Republique Democratique Du Congo : Les Vautours S'en
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From Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’ Transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’
paper 50 From Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’ Transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) From Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’ Transition in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) by Björn Aust and Willem Jaspers Published by ©BICC, Bonn 2006 Bonn International Center for Conversion Director: Peter J. Croll An der Elisabethkirche 25 D-53113 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-911960 Fax: +49-228-241215 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bicc.de Cover Photo: Willem Jaspers From Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’ Table of contents Summary 4 List of Acronyms 6 Introduction 8 War and war economy in the DRC (1998–2002) 10 Post-war economy and transition in the DRC 12 Aim and structure of the paper 14 1. The Congolese peace process 16 1.1 Power shifts and developments leading to the peace agreement 17 Prologue: Africa’s ‘First World War’ and its war economy 18 Power shifts and the spoils of (formal) peace 24 1.2 Political transition: Structural challenges and spoiler problems 29 Humanitarian Situation and International Assistance 30 ‘Spoiler problems’ and political stalemate in the TNG 34 Systemic Corruption and its Impact on Transition 40 1.3 ‘Violent peace’ and security-related liabilities to transition 56 MONUC and its contribution to peace in the DRC 57 Security-related developments in different parts of the DRC since 2002 60 1.4 Fragility of security sector reform 70 Power struggles between institutions and parallel command structures 76 2. A Tale of two cities: Goma and Bukavu as case studies of the transition in North and South Kivu -
The State Vs. the People
The State vs. the people Governance, mining and the transitional regime in the Democratic Republic of Congo The State vs. the people Governance, mining and the transitional regime in the Democratic Republic of Congo NiZA Netherlands institute for Southern Africa PO Box 10707 1001 ES Amsterdam The Netherlands T: +31 (0)20 520 62 10 F: +31 (0)20 520 62 49 E: [email protected] I: www.niza.nl Copyright © Netherlands institute for Southern Africa 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Colophon: Pubished by : Netherlands institute for Southern Africa and International Peace Information Service picture: Jean Pierre Muteba Layout: Annemiek Mion (NiZA) Printed by: Felix Offset Amsterdam ISBN: ISBN-10: 90-78028-04-1 ISBN-13: 978-90-78028-04-8 Prins Hendrikkade 33 PO Box 10707 1001 ES Amsterdam The Netherlands T: +31 (0) 20 520 62 10 F: +31 (0) 20 520 62 49 IPIS, vzw E: [email protected] Italiëlei 98a I: www.niza.nl 2000 Payments: 600 657 Antwerpen Table of Contents Map of the Democratic Republic of Congo...................................................................... 1 Map of mine sites in the DRC .......................................................................................... 2 i. Recommendations .................................................................................................... 3 ii. Abbreviations. -
Unanswered Questions: Companies, Conflict and the Democratic Republic of Congo
Unanswered questions Companies, conflict and the Democratic Republic of Congo May 2004 The Work of the UN Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises RAID Rights & Accountability in Development RAID Rights & Accountability in Development [email protected] Rights and Accountability in Development (RAID) was founded in 1997 and carried out a 3-year research project investigating the human rights impacts of the privatisation of Zambia’s copper mines under the auspices of the Refugee Studies Centre, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford. In September 2003, RAID was incorporated as a private, not-for-profit, limited company. RAID aims through its research to promote social and economic rights and improve corporate accountability. RAID participated in the review of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and, through OECD WATCH, an international network of NGOs, works for their effective implementation. Acknowledgements RAID would like to acknowledge its thanks to the Ford Foundation, the Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies and the International Peace Academy for providing financial support for the research and publication of this report. The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect those of the funding organisations. i Principal abbreviations AFDL Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo- Zaïre (Alliance of Democratic Forces for -
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Could Be One of the Richest Countries in Africa
