Tamaqua Area High School

TAMAQUA AREA HIGH SCHOOL

LEHIGH CARBON COMMUNITY COLLEGE

DUAL ENROLLMENT COURSE OUTLINE

BIO 163 - ANATOMY AND P HYS IOLOGY I Division/Department: Sciences Credit Hours: 4 Lecture Hours: 3 Laboratory Hours: 3 Other: 0 Prerequisite(s): Biology assessment test required. It is strongly suggested that students not passing the assessment test take (and pass with a C or better) BIO 105, or have passed a college-level biology course. Corequisite(s): None.

Course Description Provides students, primarily in health-related programs, with an in-depth understanding of the anatomy and physiology of complex living organisms, including humans. Biological principles, as well as the structural and functional relationships among several organ systems, are discussed. (Considerable dissection is required.)

Course Objecti ves 1. Demonstrate insight into the normal anatomy and physiology of complex vertebrates, especially the human. 2. Describe how the various parts of the body are structurally and functionally related to one another. 3. Demonstrate the necessity of complexity within living organisms. 4. Demonstrate a knowledge-base essential for advanced study. 5. Develop specific laboratory skills including dissection. 6. Demonstrate fluency and literacy in anatomical and physiological terminology. 7. Employ the scientific method to analyze and interpret physiological test results. Course Content – BIO 163 - lecture The student should be able to:

1. Organization of the Body a. Discuss the relationship between the terms "anatomy" and "physiology." b. Describe the structural and functional characteristics necessary for the maintenance of life, including the levels of organization of living things. c. Identify and be able to use the following concepts related to body structure: directional vocabulary, anatomical planes, regions, and positions. d. Define homeostasis, explaining requirements and operation of homeostatic systems, with examples.

2. Tissue a. Identify the four basic types of tissues in the body. b. Describe the physiological characteristics of epithelial tissue. (1) Classify epithelial tissue into several types, including: stratified squamous, transitional, simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar. (2) Describe the general function of epithelial tissue, including protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, and filtration. (3) Describe the structure, function, and distribution of glandular epithelium. c. Describe the physiological characteristics of connective tissue. (1) Classify connective tissue according to type, including the structural features of at least the following: areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, cartilage (3 types), bone, blood. (2) Identify fibers and cell types found in each connective tissue. d. Characterize the three types of muscle, including properties of each. e. Identify, in general terms, the primary components of nerve tissue and describe their functions. f. Describe the structure and function of the various types of membranes, including mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous membranes.

3. Integumentary System a. Describe the structure and function of the layers of the integument, including dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. b. Describe the structure, growth and function of the hair and nails. c. Describe the structure and function of the skin glands and their products.

4. Skeletal System a. Describe the functions of the skeletal system. b. Illustrate and identify the gross anatomical structure of the long bone. c. Describe the microscopic components of bone and cartilage, and discuss the dynamic nature of bone (bone remodeling). d. Discuss hormones that affect bone structure. e. Describe the formation and growth of the skeleton from embryonic development through adult structure. 5. Joints a. Describe and give examples of the structural and functional types of joints, including locations and movements of each. b. Describe functions of ancillary joint structures such as ligaments, bursae, joint capsules, etc.

6. Muscle System a. Describe the energy sources involved in muscle contraction. b. Illustrate and label the microscopic structural components of muscle cells. c. Describe the functions of the microscopic and molecular structures of muscle tissue including components involved in the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. d. Identify the general functions of muscles. e. Explain factors influencing force, velocity, and duration of muscle contraction. f. Describe the microscopic structure of smooth muscle. g. Discuss the mechanisms and characteristics or smooth muscle contraction. h. Describe the physiology of the neuromuscular junction. i. Discuss the concept of "motor unit" and its relationship to strength and precision of contraction.

7. Nervous System--General a. Describe the structure and function of the various neuroglia and neurons. b. Explain the electrical properties of the resting neuron. c. Define "action potential" and differentiate between various electrical potentials in neurons, such as resting, graded, action, postsynaptic. d. Describe the synapse and its functional mechanisms. e. Differentiate between Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSP) and Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSP) and their effects. f. Classify neurotransmitters according to chemical composition and function. g. Explain the basic concepts of neural integration, including organization of neurons, types of circuits, and neural processing. h. Define and be able to use the terms: white matter, gray matter, nerve, tract, ganglion, nucleus.

