Lakeland District Debate 09 -359

Lakeland District Debate 09’ -1- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard

Harvard Case List Harvard Case List...... 1 Alpharetta High GA – Riana Ilango - David Lee – LSC Immigration...... 4 Alpharetta High GA – Neil Sethi - Ricardo Saenz – Abortion LSC...... 10 Alpharetta High GA – Neil Sethi - Ricardo Saenz – Class Action Lawsuits LSC...... 18 Alpharetta High GA – Reuben Lack - Neil Chaudhary – Omnibus LSC...... 25 Alpharetta High GA – Vignesh Ramesh - Anushka Panday –Immigrant LSC Version #2...... 29 Alpharetta High GA – Chelsea Ashworth - Rucha Shrotriya – Class Action Lawsuits LSC Version #2...... 33 Aspen High School CO – Max Zimet - Michael Zimet – ?...... 38 Baccalaureate School for Global Education NY – Erika Tannor - Shira Almeleh – GDS Biopower Aff...... 39 Baccalaureate School for Global Education NY – Daranee Nasongkhla - Latisha Harris – ?...... 43 Baltimore City College MD – William Stokes - Nicholas Vail – ICCPR...... 44 Baltimore City College MD – Corey Lacey - Ameena Ruffin – ?...... 50 Baltimore City College MD – Kaine Cherry - David Neustadt –TANF...... 51 Baltimore City College MD – Steven Keels - Kearsten McCrea – ?...... 72 Baltimore City College MD – Michaela Brown - Terrance Porter – ?...... 72 Beacon High School NY – Damiyr Davis - Miguel Feliciano –Revolution...... 73 Beacon High School NY – Ivy Gluck - Yasmine Flodin-Ali – ?...... 80 Beacon High School NY – Evan Sweet - Henry Osman – Katrina...... 81 Bellaire High School TX – Scott Lin - Wilma Qiu – Supreme Court LSC...... 85 Bellaire High School TX – Jacob Aronowitz - Luther Fan - Same as Other Team...... 91 Berkeley Preparatory School FL – Maria Datcu - Yunhan Xu –?...... 92 Berkeley Preparatory School FL – Rebecca Straley - Matt Murphy – ?...... 92 Bishop Guertin HS NH – Christian Steckler - Katie DiTullio – Work Bad...... 93 Bishop Guertin HS NH – Christian Steckler - Katie DiTullio – Refugee...... 96 Bishop Guertin HS NH – Shawn Mok - Pankhuri Singhal – Refugees Same As Above...... 101 Bronx Science NY – Andrew Markoff - Zack Elias – Medical Marijuana...... 102 Bronx Science NY – Dylan Gorman - Julia Reinitz – Same as Other Team...... 105 Bronx Science NY – David Seidman - Allen Paltrow-Krulwich...... 106 Bronx Science NY – Daniel Lee - Scott Khamphoune...... 106 Bronx Science NY – Simon You - Ian Irlander...... 106 Bronx Science NY – Sarah Wood - Jessica Tenenbaum...... 106 Brophy College Prep az – Max Maerowitz - Andy McCoy – PRWORA...... 107 Brophy College Prep az – Abhinava Singh - Ryan Michels –?...... 112 Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart FL – Kelly Keough - Lauren Cue –?...... 113 Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart FL – Anna Dimitrijevic - Helen Gomez – Childcare...... 118 Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart FL – Tessa Danguillecourt - Victoria Jimenez – ?...... 123 Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart FL – Valle Villa - Alyssa Padilla – Asylum Same as Above...... 124 Centennial High School MD – Jonathan Kowarski - Dan Li – Abortion...... 125 Centennial High School MD – Jonathan Kowarski - Dan Li – Work Bad/PRWORA...... 129 Centennial High School MD – Srinidhi Muppalla - Vivian Wang – Heroin...... 132 Centennial High School MD – Zehao Sui - Suki Gulati – Broadband...... 137 Centennial High School MD – Sophie Song - Kelly Lin – ?...... 138 Chattahoochee High School GA – Sohan Chatterjee - Matt Azimi – SNAP Food Stamps...... 139 Chattahoochee High School GA – Megan Cambre - Kaavya Ramesh – Marriage Medicaid...... 143 Chattahoochee High School GA – Kaitlyn Walker - Cara Venezia – SNAP/Food Stamps...... 148 Chattahoochee High School GA – Jeff Zhang - Matt Rosenthal – SNAP/Food Stamps (Different Plan)...... 153 Chattahoochee High School GA – Adam Kostrinsky - Sean Robinson – Same As Above...... 158 Chattahoochee High School GA – Mustafa Inamullah - Maggie Davis – SNAP/Food Stamp...... 159 College Prep CA – Tatsuro Yamamura - Vinay Pai – USDA...... 165 College Prep CA – Tatsuro Yamamura - Vinay Pai – Hunger/Cash Voucher...... 172 Coppin Academy MD – Lloyd Frederick - Devin Johnson – ?...... 178 Coppin Academy MD – Lashea Cager - Tim Crooms – ?...... 178 Damien High School CA – Pablo Gannon - Reid Ehrlich-Quinn – HCTC...... 179

Harvard -1- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -2- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard Desert Vista High School AZ – Amrut Chowdhury - Timothy Lee – Asylum LSC...... 185 Desert Vista High School AZ – Shardul Golwalkar - Alisa Partlan –?...... 190 Dobson High School AZ – Vignesh Krishnaswamy - Hriday Sibal – ?...... 191 Dunwoody High School GA – Eilidh Geddes - Robert Galerstein – Socialism...... 192 East Side Denver CO – Jack Forbes - Marchel Holle – ?...... 200 Eastwood High School TX – Johnathan Dominguez - William White – ?...... 201 Edgemont HS NY – Benjamin Chang - Nikhil Jayawickrama – GED...... 202 Edgemont HS NY – Akshay Kini - Tej Mehta – GED...... 209 Edgemont HS NY – Helen Xu - Isaac Marshall – ?...... 214 Edgemont HS NY – Benjamin Feig - Anik Chaudhry – ?...... 215 Ft. Lauderdale HS FL – Melvin Washington - Vanova Robles-Navas – Internet Access Microwave Access Infrastructure...... 216 Ft. Lauderdale HS FL – Melvin Washington - Vanova Robles-Navas – Community Service...... 221 Ft. Lauderdale HS FL – Dennica Worrell - Alberto Durogene – ?...... 224 Ft. Lauderdale HS FL – Ayanna Spencer - Luis Franco – ?...... 224 GACS GA – Andrew Kim - Steven Hanna – ?...... 225 Georgetown Day School DC – Rebecca Rothfeld - Isaac Stanley-Becker – Immigrant Organs...... 226 Georgetown Day School DC – Rebecca Rothfeld - Isaac Stanley-Becker – Housing...... 228 Georgetown Day School DC – Rebecca Rothfeld - Isaac Stanley-Becker – Mental Health for Indians...... 234 Georgetown Day School DC – Ula Rutkowska - David Herman – Homelessness...... 238 Georgetown Day School DC – Ula Rutkowska - David Herman – UDL...... 243 Georgetown Day School DC – Steve Jaffe - Sam Lipnick – ?...... 247 Georgetown Day School DC – Marc Gottesman - Chris Pecaro – ?...... 247 Glenbrook North IL – Vinay Sridharan - Alexis Shklar – Medicaid Immigrants...... 248 Glenbrook South High School IL – Will Thibeau - Richard Day – SNAP...... 253 Glenbrook South High School IL – Jack McLeod - John Zhao – ?...... 258 Glenbrook South High School IL – Phil Sailer - Samantha Varney – Food to Indians...... 259 Glenbrook South High School IL – Jaret Kanarek - Jake Saltzman – Homelessness Postal...... 267 Glenelg High School MD – Elisabeth McClure - Daniel Zhao – Heroin...... 270 Grapevine High School TX – Jacob Quinn - Amy Schade – Street Papers...... 271 Grapevine High School TX – Jacob Quinn - Amy Schade – Disabilities...... 275 Grapevine High School TX – Tiffany Chieu - Parker Foster – Housing...... 279 Great Hearts Academy AZ – Mike Henry - Sean Mulloy – ?...... 283 Greenhill School TX – Arnav Kejriwal - Kush Patel – ESA...... 284 Greenhill School TX – Lyall Stuart - Christian Patterson – ESA...... 292 Greenhill School TX – Alison Glazer - Myra Noshahi – ?...... 299 Greenhill School TX – Sankalp Banerjee - Azhar Unwala – ?...... 299 Greenhill School TX – Avantika Banerjee - Akshay Bhushan – ESA Same as Above...... 299 Howard High School MD – Alix Arungah - Abhik Pramanik – PRWORA Work...... 300 Howard High School MD – Alix Arungah - Abhik Pramanik – Abortion...... 304 Kempsville High School VA – Samuel Ross - Adora Parker – Hyde Amendment...... 308 Kern Forensics CA – Drew Wiggins - Chelsea Fraley – ?...... 313 Kern Forensics CA – Eric Wingate - Connor McCarthy – ?...... 313 Jack Chong - Brenda Doan Lakeland District Debate NY – Immigrant Medicaid...... 314 1AC - Greenhill...... 314 Lakeland District Debate NY – Chris Grossman - Patrick Cheung – Immigrant Medicaid...... 321 Lakeland District Debate NY – Jaime Burns - Sunaina Dias – Immigrant Medicaid...... 321 Lexington High School MA – Arjun Vellayappan - Tyler Engler – Broadband...... 322 Lexington High School MA – Jack Caporal - Michael Suo – Broadband...... 327 Lexington High School MA – Amrit Kanesa-Thasan - Ayan Sanyal – Broadband...... 334 Lexington High School MA – Cal Ellowitz - Vivian Guo – Broadband...... 340 Lexington High School MA – Dineth Bandarage - James Fraser – Broadband...... 346 Lexington High School MA – Marika Psyhojos - Will Marcal – Broadband...... 354 Loyola Blakefield High School MD – Thomas Pacheco - Patrick McCleary – Hyde Amendment...... 359 Loyola Blakefield High School MD – Thomas Pacheco - Patrick McCleary – CEDAW Aff...... 365 Marquette University High School WI – Matthew Cekanor - Tyler Thur – Housing...... 373 Marquette University High School WI – Sam Scheurell - Ryan Welsh – Same as Above...... 385 Harvard -2- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -3- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard McDonogh School MD – Alex Resar - Patrick Butler – Immigrant Detention...... 386 McDowell High School PA – Leo Zausen - Aeryn Smith – ?...... 395 McDowell High School PA – Mark DiPlacido - Madeline Su – ?...... 395 Mountain Brook High School AL – Kevin Jiang - Lee Quinn – Immigrant Legal Services...... 396 Mountain Brook High School AL – Payne Griffin - Evan McCarty – Same as Above...... 402 Mt Hebron HS MD – Agree Ahmed - Jake Dillon – ?...... 403 Newark Science NJ – Kylah Broughton - Devane Murphy – Education...... 404 Newark Science NJ – Christine Poveda - Alexa White – ?...... 407 Pennsbury High School PA – Ravi Solanki - Justin Wang – ?...... 408 Phoenix Military Academy IL – Jazz Craft - Samary Vazquez – ?...... 409 Pine Crest Preparatory School FL – David Manella - Mark Trouville – PRWORA Work...... 410 Pine Crest Preparatory School FL – Quinn Zemel - Amrit Basu – Same as Above...... 413 Pine Crest Preparatory School FL – Tabitha Cohen - Saad Anjum – Drug Trafficking...... 414 Pine Crest Preparatory School FL – Matthew Marcus - David Rubin – VAWA...... 417 River Hil High School MD – Jonathan Geldoff - Madeleine Houck – PRWORA Work...... 423 Rocky Mountain High School CO – Peter Steiner – Brenden Georg – ?...... 426 Sequoyah High School GA – Amy Feinberg - Chris Shattuck – TRIO and Gear Up...... 427 Sequoyah High School GA – Kristin White - Austin Duffield – ?...... 428 South HS AK – Claire Schapira - Dylan Hardenbergh – ?...... 429 South HS AK – Kenny Hubbell - Bexley Brown – ?...... 429 St. John's High School MA – Daniel Powers - Alexander Carlman – ?...... 430 St. John's High School MA – James Peterson - Steven Caputo – ?...... 430 State College Highschool PA – Rohan Samarth - Elisabeth Paulson – ?...... 431 Stratford Academy GA – Richard Min - John Ryan Fehr – Broadband...... 432 Stuyvesant High School NY – Sandesh Kataria - Anna Gordan – SNAP/Food Stamp...... 442 Stuyvesant High School NY – Andrew Huang - Daniel Frankel – Same As Above...... 446 Stuyvesant High School NY – David Lu - Sahil Goswami – ?...... 447 Tampa Preparatory School FL – Alison Williams - Jonathan Gonzalez – Housing...... 448 The Blake School MN – David Kang - Tom Madsen – Food Stamp...... 452 The Blake School MN – Michael McGrath - Kentucky Morrow – Family Planning...... 456 University of Chicago Laboratory School IL – Joyce Harduvel - Charlie Rafkin – School Lunches...... 461 University of Chicago Laboratory School IL – Jacob Rosenbacher - Jen Glick – Same as Above...... 467 Westlake High School TX – David Mullins - John Baker – Something about demanding...... 468 Westlake High School TX – Ian Seyer - Sankar Sundaresan – ?...... 471 Westminster Schools GA – Daniel Taylor - Ellis Allen – Public Option...... 472 Westminster Schools GA – Daniel Taylor - Ellis Allen – Safety Net...... 484 Westminster Schools GA – Ayush Dayal - Julia Marshall – Same as Above...... 489 Westminster Schools GA – Will Morgan - Drew Cutshaw – Safety Net Same as Above...... 490 Weston HS MA – Daniel Park - Brendan Eappen – ?...... 491 Weston HS MA – Blair Bowden - Jamie Emery – ?...... 491 Westside High School NE – Maddie Ebert - Zachary Robinson – ?...... 492 Whitney Young Magnet High School IL – Kevin Hirn - Misael Gonzalez – Infrastructure...... 493 Whitney Young Magnet High School IL – Andrew Jones - Marcel Roman – ?...... 503 Woodward Academy GA – Max Plithidies - Matthew Pesce – Medicaid Abortions Bad...... 504 Woodward Academy GA – Rahim Shakoor - Jason Sigalos – Broadband...... 509

Harvard -3- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -4- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard

Alpharetta High GA – Riana Ilango - David Lee – LSC Immigration

Text: The United States federal government should remove restrictions on Legal Service Corporation that prohibit representation of undocumented immigrants regardless of status

Contention 1 - Inherency

While the House has approved an increase in LSC funding, the Senate bill faces numerous hurdles. Even if additional funding is offered, the bill maintains crippling restrictions on the way they are used Baltimore Sun 6/26/09 [“Congress must lift restrictions on legal aid,” 11:25 AM EDT, June 26, 2009, pg. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bal-legalaidpreview0626,0,4374050.story] "For the first time in . . . secure their rights under the law."

Put away your disads, Congress just voted to renew LSC Washington Post 6/25/2009 [“House Votes.” . Lexus] "ENDING LEGAL SERVICES CORP.For . . . $440 million fiscal 2010 budget."

Contention 2 – Harms

Advantage 1 is the Economy, we’ll isolate two internal links – the first is Labor

Undocumented workers have no legal recourse to challenge unfair labor practices or wages to which they are entitled. As a result, migrant workers are exploited. Diller 6/22 - coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign and in the Center's Access to Justice Project - and Savner - Research Associate with the Brennan Center Justice - 6/22/09 (Rebekah and Emily, “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid to the Poor,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, http://74.125.47.132/search? q=cache:XpEoQkcUYFAJ:www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_call_to_end_federal_restrictions_o n_legal_aid_for_the_poor/ +A+call+to+EndFederal+Restrictions+on+Legal+Aidfor+the+Poor&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us, CNT) "For certain categories of immigrants. . . have allowed them LSC representation"

The LSC exclusion creates perverse incentives for businesses to hire only undocumented workers Abel 03,Laura K. Abel, Associate Counsel at the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, specializes in the representation of legal services lawyers, clients, and funders, and Risa E. Kaufman, Associate Counsel in the Legal Department of the Community Service Society of New York, litigates on behalf of economically disadvantaged individuals and communities, 2003 (“Preserving Aliens’ and Migrant Workers’ Access to Civil Legal Services,” Brennan Center for Justice at the New York University School of Law, April 1st, Available Online at http://www.brennancenter.org/page/-/Justice/Preserving%20Aliens%27%20and%20Migrant

%20Workers%27%20Access.pdf, BEB) "The exclusion of aliens from. . . not hire any documented workers"

Providing legal protections for undocumented immigrants raises the quality of jobs for all workers—this is integral to the economy Alvarado 09, Pablo Alvarado, executive director of the National Day Laborer Organizing Network, 2009 (“The Plight of Day Laborers,” New York Times: “Room For Debate” (blog), March 18th, Available Online athttp://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/18/the-competition-for- low-wage-jobs/, BEB) "The economic downturn in the. . .we must cherish and protect."