Home I Articles Amid the Ravages of War, Something Good Video Interviews Is Happening at the DRC Among George Forest’s greatest philosophies in life, is giving back to the Content on this page people. And this he has done in so many ways, that the people of Katanga and requires a newer version by extension DRC Congo recognize him. of Adobe Flash Player. “When you give back to the people, they are going to be happy and workers will put in their best for you,” he says. No wonder, besides his business acumen, this man has grown to be so successful in his endeavors and has managed to retain Interview with Laurent Décalion, CEO of his workers for the years he has been at the company. Boss Mining Mr Forest is the president and CEO of the George Forest Group, a company that was first formed by his father, Malta Forest, in 1922, and which he changed to Related Links the current name when he took over complete control of the company 20 years ago. On assuming top leadership of the company the young Forest brought in new impetus and it has grown into a large conglomerate of companies that deal with range of business including mining and infrastructure development. For other interviews by Paul Trustfull: But money and industry are not the only things the group has been able to www.globalvisionmagazine.com achieve. In a land that has lived through crisis after crisis: civil wars, hunger, exploitation, greed from its leaders, corruption and despair, the George Forrest Foundation has come to be a fountain of hope. -
Bulletin Winter 2006/Spring 2007 No
as ASSOCIATION OF CONCERNED AFRICA SCHOLARS Bulletin Winter 2006/Spring 2007 No. 75176 Africa's Resources in the Global Economy Page Introduction: The Resources Issue Editor 1 ----------------------------------------~------~-------------- La Recolonizacion de Africa/The Recolonization of Mrica Jesus "Chucho" Garcia 4/5 Surface and Sub-Surface Resource Rights Among Indigenous Peoples in Southern Africa Bob Hitchcock 6 The Scramble for Mrican Oil Daniel Volman 11 Copper in the Congo: The Political Economy of Wasted Opportunities Jan-Frederik Abbeloos 16 Coltan and the Congo Conflict Julia Ogris 20 Blood Diamonds Are For Never: The Conflict Diamond Trade and US Popular Culture Sarah Drake and Jesse Benjamin 26 Guns, Bombs, Poverty and Death in Mrica: An Indictment on Modernity Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni 33 The Struggle for Resource Control in the Niger Delta: The Rise and Context ofM.E.N.D. Gift Omobolanle Amaike and Jesse Benjamin 39 What Color Green is the Green Revolution? Greenbacks or Biodiversity? Carol B. Thompson 44 Advertising Colonialism, or the Day I Cut Up My AMEX Card William G. Martin 47 Is Democracy Bad for Business in Kenya? Pamela Inoti and Jesse Benjamin 48 Rethinking Leadership as a Critical National Resource in Mrica Eric Masinde Aseka 52 ISSN 1051-08442 ACAS Executive Committee* Co-Chairs Sean Jacobs Kristin Peterson Communication Studies and CAASP Anthropology Department 4 700 Haven Hall 3151 Social Sciences Plaza A University of Michigan University of California 505 South State Street Irvine, CA 92697-5100 Ann Arbor, MI48109 Email: [email protected]. Email: [email protected] Research Committee ACAS Bulletin Editor Carol Thompson Jesse Benjamin Political Science Department Sociology and AADS Box 15036 Kennesaw State University Northern Arizona University 1000 Chastain Road Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5306 USA Kennesaw, GA 30144 E-mail: carol. -
Powering the Mobile World. Cobalt Production for Batteries in the DR
POWERING THE MOBILE WORLD Cobalt production for batteries in the DR Congo and Zambia November 2007 AUTHORS: Sara Nordbrand and Petter Bolme PUBLISHED BY: SwedWatch COVER ILLUSTRATION: Justar This report is published as part of the makeITfair campaign, a European wide project on consumer electronics. makeITfair aims to inform young consumers about human rights, social and environmental issues along the supply chain. It also addresses consumer electronics companies that can contribute to change. This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial -Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license visit: http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ FUNDING: This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of SOMO and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. CONTACT DETAILS: SwedWatch Research partner of makeITfair Tel: +46 (0)8 602 89 50 [email protected] www.swedwatch.org Powering the Mobile World maKEITfair makeITfair is a European wide project on consumer electronics, aiming to inform young consumers about human rights, social and environmental issues along the supply chain. The work is co-ordinated by the Dutch organisation SOMO. Project partners are IRENE in the Netherlands, SwedWatch, Fair Trade Center, Church of Sweden Aid from Sweden, FinnWatch and Finnish Association for Nature Conservation from Finland; Germanwatch and Verbraucher Initiative from Germany, KARAT from CEE; ACIDH from the DR Congo, CIVIDEP from India and Labour Action China from China. Website: www.makeitfair.org SwedWatch SwedWatch is a non-governmental organisation whose task is to critically examine Swedish business relations with developing countries focusing on environmental and social concerns. -
1. Mining: Scenarios for Growth