8. Central Nervous System a. Describe and characterize functions of the following regions of the brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, limbic system, reticular formation. b. Discuss the mechanisms for protecting brain tissue, including the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood-brain barrier. c. Know the functions of pathways to, from, and within the cerebrum, the roles of the basal ganglia, and the localization of the cerebral areas relative to their roles. d. Understand the gross anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord including its connections with brain and spinal nerves. e. Describe the general organization of the somatosensory system. f. Characterize motor integration, including levels of motor control. g. Discuss higher mental functions, including: brain wave patterns, sleep cycles, consciousness, memory, and language. 9. Peripheral Nervous System a. Characterize the structure and classification of nerves and associated ganglia. b. Describe the regeneration of nerve fibers. c. Know the distribution of the spinal nerves. d. Describe a reflex arc and spinal reflexes, distinguishing between reflexes and voluntary movements. e. Classify sensory receptors and stimuli detected by each.

10. Autonomic Nervous System a. Describe and interrelate the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. b. Discuss the relationship of the ANS to the endocrine system. c. Compare and contrast the parasympathetic and sympathetic ANS divisions, including functions, neurotransmitters, and receptors. d. Discuss control of the autonomic nervous system.

11. Special Senses a. Discuss the concepts of sense reception and transmission, sense receptors and sense organs. b. List and give functions of the special senses (olfaction, gustation, vision, hearing, equilibrium). c. Describe the structure and function of the taste buds. d. Describe the structure and function of olfactory receptors. e. Characterize activation of olfactory receptors, and include a description of the olfactory pathway. f. Give a functional overview of light and optics. g. Describe the photoreceptors on the retina, visual pathway to brain, and visual processing. h Discuss sound and the mechanisms of hearing. i. Discuss the mechanisms of equilibrium and orientation. Course Content – Bio 163L - lab The student should be able to:

1L. Organization of the Body a. Discuss the relationship between the terms "anatomy" and "physiology." b. Identify and be able to use the following concepts related to body structure: directional vocabulary, anatomical planes, regions, and positions. 2L. Tissue a. Identify the four basic types of tissues in the body. b. Describe the anatomical characteristics of epithelial tissue. (1) Classify epithelial tissue into several types, including: stratified squamous, transitional, simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar. . c. Describe the anatomical characteristics of connective tissue. (1) Classify connective tissue according to type, including the structural features of at least the following: areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, cartilage (3 types), bone, blood. (2) Identify fibers and cell types found in each connective tissue. d. Characterize the three types of muscle, including microscopic properties of each. e. Identify all tissue subgroups listed above, and nervous tissue, using the microscope.

3L. Integumentary System a. Identify skin layers and related structures using microscope and models.

4L. Skeletal System a. Illustrate and identify the gross anatomical structure of the long bone. b. Identify the bones and bone markings from skeletal models, diagrams, and other resource materials. c. Identify and discuss variations between male and female skeletons.

5L. Muscle System a. Identify origins, insertions and actions of muscles presented in class. (See APPENDIX. Human and other models may be used, but use of the cat as the primary dissection and testing specimen is expected.) b. Demonstrate the relationship between muscles and their antagonists.

6L. Nervous System--General a. Describe the structure and function of the neuron. b. Define and be able to use the terms: white matter, gray matter, nerve, tract, ganglion, nucleus. 7L. Central Nervous System a. Describe and characterize functions of the following regions of the brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, limbic system, reticular formation. b. Identify the meninges and ventricles of the brain. c. Understand the gross anatomy of the spinal cord including its connections with brain and spinal nerves. d. Identify major structural and functional brain features using human models and dissection of sheep brains.

8L. Peripheral Nervous System a. List names, numbers and functions of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. b. Know the distribution of the spinal nerves. c. Identify features of nerve and spinal cord models.

9L. Special Senses a. Describe the structure of the ear. b. Identify and label features of the vertebrate eye using human eye models and dissected eye specimens.