Protecting low-wage workers is key to economic recovery—our internal link outweighs their alt causalities Bernhardt 09, Annette Bernhardt, policy co-director of the National Employment Law Project, and Christine Owens, executive director of the National Employment Law Project, 2009 (“Rebuilding a Good Jobs Economy,” The Nation, March 12th, Available Online athttp://www.thenation.com/doc/20090330/bernhardt_owens/print) "The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. . . the institutional and regulatory framework."

Second is Predatory Lending -

Predatory lending is the primary cause of the current recession—overleveraging collapsed the housing market and spilled over to the entire economy Kropp 08, Robert Kropp, Senior Vice President of Corporate Finance at Gilford Securities Inc., 26 years of professional experience with investment banking, 2008 (“Effects of Predatory Lending Lead to Economic Crisis,” Social Funds (a personal finance news website), September 23rd, Available Online at http://www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cgi/article2554.html) "There is widespread agreement that . . .privatizing profits while socializing losses.""

Restrictions devastate efforts to stop predatory lending – plan solves Rebekah 09, and Savner, 6/18/09 (Diller coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign to eliminate the private money restriction on legal services programs and works on other initiatives in the Center's Access to Justice Project. Emily joined the Brennan Center as a Research Associate with the Justice Program in June of 2008. She assists the Access to Justice Project. “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid of for the Poor”,http://brennan.3cdn.net/941339ac7ffd67694e_q8m6ivwxi.pdf) "Notwithstanding the restrictions, legal services . . . being passed by the Legislature. "

If the U.S. economy continues to trend downwards, it will devastate any progress made at the G20 last year, causing worldwide depression. Forbes 08, - Presidential Candidate, Editor in Chief of Forbes Magazine - 2008 (Steve, 1996, CNS News, “Steve Forbes Predicts Six Months of Recession”, 10/29, http://www.cnsnews.com/public/content/article.aspx?RsrcID=38291) "Steve Forbes: “Well, this is . . . to new levels of strength.”

Worldwide depression causes war Mead 09, - Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations - 2009 (Walter Russell, The New Republic, “Only Makes you Stronger,” 2/4, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=2, CNT) "None of which means that . . . we may still have to fight." Advantage 2 is iLaw -

Indigent migrants seeking asylum face the immigration courts alone - government funds are banned Schoenholtz 02, (Andrew I. Schoenholtz, Director of Law and Policy Studies, Institute for the Study of International Migration (ISIM), Georgetown University, and Jonathan Jacobs, ISIM Research Assistant, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center. The State of Asylum Representation: Ideas for Change, Summer 2002) "um applicants often have escaped . . . representation system can be improved."

US is in violation of CERD because it doesn’t give a right to civil counsel Brennan Center 07, (Brennan Center for Social Justice @ NYU Law School, December 10th 2007http://brennan.3cdn.net/845ab37c85c3925bee_fam6bxktq.pdf) "The U.S. briefly touched on the . . .a risk of loss of physical liberty"

Allowing for immigrants’ right to counsel is an area of exclusive federal control Brennan Center 07, (Brennan Center for Social Justice @ NYU Law School, December 10th 2007http://brennan.3cdn.net/845ab37c85c3925bee_fam6bxktq.pdf) "In areas of civil litigation . . .unrepresented in their removal proceedings.”

Plan reaffirms indigent migrants’ right to counsel BBATF 08, Boston Bar Association Task Force Gideon’s New Trumpet Gideon’s New Trumpet: September 2008, “http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/sclaid/atjresourcecenter/downloads/gideons_new_trumpet_9- 08.pdf”) "A. THE NEED FOR COUNSEL Each . . .without charge are extremely limited."

CERD prevents genocide by obligating over 133 countries to fight against it CERD 05 (International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, 17 October 2005, 1701st meeting. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/declaration_genocide) "Recalling that 133 States Members . . . as of the Security Council"

Genocide causes extinction and must be rejected to protect human rights Diamond 92 (Diamond, THE THIRD CHIMPANZEE, 1992, p. 277) "While our first association to the . . . all its progress virtually overnight. "

The US must stop its hypocrisy and recognize CERD through representing legal rights to recognize human rights McDougall 05, Gay J. McDougall, now the first United Nations Independent Expert on Minority Issues, at time of writing was Executive Director of the International Human Rights Law Group (a member of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and an alternate member of the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, “Toward a Meaningful

International Regime: The Domestic Relevance of International Efforts to Eliminate All Forms of Racial Discrimination” "Most troubling in the package . . .of action absent implementing legislation."

Upholding human rights and openness about helping immigrants is key to soft power Schulz 09, Executive Director of Amnesty International, Oberlin College, holds a master's degree in philosophy from the University of Chicago and the Doctor of Ministry degree from the University of Chicago, lecturer at many universities including Yale [ Dr. William F, “The Power of Justice Applying international human rights standards to American domestic practices”, June, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/06/pdf/humanrights.pdf] "Joseph Nye, the renowned coiner . . . standards to our domestic practices?"

U.S. influence with other powers is vital to solving all global problems, including terrorism and proliferation Stanley, 07 (Elizabeth Stanley, Ass Prof @ Georgetown, 7 “International Perceptions of US Nuclear Policy” Sandia Report, http://www.prod.sandia.gov/cgi-bin/techlib/access-control.pl/2007/070903.pdf) "How important is soft power. . . to address such threats effectively. "

Terrorism escalates to a global nuclear exchange Speice 06 – 06 JD Candidate @ College of William and Mary [Patrick F. Speice, Jr., “NEGLIGENCE AND NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION: ELIMINATING THE CURRENT LIABILITY BARRIER TO BILATERAL U.S.-RUSSIAN NONPROLIFERATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS,” William & Mary Law Review, February 2006, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427]edlee "Accordingly, there is a significant . . . to the use of nuclear weapons"

Prolif leads to extinction Utgoff, 02 – Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of Institute for Defense Analysis (Victor A., Summer 2002, Survival, p.87-90 Victor A Utgoff, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of Institute for Defense Analysis, Summer 2002, Survival, p.87-90) "In sum, widespread proliferation . . . cities or even whole nations."

Recognizing the right to civil counsel through CERD is key to de-racialize judicial structures Davis 09, Martha Davis, Co-Director, Program on Human Rights and the Global Economy, Northeastern University School of Law, 2009 (“In the Interests of Justice: Human Rights and the Right to Counsel in Civil Cases.” Touro Law Review. 25 Touro L. Rev. 147. Lexis //ZE) "Several provisions of CERD address . . . child custody - are at stake."

An alien is a notion constructed by our government as a rationalization for exclusion based on race. We must act to restore the legal rights of those who have migrated to combat racism as a whole Johnson, 04 (Kevin Johnson, Associate Dean as well as Professor of Law and Chicana/o Studies at The University of California, Davis, The "huddled masses" myth, 2004) "As this discussion suggests, the . . . ignore the treatment of immigrants. "

National policy based on ethnocentrism and racism creates the conditions for genocide and international war Ghiglieri 99, (Michael Patrick Ghiglieri, Biological Anthropoligst and Former Combat Soldier—PhD in

Biology from UC-Davis, The Dark Side of Man, 1999 p. 212-221) "Most colonial powers practiced genocide . . .psychic solidarity of the Yamato race.”

Plan’s decision spills over to create precedent for ensured civil counsel" Spriggs 01, James Spriggs and Thomas Hansford, Professors of Political Science, at the University of California at Davis, “Explaining the Overruling of U.S. Supreme Court Precedent,” Journal of Politics, November, 2001, http://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/csls/precjopfinal.pdf "Second, the norm of stare . . . on Supreme Court decision making."

Racism makes the negative's impacts inevitable and increasingly likely. Only dismantling the walls of racism and replacing them with anti-racist institutions can humanity survive Barndt 07, (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p.219-220) "To study racism is to study walls . . . path to a racism-free society. "

Contention 3 is Solvency

LSC restrictions on immigrants inhibit access to justice – overturn ensures access to counsel Kennedy 01, Hon. Anthony Kennedy, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, 2001 (“Legal Services Corporation v. Carmen Velazquez et al.; United States v. Carmen Velazquez et al.” 531 U.S. 533; 121 S. Ct. 1043; 149 L. Ed. 2d 63; 2001 U.S. LEXIS 1954; 69 U.S.L.W. 4157; 2001 Cal. Daily Op. Service 1619; 2001 Daily Journal DAR 2079; 2001 Colo. J. C.A.R. 1059; 14 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 112. Lexis //ZE) "It is no answer to say . . . or multiple, sides of an issue."

Removing LSC restrictions on immigrants are critical to giving immigrants ability to challenge unfair working practices, predatory lending practices, and to ensuring that the poor have a voice in public deliberation Diller 6/22, - coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign and in the Center's Access to Justice Project - and Savner - Research Associate with the Brennan Center Justice - 6/22/09 (Rebekah and Emily, “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid to the Poor,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law,http://74.125.47.132/search? q=cache:XpEoQkcUYFAJ:www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_call_to_end_federal_restrictions_o n_legal_aid_for_the_poor/ +A+call+to+EndFederal+Restrictions+on+Legal+Aidfor+the+Poor&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us, CNT) "Created thirty-five years ago . . . a time of massive need. "

Federal action is key – the US has to stop using federalism to duck away from international responsibilities Powell 08, associate Professor of Law, Fordham Law School, Director, International Law and the Constitution Initiative, Leitner Center on International Law and Justice [Catherine, “Human Rights at Home: A Domestic Policy Blueprint for the New Administration”, http://www.acslaw.org/files/C %20Powell%20Blueprint.pdf] "A. Recognize That Respect for . . . , and experience in, human rights."

Feds are key – the poison pill restriction kills any state action Diller 09, and Savner, staff writers for the Brennan Center For Justice, 2009 (Rebekah Diller and Emily Savner, Brennan Center For Justice at New York University School of Law, 6/22/09, http://www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_call_to_end_federal_restrictions_on_legal_aid _for_the_poor/) "In a virtually unprecedented overreach . . . a portion of their funds. "

States can’t solve - in addition to funding restriction, they have their own restrictions regarding legal problems Brennan Center 03, (The Brennan Center of Justice at the NYU School of Law, 2003, “Struggling to Meet the Need: Communities Confront Gaps in Federal Legal Aid”, NM, http://brennan.3cdn.net/7689d2f385e9f3d753_bvm6y9ucy.pdf) "A simple lack of money . . .veterans’ benefits, and so on."

Alpharetta High GA – Neil Sethi - Ricardo Saenz – Abortion LSC

Contention 1: Inherency

Obama and Congress made significant progress on removing LSC restrictions already, but the poison pill and the abortion restrictions remain intact.

Brennan Center for Justice 12/18/09 “Timeline of FY 2010 Appropriations Process and Efforts to Repeal Key LSC Restrictions”http://www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/timeline_of_fy_2010_appropriations_process _and_efforts_to_repeal_the_lsc_re/

Recent Developments. For the 2010 fiscal year, the Obama Administration and Congress… , R-Texas, Brownback, R-Kan., Alexander, R-Tenn., Voinovich, R-Ohio, and Murkowski, R-Alaska.

Judicial bypass remains in status quo policies- provides barrier to abortions

Eisenman 9 (10, “TENTH ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENDER AND SEXUALITY LAW: HEALTH CARE LAW CHAPTER: ABORTION” 10 Geo. J. Gender & L. 827, Lexis Law, RS)

The Supreme Court, balancing the minor's liberty interest and …. than parents in the minor's decision- making process would be preferable. n73

No Disads- Obama’s 2011 budget includes funding for the LSC representing abortion related cases and abortion abroad. Erlet 2/2 2010 (Steven Ertelt, staff writer for lifenews, 2/2/10, " Obama's New Budget Contains Massive Funding of Abortion, Planned Parenthood ", http://www.lifenews.com/nat5952.html)

Washington, DC (LifeNews.com) – President Barack Obama released his FY 2011 budget on …. a funding level for international family planning but the amount is not expected to be lowered and could be increased by Congress.

Contention 2: The Other

Scenario 1 is Domestic Violence

Harvard - 10- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -11- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard

Initially Note - Domestic violence causes thousands of CHILDREN to die each year with many more deaths labeled as ‘accidents’. As long as the courts ignore this domestic violence, it will continue.

BERMAN 94 – J.D., University of Toledo College of Law, 1994; B.A., University of Toronto, 1988 (LEONARD, “NOTE: PLANNED PARENTHOOD V. CASEY: SUPREME NEGLECT FOR UNEMANCIPATED MINORS' ABORTION RIGHTS”, 37 How. L.J. 577, Lexis Law, RS)

A host of different forms of child abuse threatens the independent …. abolish [*594] state control over unemancipated minors' reproductive freedom by striking down the parental consent provision in total.

Legal Aid is key to decreasing domestic violence. The demand for their services are increasing while availability is decreasing Harkin 3/26/09 – US Senator [Tom Harkins, STATEMENT OF SENATOR TOM HARKIN INTRODUCING THE CIVIL ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT OF 2009 March 26, 2009, pg.http://nolsw.org/docs/Civil%20Access%20to%20Justice%20Act%20Harkin%20Statement.pdf.] **

It is LSC-funded attorneys who help parents obtain and keep custody of their children, …. vulnerable citizens who suffer as their legal needs go unmet.

Plan is key to stopping preventable deaths and providing minor women with an alternative to facing their domestic violence-ridden household.

BERMAN 94 – J.D., University of Toledo College of Law, 1994; B.A., University of Toronto, 1988 (LEONARD, “NOTE: PLANNED PARENTHOOD V. CASEY: SUPREME NEGLECT FOR UNEMANCIPATED MINORS' ABORTION RIGHTS”, 37 How. L.J. 577, Lexis Law, RS)

The Casey Court saw the bypass provision as a device to make mandatory parental consent constitutional…. found mature and competent enough to choose her abortion, or her lack of maturity suggests that it is not in …. back and strike down the parental consent provision in Casey.

Scenario 2: Adult/Child Dichotomy

Adolescents are viewed as incapable of making the decision – only shifting to decisional ability

Harvard - 11- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -12- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard standpoints solves. Hartman 2 – J.D., Ph.D (Rhonda Gay, August, 000, “Adolescent Autonomy: Clarifying an Ageless Conundrum”, 51 Hastings L.J. 1265, Lexis Law, RS)

Furthermore, the lack of evidentiary foundation to sustain presumptive ….. legal governance necessitates both reconceptualization and revision.

Judicial bypasses are the worst instances – they uphold the presumption that an adolescent is not mature enough to have the right to choice.

Hartman 2 – J.D., Ph.D (Rhonda Gay, August, 000, “Adolescent Autonomy: Clarifying an Ageless Conundrum”, 51 Hastings L.J. 1265, Lexis Law, RS)

Like the United States Supreme Court, these state supreme courts fail to consider evidentiary …./ reminding one of the adage "as much as things change, they remain the same.'

Moral obligation as intentional actors to reject this adult/child dichotomy

Ainsworth 91 (Janet. RE-IMAGINING CHILDHOOD AND RECONSTRUCTING THE LEGAL ORDER: THE CASE FOR ABOLISHING THE JUVENILE COURT. RS)

The reader may question why a normative claim need be made to abolish the…. . As intentional actors in the legal order, we ought to choose to dismantle it.

Our Youth is the most important: they are our future and ignoring them creates a future where conflict is inevitable; the negative’s utilitarian calculus reduces them to just a number.

Henry A. GIROUX, Global TV Network Chair Professorship in the Department of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 2009 [“Children of the Recession: Remembering "Manchild in the Promised Land",” TruthOut, June 8th, Available Online at http://www.truthout.org/060809A, Accessed 12- 08-2009]

Millions of children now find themselves in the richest country in the …. action that makes children the center of our politics and the call for democratic renewal? I hope not.

Ageism is the root of all oppression. Our speech act is key to reject it through the standpoint of an adolescent rather than that of an adult.

Dominick, contributor to Zmag, 1997 [ Brian Dominick, “Young and Oppressed: Revolution Kid Style” http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/19613]

While most common oppressions, such as sexism, racism, classism, heterosexism, even speciesism, have been identified, widely acknowledged, thoroughly discussed and deeply analyzed, one oppression remains largely untouched. This fact is astonishing given that the group oppressed by this ignored injustice is …. What is ageism? How does it manifest itself in practice? What are its results?

Ageism is the root of all violence: being abused as a child causes one to commit violent acts later in life.

Dominick, contributor to Zmag, 1997 [ Brian Dominick, “Young and Oppressed: Revolution Kid Style” http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/19613]

It is in the kinship sphere of social activity that interpersonal relations are formed. …. The role of parent as dictator must be replaced by nurturer. With humans, nurturing consists mainly of oversight, with guidance and control limited to a minimum.

Politics ignore the detrimental effects on children. Politicians must be held responsible for favoring the rich over the disposable youth.

Henry A. GIROUX, Global TV Network Chair Professorship in the Department of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 11-30-2009 [“No Bailouts for Youth: Broken Promises and Dashed Hopes,” TruthOut, November 30th, Available Online at http://www.truthout.org/1130096, Accessed 12-08- 2009]

We are treated endlessly to stories in which young people are robbed of their innocence as …. on the side of working and middle-class people but on the side of the rich and powerful.

