Module 02 Study Guide

Module 02 Study Guide Directions: Fill out this study guide to prepare for the Module 02 Online Quiz and Module 02 Oral Quiz.

Tools used to measure latitude (Lesson 02.01) -- Use the first resource in this lesson to help you.  List and describe the 3 main tools used to measure latitude in early navigation. The 3 main tools used to measure latitude were the astrolabe, sextant, and chip log.  List and describe the 2 main tools used to measure longitude in early navigation. The 2 main tools used to measure longitude were the sextant and sun dial.  What tool do we currently use to determine location (latitude and longitude)? We currently use GPS navigation to determine our location.  Know the ways that longitude and latitude run (N to S or E to W) and what they measure Longitude runs e to w and latitude runs n to s. Longitude and latitude measure and coordinates places north or south of the prime meridian  What are longitude and latitude measured in? Longitude and latitude are measured in degrees. Challenger Expedition (Lesson 02.02) Best resource link to use: Account of the Voyage of the Challenger  Besides conducting sampling of the waters on its journey, what were the main findings from the Challenger voyage? The explorers on the Challenger found new species of animals such as Hemiaster phillipi and Dinoflagellates.  What tool was used to do measure the depths of the ocean? The depth of the ocean was measured with a weighted line that was lowered from the boat to the ocean floor.  What are the 2 pieces of equipment used to collect bottom samples on the Challenger? The equipment that was used to collect samples was the deep sea trawl and dredges and scoops that were suspended on ropes.  What was a newly invented piece of equipment used on the Challenger ship to get water samples called? The newly piece of equipment was called a Buchanan water sampler. Rocky Shore (Lesson 02.04)  Name the 4 zones of rocky shore. The 4 zones of rocky shore are the splash Zone, upper zone, middle zone, low tide zone.  In which zone of the rocky shore would you most likely find only grasses and patches of lichens? You would normally find grasses and patches of lichens in the upper shore.  What type of animal uses the rocky shore for their feeding grounds? One example of an animal that uses the rocky shore as their feeding grounds is the White tailed deer.  What is the name of a plant-like species found in rocky shores? A plant-like species that lives in the rocky shores is lichen and seaweed.

Ms. Rechanek Marine Science  What is the special adaptation of these organisms found in the rocky shore ecosystem? -- To help you do this, match up the following: (Match the organism with its adaptation)

Organisms A: Store water during low tide, soft jelly like Seaweeds (B) bodies Limpet (C) B: Holdfasts to anchor themselves and slimy Barnacles (D) mucus Sea squirts (A) C: Muscular foot, cup shaped shell D: Cement to rocks, close their valves so they do Adaptations not dry out, conical shape   Think about the organisms that live in the rocky shore and tidal pools. What kinds of adaptations do they have that enable them to survive the pounding waves while staying in place, tidal changes (periods of time covered with water or periods of time with no water), sunlight exposure, evaporation of water that may leave concentrated salts behind, blending in to avoid predators?  Some shells have similar shade to rocks, which helps them to camouflage from predators. Other organisms have very 'sticky' body to cling to rock so they do not get washed away by water and other organisms may find crevices inside the rocks to hide in. Some organisms, such as oysters, cluster together in groups to reduce evaporation from sunlight exposure. Some animals can breathe air so this helps when the tide goes out. Those who can’t stay in water filled burrows until the tide comes back in. Their feet are adapted to help them stay put in the roughest seas (fiddler crabs for instance stick their legs into the tiny crevices of rocks to stay put).  What are the physical changes that occur in the rocky shore? Hint: Think tides, salt content, and wave action.  An example of a physical change that happens in the rocky shore is that rocks are eroded because of waves.  Give basic descriptions of the rocky shore ecosystem areas. -- To do this, match up the following: (Match the area with its description)   Area  Description  Rock pools (C)  A: Flat area of rock, back part forms a  Platform (A) cliff where the front part is flat and in the  Boulder fields (B) water, formed by waves, wind, and rain   B: Sloping shoreline where group of  large rocks found on calm shorelines   C: Depression left from a boulder grinding into a rock that holds water  

o Crustaceans (Lessons 02.05 and 02.04)  What 3 special adaptations do crustaceans have that allow them to survive in the rocky shore ecosystem?  3 adaptions that crustaceans have are a hard exoskeleton that provides a barrier from the waves hitting them into rocks and can protect them from prey, their claws to hold onto things, and they have rocks and crevices that they can hide is to escape danger.  What characteristics do all crustaceans share? Be specific.  Characteristics that all crustaceans have are an exoskeleton, two compound eyes and two antennae, segmented bodies, appendages.

Ms. Rechanek Marine Science  What is the best characteristic to help you identify a crustacean?  If I were to observe a crustacean on the beach, I would be able to tell what it was by its exoskeleton.  What are the 3 main example types of crustaceans?  3 main examples of crustaceans are the blue crab, shrimp, and the lobster. o Tidal Pool (Lesson 02.06)  What are the 3 conditions organisms in a tidal pool ecosystem must be able to withstand?  Animals that live in a tidal pool have to deal with constantly changing temperatures, salinity, and tides. This makes it a difficult place for even the hardiest of animals to live.  What does the term ‘benthic’ mean?  The word benthic refers to the bottom. This means that organisms that live on the bottom of the ocean at any depth are considered benthic organisms.  Know the adaptations of organisms found in the tidal pool ecosystem. -- To do this, match up the following: (Match the organism with its adaptation) o Organisms . Sea cucumber (C) . Kelp (E) . Anemone (B) . Sculpin (G) . Crab (I) . Barnacle (D) . Mussel (A) . Urchin (F) . Starfish (H) o Adaptations . A: Clumps together, ability to keep water in its shell and release it as needed to stay moist . B: Soft bodies that absorb wave energy, can fold inward to hold in moisture . C: Use tube feet to suck food off floor of tidal pool . D: Glue themselves to rocks, filter food during high tide, trap door to store moisture in shell . E: Holdfast to secure to rocks, photosynthesize to make food . F: Spines that absorb energy, hides in rocks and crevices to avoid pounding waves . G: Walking fish, pants to force water over gills . H: Tube feet to move to shady area . I: Occupy empty shells to hide, hard outer protection 

o Lobsters (Lesson 02.07)  Know size limits of lobsters: Too small and too large.   What are the laws to keep lobster population high? 

o Light Zones (Lesson 02.09) . Match the zone with its description:  Zone Ms. Rechanek Marine Science o Aphotic (C) o Photic (A) o Benthic (E) o Euphotic (D) o Dysphotic (BS)  Description o A: Zone in ocean where enough light penetrates to allow photosynthesis to take place o B: Zone in ocean where there is enough light for organisms to see but not for photosynthesis o C: Deep zone in ocean where no visible light penetrates/ none penetrates o D: Zone in ocean that extends from ocean surface, light varies depending on cloud cover o E: Zone in ocean found on the floor of the ocean   Know order of these zones from bottom to top in ocean profile: Photic, disphotic, and aphotic.     Next Steps:   Now it’s time to complete your Module 02 Oral Quiz! Please set up an appointment here for your oral quiz: http://bit.do/oralquiz. You can also call/text me to set up an appointment. Remember that before you complete the online quiz, we will need to complete the oral quiz for this module.

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Ms. Rechanek Marine Science