Water Treatment Notes

Water and its Treatment Notes Name: ______Applied Chemistry Date: ______Period: ______

I. Water Treatment A. Sources of Water on Earth 1. Physical States: a. Solid:

b. Liquid:

c. Gas: 2. Physical Location a. Surface water: b. Ground water: 3. Replacement a. The WATER CYCLE, also known as the cycle, is a continuous circulation of between ______, the , and the . i. Precipitation:

ii. Evaporation:

iii. Transpiration:

iv. Condensation:

DIAGRAM of the WATER CYCLE

B. Types of Water 1. Drinking water, a.k.a. water or water, is water that is to drink. 2. Wastewater is water produced by . Sources:

C. Water Treatments 1. WATER TREATMENT PLANT a. Operates to produce . b. Our local water treatment plant is . c. Overview: From and/or water  to  to through . d. Basic process:

1. Screening: process used to remove from the water

2. Flash Mixer:

3. Coagulation: reaction of with to form

4. Flocculation: process of attracting more to to form

5. Sedimentation:

a. Sludge: a.k.a.

6. Filtration: process of passing above through layers of

7. Chlorination: addition of to kill before

8. Clear Wells: 2. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT a. Operates to clean . b. Overview: from  to  to water. c. Basic processes: i. Influent (in): ii. Effluent (exit): iii. Trickling Filters: II. Wastewater Treatment Notes - began in 1948 when the Water Pollution Control Act was passed

Two Types of Treatment A. Primary Treatment: separates ______from ______in wastewater

1. The entire process of ______, ______or ______, and ______.

2. Includes ______only.

3. Examples of physical changes: ______

B. Secondary Treatment: 1. Treating wastewater through ______and ______methods. 2. Relies on ______processes to remove ______. 3. Wastewater is sent to ______or ______where it is treated with ______that feed on the ______. Next, the wastewater is ______to kill disease- causing organisms. Before release to a receiving stream or river, the wastewater is ______.

4. Tests for Monitoring Activated Sludge a. Qualitative tests involve ______observations. Examples: ______b. Quantitative tests use ______to make ______. Examples: ______i. SLAM: S L A M - to test and monitor waste water. ii. SOP: S O P - provides a method of producing reliable results through standardization of sampling and testing; describes plant operations. III. Water Pollution A. Ground Water Formation and Movement 1. Formation: water travels down through the ______. 1. This is called ______. 2. Water seeps or trickles down through the earth at a rate of

. 3. Ground water is the ______single supply of fresh water. It is 30 times greater than ______and 3000 times greater than ______. 2. Watershed: total ______area over which ______flows to a ______. a. The watershed in our area is the ______Watershed. 3. Runoff: water that flows over a ______after a ______or ______. 4. Aquifer: porous ______that holds ______beneath the ______. Example of an aquifer: ______5. Water Table: ______6. Aquitard: earth materials that ______the easy flow of ______. Example of an aquitard: ______B. Factors Affecting the Movement of Water 1. Sediment – earth materials such as ______, ______, ______, and ______that are deposited by ______, ______, or ______. 2. “Matter that settles” refers to ______. 3. Composition of the earth materials 1. Permeability – the ability of a substance (earth’s materials) to

2. Pores - ______or ______between earth’s materials

Large Small

______3. The amount of water penetrating depends upon the ______.

C. Contamination of the Ground Water 1. Contamination: any type of ______a. Pesticide: ______b. The safe concentration level for each chemical is ______. c. A major cause of water pollution in Pennsylvania is ______. (see article) 2. Plume – the distribution of ______; the spread of ______a. Area Source: ______i. The plume has a ______concentration of pollutant. ii. There are NO regions of ______or ______levels of pollutant. iii. Example: ______iv. Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from pesticide application on Farm with pesticide farm land. application

Farm land b. Point Source: ______i. The plume has a ______concentration of pollutant. ii. ______levels of pollutant are ______to the source. iii. ______levels of pollutant are ______from the source. iv. Example: ______v. Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from a broken pipe at a gas station. Gas leak from a pipe at a gas station

Gas station

Fruitvale Activity:

Hypothesis: ______

Universal Indicator – a mixture of compounds used to provide information on ______over a wide range of values. ppb = p______p______b______

Draw a plume to show unsafe areas where pesticide levels in the water exceed 1 ppb. Mark the source of contamination with an X.

Concentration Range Code 1 1 1 1 Not detected; 1 less than 0.1 ppb 1 2 3 4 0.11 ppb – 0.9 ppb 2 5 1 4 3 0.81 ppb – 4 ppb 3 2 4 4.1 ppb – 32 ppb 4 3 3

More than 32 ppb 5 1 2 1