Now is the Key time to enter a debate reminding adults of their responsibility of future generations. The affirmative is the first step in recognizing the injustices against children and breaking down ageism.

Henry A. GIROUX, Global TV Network Chair Professorship in the Department of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 11-30-2009 [“No Bailouts for Youth: Broken Promises and Dashed

Hopes,” TruthOut, November 30th, Available Online at http://www.truthout.org/1130096, Accessed 12-08- 2009]

At this moment in history, it is more necessary than ever to enter this debate …. contemporary adult society has proven itself willing to be for them.

THE TERMINAL IMPACT IS EXTINCTION—INEQUALITY POSES THE GREATEST THREAT TO SURVIVAL.

Robert CREAMER, political organizer, strategist, and author with 40 years experience, owner of Strategic Consulting Group—a political consulting firm that works on many of the country’s most significant issue campaigns, married to Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky of Illinois, 10-27-2009 [“Why Growing Income Inequality Is Bad for America,” The Huffington Post, October 27th, Available Online at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/why-growing-income-inequa_b_335115.html, Accessed 10-27-2009]

4). Finally, increased income inequality is completely undemocratic….. . The undemocratic increase in the distribution of wealth and income is not only wrong. It is also dangerous to our future survival.

This round is key to discuss connections between our experience as young people and the larger political environment. We know that an aff ballot doesn’t mean the plan happens but we still find meaning in our proposal. The participation in this debate allows development of power and public voice. All we have to win is that our project is better than the status quo or a mutually exclusive proposal.

Henry A. GIROUX, Global TV Network Chair Professorship in the Department of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 2009 [“Obama's View of Education Is Stuck in Reverse,” TruthOut, July 24th, Available Online at http://www.truthout.org/072409A, Accessed 12-08-2009]

Situated within a broader context of issues concerned with social responsibility…. addresses the future in terms of its democratic possibilities, rather than the bottom line.(6)

Thus the Plan: The Supreme Court of the United States should rule the Legal Services Corporation restriction on representing abortion related cases unconstitutional on the ground that it creates an undue burden on adolescent women as specified by Planned Parenthood v. Casey (Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833).

Contention 3: Solvency

A. Legal Counsel

Absent counsel, Judicial bypass proceedings are reduced to rehearsed testimonies that restricts the petitioner’s narrative – legal representation and trial by cross examination is key to a pure testimony.

Bridges 6 – Ph.D. Candidate, Columbia University Department of Anthropology. J.D., Columbia Law School; B.A., Spelman College. (Khiara M., January, “ESSAY: An Anthropological Meditation on Ex Parte Anonymous - A Judicial Bypass Procedure for an Adolescent's Abortion”, 94 Calif. L. Rev. 215, Lexis Law, RS)

In the above excerpt, it is possible to detect a subtle corruption of the …. he or she thought the law expected - attempted to ensure that the minor's case was convincing. n55

B. The Ruling

The plan is key to upholding free speech and ending government’s control over individual voices.

Udell 98 – The author is Deputy Director of the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, Director of the Brennan Center's Poverty Program, a former Legal Services attorney, and currently one of counsel for plaintiffs in Velazquez v (David S., Summer, “IMPLICATIONS OF THE LEGAL SERVICES STRUGGLE FOR OTHER GOVERNMENT GRANTS FOR LAWYERING FOR THE POOR”, 25 Fordham Urb. L.J. 895, Lexis Law, RS)

In light of the Supreme Court decisions, described above, which define limits …. of Legal Services programs that engage in the restricted activities. n84

Ruling on the undue burden standard is key to extend equal protection to adolescent women. BERMAN 94 – J.D., University of Toledo College of Law, 1994; B.A., University of Toronto, 1988 (LEONARD, “NOTE: PLANNED PARENTHOOD V. CASEY: SUPREME NEGLECT FOR UNEMANCIPATED MINORS' ABORTION RIGHTS”, 37 How. L.J. 577, Lexis Law, RS)

In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, five abortion clinics and one physician,…. Yet the unemancipated minor must sustain much more onerous abortion regulations due to her legal disability as a minor.

Status quo judicial bypass proceeding impose and undue burden on teenage mothers.

Schmidt 93 – Dedicated to August H (Catherine Grevers, June, “WHERE PRIVACY FAILS: EQUAL PROTECTION AND THE ABORTION RIGHTS OF MINORS”, 68 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 597, Lexis Law, RS)

Although the Supreme Court has held that parental consent and notification laws …. Despite these effects, the Supreme Court has held that judicial bypass provisions sufficiently protect a woman's privacy right to an abortion.

All solvency deficits are absolute - the Right will use the exemption as a political football to keep the flood of anti-abortion restrictions coming – targeting poor women is an easy political tactic

Kolbert 2K5 (Kathryn, Famous Lawyer who Argued Casey, Annenberg Public Policy Center, “Interview: Kathryn Kolbert,” The Last Abortion Clinic, PBS FRONTLINE, Nov. 8, 2005,http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/clinic/interviews/kolbert.html)

Strategically, those in the anti-abortion movement recognized very early on …. power, and eventually they'd be able to affect all women.

C. Safe Abortions

The aff is key to safe abortion – free legal aid allows women to obtain safe abortions and avoid death.

Blasdell 2 – Staff Attorney, National Abortion Federation, Washington, D.C (Jennifer, “SYMPOSIA: UNBURDENING THE RIGHT TO ABORTION: CASEY'S UNDUE BURDEN STANDARD MOTHER, MAY I?: RAMIFICATIONS FOR PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT LAWS FOR MINORS SEEKING ABORTION SERVICES”, 10 Am. U.J. Gender Soc. Pol'y & L. 287, Lexis Law, RS)

The desire to maintain secrecy continues to be one of the leading reasons …. , a statewide attorney referral network for minors seeking a judicial bypass. n59

D. The Chilling Effect

Status quo judicial bypass proceedings hold a chilling effect deterring those affected by pregnancy from seeking safe abortions.

CHEANEY 6 – Shelia Cheaney, B.B.A., University of Texas and J.D., University of Texas School of Law, a well-known Austin attorney, has devoted the past thirty-five years of her life and her law practice to

Harvard - 16- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -17- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard furthering the rights of those most in need of a voice (SHELIA and LAURA SMITH, Fall, “STAYING OPEN: HOW RESTRICTING VENUE IN TEXAS'S JUDICIAL BYPASS CASES WOULD HURT MINORS AND VIOLATE THE CONSTITUTION”, 9 SCHOLAR 45, Lexis Law, RS)

Most girls involve their parents when deciding whether to continue an unexpected pregnancy, n8 and …. her constitutional right, while providing her parents with a morally acceptable way to respect their daughter's choice.

Plan Solves Chilling Effect – the main barrier to legal advice and judicial bypass is the restriction on the LSC. Your states counterplan is the status quo.

CHEANEY 6 – Shelia Cheaney, B.B.A., University of Texas and J.D., University of Texas School of Law, a well-known Austin attorney, has devoted the past thirty-five years of her life and her law practice to furthering the rights of those most in need of a voice (SHELIA and LAURA SMITH, Fall, “STAYING OPEN: HOW RESTRICTING VENUE IN TEXAS'S JUDICIAL BYPASS CASES WOULD HURT MINORS AND VIOLATE THE CONSTITUTION”, 9 SCHOLAR 45, Lexis Law, RS)

Ten percent of the people who answered calls simply had no idea what to say. …….. might inadvertently call (or be purposefully referred to) an anti-choice "clinic." n111

Alpharetta High GA – Neil Sethi - Ricardo Saenz – Class Action Lawsuits LSC Legal Services Corporation 1ac - Emory/Milton

Mostly same as below but with Free speech and Econ Advantages Internal to free speech is similar to the voices contention. Terminals are D'souza and Rorty Internal to Econ is Predatory Lending; impact is war. Legal Services Corporation 1ac - Wake

Contention 1: The Status Quo

Restrictions on the Legal Services Corporation remain crippling legal aid to the poor. Now is key to remove them.

Diller - coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign and in the Center's Access to Justice Project - and Savner - Research Associate with the Brennan Center Justice - 6/22/09 (Rebekah and Emily, “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid to the Poor,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, http://74.125.47.132/search? q=cache:XpEoQkcUYFAJ:www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_call_to_end_federal_restrictions_o n_legal_aid_for_the_poor/ +A+call+to+EndFederal+Restrictions+on+Legal+Aidfor+the+Poor&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us, CNT)

"Created thirty-five years ago under...policy needs of poor communities. "

"put away your disads- Obama is already pushing the removal of LSC restrictions" obama, july 23rd 2009. "35th anniversary of legal serivces corporation 2009"http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Presidential - Proclamation - 35th - Anniversary of the Legal Services Corporation 2009" durring an economic crisis... mission and work

Contention 2: The Great Illusion

Peace is more than the absence of war- a limited understanding of the concept produces flawed policies- interrogation of the question “what is peace” is the primary task of policy makers

Richmond 07. [Oliver Richmond, professor in International Relations and Director of the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of St. Andrews. The Transformations of Peace. Palgrave MacMillan, 2007, pg 1.]

"Peace, and its conditions, is commonly... and development approaches are adopted.

Structural violence outweighs other impacts

Fischer 02 - Director, European University Center for Peace Studies (Dietrich and Jurgen Brauer, Twenty Questions for Peace Economics http://www.aug.edu/~sbajmb/paper-DPE.PDF)

"Galtung coined the notion of “structural violence” ... "bomb explosion."

"The aff's movement towards positive peace is a prerequisite to solving all harms - even a small transition olves the most intense imapcts off structural violence" "Barash 2K" " Approaches to Peace ; a leader in peace studies" Oxford Press , 2000 http://www.questiaschool.com/read/111756263? title=Approaches %20to%20%Peace%3a%20%20%A%20Reader%20in%20in%20Peace%20Studies,A; 7-10-9) EH '"Representations of war as a bounded temporal event sanitize peace time militarism and produce a politics of crises control that is incapable of dealing with complex societal interconnections that produce violence- the result is an inability to combat structural violence.'

Cuomo 1996. [ Chris Cuomo. Ph. D, University of Wisconsin, Madison Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati. “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence”. Hypatia Fall 1996, Volume 11, Issue 4, pg 30]

"In "Gender and `Postmodern' War ... inevitability of war and militarism."

Legal Services solve structural violence – 4 internal links.

Hirsch, Director of Advocacy for Chicago BAR Association, 2009 (Danielle Elyce, “CHICAGO BAR FOUNDATION REPORT: WITH CRISIS COMES OPPORTUNITY: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION ON IMPROVING ACCESS TO JUSTICE”, Chicago BAR Association, 23 CBA Record 24, LEXIS) "Equal access to justice is a ... those in need"

Specifically, Lifting the Class Action Ban is key to rights of the poor and effectiveness of the Legal Services

Blank and Zack 06 (Joshua D. is an associate at Wachtell, Lipton Rosen and Katz. B.A., New York University 1999; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002 and Eric A. is an Associate at Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP. B.A., University of Michigan 1998; J.D., Harvard Law School 2002. “Dismissing the Class: A Practical Approach to the Class Action Restriction on the Legal Services Corporation” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=814265)

"Common harms inspire collective action...1996 Restrictions."

Even if they fail, lifting the restriction on class action litigation the ONLY WAY to solve for rights, reform equal treatment and create a more efficient court for persons living in poverty.

Blank, Associate at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz. B.A., New York University, 1999; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002. And Zacks, Associate at Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP. B.A., University of Michigan, 1998; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002. 2005 (Joshua B. and Eric A., “Dismissing the Class: A Practical Approach to the Class Action Restriction on the Legal Services Corporation”, Penn State Law Review, 110 Penn St. L. Rev. 1, LEXIS)

"Class actions create better access... another appeals opportunity. n67"

Contention 4: Voices

The prohibition on class action lawsuits ultimately results in poor legal claims never being resolved and compromises the integrity of justice dispensed in the legal system

Bornstein, Senior Fellow at the Wilmerhale Legal Services Center at Harvard Law School, 2003 (Ilisabeth Smith, Master in Public Policy, Juris Doctor, COMMENT: From the Viewpoint of the Poor: An Analysis of the Constitutionality of the Restriction on Class Action Involvement by Legal Services Attorneys, University of Chicago Legal Forum, search by Lexis Nexis)

"The Velazquez analysis can be applied ... results from individual suits. n112"

Repealing the class action ban would open ears for the political voice of the poor

Blank, Associate at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz. B.A., New York University, 1999; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002. And Zacks, Associate at Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP. B.A., University of Michigan, 1998; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002. 2005 (Joshua B. and Eric A., “Dismissing the Class: A Practical Approach to the Class Action Restriction on the Legal Services Corporation”, Penn State Law Review, 110 Penn St. L. Rev. 1, LEXIS, rsaenz)

"Common harms inspire collective action ... the 1996 Restrictions."

Current legal services regulations create the idea of the “worthy” and “unworthy” that stigmatizes those worthy and unworthy of legal services. This creates an endless cycle of stigma and dependency for the poor.

Weissman, Associate Professor of Law and Director of Clinical Programs, University of North Carolina School of Law. The author gratefully acknowledges Marion Crain, Maxine Eicher, William Marshall, Gene Nichol, and Louis Perez, Jr. for their support and insightful comments and suggestions. Amanda Harmon, Tally Hobson, and William Keyser provided excellent research assistance, 2002 (Deborah M., “Law as Largess: Shifting Paradigms of Law for the Poor” William and Mary Law Review, 44 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 737, LEXIS RS)

"Liberal welfare policies that stigmatize ... that they are illegal and unfair. n327"

Legal services are doomed to fail amid the restrictions. Specifically, the class action restriction upholds the division between the “qualified” and “unqualified” and upholds stigma further perpetuating the ideology of otherization.

Weissman, Associate Professor of Law and Director of Clinical Programs, University of North Carolina School of Law. The author gratefully acknowledges Marion Crain, Maxine Eicher, William Marshall, Gene Nichol, and Louis Perez, Jr. for their support and insightful comments and suggestions. Amanda Harmon, Tally Hobson, and William Keyser provided excellent research assistance, 2002 (Deborah M., “Law as Largess: Shifting Paradigms of Law for the Poor” William and Mary Law Review, 44 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 737, LEXIS RS)

"Policies shaped by the ideological concerns ... the current political and economic agenda. "

Unrestricting legal services is key to remove the stigma of being poor and dependency on social services. Private associations only view the worthy and unworthy creating the stigma and worsening the problem overall changing the meaning of poverty to that of a moral status.

Jacobs, Professor of Law, University of Florida, Frederic G. Levin College of Law; J.D., Rutgers University School of Law - Newark; A.B., Princeton University, 2001 (Michelle S, “Full Legal Representation for the Poor: The Clash Between Lawyer Values and Client Worthiness” , Howard Law Journal, 44 How. L.J. 257 , LEXIS, RS)

"The pilot study suggests that law ... established by Legal Services lawyers. n175"

Allowing the idea of “Us” and “Them” is a continuation scapegoating, dehumanization, and genocide on the poor. This moral rejection under law must be independently rejected.

Jacobs, Professor of Law, University of Florida, Frederic G. Levin College of Law; J.D., Rutgers University School of Law - Newark; A.B., Princeton University, 2001 (Michelle S, “Full Legal

Representation for the Poor: The Clash Between Lawyer Values and Client Worthiness” , Howard Law Journal, 44 How. L.J. 257 , LEXIS, RS)

"Lawyers and law students are not immune ... to have settled for business as usual.

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should no longer restrict filing Class Action Lawsuits by organizations or attorneys receiving funding from the Legal Services Corporation.

Class action lawsuits increase public accountability and deterrence of future wrongdoing

Henry Rose 07; Henry Rose is an Associate Professor of Law at Loyola University Chicago School of Law; Franklin Pierce Law Center, Pierce Law Review; “Class actions and the Poor” Lexis, http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do? docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7006030731&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlK ey=29_T7006030734&cisb=22_T7006030733&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=291221&docNo=4

"A class action case necessarily focuses the court ... all of the victims of the wrongful conduct. "

Fed Key to removing class action restriction

Blank and Zack 06 (Joshua D. is an associate at Wachtell, Lipton Rosen and Katz. B.A., New York University 1999; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002 and Eric A. is an Associate at Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP. B.A., University of Michigan 1998; J.D., Harvard Law School 2002. “Dismissing the Class: A Practical Approach to the Class Action Restriction on the Legal Services Corporation” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=814265)

"The first, and most obvious, alternative ... could allay Congressional queries or fears."

LSC is single greatest source of funds for legal aid - other sources of funding in decline now.