Teaching and Grading P rocedures Teaching will be a combination of lecture and lab. The lecture portion may include a traditional lecture format and/or small group sessions in which students discuss topics and reinforce concepts from lectures or some other appropriately organized approach.

The laboratory portion of this course includes a comprehensive histology component as well as extensive dissections, the cat being the major model. In addition, human models, sheep brains, and eye specimens are used. Lab tests are non-cumulative practical exams, using dissected specimens and models. Multiple choice questions, matching questions, essay questions and word banks are not appropriate for practical exams. Exam questions should accurately reflect the scope of material covered in the required lab manual. Practical exam scores should constitute a decisive majority of the lab grade.

Lecture procedures, topic coverage depth, and grading of students should reflect the depth of coverage presented in the approved textbook for the course. Use of text examples, personal examples, chapter summaries, cross sections of study questions in both text and accompanying study guide, and cross sections of test bank questions are all appropriate means of assessing depth of text coverage.

The following topics represent the course sequence: - Core concepts of anatomy and physiology - Organization of living organisms - Tissues - Integumentary System - Skeletal System - Muscular System - Nervous System

The lecture component of the course accounts for 60 percent of the final grade; the lab component, therefore, accounts for 40 percent of the grade. Extra credit assignments for individual students are not allowed.

Tex tbooks and Materials Current editions of the following textbooks, or their equivalent, are standard for BIO 163, and are available in the LCCC bookstore:

Marieb, Elaine and Hoehn, Katja. Hum a n An a to m y a nd P h y sio l o g y. Pearson/Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. (lecture text)

Michael G. Wood. L a bor a tory Man ua l for An a to m y & P h y sio l o g y I & II , LCCC compilation. Pearson/Benjamin/Cummings, Inc. (lab manual)

Students are expected to provide their own gloves.

APPENDIX

Human Muscles to Identify Note to instructors: You may compare the ones typed in italics between the human models and the cats. Note difference in size, shape, angle, precise name, and if they are divided into separate parts.