Report No. 43402-ZR Report No. 43402-ZR Democratic Republic of Congo Growth with Governance in the Mining Sector Public Disclosure Authorized May 2008 Oil/Gas, Mining and Chemicals Department AFCC2 Africa Region Democratic Republic of Congo Democratic Public Disclosure Authorized Growth with Governance in the Mining Sector with Governance Growth Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized MPW Ministry of Public Works MSR Ministry of Scientific Research OCC Congolese Control Office OFIDA Office of Customs and Duties OKIMO Office of Mines of Kilomoto ONATRA National Transportation Office PNC National Congolese Police PPP Public Private Partnership ROSC Report on Observance of Standards and Codes SAESSCAM Assistance Office for Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners SAKIMA Gold Company of Kivu and Maniema SNCC National Railways Company SNEL National Electricity Company SODIMICO Industrial and Mining Company of Congo SOMINKI Kivu Mining Company SOE State-Owned Enterprise TSX Toronto Stock Exchange UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Fund for Children USAID United States Agency for International Development USGS United States Geological Survey WBG World Bank Group Authorship and Acknowledgements This report was prepared by senior staff of the World Bank, including Craig Andrews, Principal Mining Specialist, Boubacar Bocoum, Senior Mining Specialist, and Delphin Tshimena, Mining Consultant. The kind assistance of Mr. Markus Wagner, German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources and Mr. Ulrich Daldrup, University of Aachen is gratefully acknowledged. The sections pertaining to Congo mineral endowment and resources have been prepared by Dr. Pierre Goossens, mining consultant. The study team would also like to thank all of the Congolese government officials, private sector representatives, representatives of international organizations and members of civil society organizations for their assistance and information during the preparation of the study. -
The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa) in 2006
2006 Minerals Yearbook CONGO (KINSHASA) U.S. Department of the Interior April 2009 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUS T RY OF CONGO (KINSHASA ) By Thomas R. Yager The Democratic Republic of the Congo [Congo (Kinshasa)] Trade played a globally significant role in the world’s production of cobalt and diamond. In 2006, the country’s share of the world’s Exports were estimated to be about $2.32 billion in 2006, cobalt production amounted to 38%; industrial diamond, 28%; and imports, $2.74 billion. Diamond accounted for 38% of total and gem-quality diamond, 6%. Congo (Kinshasa) accounted exports; crude petroleum, 25%; cobalt, 16%; and copper, 11%. for about 49% of the world’s cobalt reserves. Copper and crude Other mineral exports included gold, niobium (columbium), petroleum production also played a significant role in the tantalum, tin, tourmaline, and tungsten. The share of diamond domestic economy. The country was not a globally significant in total exports declined from nearly 53% in 2001; the shares consumer of minerals or mineral fuels (Olson, 2007a, b; Shedd, of cobalt and copper increased from 8% and 4%, respectively. 2007). From 2001 to 2006, diamond exports nearly doubled in value, but cobalt and copper exports increased at a faster rate because Minerals in National Economy of higher prices and increased production. Petroleum products accounted for nearly 6% of total imports in 2006 (International The mining and mineral processing sector accounted for Monetary Fund, 2007, p. 68-69). 13.2% of the gross domestic product, and the manufacturing sector, 4.5%. An estimated 700,000 artisanal miners were Commodity Review involved in diamond production; employment in diamond trading amounted to about 100,000 (International Monetary Metals Fund, 2005, p. -
The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa) in 2003
THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CONGO (KINSHASA) By George J. Coakley Introduction Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (Kimberley Process Secretariat, 2003§). Merchandise imports, of which fuel and The Democratic Republic of the Congo [Congo (Kinshasa)] mining-related equipment were major components, were valued is located in the heart of equatorial central Africa and has an at $1.40 billion in 2003 compared with $1.09 billion in 2002. area of 2,267,600 square kilometers (km2), which is about Congo (Kinshasa) is richly endowed with such mineral one-fourth that of the United States. The area supported a resources as coal, cobalt, columbium (niobium)-tantalum population of about 58 million in 2003. Based on purchasing (locally referred to as “coltan”), copper, diamond, germanium, power parity, the gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated gold, manganese, petroleum, tin, uranium, and zinc. Despite to be $35.62 billion, and the per capita GDP to be $590 (U.S. the collapse of much of the formal mining infrastructure, it was Central Intelligence Agency, 2004§1). Inflation declined to 14% still an important world source of industrial diamond and cobalt compared with 16% in 2002. Historically, the mining industry (table 1). accounted for 25% of the GDP and about 75% of total export revenues. The mining sector’s estimated share of the GDP Structure of the Mineral Industry dopped in 2000 (the latest year for which data were available) to 6%; the sector declined by 21% overall between 1996 and 2000 The Government maintained at least part ownership and (International Monetary Fund, 2004§) . With economic and generally majority ownership of nearly all the productive and management assistance from the International Monetary Fund service sectors of the economy (see table 2). -