Diller - coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign and in the Center's Access to Justice Project - and Savner - Research Associate with the Brennan Center Justice - 6/22/09 (Rebekah and Emily, “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid to the Poor,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, http://74.125.47.132/search? q=cache:XpEoQkcUYFAJ:www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_call_to_end_federal_restrictions_o

Harvard - 22- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -23- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard n_legal_aid_for_the_poor/ +A+call+to+EndFederal+Restrictions+on+Legal+Aidfor+the+Poor&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us, CNT)

"LSC embodies the federal government’s ... broad range of civil legal problems. "

Lifting Restrictions on Class Action expands legal services to persons in poverty

Hirsch, Director of Advocacy for Chicago BAR Association, 2009 (Danielle Elyce, “CHICAGO BAR FOUNDATION REPORT: WITH CRISIS COMES OPPORTUNITY: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION ON IMPROVING ACCESS TO JUSTICE”, Chicago BAR Association, 23 CBA Record 24, LEXIS)

"As part of its "Contract with America ... purposes."

Any claims of political activism through class action are false – the role is to reform existing law.

Rose, Associate Professor of Law, Loyola University Chicago School of Law, 2007 (Henry, “Associate Professor of Law, Loyola University Chicago School of Law.” Pierce Law Review, 6 Pierce L. Rev. 55, LEXIS)

"Federally-funded attorneys for the poor have ... consequences of the decision. " Racism Addon

The LSC class action ban is the most symbolic means of perpetuating racism. Padilla (Jose; vice- chair of PRRAC (Poverty and Race Research Action Council)’s Board, is Executive Director of California Rural Legal Assistance), 2001,

"Were I to capture in one phrase the 22-year experience in Legal Aid and civil rights advocacy, it would be that opponents of Legal Aid have been very " AND "employment rights protections have virtually vanished as well. "

In a world of racism, all the negative's impacts are inevitable and increasingly likely. Only dismantling the walls of racism and replacing them with anti-racist institutions can humanity survive. Barndt, educator, trainer and organizer in the field of racial justice, 2007 (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p.219-220) "To study racism is to study walls. In every chapter of this book, we have looked at barriers and fences, restraints and limitations, ghettos and prisons, bars and curtains. " AND "racism-free society. "

Alpharetta High GA – Reuben Lack - Neil Chaudhary – Omnibus LSC NHERENCY:

The Legal Services Corporation is currently barred from participating in class action lawsuits

Shepard, North Carolina law student, 2009 (Kris Shepard, edited by David Goldfield, “Rationing Justice”, March 2009)

[Legal services attorneys handled 1.7 million...poverty law practice once again.]

PLAN TEXT: The United States Federal Government should amend the Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act of 1996 to allow Legal Services Corporation-Funded Lawyers to bring Class Actions Lawsuits.

ADVANTAGE ONE - PREDATORY LOANS

The Majority of Predatory Loans are racially motivated. Squires, Chair of the Sociology Dept at George Washington University, 05 Gregory Squires, Chair of the Sociology Dept at George Washington University, “Predatory Lending: Redlining in Reverse” [1], Jan/Feb 2005

[After decades...services firms.]

The plan enables Legal Services to use class action to fight racist predatory lending practices. Brennan Center for Justice, 4-7 Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, “Fact Sheet: How the Legal Services Restrictions are Impeding Foreclosure Prevention Efforts” _foreclosure_pre/

[Broad Relief from Reverse Redlining...potentially taken advantage of by United Homes.]

The persistence of de facto segregation and substantial disparities in delivery of social services to people of color is a testament to the staying power of racism in American society. Barndt, educator, trainer and organizer in the field of racial justice, 2007 (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p. 46-48)

[If we measure results, it becomes...to our society's racism- wracked landscape]

Racism is not an accident, only working within the institution and changing the legal process can we start to fight it. Barndt, educator, trainer and organizer in the field of racial justice, 2007 (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p. 130-131)

[Now, I know the picture I just painted very much reflects the experience of a white person...in which "mutual accountability" is a fundamentally accepted concept and practice.]

In a world of racism, all the negative's impacts are inevitable and increasingly likely. Only dismantling the walls of racism and replacing them with anti-racist institutions can humanity survive. Barndt, educator, trainer and organizer in the field of racial justice, 2007 (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p.219-220)

[To study racism is to study walls...Transforming and building anti-racist institutions is the path to a racism-free society.] ADVANTAGE TWO – FREE SPEECH

The prohibition on class action lawsuits ultimately results in poor legal claims never being resolved and compromises the integrity of justice dispensed in the legal system Bornstein, Senior Fellow at the Wilmerhale Legal Services Center at Harvard Law School, 2003 (Ilisabeth Smith, Master in Public Policy, Juris Doctor, COMMENT: From the Viewpoint of the Poor: An Analysis of the Constitutionality of the Restriction on Class Action Involvement by Legal Services Attorneys, University of Chicago Legal Forum, search by Lexis Nexis, sparikh)

Repealing the class action ban would open ears for the political voice of the poor

Blank, Associate at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz. B.A., New York University, 1999; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002. And Zacks, Associate at Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP. B.A., University of Michigan, 1998; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002. 2005 (Joshua B. and Eric A., “Dismissing the Class: A Practical Approach to the Class Action Restriction on the Legal Services Corporation”, Penn State Law Review, 110 Penn St. L. Rev. 1, LEXIS, rsaenz)

[Common harms inspire collective action...dilemmas for legal services lawyers.]

We will isolate two impacts: 1) The Silencing of the Poor is a continuation scapegoating, dehumanization, and a genocide on the poor. This moral rejection under law must be rejected. Jacobs, Professor of Law, University of Florida, Frederic G. Levin College of Law; J.D., Rutgers

University School of Law - Newark; A.B., Princeton University, 2001 (Michelle S, “Full Legal Representation for the Poor: The Clash Between Lawyer Values and Client Worthiness” , Howard Law Journal, 44 How. L.J. 257 , LEXIS, RS)

[Lawyers and law students are not immune from preoccupations...we seemed to have settled for business as usual.]

2. Restrictions on non-profits violates the first amendment --- killing democracy and civil society Lustberg and Hafetz, 5 (Lawrence S., Chairs the Criminal Defense Department and is the Director of the John J. Gibbons Fellowship in Public Interest and Constitutional Law, John, John J. Gibbons Fellow in Public Interest and Constitutional Law at Gibbons, the author of numerous articles in scholarly and popular publications, including the Yale Law Journal, California Western Law Review, and Fordham Journal of International Law, 05-0340(L)-cv, 05-0360(CON)-cv, 05-0787(CON)-cv, 05- 0792(CON)-cv, 05-0925(XAP)-cv United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 7/6, [2])

[The third sector enhances democracy...unnecessary and overly burdensome governmental controls.]

Dehumanization through exclusion from democracy represents a bane to human existence, it is a plague that represents the worst possible fate that a human being can endure, a fate far more grave than extinction. Rogers 06 (James, Renowned Physiologist and author, The Accelerating Pace of Dehumanization, p.5-14)

[Dehumanization: a process that renders people into something you might have nightmares about...if you don’t maintain them, they deteriorate.]

CONTENTION 3 – SOLVENCY

States can’t solve LSC – poison pill restriction

Diller and Savner, staff writers for the Brennan Center For Justice, 2009 (Rebekah Diller and Emily Savner, Brennan Center For Justice at New York University School of Law, 6/22/09,[3]/)

[In a virtually unprecedented overreach...least a portion of their funds.]

Class actions are key to litigation for the poor – laundry list Joshua D. Blank (Associate at Harvard Law) and Eric A. Zacks (Associate at the University of Michigan) 2005: Dismissing the Class: A

Practical Approach to the Class Action Restriction on the Legal Services Corporation. Penn State Law Review. Lexis

[In the past, the class action device has been used ...to change its behavior without engaging in litigation]

[Usually some recent Ptix Non-Unique] New Solvency Cards (Ohio Valley)

LSC is single greatest source of funds for legal aid - other sources of funding in decline now. Diller - coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign and in the Center's Access to Justice Project - and Savner - Research Associate with the Brennan Center Justice - 6/22/09 (Rebekah and Emily, “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid to the Poor,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, http://74.125.47.132/search? q=cache:XpEoQkcUYFAJ:www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_call_to_end_federal_restrictions_o n_legal_aid_for_the_poor/ +A+call+to+EndFederal+Restrictions+on+Legal+Aidfor+the+Poor&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us, CNT) "LSC embodies the federal government’s most sustained ...programs in their home districts to obtain relief for a broad range of civil legal problems."

States can’t solve - in addition to funding restriction, they have their own restrictions regarding legal problems Brennan Center 03, (The Brennan Center of Justice at the NYU School of Law, 2003, “Struggling to Meet the Need: Communities Confront Gaps in Federal Legal Aid”, NM, http://brennan.3cdn.net/7689d2f385e9f3d753_bvm6y9ucy.pdf) "A simple lack of money . . .veterans’ benefits, and so on."

Alpharetta High GA – Vignesh Ramesh - Anushka Panday – Immigrant LSC Version #2

1AC: LSC Immigrant version

Text: The United States federal government should remove restrictions on Legal Service Corporation that prohibit representation of undocumented immigrants regardless of status

Contention 1 is inherency

80% of civil legal aid needs go unmet. Funding shortages and restrictions are responsible Diller & Savner 09 – Deputy Director of the NYU Brennan Center’s Justice Program & Research Associate in the NYU Brennan Center’s Justice Program [Rebekah Diller (J.D. from New York University School of Law) & Emily Savner, “A call to end federal restrictions on legal aid for the poor,” Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2009] "As the economic crisis pushes growing numbers of people into poverty ... work, so this work simply is not done."

Put away your disads, Congress just voted to renew LSC

Washington Post 6/25/2009 [“House Votes.” . Lexus] "ENDING LEGAL SERVICES CORP.For . . . $440 million fiscal 2010 budget."

Contention 2 is harms

Advantage 1 is iLaw -

Indigent migrants seeking asylum face the immigration courts alone - government funds are banned Schoenholtz 02, (Andrew I. Schoenholtz, Director of Law and Policy Studies, Institute for the Study of International Migration (ISIM), Georgetown University, and Jonathan Jacobs, ISIM Research Assistant, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center. The State of Asylum Representation: Ideas for Change, Summer 2002) "um applicants often have escaped . . . representation system can be improved."

US is in violation of CERD because it doesn’t give a right to civil counsel Brennan Center 07, (Brennan Center for Social Justice @ NYU Law School, December 10th 2007http://brennan.3cdn.net/845ab37c85c3925bee_fam6bxktq.pdf) "The U.S. briefly touched on the . . .a risk of loss of physical liberty"

Allowing for immigrants’ right to counsel is an area of exclusive federal control Brennan Center 07, (Brennan Center for Social Justice @ NYU Law School, December 10th

2007http://brennan.3cdn.net/845ab37c85c3925bee_fam6bxktq.pdf) "In areas of civil litigation . . .unrepresented in their removal proceedings.”

Plan reaffirms indigent migrants’ right to counsel BBATF 08, Boston Bar Association Task Force Gideon’s New Trumpet Gideon’s New Trumpet: September 2008, “http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/sclaid/atjresourcecenter/downloads/gideons_new_trumpet_9- 08.pdf”) "A. THE NEED FOR COUNSEL Each . . .without charge are extremely limited."

Recognizing the right to civil counsel through CERD is key to de-racialize judicial structures Davis 09, Martha Davis, Co-Director, Program on Human Rights and the Global Economy, Northeastern University School of Law, 2009 (“In the Interests of Justice: Human Rights and the Right to Counsel in Civil Cases.” Touro Law Review. 25 Touro L. Rev. 147. Lexis //ZE) "several provisions of CERD address fair procedure... such as housing, healthcare, or child custody are at stake"

An alien is a notion constructed by our government as a rationalization for exclusion based on race. We must act to restore the legal rights of those who have migrated to combat racism as a whole Johnson, 04 (Kevin Johnson, Associate Dean as well as Professor of Law and Chicana/o Studies at The University of California, Davis, The "huddled masses" myth, 2004) "As this discussion suggests, the . . . ignore the treatment of immigrants. "

Plan’s decision spills over to create precedent for ensured civil counsel Spriggs 01, James Spriggs and Thomas Hansford, Professors of Political Science, at the University of California at Davis, “Explaining the Overruling of U.S. Supreme Court Precedent,” Journal of Politics, November, 2001, http://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/csls/precjopfinal.pdf"Second, the norm of stare decisis, as operating... exert considerable influence on Supreme Court decision making.

Racism makes the negative's impacts inevitable and increasingly likely. Only dismantling the walls of racism and replacing them with anti-racist institutions can humanity survive Barndt 07, (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p.219-220) "To study racism is to study walls . . . path to a racism-free society. "

And, Racial discrimination is the ultimate form of dehumanization – non-whites are treated as inferior, and these races experience a total loss of liberty.

Feagin 2K (Biography: Joe Feagin is the author of more than forty books, including Living with Racism and Racist America. He is currently graduate research professor of sociology at the University of Florida, Racist America – Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations, Routledge New York and London) "The alienation of oppression extends to other areas... patterns such as residential segregation are its spatial manifestations.59

Advantage 2 is Soft Power

Bush administration policies tanked US human rights credibility—the result is increased terrorism recruitment and decreased cooperation on international law enforcement Roth, ‘9 [Kenneth Roth, exec. Director of human rights watch, Human Rights Watch World Report 2009, Introduction by Kenneth Roth, http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2009/taking-back-initiative-human-rights-spoilers] "As noted, the rise of the spoilers would have... potential, the Bush administration abandoned it from the start."

Upholding human rights and openness about helping immigrants is key to soft power Schulz 09, Executive Director of Amnesty International, Oberlin College, holds a master's degree in philosophy from the University of Chicago and the Doctor of Ministry degree from the University of Chicago, lecturer at many universities including Yale [ Dr. William F, “The Power of Justice Applying international human rights standards to American domestic practices”, June, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/06/pdf/humanrights.pdf] "Joseph Nye, the renowned coiner . . . standards to our domestic practices?"

Soft power is key to solving several scenarios for extinction--pandemics, economic collapse, nuclear war, and nuclear terrorism. Nye and Armitage, ‘7 [Jospeh S. Nye, Professor and Former Dean Of Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, and Armitage, deputy secretary of state from 2001 to 2005, both are co-chairs of the CSIS Commission on Smart Power, 2007 [Joseph and Richard, “CSIS Reports – A Smarter, More Secure America”, "The information age has heightened political consciousness... as their ability to destroy the enemy’s will to fight."

Removing LSC restrictions on immigrants are critical to giving immigrants ability to challenge unfair working practices, predatory lending practices, and to ensuring that the poor have a voice in public deliberation Diller 6/22, - coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign and in the Center's Access to Justice Project - and Savner - Research Associate with the Brennan Center Justice - 6/22/09 (Rebekah and Emily, “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid to the Poor,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law,http://74.125.47.132/search? q=cache:XpEoQkcUYFAJ:www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_call_to_end_federal_restrictions_o n_legal_aid_for_the_poor/ +A+call+to+EndFederal+Restrictions+on+Legal+Aidfor+the+Poor&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us, CNT) "Created thirty-five years ago . . . a time of massive need. "

LSC is single greatest source of funds for legal aid - other sources of funding in decline now. Diller - coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign and in the Center's Access to Justice Project - and Savner - Research Associate with the Brennan Center Justice - 6/22/09 (Rebekah

Harvard - 30- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -31- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard and Emily, “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid to the Poor,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, http://74.125.47.132/search? q=cache:XpEoQkcUYFAJ:www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_call_to_end_federal_restrictions_o n_legal_aid_for_the_poor/ +A+call+to+EndFederal+Restrictions+on+Legal+Aidfor+the+Poor&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us, CNT) "LSC embodies the federal government’s most sustained ...programs in their home districts to obtain relief for a broad range of civil legal problems."

LSC restrictions are politically motivated to constrain poor’s ability to protect themselves from losing public benefits, resist predatory lenders and stave off foreclosures. Removing LSC restrictions is critical to enabling people to fight insidious interests. Edelman - professor of law at Georgetown Law Center and chair of the District of Columbia Access to Justice Commission - 7-15-09. (“...And a Law for Poor People” http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090803/edelman/single EMS) "Federally funded legal services lawyers for poor people... largely free from such limits for a surprisingly long time."

LSC in the past has been very effective helping over a million people, plan solves all of the shortcomings in the squo

ABA 8/14/09 (American Bar Association, a government website that monitors the legal aid provided by the USFG for the public) "The Legal Services Corporation (LSC), formed in 1974 with bipartisan... problems are turned away because of the local programs' lack of resources."

Federal action is key – the US has to stop using federalism to duck away from international responsibilities

Powell 08, associate Professor of Law, Fordham Law School, Director, International Law and the Constitution Initiative, Leitner Center on International Law and Justice [Catherine, “Human Rights at Home: A Domestic Policy Blueprint for the New Administration”, http://www.acslaw.org/files/C%20Powell%20Blueprint.pdf] "A. Recognize That Respect for . . . , and experience in, human rights."

Feds are key – the poison pill restriction kills any state action

Diller 09, and Savner, staff writers for the Brennan Center For Justice, 2009 (Rebekah Diller and Emily Savner, Brennan Center For Justice at New York University School of Law, 6/22

Alpharetta High GA – Chelsea Ashworth - Rucha Shrotriya – Class Action Lawsuits LSC Version #2

Wake- 1AC Contention 1: Inherency

While the House has approved an increase in LSC funding, the Senate bill faces numerous hurdles. Even if additional funding is offered, the bill maintains crippling restrictions on the way they are used Baltimore Sun 6/26/09 [“Congress must lift restrictions on legal aid,” 11:25 AM EDT, June 26, 2009, pg. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bal-legalaidpreview0626,0,4374050.story]

For the first time in...their rights under the law.