MHEADuscle He #on little #on big Origin Insertion Action ad torso torso mo model model Orbicularis oris del 23 11 Various facial muscles, Lips Closes lips maxilla, mandible, septum of nose Orbicularis oculi 19 7 Nasal portion of frontal bone, Eyelids Blinking, squinting frontal process of maxilla, medial palpebral ligament Temporalis Lef 14 Temporal fossa Coronoid process of mandible Elevates jaw, retracts t mandible Masseter Rsiidg 27 Zygomatic arch Angle and ramus of mandible Elevates jaw, ht clenches teeth NECK (Anterior) sid Muscle He #on little #on big Origin Insertion Action ad torso torso mo model model Sternocleidomastoid Rdelig 28 68 Manubrium & medial end of Mastoid process of temporal Rotation or flexion ht clavicle bone of head Sternohyoid sid 29 39 Manubrium and clavicle Hyoid Pulls hyoid down Digastric 27 Posterior belly-mastoid Fibrous loop on hyoid bone Raises hyoid, (under process, anterior belly-inner assists in lowering chin) surface of mandible mandible Muscle He #on little #on big Origin Insertion Action ad torso torso mo model model Trapezius del 34 1 Occipital bone, ligamentum Clavicle, spine of scapula and Adducts scapula, nuchae, spinous processes of acromion process of scapula hyperextends C7 and all thoracic vertebrae head Levator scapulae 36 1st to 4th cervical vertebrae Superior angle of scapula Extends head backward and Splenius group 35 Ligamentum nuchae, 7th Occipital bone and mastoid process Eflexxteesns lationer aallndy , cervical & 1st three thoracic rotation of head vertebrae TRUNK AND SHOULDER (Anterior) Muscle # on big Origin Insertion Action torso mode Pectoralis major 21l Clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage Between greater & lesser tubercles Adduction, flexion, and of humerus medial Pectoralis minor 24 Ribs 3, 4, & 5 Coracoid process of scapula Derotatipresons esof shuhomuledrerus by drawing Deltoid (anterior, Clavicle, acromion process and Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Wscaphoulela m douswclenw aabdrducts middle, posterior) spine of scapula humerus; In part, may flex, Serratus anterior 1st to 9th ribs Anterior medial border of scapula Proutate,lls s ceapxteunlad downward, forward, External intercostals 26 Inferior borders of ribs Superior borders of ribs Eleinwvaatesrd ribs (aids in (11 pairs) inspiration) Internal intercostals 27 Superior borders of ribs Inferior borders of ribs Depresses ribs (aids in (11 pairs) expiration) Diaphragm 44 Inferior border of rib and sternum, Central tendon Inspiration, increases costal cartilages of last six ribs and vertical lumbar vertebrae dimensions of thorax, increases TRUNK AND SHOULDER (Posterior) Muscle # on big Origin Insertion Action torso mode Latissimus Dorsi 2l Lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar Greater tubercle of humerus Extends, adducts, and sacral vertebrae, iliac crest, medially rotates lower ribs humerus Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Rotates humerus laterally Teres major Inferior angle of scapula Crest of lesser tubercle of humerus Adducts, extends, rotates humerus Teres minor Lateral border of scapula Lowest portion of greater tubercle Rmoetatesdially humerus of humerus laterally, weakly Supraspinatus Above Supraspinous fossa Greater tubercle of humerus Aaddbduuctscti oitn of humerus spine of Rhomboideus major 4scapula Spinous processes of 1st to 5th Medial border of scapula. Adducts scapula thoracic vertebrae Rhomboideus minor 5 Ligamentum nuchae, spinous Upper part of medial border of Adducts scapula processes of 7th cervical, 1st scapula ( root of scapular spine) thoracic vertebrae Subscapularis 1 Subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle of humerus Medially rotates humerus and holds head of humerus in Muscle # on big Origin Insertion Action torso mode Rectus abdominis 39l Pubic bone Xiphoid process, costal cartilages Compresses abdominal of ribs 6, 7 & 8 viscera, flexes vertebral column External oblique 36 Lower eight ribs Linea alba Compresses abdominal viscera, Internal oblique 40 Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, Lower 3 ribs, xiphoid process, linea Cfleoxmespr vesersteesbr aalbdo comluinmaln thoracolumbar fascia alba, pubis viscera, flexes vertebral column Transversus 42 Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, costal Linea alba, pubis Compresses abdominal abdominis cartilages of lower 6 ribs, viscera, thoracolumbar fascia flexes vertebral column PELVIC MUSCLES Muscle # on big Origin Insertion Action torso model (inside Quadratus lumborum 166) Iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest Last rib, transverse processes of Aids in extending trunk lower 4 lumbar vertebrae Psoas major 165 Lumbar vertebrae Lesser trochanter of femur Flexion of femur and vertebral column Iliacus 167 Iliac fossa Lesser trochanter of femur Flex femur

Muscle # on little torso # on big # on Insertion Action model torso arm model model Coracobrachialis 72 9 Medial surface of humerus Flexion and adduction of humerus Biceps brachii 71 7 9 Radial tuberosity Flexes and supinates forearm

Brachialis 73 8 10 Coronoid process of ulna Flexes forearm

Brachioradialis 82 13 20 lateral surface of radius above flexes forearm styloid process Triceps brachii 70 10, 11, 11 Olecranon process of ulna Extends forearm 12

UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Supination and Pronation) Muscle # on little torso # on arm Origin Insertion Action model Model Supinator 86 25 lateral epicondyle of humerus, lateral upper 1/3 of radius supinates forearm below radial notch of ulna Pronator teres 74 12 medial epicondyle of humerus middle lateral surface of radius pronates forearm

Muscle # on arm Origin Insertion Action Model Flexor carpi 13 Medial epicondyle of humerus 2nd & 3rd metacarpals Flexes wrist, assists in radialis pronating, abducting hand Flexor carpi ulnaris 15 Medial epicondyle of humerus, Pisiform, hamate, 5th metacarpal Flexes wrist, assist in olecranon process of ulna adducting hand Palmaris longus 14 Medial epicondyle of humerus Palmar aponeurosis Flexes wrist

