40 syndrome (U.S. men)

--midlife crisis

--menopause

 The senior years --relatively “new”—Why??

--status of the elderly

 Death and dying --resistance to death

--active participants in death

--choices for terminally ill

--ability to hold “proper” burial

--varying expressions of grief