80% of civil legal aid needs go unmet. Funding shortages and restrictions are responsible Diller & Savner 09 – Deputy Director of the NYU Brennan Center’s Justice Program & Research Associate in the NYU Brennan Center’s Justice Program [Rebekah Diller (J.D. from New York University School of Law) & Emily Savner, “A call to end federal restrictions on legal aid for the poor,” Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2009]

As the economic crisis pushes …work simply is not done.

Contention 2: Predatory Lending

First, The global economy is damned to further decline ---- the stimulus package is insufficient Stiglitz, March 2009 (Joseph E., professor of economics at Columbia University, and recipient of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics, How to fail to Recover, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/stiglitz110) NEW YORK – Some people thought that Barack Obama’s election …requires a strong American economy.

The plan enhances the efficacy of the stimulus package --- vital to economic recovery Savner, 9 ( Emily, the Brennan Center as a Research Associate with the Justice Program, 2/17, “A Little Representation Would Go a Long Way,” http://www.brennancenter.org/blog/archives/a_little_representation_would_go_a_long_way/) Signed into law today, the $787 billion stimulus…up through our economy gets into the hands of those for whom it was meant.

Independently, ending predatory lending is critical to prevent further economic decline Georgia, 6/19/09 (Jacque, Senior Loan Officer/Partner at 1st Financial Mortgage of WI, Georgia Green Bay Press-Gazette

“Jobs, good lending practices key to recovery: Lenders should return to 4 C's”) When consumers have jobs, they make money. …the sidelines when things are not so swell.

Restrictions devastate efforts to stop predatory lending Rebekah and Savner, 6/18/09 (Diller coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign to eliminate the private money restriction on legal services programs and works on other initiatives in the Center's Access to Justice Project. Emily joined the Brennan Center as a Research Associate with the Justice Program in June of 2008. She assists the Access to Justice Project. “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid of for the Poor”,http://brennan.3cdn.net/941339ac7ffd67694e_q8m6ivwxi.pdf)

Notwithstanding the restrictions, legal services…bill being passed by the Legislature.

We control the internal link to conflict escalation ---- the economic crises encourages increased aggression across the globe Shearing, 9 (Peter, Former Royal Air Force Intelligence Analyst, writer, World Economic Outlook 2009: Threat to International Stability Implicit in Slow Economic Recovery, Jan 6, http://internationalpolitics.suite101.com/article.cfm/world_economic_outlook_2009#ixzz0JTrbG2M2&C) The world economic crisis could …of an economic crisis both at home and overseas.

The terminal impact is global WMD conflict Kerpen 10/28/08 (Phil, policy director of Americans for Prosperity, http://article.nationalreview.com/? q=OWQ3ZGYzZTQyZGY4ZWFiZWUxNmYwZTJiNWVkMTIxMmU=) It’s important that we avoid all these policy …armed conflicts on an even greater scale.

Contention 3: Free Speech

The prohibition on class action lawsuits ultimately results in poor legal claims never being resolved and compromises the integrity of justice dispensed in the legal system Bornstein, Senior Fellow at the Wilmerhale Legal Services Center at Harvard Law School, 2003 (Ilisabeth Smith, Master in Public Policy, Juris Doctor, COMMENT: From the Viewpoint of the Poor: An Analysis of the Constitutionality of the Restriction on Class Action Involvement by Legal Services Attorneys, University of Chicago Legal Forum, search by Lexis Nexis, sparikh)

The Velazquez analysis can be applied to…change rarely results from individual suits. n112

Repealing the class action ban would open ears for the political voice of the poor Blank, Associate at Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz. B.A., New York University, 1999; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002. And Zacks, Associate at Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP. B.A., University of Michigan, 1998; J.D., Harvard Law School, 2002. 2005 (Joshua B. and Eric A., “Dismissing the Class: A Practical Approach to the Class Action Restriction on the Legal Services Corporation”, Penn State Law Review, 110 Penn St. L.

Rev. 1, LEXIS, rsaenz) Common harms inspire collective action… an effort to comply with the 1996 Restrictions.

Specifically, the class action restriction upholds the division between the “qualified” and “unqualified” and upholds stigma further perpetuating the ideology of otherization. Weissman, Associate Professor of Law and Director of Clinical Programs, University of North Carolina School of Law. The author gratefully acknowledges Marion Crain, Maxine Eicher, William Marshall, Gene Nichol, and Louis Perez, Jr. for their support and insightful comments and suggestions. Amanda Harmon, Tally Hobson, and William Keyser provided excellent research assistance, 2002 (Deborah M., “Law as Largess: Shifting Paradigms of Law for the Poor” William and Mary Law Review, 44 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 737, LEXIS RS)

Policies shaped by the ideological …against the current political and economic agenda.

The Silencing of the Poor is a continuation scapegoating, dehumanization, and a genocide on the poor. This moral rejection under law must be rejected. Jacobs, Professor of Law, University of Florida, Frederic G. Levin College of Law; J.D., Rutgers University School of Law - Newark; A.B., Princeton University, 2001 (Michelle S, “Full Legal Representation for the Poor: The Clash Between Lawyer Values and Client Worthiness” , Howard Law Journal, 44 How. L.J. 257 , LEXIS, RS) Lawyers and law students are not immune …we seemed to have settled for business as usual.

Dehumanization through exclusion from democracy represents a bane to human existence, it is a plague that represents the worst possible fate that a human being can endure, a fate far more grave than extinction. Rogers 06 (James, Renowned Physiologist and author, The Accelerating Pace of Dehumanization, p.5-14) Dehumanization: a process that renders people …the school yard, if you don’t maintain them, they deteriorate.

Plan Text: The United States federal government should remove the existing restrictions and conditions on the Legal Services Corporations prohibiting Class Based Action.

Class action lawsuits provide essential rights to the poor and deter future exploitations Katie Meinick 08; Katie is a J.D. Candidate at St. John’s University; “In Defense of the Class action lawsuit: and examination of the implicit advantages and a response to common criticisms” St. John’s Journal of Legal Commentary,http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do? docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7006030731&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlK ey=29_T7006030734&cisb=22_T7006030733&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=143887&docNo=11

Historically it has been the plaintiffs who have …from the increased regulation of the businesses world. n216

Federal class action lawsuits key Randal Jeffrey, Asst. Director New York Legal Assistance Group, Fall 2003 (“Article: Facilitating Welfare Rights Class Action Litigation: Putting Damages and Attorney’s Fees to Work.” Brooklyn Law Review. 69 Brooklyn L. Rev. 281 Lexis //ZE) In terms of scope, this Article concerns …and the federal courts remain the primary forum. 18

Lawmakers only concede to class action lawsuits – empirically proven The Virginia-Pilot, part of the Virginia Fair Trial Project, 2007 (“Overdue relief on attorney fees...?”, 3/1/2007,http://www.vafairtrialproject.org/News/virginia-pilot-070301.php)

After years of closed eyes and closed ears ...by at least $8.2 million to $58 million.

Federal funds are needed Moses 5/7/09 - Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress [Joy Moses, “Essential Legal Services: Funding the Legal Services Corporation,” Center for American Progress, | May 7, 2009, pg. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/05/legal_services.html

In this environment, federal funds take on a …while providing new federal funding for law school clinical programs.

Class action lawsuits increase public accountability and deterrence of future wrongdoing Henry Rose 07; Henry Rose is an Associate Professor of Law at Loyola University Chicago School of Law; Franklin Pierce Law Center, Pierce Law Review; “Class actions and the Poor” Lexis, http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do? docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7006030731&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlK ey=29_T7006030734&cisb=22_T7006030733&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=291221&docNo=4

A class action case necessarily focuses the court, …to all of the victims of the wrongful conduct.

Impoverished people need class action lawsuits to increase socioeconomic status Kessler, Professor at Bates College, 2005 (Department of Political Science, April 2005,http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/harris405.htm) While the poverty lawyers who initiated the class …and is furthered by the stimulating analyses contained in this book.

Current restrictions on class actions severely limit the ability of the poor to use class action as a tool to get welfare reforms STEPHEN WIZNER (Professor Emeritus of Law, Professorial Lecturer in Law, and Supervising Attorney at Yale Law School) 1997: Rationing Justice. Lexis Finally, we need a strategy to confront and …practice of lawyers who serve the poor.

States can’t solve LSC – poison pill restriction Diller and Savner, staff writers for the Brennan Center For Justice, 2009 (Rebekah Diller and Emily Savner, Brennan Center For Justice at New York University School of Law, 6/22/09, http://www.brennancenter.org/content/resource/a_call_to_end_federal_restrictions_on_legal_aid _for_the_poor/) In a virtually unprecedented overreach, ..."unrestrict" at least a portion of their funds.

Class action restrictions on the LSC prevent the poor from speaking out against agencies and companies that take advantage of them on a day to day basis Joshua D. Blank (Associate at Harvard Law) and Eric A. Zacks (Associate at the University of Michigan) 2005: Dismissing the Class: A Practical Approach to the Class Action Restriction on the Legal Services Corporation. Penn State Law Review. Lexis Common harms inspire collective action. …that LSC-funded legal services programs can use to responsibly institute class actions.

Class actions are key to litigation for the poor – laundry list Joshua D. Blank (Associate at Harvard Law) and Eric A. Zacks (Associate at the University of Michigan) 2005: Dismissing the Class: A Practical Approach to the Class Action Restriction on the Legal Services Corporation. Penn State Law Review. Lexis In the past, the class action device has been used effectively …or private agency to change its behavior without engaging in [*14] litigation. n65

Aspen High School CO – Max Zimet - Michael Zimet – ?

Baccalaureate School for Global Education NY – Erika Tannor - Shira Almeleh – GDS Biopower Aff

Georgetown Day School Biopower of Poverty – 1AC

CONTENTION 1 IS THE REALITY

1) I make $6.50 an hour. Am I poor? Datko, single professional woman, 2K6 Karen Datko, Montana, Dec. 28,06http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/SavingandDebt/LearnToBudget/IMake650AnHourAmIPoor.as px

“As a single professional woman, for years I sat securely among the lower rungs of the middle class…. And can I really be considered poor if I still have some savings, or still have my house?”

2) Just How poor is Poor? Lute, middle aged husband and father of 3 year old boy, 2k5 Mike Lute, Nov. 18, 05 http://www.firedupmissouri.com/node/3121 “My wife was informed that our income level is 150% above poverty level and our 3 year old son's Medicaid insurance is being dropped…. Wish us luck....”

3) I am a 22-year-old poor college student, do I qualify for any free health insurance? Rachel, college student, Sept. 3, 2008 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080729143724AArjZUW

“I am in college so naturally I am broke….Is there any kind of help out there for young, single people?”

CONTENTION TWO IS THE RECKLESS VIOLENCE OF CONVENTIONAL DISCOURSE

The 2009-2010 high school debate topic is Resolved: the United States Federal Government should substantially increase its social services for persons living in poverty. The current debate community is a space colonized by neoconservative, imperialist knowledge production processes that has profound impact. William Spanos, prof at SUNY Binghamton, in 2007 (quoted by Joe Miller in _Cross-X_, p. 467)

“I am very much aware that the arrogant neocons who have saturated the government…. A revolution in the debate world must occur.”

SUBPOINT A IS EXPERT KNOWLEDGE

1) Traditional policy analysis engages in a biopolitical representation of those living in poverty. The power relationships embedded within poverty analysis inevitably create a culture of control. Discursive analysis of the frame for poverty research is a pre-requisite for challenges to the existing problems of social service provision.

Sanford SCHRAM Social Policy @ Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research at Bryn Mawr College ’95 Words of Welfare p. xxvii-xxx

“Poverty research as a special field of applied social science exists because it was created to serve state managers and existing political-economic arrangements…. postmodern analysis examines how policy is itself constitutive of the reality against which it is directed.”

2) These expert assumptions don’t take into consideration the intersections and realities of people in poverty. And the impact is Rachel’s story. By that, we mean infinite regression- attempting to narrate for the poor establishes an “us vs. them” dichotomy that oversimplifies political relationships and reinforces stereotypes.

Schram, prof social theory and policy @ Bryn Mawr College, 95 (Sanford F. Schram, professor of social theory and policy at Bryn Mawr College, 1995, words of welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty, pg. 46-49 “According to Michel…in the face of grinding poverty.”)

“ethnography also risks replicating the myth of individua- tion that underlies social statistics… Yet it is surely possible to tell other stories about these same individuals- stories that stress even the persistence of role models in the face of grinding poverty.”

SUBPOINT B IS STATE CENTRICITY

1) Using the USFG as a key actor to solve for poverty in debate excludes the possibility of personal agency and forces corrupt pedagogy. The government is a process, not an object. The government and dependency rhetoric construct predefined roles for different members of society. State-centricity makes critical understanding of the world impossible. Shampa Biswas, Professor of Politics at Whitman College, December 2007, “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1, p. 125-126

“it is the powerful hold of the nation-state upon intellectual thinking that Said most bemoans… He points in this context to the rather common intellectual tendency to be alert to the abuses of others while remaining blind to those of one’s own.”

2) And, the impact is Mike Lute’s story; his reliance on the government and its constant shortcomings, leading to oppression. Legally mandated services invisibly punish those that it is meant to help. Brown and Halley, ‘2 (Wendy Brown-Professor of Political Science and women’s studies at University of California, Berkley and Janet Halley-Professor of Law at Harvard University. “Introduction”. Left Legalism/Left Critique. Editors: Wendy Brown and Janet Halley. Duke University Press. P. 13-14)

“Because law can take the shape of permissions rather than prohibitions, it can invisibly capacitate social and cultural actors to do particular kinds of social… discretionary standards that are nevertheless intrinsic to the design of adoption law.”

3) Karen’s story: also known as our future ignorance. Attempting to solve political problems through a flawed legal system inevitably fails – we’re forced to sacrifice the opportunity to solve the root causes of the problem Brown and Halley, 02 (Wendy Brown-Professor of Political Science and women’s studies at University of California, Berkley and Janet Halley-Professor of Law at Harvard University. “Introduction”. Left Legalism/Left Critique. Editors: Wendy Brown and Janet Halley. Duke University Press. P. 19-20)

“Legalism translates wide-ranging political questions into more narrowly framed legal questions… its definitions of liberty at the price of an exploratory argument about the constituent elements of freedom.”

CONTENTION THREE IS THE STATE OF WELFARE

1) The welfare state creates an obligation to provide for the welfare of citizens. It assigns this obligation as an ethical responsibility, rather than a personal choice. The poverty line fails to take into account the realities of poor people, reinforcing common stereotypes and utilizing a managerial discourse that regulates and controls the poor. Schram, prof social theory and policy @ Bryn Mawr College, 95 (Sanford F. Schram, professor of social theory and policy at Bryn Mawr College, 1995, words of welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty, pg. 82 – 85 “Examining the poverty line…in their daily lives”)

“Examining the poverty line from the perspective of people who have to eat from… Drawing the poverty line from a discourse that gives weight to the coping practices of the poor can help to begin to redress this state of affairs.”

2) And, the impact is violence. Stigmatized language leads to a worse community with violence as people feel separated from society. Colleen VOJACK Educational Policy Studies @ Illinois ‘7 “Choosing Language: Social Service Framing and Social Justice” The British Journal of Social Work p. 6-7

“The psychological effects of that ambivalence may include contraction of self, a threatened self- concept, lowered self-esteem, anger, frustration, emotional denial and cognitive impairment… Official labelling (labelling by authorities) may be even more damaging than lay labelling, because it carries the weight of public opinion”

ADVOCACY STATEMENT:

Thus, Shira and Erika will endorse the following: To spread knowledge about the biopolitical assumptions embedded within traditional policy analysis through embracing individual agency as a solvency mechanism.

THE FRAMEWORK IS:

We see this debate round as a form of political conversation.Therefore the framework of this round should be who establishes the best methodology for challenging poverty.

CONTENTION 4 IS THE MOVEMENT TOWARDS CHANGE

1) The aff solves by interrogating the assumptions of poverty. Traditional ways of producing poverty knowledge must be scrutinized to have hope for objectivity and solvency. O’Connor, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University,2K1 Alice O’connor, author of Poverty Knowledge, 2001, p. 294

“Finally, a reconstructed poverty knowledge would acknowledge and embrace rather than deny its inherently political nature, not necessarily by adhering to a single, agreed-upon ideological alignment, but by opening up its usually buried interests and ideological assumptions to scrutiny and debate… These are the building blocks for a genuinely different kind of poverty knowledge, one that is less devoted to changing poor people than to a genuinely progressive struggle against inequality.”

2) AND, The role of the ballot is to problematize the conventional discourse of poverty. It is to change relationships to the law. Changing how we produce knowledge about social services is an important part of the criticism process. We must problematize the colonized educational apparatus within traditional debate that inflicts control and oppression. Patrick Reinsborough, writer, grassroots organizer, and popular educator. Originally published in David Solnit (editor), Globalize Liberation (San Francisco: City Lights Book, 2004), pgs. 161-211.