MUPPERuscle LIMB #(Hand on little tor sMovo # eonment#s o-n Flexion of Digits) Insertion Action model big arm model torso model Flexor digitorum 85 (under 74- 20 24 Middle phalanges of digits 2-5 Flexes superficialis 76) middle and Flexor pollicis 22 41 Distal phalanx 1 Flexes thumb longus

UPPER LIMB (Hand Movements- Extends Wrist and Hand) Muscle # on arm Origin Insertion Action model Extensor carpi 19 Humerus 2nd metacarpal Extends wrist, abducts radialis longus hand Extensor carpi 18 Humerus 3rd metacarpal Extends wrist, abducts radialis brevis hand Extensor carpi 16 Lateral epicondyle of humerus 5th metacarpal Extends wrist ulnaris Extensor digitorum 17 Lateral epicondyle of humerus Proximal and middle phalanges of Extension of digits 2-5 digits 2-5 Muscle # on arm Origin Insertion Action Model Extensor pollicis 21 (only Ulna and radius Distal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb longus tendon is visible Extensor pollicis 22) Radius Proximal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb brevis Abductor pollicis 23 Interosseus membrane Trapezium and 1st metacarpal Abduct thumb longus Abductor pollicis 29 flexor retinaculum and tubercles of proximal phalanx of thumb abducts thumb brevis scaphoid and trapezium

LOWER LIMB (Thigh Movements) Muscle # on little torso # on leg Insertion Action model model Gluteus maximus 101 3 iliotibial tract, posterior femur extension, outward rotation of femur Gluteus medius 102 4 Greater trochanter of femur Abduction, medial rotation of femur Piriformis Greater trochanter of femur Lateral rotation of femur Tensor fasciae 108 9 lateral condyle of tibia abducts and flexes thigh latae Adductor longus 115 13 linea aspera of femur flexes and medially rotates femur Adductor magnus 117 14 Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera Adducts and extends thigh

Muscle # on leg Origin Insertion Action model Hamstring: Biceps 18 long head: ischial tuberosity head of fibula, lateral condyle of Collective action femoris short head: linea aspera of femur tibia (Hamstrings): flex lower leg, extends thigh Hamstring: 16 ischial tuberosity tibia Collective action Semitendinosus (Hamstrings): flex lower leg, extends thigh Hamstring: 17 ischial tuberosity medial condyle of tibia Collective action Semimembranosus (Hamstrings): flex lower leg, extends Quadriceps anterior inferior iliac spine, patella, tibial tuberosity collective action Femoris: Rectus 11a superior rim of acetabulum (quadriceps): femoris extension of Quadriceps 11c linea aspera lateral condyle of tibia, iliotibial cloowllectier levge. action Femoris: Vastus tract (quadriceps): lateralis extension of lower leg Quadriceps 11b linea aspera patella collective action Femoris: Vastus (quadriceps): medialis extension of lower leg Quadriceps 11d anterior and lateral surface of femur patella collective action Femoris: Vastus (quadriceps): intermedius extension of lower leg Sartorius 10 anterior superior iliac spine medial surface of tibia flex and medially rotate Gracilis 15 pubic bone medial surface of tibia athddiguhcts, flexes, rotates thigh medially Muscle # on little torso # on leg Insertion Action model model Triceps surae: 126 24a, b posterior surface of calcaneus plantar flexion Gastrocnemius

Triceps surae: 127 24c posterior surface of calcaneus plantar flexion Soleus Tibialis anterior 121 19 Medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal Dorsiflexion, Inverts foot Tibialis posterior 129 28 Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, 2nd, plantar flexion rd 43th metatarsals Fibularis longus 124 22 1st metatarsal plantar flexion, everts foot (=Peroneus longus) Fibularis brevis 125 23 5th metatarsal plantar flexion (=Peroneus brevis) Flexor digitorum 130 27 distal phalanges of digits 2-5 flexes distal phalanges of 2-5 longus Flexor hallucis 131 29 Distal phalanx of first toe Flexion of first toe longus Extensor digitorum 122 21 Middle and distal phalanges of Extension of toes, dorsiflexion longus digits 2-5 Extensor hallucis 123 20 Distal phalanx of 1st toe Extends 1st toe, dorsiflexion longus (under 21)