Congo: Consolidating the Peace
CONGO: CONSOLIDATING THE PEACE Africa Report N°128 – 5 July 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. OUTCOME OF THE TRANSITION........................................................................... 2 A. KABILA, CLEAR WINNER OF THE PEACE PROCESS ................................................................2 1. Dominating the transition ..........................................................................................2 2. Regional détente and marginalising local conflicts ...................................................5 B. KABILA, FRUSTRATED WINNER OF THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS............................................5 1. An unexpectedly difficult election.............................................................................6 2. An unreliable parliamentary majority........................................................................7 III. THE CHALLENGES ..................................................................................................... 8 A. POLITICAL.............................................................................................................................8 1. Risk of government paralysis ....................................................................................8 2. Risk of authoritarian rule ...........................................................................................9 -
Cobalt Blues.Pdf
Cobalt blues Environmental pollution and human rights violations in Katanga’s copper and cobalt mines Fleur Scheele & Esther de Haan & Vincent Kiezebrink April 2016 Powered by Colophon Cobalt blues Environmental pollution and human rights violations in Katanga’s copper and cobalt mines April 2016 Author: Fleur Scheele in collaboration with Emmanuel Umpula Nkumba (Afrewatch), Donat Ben-Bellah (ACIDH) and Christian Bwenda (Premicongo) Co-authors: Esther de Haan en Vincent Kiezebrink Layout: Frans Schupp Photo’s report: Fleur Scheele ISBN: 978-94-6207-094-3 Powered by This publication is made possible with This publication has been produced financial assistance from the Dutch Ministry with funding of the European Union. of Foreign Affairs and by Friends of the The content of this publication is the Earth Netherlands (Milieudefensie). sole responsibility of SOMO and can The content of this publication is the sole in no way be taken to reflect the views responsibility of SOMO. All views expressed of the European Union. remain solely SOMO’s responsibility and in no way reflect the views of the donor. Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations Sarphatistraat 30, 1018 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands T: +31 (0)20 639 12 91 – F: +31 (0)20 639 13 21 [email protected] – www.somo.nl The Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO) is an independent, not-for-profit research and network organisation working on social, ecological and economic issues related to sustainable development. Since 1973, the organisation investigates multinational corporations and the consequences of their activities for people and the environment around the world. -
A State Affair: Privatizing Congo's Copper Sector
A State Affair: Privatizing Congo’s Copper Sector A State Affair: Privatizing Congo’s Copper Sector One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5188 Fax (404) 420-5196 www.cartercenter.org Contents Foreword ..................................3 Contract Review and the Parallel Treasury ..30 Executive Summary.........................4 Setting the Stage for Contract Review (2003–2006) Gécamines: A Parallel State: ....................31 Uncovering the Deals and Revenues of Revisitation: Upping the Ante (2007–2010) ..33 Congo’s State-Owned Copper Broker ........5 After the Review: Keeping the Parallel Case Studies: Congo’s Lucrative Treasury Alive (2009–Ongoing) ...........36 Mining Deals ...........................9 Assessing the Benefits of Gécamines’ Contracting. 45 About This Report.........................12 Donors’ Unease .........................46 Report Structure ........................13 Transformation into a “Commercial” Company: Background and Methodology .............14 Cementing the Parallel Governance Track...49 Mining Code Reform and the Restricting Governmental Oversight Parallel Mining Registry....................16 to a Small Group of People ...............50 Haphazard Privatization (1995–2001) . 16 Spending Partnership Revenue ............54 Mining Code: A Common Framework for Masking the Parallel Track ...............70 All Investors and Operators (2002–2003) ....20 Gécamines Comes Back Through the Conclusion and Way Forward ..............73 Back Door (2003–2004) ..................21 Endnotes . .78 The Pre-electoral Privatization Case Studies .............................102 Wave (2005–2006) ......................23 Keeping the Parallel Mining Registry List of Abbreviations .....................103 Alive (2007–Ongoing) ...................26 Cover: The Lubumbashi tailings are the legacy of a century of mineral exploitation in the Democratic Republic of Congo copper belt. The hill still contained a panoply of mineral riches when it became one of Gécamines’ first assets to attract private investment in the late 1990s.