“Colonialism is not just the process of establishing physical control over territory, it is the process of establishing the ideologies and the identities -- colonies in the mind -- that perpetuate control… This means directly confronting the myths and assumptions that make a better world seem unattainable.”

Baccalaureate School for Global Education NY – Daranee Nasongkhla - Latisha Harris – ?

Baltimore City College MD – William Stokes - Nicholas Vail – ICCPR ICCPR Affirmative - Wake Forest

Observation 1 is inherency

Immigrant Detention Centers are not currently offering adequate medical treatment to detainees

Evans, Writer for the People’s Weekly World, 6-18 [Desiree Evans 6 – 18 – 09 Writer for the People’s Weekly World. [“Immigrant deaths in detention raise questions about oversight of private prisons”, http://www.pww.org/article/view/16051] A coalition of immigrant and civil rights groups …of overall accountability in U.S. immigrant detention.

Text: The United States Supreme Court should hold that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights guarantees an adequate right to health to Immigrant Detainees in Immigrant Detention Centers.

Observation 2: Harms

Advantage 1: Modeling

Other countries will model our treatment of immigrant detainees—incorporating international human rights standards into our immigrant detention policy is key to change other countries standards.

Brane and Lundholm, Director of the Detention and Asylum Program, 08 (Michelle and Christiana, Director of the Detention and Asylum Program, Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 22 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 147) Global Approach Globalization is having an …. concrete examples from other countries.

EU detention policy’s has created resentment from immigrants in Europe Loescher, Professor at the Refugee Studies Centre, 02 [Gil, Visiting Professor at the Refugee Studies Centre, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, “State Responses to Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Europe,” 43-44] States have the right to … long-term strategic stability in the world.

This resentment destroys EU leverage over the Balkans-That’s key to maintain stability

Glenny, a British Journalist who specializes in southeastern Europe and global organized crime, 03 [Misha Glenny, a British Journalist who specializes in southeastern Europe and global organized crime, 10-27-03, “Defusing the Balkans Powder Keg”, http://www.epc.eu/en/ce.asp? AI=337&LV=177&PG=CE/EN/detail&TYP=CE&l=3&see=y&t=42] Defusing the Balkans Powder Keg The Balkans … political sting of underdevelopment in South Eastern Europe.

Global nuclear war

Baker, Former Secretary of States, 95 (James, Former Secretary of State, http://www.hri.org/news/forpapers/95-04-30.frp) The first great European conflict … of deterrence now than pay the price of broader conflict later.

And this would create a black hole of terrorism.

Glenny, a British Journalist who specializes in southeastern Europe and global organized crime, 01 [Misha Glenny, a British Journalist who specializes in southeastern Europe and global organized crime, 10-26-01, “Heading off Terrorism in the Balkans”,

http://www.amerikabrev.nu/index.asp?page=artiklar&read=14]

For 10 years, the Balkans … that effort can and must be made.

Nuclear Terrorism would push us into a full-scale nuclear war

Hellman, Prof @ Stanford ‘8 (Martin Hellman, Stanford Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering, 2008, “Why worry about nuclear weapons now? Isn’t the Cold War over?”,http://nuclearrisk.org/1why_now.php) As a result of the improved Russian-American relations… illicit sale is much too high.

Advantage 2: Democracy

Global Democratic Transitions are Underway and a Strong Signal from the Supreme Court Upholding Judicial Review against Executive Detention Claims is key to Stable Transitions

The International League for Human Rights 2004 [Amici Brief Al Odah v. US 2003 U.S. Brief 334. http://jenner.com/] Many of the newly independent governments … modeling their actions on the United States.

Authoritarianism leads to inevitable recurring transition crises, it’s only a matter of whether those transitions are democratic or not.

Halperin, Senior Vice President of the Center for American Progress and Director of the Open Society Policy Center, 2005 [The Democracy Advantage, p. 50-5] Adaptability. Political Stability. An established mechanism … guarantees unscrupulous behavior on the part of potential successors.

Judicial Independence is a pillar of stable democratic consolidation

Chavez 04 [associate professor of political science at the United States Naval Academy The Rule of Law in Nascent Democracies p 2-3] In contrast to electoral democracy… most entrenched obstacles in the way of rule of law in Latin America.

Democratic consolidation is key to survival

Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, 95 [Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 1995, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s,http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm] If you are looking for this card …, something is wrong with you

Democratization solves all war

Tarzi, Professor of Economic Affairs @ Bradley, 7[Shah, Professor of Economic Affairs @ Bradley, Democratic Peace, Illiberal Democracy and Conflict Behavior, International Journal on World Peace, vol 24] Bueno de Mequita, Morrow, Siverson, and Smith are … democratic states rarely attack one another.

Advantage 3 is ICCPR good

The denial of Medical Care to immigrant detention centers places the US in violation of the ICCPR

Human Rights Watch, 09[“Detained and Dismissed”, http://www.hrw.org/en/node/81429/section/7] Failures in the detention medical care system's… both of which the US has ratified.

Two Scenario’s

Scenario 1: Self Determination

Global secession is inevitable

Muller, Professor of History at the Catholic University, 08 [Jerry Z. Muller, Professor of History at the Catholic University, March/April 2008, “The Clash of peoples”,http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/29/opinion/29iht-edmuller.html?_r=1] But none of this will … profit from facing it directly.

ICCPR is key to set a framework for Self Determination

Roy, special assistant to the chief advisor of Bangladesh, 2004 [Raja Devasish, “Challenges for Juridical Pluralism and Customary Laws of Indigenous Peoples: The Case of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh”, Lexis] Among the different international … its own means of subsistence.

Self Determination founded in international law uniquely shifts the focus of self-Determination from succession to a human rights framework

Thornberry, Professor of International Law, Keele University, 2000 [Patrick Thornberry, Professor of International Law, Keele University, 2000, Operationalizing the Right of Indigenous People to Self Determination, p. 64] Secession is not an … human dignity and solidarity.

This human rights framework is key to global peace—it prevents external self determination or territorial solutions

Kolodner, currently completing a joint degree at New York University School of Law and Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, 1994 [Eric, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 10 Conn. J. Int'l L. 153] Recently, however, some commentators … maintain world peace and stability.

Unbridled secession leads to global war and other scenarios for massive death Gottlieb, Leo Spitz Professor of International Law and Diplomacy University of Chicago Law School, 1993 [Gidon Gottlieb, Leo Spitz Professor of International Law and Diplomacy University of Chicago Law School, 1993, Nation Against State, p. 26-27] Self-determination unleashed and … basis for global security and prosperity.

Scenario 2: Human Rights

US Compliance with international law is key to increasing human rights globally

Cassel 01 (Spring 2001, Douglass Cassel, Director of the Center for International Human Rights at Northwestern University School of Law, Chicago Journal of International Law “International Human Rights Law In Practice: Does International Human Rights Law Make a Difference?” http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do? docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T6809858309&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey= 29_T6809858312&cisb=22_T6809858311&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=237721&docNo=1) To some degree, as.… domestic and foreign policy debates.

The successful protection of international human rights prevents multiple scenarios for extinction.

Copelon, CUNY Law Professor & Director of the Int’l Human Rights Law Clinic, 99 [Rhonda, 3 N.Y. City L. Rev. 59] The indivisible human rights … domestic and foreign policy.

Observation 3: Solvency

The ICCPR applies during conflict

Wilde, Reader in Law, University College London, 05 [Ralph Wilde, Reader in Law, University College London. “Legal ‘black hole’?” 2005 26 Mich. J. Int'l L. 739] B. Do International Treaties on … of human rights treaties are interpreted.

Plan uses the ICCPR even though it is not self executing. That would reassert judicial independence and strengthen international human rights.

Goldman, Executive Editor, Duke Law Journal, 05 [Jeffrey C. Goldman, Executive Editor, Duke Law Journal. “Of Treaties And Torture: How The Supreme Court Can Restrain The Executive,” Duke Law

Journal December, 2005 55 Duke L.J. 609] The Bush administration's original (and now superseded) "torture memos" … first and foremost to protect individuals." n106

Ruling on a non-self executing treaty would set precedent that ensures future courts use international human rights law

Davis, Visiting Professor of Law & Democracy at Albany Law School, Vice President and Legal Director, NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, 2000 [Martha F. Davis, Visiting Professor of Law & Democracy at Albany Law School, Vice President and Legal Director, NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund. “International Human Rights And United States Law: Predictions Of A Courtwatcher,” Albany Law Review 2000 64 Alb. L. Rev. 417] This change will be much less to a common legal problem." n72 New Advantages- broken at GDS

African Democracy

Contention 3 is Judicial Independence

African instability is increasing due to backsliding democracy

Katie Baker Newsweek 10-5-09 "The age...is at war"

This backsliding is occurring due to weak constitutionalism

Prempeh, law prof at Seton Hall Law School, former Director of Legal Policy and Governance at the Ghana Center for Democratic Development , 06 [H. Kwasi Prempeh, law prof at Seton Hall Law School, former Director of Legal Policy and Governance at the Ghana Center for Democratic Development. "Marbury in Africa: Judicial Review and the Challenge of Constitutionalism in Contemporary Africa" March, 20 06 80 Tul. L. Rev. 1239] "In contemporary Africa....in their future?"

In addition to checks on executive authority, loose interpretations of stare decisis are key to help emerging constitutional courts break with traditions of authoritarianism which is key to African democratization

Prempeh, law prof at Seton Hall Law School, 99 [law prof at Seton Hall Law School, former Director of Legal Policy and Governance at the Ghana Center for Democratic Development and Former Partner at Michael Gottlieb's Law Firm) 99(H. Kwasi, A New Jurisprudence for Africa, Journal of Democracy 10.3 (1999) 135-149, MUSE "Africa's judiciaries....quo ante?"

The U.S. Supreme Court is modeled in Africa

Palmer, Professor of Law, Tulane University School of Law, 01 [Vernon Valentine Palmer, Professor of Law, Tulane University School of Law, March 20 01, Tulane Law Review] "as we....not Europe's"

Democratic consolidation is essential to African stability Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and co-editor of the Journal of Democracy, 98 [Larry "the common...or another"

African conflicts will draw in outside powers and escalate to nuclear war

Deutsch, 02 (Dr. Jeffrey Deutsch, Founder of the Rabid Tiger Project: An Organization Devoted to Political Risk Consulting and Related Research, Contributing Editor for Russian Politics, and PHD in economics from GMU, 11/18/02. http://www.rabidtigers.com/rtn/newsletterv2n9.html) "The rabid Tiger...go fishing"

North South advantage

U.S. treatment of immigrants in detention centers is modeled globally. Providing adequate healthcare is key to humane treatment of detained immigrants internationally. Brane and Lundholm, Directors of the Detention and Asylum Program 08 (Michelle and Christiana, Director of the Detention and Asylum Program, Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 22 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 147

I. Global Approach Globalization is having an increasingly evident impact on work migration and the U.S. must find responsible and effective behavior as a model.

International human rights standards for immigrants are key to moderate growing tension between the north and south. Loescher Prof @ Oxford ‘2 (Gil, Visiting Professor at the Refugee Studies Centre, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, “State Responses to Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Europe,” 43-44) States have the … strategic stability in the world.

Extinction Krieger President of the NAP Foundation ‘6 06 (David, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation,http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2006/09/15_krieger_northsouth.htm) Within both South and …natural and man-made treasures in tact to future generations.

Baltimore City College MD – Corey Lacey - Ameena Ruffin – ?

Baltimore City College MD – Kaine Cherry - David Neustadt – TANF

Kaine and I demand that the United States Federal Government expand sex education under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Act to include comprehensive sex education.

Contention one is the patholagization of sexuality

The AIDS epidemic ushered in a new system of sexual repression, where images of sex as “dangerous” came to dominate the media and educational landscape. We must break free from these notions of sexuality to a new world with positive discourses of sex.

Adelman ‘92

(Mara Beth Adelman, Ph.D. from the Department of Speech Communication at the University of Washington, Assistant & Associate Professor of Communication, Seattle University, Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 21, No. 5, 1992, “Sustaining Passion: Eroticism and Safe-Sex Talk,” P. 490-492//DN)

This paper grapples with the discourse of intercourse, that sexual conversation that occurs between two people prior to, during, and after sex. It is a conversation that, in light of the AIDS epidemic, is increasingly regarded as more revealing than the sexual act itself. In her analysis of the plague metaphor of AIDS, Sontag (1989) speaks of the intrusion of the "social sphere" in the erotic experience of sex, since the fear of AIDS, "Sex no longer withdraws its partners, if only for a moment, from the social sphere. It cannot be considered just a coupling; it is a chain, a chain of transmission, from the past" (pp. 160-161). Sexual abandonment, this "experience of pure presentness," is now pervaded with media images of sexually transmitted diseases and proclamations for safe sex---warnings that are undoubtedly greater "turn-offs" than "turn-ons" in the journey through erotic reality.

Unfortunately, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Act of 1996 reinforced those notions of dangerous sex, sending a clear signal that the best relationship was an abstinent one, and that all others are inhuman.

Siegel ‘5

(Carol Siegel, A.A. Humanities, San Francisco City College; B.A. and M.A. English Literature, San Francisco State University; Ph.D. English University of California, Berkeley, Taught as an Instructor at San Francisco State University, University of California, Berkeley, and as an Assistant Professor at Loyola University, New Orleans, prior to current position as Professor at Washington State, Vancouver, Goth’s Dark Empire, Indiana University Press, 2005, P. 41-42//DN)

As one might expect, official government-supported abstinence programs are far less subtle. The 1996 welfare reform bill included legislation allocating federal funding for abstinence education that, as Warner notes, focuses on “‘teaching the social, psychological, and health gains to be realized by abstaining from sexual activity.’” He follows this alarming quotation from the law by observing, “There is no attempt to spell out what those gains are. It is simply assumed that abstaining from sex is better” (203). And even more troubling, “the law tells states to teach ‘that a mutually faithful monogamous relationship in the context of marriage is the expected standard of human sexual activity’” (203). Not only is this “circular reasoning,” as Warner maintains (“marriage is normative because it is normative,” 204), it implies that any other sort of behavior, or by extension the mere desire for something other than monogamous marriage, is not human, and so those who experience it are not deserving of human rights. In this context the recommendations of Planned Parenthood’s pamphlets seem aligned with those of agencies that adamantly oppose recognition of ordinary life as teens live it, and use this willful ignorance to justify condemning teens to unnecessary unhappiness. And girls are not the only targets of this nonsense anymore. As Judith Levine shows, “now, boys are expected to desire as little as girls” (129). contention 2 is the ramifications of restricted desire

first we’ll argue that desire is the foundational structural force in society and thus comes first in the impact calculus. Desire is an active force rather than a reactive response to unfulfilled need. Desire is the fundamental organizing characteristic of society. This property of desire gives choices to close off or open up to more spacious worlds.

Patton, 2K, Paul a Professor of philosophy in the School of History and Philosophy at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, where he has been since 2002.Patton received a B.A. and M.A. from the University of Sydney, and, in 1979, received a Doctorat D'Universite from Paris VIII, (Vincennes). Before he took up his professorship at University of New South Wales, Patton lectured at the Australian National University, in Canberra, Australia, and the University of Sydney. Patton is a member of the Australasian Association of Philosophy. Patton has published widely on aspects of 20th Century French philosophy. Including focus on the works of Deleuze, Derrida and Foucault. In 2007 he is editing Volume 7 (Post-Postructuralism) of The History of Continental Philosophy, which will be published by Acumen in 2008. Between 2000 and 2006, Patton appeared in a number of ABC radio broadcasts, including 'The Descent of Man,'[1] on ABC Radio National's Science Show in 2000, 'Deleuze and Democracy' in 2005, [2] and 'Where philosophy gets done' in 2006,[3] both on the show 'The Philosopher's Zone'.In 1994 and 1997 Patton was a Visiting Fellow at the Humanities Research Centre, at Australian National University. In 2005, he was a Visiting Fellow of the Scots Philosophical Society, at the University of Dundee in Scotland. Deleuze and the Political,2000. 69-70

The first distinguishing feature of the theory of desire outlined in AntiOedipus (1977) is its positivity: desire is understood as a primary active force rather than as a reactive response to unfulfilled need. Desire is productive in the sense that it produces real connections, investments and intensive states within and between bodies. In this sense, Deleuze and Guattari suggest ‘desire produces reality’ (Deleuze and Guattari 1977:30). This fundamental difference in point of departure sets the Deleuzian theory apart from an entire tradition of thought about desire that extends from Plato through Hegel to Freud. In particular, it sets this conception apart from the idea that desire is constituted by the ever renewed and impossible attempt to regain a lost object of satisfaction. The point is not to deny that unsatisfied desire may give rise to phantasmatic satisfactions, but to deny that this phenomenon is the essence of desire. Deleuze and Guattari’s theory of desire is constructivist in the sense that desire always requires a machine or assemblage. Desire is present in a given assemblage in the same way that, in a musical work, the principle of composition is present in the silences as much as in the audible sounds: ‘Lack refers to a positivity of desire and not desire to a positivity of lack’ (Deleuze and Parnet 1987:91). A second distinguishing feature of their account is that the process of desire is not by nature directed at the production of stable subjects whose own conscious desires respect the familial and social order. Rather, ego formation and the constitution of subjects involve a historically specific fixation of desire, brought about by the action of social codes, family structures and behaviour towards the child. In this sense, their conception of subjectivity is entirely consistent with Foucault’s view that ‘it is one of the prime effects of power that certain bodies, certain gestures, certain discourses, certain desires come to be identified and

Harvard - 52- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -53- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard constituted as individuals’ (Foucault 1980:98). Nor is desire internal to a subject, in their view. Rather, it is the subject, which is inseparable from the constitution of a machinic assemblage of fluxes of intensity, particles of affect and a-signifying signs. Desire produces intensities and the consumption of intensities, wherever and in whatever form these may be found. Subjectivity is an effect of this process rather than its origin. Moreover, Deleuze and Guattari claim, desire is a-social or revolutionary by nature, not in the sense that it ‘wants’ revolution but rather ‘as though involuntarily, by wanting what it wants’ (Deleuze and Guattari 1977:116). They follow Freud in calling the energy that is transformed in the process of desire libidinal energy. They insist that this energy is not primarily sexual nor directed at other persons and reject the idea that it naturally tends toward the formation of a fixed or centred subjectivity. In their view, it becomes fixed under the influence of Oedipal social and familial structures which impose a particular usage of the primary syntheses. The best evidence, they argue, ‘points to the fact that desire does not take as its object persons or things, but the entire surroundings which it traverses, the vibrations and flows of every sort to which it is joined and in which it introduces breaks and captures’ (Deleuze and Guattari 1977:292). Alternatively, if we persist in calling such libidinal energy sexual, then we must say that sexuality is everywhere: in the manner in which a bureaucrat fondles his files, the way in which a judge administers justice, or the way in which a filmmaker handles her camera, her characters and her story. What is important is the manner in which this energy is invested in its surrounding field: ‘we always make love with worlds’, Deleuze and Guattari write, ‘and our love addresses itself to this libidinal property of our lover, to either close himself or herself off or open up to more spacious worlds’ (Deleuze and Guattari 1977:294).

1. the macro level- aka the molar level

Abstinence only education is the new regime for the supervision of sexuality that Foucault predicted, where the state places children who have sex as “dangerous” to society. It creates an Oedipal structure where the child must constantly listen to the disciplining voice of the parent.

Siegel ‘5

(Carol Siegel, A.A. Humanities, San Francisco City College; B.A. and M.A. English Literature, San Francisco State University; Ph.D. English University of California, Berkeley, Taught as an Instructor at San Francisco State University, University of California, Berkeley, and as an Assistant Professor at

Loyola University, New Orleans, prior to current position as Professor at Washington State, Vancouver, Goth’s Dark Empire, Indiana University Press, 2005, 39-40//DN)

Once again, Foucault’s words seem apropos. Speculating, in 1978, on what would follow the sexual revolution, he predicted the emergence of “a society of dangers, with on the one side, those who are in danger, and on the other those who are dangerous.” And while the main focus of this paranoia would be on relations between adults and minors, he foresaw that “[s]exuality will become a threat in all social relations, in all relations between members of different age groups, in all relations between individuals.” Ultimately, “what we will have there [in legal and medical institutions] is a new regime for the supervision of sexuality” (“Sexual Morality and the Law,” 281). It may make more sense to think about the vigilant official surveillance of Goths at the turn of the millennium as part of this history rather than as a reasonable response to the Columbine shootings. We might even go so far as to think of the Columbine massacre as the occasion for policing Goth, instead of the cause, because of the way Goth developed as a force against the changes conservatives justified by invoking the AIDS threat. In the early nineteen- eighties, as various governmental agencies released information about the transmission of AIDS, American concepts of sexuality changed once again. We can read the extent of this change from a brief look at a newspaper editorial response to the July 2001 revelation that a sexual affair took place between Representative Gary Condit and Congressional intern Chandra Levy, who subsequently disappeared. The columnist, Susan Reimer, exhorts parents to retain as much control as they can over the sexual behavior of their children in their mid-twenties. She laments, “we cannot dictate the behavior of a 24-year- old. But we can be that little voice in their heads that speaks up whenever they’re thinking about doing something they know we wouldn’t like.” To further this return of an omnipresent parentally introjected conscience, known to old-school Freudians as the overly powerful superego, she recommends that parents “remain in constant supportive contact with their adult children,” screening all social activities and keeping an eye out for companions who might lead the adult children sexually astray. When daughters in their mid-twenties show resentment of this constant surveillance, parents must keep in mind that it is for the daughters’ own good. One is tempted to ask when parents should stop controlling a child’s sex life. When the child is thirty? Forty? Eligible for retirement?

This Control Society makes War, Genocide, and Nuclear Destruction Possible.

Foucault, chair in the history of systems of thought, college de france, 1976 [michel, the history of sexuality, volume i: an introduction, p. 135-140]

Since the classical age the West has undergone a very profound transformation of these mechanisms of power. "Deduction" has tended to be no longer the major form of power but merely one element among others, working to incite, reinforce, control, monitor, optimize, and organize the forces under it: a power bent on generating forces, making them grow, and on ordering them, rather than one dedicated to impeding them; making them submit, or destroying them. There has been a parallel shift in the right of death, or at least tendency to align its with the exigencies of a life-administering power and to define itself accordingly. This death that was based on the right of the sovereign is now manifested as simply the reverse of the right of the social body to ensure, maintain, or develop its life. Yet wars were never as bloody as they have been since the nineteenth century, and all things being equal, never before did regimes visit such holocausts on their own populations. But this formidable power of death—and this is perhaps what accounts for part of its force and the cynicism with which it has so greatly expanded its limits—now presents itself as the counterpart of a power that exert a positive influence on life, that endeavors to administer, optimize, and multiply it, subjecting it to precise controls and comprehensive regulations. Wars are no longer waged in the name of a sovereign who must be defended; they are waged on behalf of the existence of everyone; entire populations are mobilized for the purposes of wholesale slaughter in the name of life necessity; massacres have become vital. It is as managers of life and survival, of bodies and the race, that so many regimes have been able to wage so many wars, causing so many men to be killed. And through a turn that closes the circle, as the technology of wars has caused them to tend increasingly toward all-out destruction, the decision that initiates them and the one that terminates them are in fact increasingly informed by the naked question of survival. The atomic situation is now at the end point of this process: the power to expose a whole population to death is the of the power to guarantee an individual's continued existence. The principle underlying the tactics of battle— that one has to be capable of killing in order to go on living—has become the principle that defines the strategy of states. But the existence in question is no longer the juridical existence of sovereignty; at stake is the biological existence of a population. If genocide is indeed the dream of modern powers, this is not because of a recent return of the ancient right to kill; it is because war is situated and exercised at the level of life, the species, the race, and the large-scale phenomena of the population.

2. the micro level aka the molecular level

abstinence education creates the conditions for microfacisism—kids hate themselves, kids constantly repress their sexual urges and identities in the name of the state which is fundamentally disempowering

Siegel ‘5

(Carol Siegel, A.A. Humanities, San Francisco City College; B.A. and M.A. English Literature, San Francisco State University; Ph.D. English University of California, Berkeley, Taught as an Instructor at San Francisco State University, University of California, Berkeley, and as an Assistant Professor at Loyola University, New Orleans, prior to current position as Professor at Washington State, Vancouver, Goth’s Dark Empire, Indiana University Press, 2005, P. 42-44//DN)

The abstinence program now being offered to young people as the cure for all the problems sex may present seems to consist of abstaining from sexual activity until one has found a person whom one expects to become one’s life partner. As I discuss in New Millennial Sexstyles, among actual young people the message of abstinence programs is often distorted into a prohibition on penetration of the vagina with the penis, as the recipients of this form of sex education take the usual silence on oral and anal intercourse to mean that they are permissible, chaste, and safe activities. Even more practitioners of “abstinence” seem to believe that mutual masturbation is an acceptable component of the chaste life. However, most of these young people and their adult advisors strongly condemn sexual activity of any sort outside a commit ted, exclusive romantic relationship between heterosexuals. The National Abstinence Clearinghouse, the largest organization supporting this form of miseducation, even warns against “sexual self-stimulation,” because of its potential negative impact on later marital relations (Lerner, 36). Absolute avoidance of premarital sexual activity of any sort, followed by married monogamy, is deemed the only true protection against disease and unhappiness. It seems fairly obvious that such advice will have a depressing effect on gay teens. However, not only do the advocates of abstinence typically ignore the program’s implication that gays must stay in the closet and marry for cover, they also seem blinded by the anti-sexual biases of our society to the emotional problems that adherence to such a program can create even for heterosexual youth. If one abstains from sexual activity unless one is in a committed relationship, anyone who experiences sexual desire is likely to feel even more desperate to find such a relationship than young people might otherwise feel. Since our society relentlessly pressures people to pair up into couples, making social interactions for the unpartnered increasingly difficult with every year that passes, the addition of celibacy to single status can be cruel in itself. And obviously, when having a sex life is contingent on attaining a committed relationship, young people will probably have to wait longer for sex than they would if they considered it acceptable to have sex with any attractive and

Harvard - 56- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -57- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard willing partner. But the pain of abstinence goes far beyond adding sexual frustration to loneliness, and prolonging both of these in adolescence and young adulthood. People who will not have sex unless they are in a committed relationship and who wish to begin having sex must structure their social lives around meeting and getting to know potential life partners. They must avoid activities through which they are unlikely to meet such people, no matter how entertaining the people they would meet may be. Practitioners of abstinence are also compelled to be far more selective than people who are open to casual sex when engaging in any activity that might lead to sexual relations, such as dating, or even flirting. Instead of having a casual attitude about finding sex partners and engaging in activities they enjoy while looking around, noting who attracts them, and making overtures to those people, the abstinent must constantly concern themselves with possibilities in the distant future. For example, before asking a young man with similar musical tastes if he would like to join her at the Ani DiFranco concert, an abstinent young woman should decide whether he is from her own socio-economic group, has or is likely to attain an acceptable earning potential, and seems ready for a life commitment.11 Because others generally do not respond well to being dismissed due to their failure to meet such criteria, the sexual abstainer is likely to be criticized by others as overly selective and intermittently berated for having an inflated sense of self- worth. Because most young people lack the social status and power conducive to having an excessive amount of self-esteem and self-confidence, consistently being told that they are not worth as much as they seem to think is bound to be quite destructive. Young people who are tormented by frustrated sexual desire and by unfulfilled romantic longing for physical intimacy can easily come to feel that their sufferings are due to deep flaws in their own psyches or characters. In conversations with young abstainers I never hear any of them say that they are too selective without hearing them add something along these lines: “I guess there’s something wrong with me.” Many, no doubt influenced by current discourses of sexuality, speculate that they must have had some sort of sexual trauma, which they have repressed but which has rendered them abnormal and thus unable to achieve happiness. Even more depressing is the view held by many abstainers that they are alone because they are exceptionally unattractive physically. Again, few young people have had their appearance sufficiently affirmed to be able to consider themselves indisputably good-looking, and agonizing insecurity about physical appearance is a common feature of adolescence. Because advertising and mass entertainment media consistently reiterate that being beautiful causes one to be loved, and because abstinence philosophy defines love as the desire to commit for life to another person, abstainers who are alone frequently attribute their situation to being so ugly that no one wants them. While young people who engage in casual sex usually realize that they are attractive enough to get a lover and see achieving a satisfying long-term relationship as something that has to do more with compatibility than with looks, abstainers, who cannot have any sexual relationship without life-partnering and who have been taught to understand others’ attempts to engage them in casual sex as disrespectful, hostile, and even as a form of assault, are more likely to see themselves as

Harvard - 57- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -58- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard universally despised and rejected. But abstinence not only makes young people feel freakish and at fault for their own loneliness, it also makes them acutely aware of the limitations of their ability to know others. It can drastically intensify alienation. Abstainers must ask themselves very difficult questions about potential sex partners: for instance, they must determine whether a person is genuine, responsible, and trustworthy, rather than merely deciding whether the person is amusing and cute. Thus the very position of abstinence seems destined to make one feel that one has little control over relations with others, for how in the world can you tell through conversation whether a person is honest? It is all very well to say that one should not have sexual relations with anyone who cannot be trusted absolutely, but in real life it is nearly impossible to trust others not to lie about sex.

The molecular nature of fascism makes all of your war claims inevitable. Big macro-theories miss the fine- grained, concrete distinctions necessary to diagnose social problems that leads to the same systemic perspectives typical of the Anglo-Saxon tradition even seemingly trivial "sentiments and attitudes at the grassroots level" can end up resonating at the level of state and turning into a suicidal downward spiral of mass destruction, is the implication.

Marnios 08, Martin Professer at FAU, Disciplining Civil War: Serbian and U.S. Press Coverage of the 1990s Conflicts in Yugoslavia, Global Media Journal, Volume 7, Issue 12,http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/sp08/graduate/gmj-sp08-grad-marinos.htm

Civil war and asymmetrical warfare are rhizomatic and as such they resist being captured and arborified either by the media or the State. But during and after the Yugoslav wars journalists and academics attempted to do this by making “a portion of the signified [the war] to correspond to a sign or group of signs for which that signified has been deemed suitable, thus making it knowable” (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987, p.114). Since the outbreak of the Yugoslav wars in 1991, there has been an “unprecedented outpouring” of both scholarly and journalistic writing on the causes of the breakup. Reviewing this literature, Gale Stokes and his colleagues discuss more than forty possible causes (Allock, 2000). Sabrina Ramet’s (2005) review of the literature on the collapse of Yugoslavia also strives to tackle “a potentially confusing avalanche of work” on the issue with “dramatically different interpretations of what happened” (Ramet, 2005, p.ix). But what all interpretations and speculations share is the fact that they are so broad and general that they cannot be wrong. Each line of thinking seeks to locate a single source or center which “caused” the collapse and often sink into what Guattari refers to “reductionist, neo- behaviorist and systemist perspectives typical of the Anglo-Saxon tradition” (Genosko, 1996, p.70). What remains unclear is why all of a sudden neighbors turned against each other after coexisting peacefully for

Harvard - 58- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -59- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard many years. In the complex ethnic mixture of the former Yugoslavia, “ethnic unmixing” (Duijzings, 2000, p.17) took place not only on the city, town, village and house to house level but also on the level of perceptions and affects. Such radical change in the collective behavior of the Yugoslav people calls for attention to sentiments and attitudes at the grassroots level. Deleuze and Guattari argue that “groups and individuals contain microfascisms just waiting to crystallize” (1987, p.213). It is important to note that when these theorists discuss fascism they talk about fascism with a lowercase “f,” as for them fascism assumes the social desires of repression and death and as such it can proliferate in every soul. Hence Deleuze and Guattari describe it as emotionally unstable regime propagated by the grassroots that is distinct from the rigidity of the Stalinist totalitarian states. Thus the well known French far-right politician, Jean-Marie Le Pen is described by Felix Guattari as a “collective passion looking for an outlet, a hateful pleasure machine that fascinates even those that it nauseates” (Guattari, 1995, p.15).Deluze and Guattari argue that eventually microfascisms can crystallize and form a State which is suicidal. Following Paul Virilio, they claim that self-destruction of the nation is the goal and outcome of fascism. The suicide is facilitated by a war machine that turns the means of production into means of pure destruction.

The War machine is like a wild beast - something a state can take hold of and use, but not something it can ever fully control. "All the dangers of the other lines pale by comparison." It's the fire that current welfare policies play with when they propagate national identity-norms and actively serve the capitalist system.

Deleuze and Guattari 80, (Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Minoritarians, Schizophrenics, Rhizomes, Deleuze was a French philosopher of the late 20th century. From the early 1960s until his death, Deleuze wrote many influential works on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. Guattari was a French militant, institutional psychotherapist and philosopher, a founder of both schizoanalysis and ecosophy. Guattari is best known for his intellectual collaborations with Gilles Deleuze, A Thousand Plateaus 230-231)

This brings us back to the paradox of fascism, and the way in which fascism differs from totalitarianism. For totalitarianism is a State affair: it essentially concerns the relation between the State as a localized assemblage and the abstract machine of overcoding it effectuates. Even in the case of a military dictatorship, it is a State army, not a war machine, that takes power and elevates the State to the totalitarian stage. Totalitarianism is quintessentially conservative. Fascism, on the other hand, involves a

Harvard - 59- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -60- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard war machine. When fascism builds itself a totalitarian State, it is not in the sense of a State army taking power, but of a war machine taking over the State. A bizarre remark by Virilio puts us on the trail: in fascism, the State is far less totalitarian than it is suicidal. There is in fascism a realized nihilism. Unlike the totalitarian State, which does its utmost to seal all possible lines of flight, fascism is constructed on an intense line of flight, which it transforms into a line of pure destruction and abolition. It is curious that from the very beginning the Nazis announced to Germany what they were bringing: at once wedding bells and death, including their own death, and the death of the Germans. They thought they would perish but that their undertaking would be resumed, all across Europe, all over the world, throughout the solar system. And the people cheered, not because they did not understand, but because they wanted that death through the death of others. Like a will to wager everything you have every hand, to stake your own death against the death of others, and measure everything by "deleometers." Klaus Mann's novel, Mephisto, gives samplings of entirely ordinary Nazi speeches and conversations: "Heroism was something that was being ruled out of our lives . . . In reality, we are not marching forward, we are reeling, staggering. Our beloved Fuhrer is dragging us toward the shades of darkness and everlasting nothingness. How can we poets, we who have a special affinity for darkness and lower depths, not admire him? . . . Fires blazing on the horizon; rivers of blood in all the streets; and the frenzied dancing of the survivors, of those who are still spared, around the bodies of the dead!"32 Suicide is presented not as a punishment but as the crowning glory of the death of others. One can always say that it is just a matter of foggy talk and ideology, nothing but ideology. But that is not true. on of Nazi statements, which are just as much in evidence in politics and economics as in the most absurd of conversations. They always contain the "stupid and repugnant" cry, Long live death!, even at the economic level, where the arms expansion replaces growth in consumption and where investment veers from the means of production toward the means of pure destruction. Paul Virilio's analysis strikes us as entirely correct in defining fascism not by the notion of the totalitarian State but by the notion of the suicidal State: so-called total war seems less a State undertaking than an undertaking of a war machine that appropriates the State and channels into it a flow of absolute war whose only possible outcome is the suicide of the State itself. "The triggering of a hitherto unknown material process, one that is limitless and aimless. . . . Once triggered, its mechanism cannot stop at peace, for the indirect strategy effectively places the dominant powers outside the usual categories of space and time . . . It was in the horror of daily life and its environment that Hitler finally found his surest means of governing, the legitimation of his policies and military strategy; and it lasted right up to the end, for the ruins and horrors and crimes and chaos of total war, far from discharging the repulsive nature of its power, normally only increase its scope. Telegram 71 is the normal outcome: If the war is lost, may the nation perish. Here, Hitler decides to join forces with his enemies in order to complete the destruction of his own people, by obliterating the last remaining resources of its life-support system, civil reserves of every kind (potable water, fuel, provisions, etc.)."33 It was this reversion of the line of

Harvard - 60- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -61- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard flight into a line of destruction that already animated the molecular focuses of fascism, and made them interact in a war machine instead of resonating in a State apparatus. A war machine that no longer had anything but war as its object and would rather annihilate its own servants than stop the destruction. All the dangers of the other lines pale by comparison.

contention 3 is sexual citizenship

Education programs targeted at promoting safe-sex open up new discourses of sexuality finding the happy medium between sexuality, desire, and contraception.

Adelman ‘92

(Mara Beth Adelman, Ph.D. from the Department of Speech Communication at the University of Washington, Assistant & Associate Professor of Communication, Seattle University, Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 21, No. 5, 1992, “Sustaining Passion:

Eroticism and Safe-Sex Talk,” P. 490-492//DN)

If popular and therapeutic prescriptions for sex talk applaud its importance, it is equally true that educational institutions and mass media work hard to suppress it. While educational institutions insidiously negate the sensual, the mass media glorify passion, ignoring its negative repercussions. In an incisive ethnographic study of sex education in public schools, Fine (1988) outlines the anti-sex rhetoric in these programs and the absence of the discourse of desire. She identifies four major discourses of sexuality that weave their way from national debates by such leaders as Surgeon General C. Everett Koop and Secretary of Education William Bennett, infiltrating public high school curricula and classroom. A brief summary of these discourses reveals the ways sex education serves to control and define discourse on adolescent sexuality and to "structure silence" around adolescents' subjective experience of desire: The first discourse, sexuality as violence, is clearly the most conservative, and equates adolescent heterosexuality with violence . . . . The second discourse, sexuality as victimization . . . [in which] young women (and today, men) learn of their vulnerability to potential male predators . . . is the language of defense; defense against disease, pregnancy and "being used." . . . The third discourse, sexuality as individual m o r a l i t y . . , values women's sexual decision making as long as the decisions made are for

Harvard - 61- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -62- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard premarital a b s t i n e n c e . . , the language of self-control and self-respect reminds students that sexual immorality breeds not only personal problems but also community tax burdens. (pp. 31-32) Finally, there is the discourse of desire, which "remains a whisper inside the official work of U.S. public schools . . . . The naming of desire, pleasure, or sexual entitlement, particularly for females, barely exists in the formal agenda of public schooling on sexuality" (p. 32). Fine argues that "a genuine discourse of desire would invite adolescents to explore what feels good and bad, desirable and undesirable, grounded in experiences, needs, and limits" (p. 33). Regrettably, the primary focus in sex education courses is on the anatomical, not the relational (courses on "intimacy" are generally reserved for psychology, sociology, or communication studies courses which are devoid of the anatomical). In a college syllabus on human sexuality, emphasis is placed on the anatomical, pathological (disease, dysfunctions, paraphilias, and victimization), therapeutic, and preventative arenas of sex (M. Williams, 1988). Attention to the psychosocial factors influencing human sexuality--- non-pathological responses such as desire, arousal, eroticism, and ecstasy--is disturbingly absent. If sex is not necessarily "sick," there is little in our educational programming that suggests "good news" for its promotion. Even instructional films on this topic ignore the relational dynamics that contribute to sexual pleasure. Sex education films tend to ignore conversation between partners; instead depictions of sexual encounters are accompanied by "guitar music and birds chirping" (M. Williams, personal communication, 1988). The mass media offer few scripts for safe-sex talk, much less depictions of erotic discourse. On television, portrayals of sex scenes usually dissolve into commercial breaks, trains going into tunnels, or waves breaking on the shore. At best, the viewer is left with tidbits of nonverbal tease or muted, highly censored pre- and postcoital commentary. Media representation of sex talk has not progressed very far from the days of Mae West, when sexual invitations had to be coded in analogies to bypass censors (e.g., "Is that a gun in your pocket or are you just happy to see me?"). Ironically, such lines may be censored today because they are so overtly playful and sexual. In a recent study of 52.5 hr of soap operas presented on major television networks--an arena with greater sexual content than prime-time programs--Lowry and Towles (1989) found that although sexuality occurs in the "fast lane, no one ever comes down with a sexually transmitted disease" (p. 81). Their findings support the increased depiction or suggestion of sex in the media, where instances of sexual behaviors were up from 6.58 instances per hour in 1979 programs to 7.35 in 1987. References to intercourse included such expressions as "an affair," "cheat on me," "roll in the hay," "shack up with her," "unfaithful," and "make love" but there "were no instances (either verbal, implied, or physical) of anything to do with pregnancy prevention and STD prevention." They note that the portrayal of sex is predominately for unmarried partners, "a dream world" where contraception and unwanted pregnancy are a rarity. In short, television's depiction of human sexuality is pervasive but caution is not. If there is one underlying theme in this article, it is that we must begin to address the experience of passion, eroticism, sensuality in examining safe-sex talk, and ultimately in promoting safe-sex practices. There is an inherent

Harvard - 62- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -63- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard tension in safe-sex discourse: The everyday reality of condom use, a reality made necessary by the threat of disease and death, must be reconciled with the erotic reality of sexual pleasure. We need to investigate a range of potential communication strategies for facilitating safe sex that might be conveyed in a pre- aroused or highly aroused state. Most important, we need to understand how safe-sex talk can be a turn- on, not a turn-off. Kegeles et al. (1988) reported that among sexually active adolescents, information and knowledge about STDs and the value and importance of condoms did not influence their actual intention to use condoms. Subsequently, these researchers advocate interventions that target perceptions of personal vulnerability in contracting disease in order to increase adolescents' motivation to use condoms. In light of contemporary media coverage linking sexual activity with disease, death, incest, abuse, and rape, it is clearly time to consider interventions that dangle carrots, not swords, before lovers. Perhaps we need, as Blanche might say, to discover the "magic" of safe sex. To this end, we must target research and interventions that question, serve, and enhance perceptions of personal pleasure with condom use as a way of motivating safe-sex practices

This changes the nature of Sexual Citizenship, fundamentally changing the way the state interacts with the populace. these notions of deviance and who desres to be part of the political community is at the heart of American politics. We must interrogate the relationship between sexuality and the state in order to understand social services or political violence.

Phil Hubbard- prof at Loughborough University in the UK- 2001- Sex Zones: Intimacy, Citizenship and Public Space- Sexualities, Vol. 4, No. 1, 51-71 Online-http://sexualities.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/4/1/51

Yet this article is not solely about the geography of sexuality; it is also about citizenship. As has been evident in the pages of this journal, discussions about citizenship are never far away in debates about sexual politics (e.g. Humphrey, 1999; Seidman et al., 1999). Indeed, a widely noted phenomena in democratic societies is for judgements about whether groups and individuals are participating in the life of the nation in a responsible and desirable manner to centre on questions of sexuality (Armstrong, 1994; Evans, 1993). Accordingly, those whose sexual proclivities are adjudged suspect, dangerous or undesirable may find their civil and welfare rights curtailed as politicians and policymakers seek to redefine the moral boundaries of the nation. For example, discussing the shifting parameters of social policy in the United Kingdom, Carabine (1996) highlights the importance of pregnancy, AIDS/HIV, child sex abuse, promiscuity, birth control and pornography as issues used to exclude certain individuals from the rights and entitlements associated with full citizenship. More widely, debates about surrogacy, embryology and the age of consent continue to raise key questions about what is ‘natural’ as western

Harvard - 63- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -64- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard politicians fall back on ideas of biological essentialism to resolve the tension between individual freedoms and collective obligations. Plummer (1999) illustrates this point by referring to current debates about the morality and ethics of ‘(eu)gen(et)ics’ – the parentheses presumably indicating the ambiguous status of a practice that involves the intervention of ‘science’ into what has traditionally been imagined as a biological process. At the time of writing, the possibility that scientists are engineering a ‘cyborg society’ is sending media commentators into paroxysms of rage; is it appropriate that a sixty-year-old, unmarried woman is receiving IVF treatment, they wonder? Or, at the other end of the age spectrum, is it right that the Roman Catholic church pays a twelve-year-old not to have an abortion? And should hopeful parents be able to buy eggs from ‘models’ auctioned over the internet? These are not just rhetorical questions; they demand a response (both from politicians and the ‘public’). As such, debates about sexual morality potentially inform and change the way we all live, simultaneously forcing us to interrogate and monitor our behaviour in line with expectations of what constitutes a ‘good citizen’. Sexuality, as Weeks (1995: 4) eloquently argues, may therefore be considered as ‘the magnetic core that lies at the heart of the national political and cultural agenda’. Indeed, conflicts between different sexualities, moralities and identities are often orchestrated by the press in a lurid and sensationalist manner to create national ‘moral panics’ about particular individuals and groups (McRobbie and Thornton, 1995). Frequently, as with the moral panic surrounding the transmission of HIV/AIDS, this process is based on the discursive deployment of fear as the press plays on anxieties concerning the danger of sexuality cut loose from its ‘traditional’ moorings in marriage and the family (Armstrong, 1994). As such, figures as diverse as the single mother, the prostitute, the cyber-stalker, the errant father, the spinster, the pervert and the pornographer (not to mention lesbians, bisexuals and gays) have been demonized as ‘bad citizens’ in different ways at different times to define what is considered normal and desirable behaviour (Knopp, 1995). The idea that the state requires these periodic moral panics to reassert its right to power (see Evans, 1993) supports the view that questions of sexual morality are prominent in definitions of citizenship. In the urban West, where all individuals are apparently equal in the eyes of the law and the state (McDowell, 1999), the failure to match up to these dominant definitions of sexual morality has resulted in sexual ‘others’ being denied full citizenship in terms of state benefits and political recognition (Smith, 1989). At the same time, such individuals may experience social stigmatization for failing to match ideas of how a ‘good citizen’ should act; they become regarded as second-class citizens not only by the state but also by ‘decent’, ‘respectable’ sexual subjects. Hence, the term ‘citizenship’ is used in this article in its widest sense to refer to the political and social recognition that is granted to those whose behaviour accords with the moral values underpinning the construction of the nation-state (Plummer, 1999). Such broad notions of citizenship are particularly useful for explaining how the state is able to exercise control over people without recourse to physical violence. After all, ideas of citizenship are ostensibly constructed through the bureaucratic and benevolent rituals of modern political debate, rather than being imposed upon an

Harvard - 64- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -65- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard unknowing and oppressed mass through coercive means. This means that citizenship is a central concept in studies of governmentality, which, drawing on Foucault, focus on how the human subject is constituted in relationship to itself and constellations of power (see Donzelot, 1979). Essentially then, it can be argued that ideas of citizenship are crucial in the process of nation-building via governance (rather than government), with notions of sexual comportment and behaviour being central to the negotiation of citizenship. In the remainder of this article, I want to elaborate this contention by focusing on the importance of space in debates about sexual citizenship. Following Susan Smith (1989), I consider it essential that such issues of citizenship are examined in relation to geographic ideas and concepts, given that ideas of citizenship concern what is appropriate within particular spheres (and spaces) of civil life. Working from the premise that a basic right of citizenship is the right to access and use specific kinds of space within a given territory, I particularly want to explore how ideas of sexual citizenship are institutionalized and contested in a variety of different spaces – including private spaces of home, work and leisure – as well as those spaces which have become synonymous with the concept of public or civic space (streets, parks, squares, precincts, etc.). To illustrate this, the article begins by describing how dissident sexual behaviours and identities have been made less welcome in public space before exploring the effects (and effectiveness) of sexual transgression into these civic sites. As will be seen, while equal access to public space has been a key rallying call for many sexual dissidents, the extent to which public space can be used for forging new models of citizenship based on intimacy and respect is highly questionable.

Mark Seem 72 (AO xx-xxiii)

To be anti-oedipal is to be anti-ego as well as anti-homo, willfully attacking all reductive psychoanalytic and political analyses that remain caught within the sphere of totality and unity, in order to free the multiplicity of desire from the deadly neurotic and Oedipal yoke. For Oedipus is not a mere psychoanalytic construct, Deleuze and Guattari explain. Oedipus is the figurehead of imperialism, "colonization pursued by other means, it is the interior colony, and we shall see that even here at home ... it is our intimate colonial education." This internalization of man by man, this "oedipalization," creates a new meaning for Suffering, internal suffering, and a new tone for life: the depressive tone. Now depression does not just come about one fine day, Anti-Oedipus goes on, nor does Oedipus appear one day in the Family and feel secure in remaining there. Depression and Oedipus are agencies of the State, agencies of paranoia, agencies of power, long before being delegated to the family. Oedipus is the figure of power as such, just

Harvard - 65- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -66- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard as neurosis is the result of power on individuals. Oedipus is everywhere. For anti-oedipalists the ego, like Oedipus, is "part of those things we must dismantle through the united assault of analytical and political forces."4 Oedipus is belief injected into the unconscious, it is what gives us faith as it robs us of power, it is what teaches us to desire our own repression. Everybody has been oedipalized and neuroticized at home, at school, at work. Everybody wants to be a fascist. Deleuze and Guattari want to know how these beliefs succeed in taking hold of a body, thereby silencing the productive machines of the libido. They also want to know how the opposite situation is brought about, where a body successfully wards off the effects of power. Reversing the Freudian distinction between neurosis and psychosis that measures everything against the former, Anti Oedipus concludes: the neurotic is the one on whom the Oedipal imprints take, whereas the psychotic is the one incapable of being oedipalized, even and especially by psychoanalysis. The first task of the revolutionary, they add, is to learn from the psychotic how to shake off the Oedipal yoke and the effects of power, in order to initiate a radical politics of desire freed from all beliefs. Such a politics dissolves the mystifications of power through the kindling, on all levels, of anti- oedipal forces-the schizzes-flows-forces that escape coding, scramble the codes, and flee in all directions: orphans (no daddy-mommy-me), atheists (no beliefs), and nomads (no habits, no territories). A schizoanalysis schizophrenizes in order to break the holds of power and institute research into a new collective subjectivity and a revolutionary healing of mankind. For we are sick, so sick, of our selves! It is actually not accurate to say that Deleuze and Guattari develop the schizoanalytic approach, for, as they show, it has always been at work in writers like Miller or Nietzsche or Artaud. Stoned thinking based on intensely lived experiences: Pop Philosophy. To put it simply, as does Miller, "everybody becomes a healer the moment he forgets about himself." And Miller continues: "Reality is here and now, everywhere, gleaming through every reflection that meets the eye ... , Everybody is a neurotic, down to the last man and woman. The healer, or the analyst, if you like, is only a super-neurotic.... To be cured we must rise from our graves and throw off the cerements of the dead. Nobody can do it for another-it is a private affair which is best done collectively."5 Once we forget about our egos a non-neurotic form of politics becomes possible, where singularity and collectivity are no longer at odds with each other, and where collective expressions of desire are possible. Such a politics does not seek to regiment individuals according to a totalitarian system of norms, but to de-normalize and de-individualize through a multiplicity of new, collective arrangements against power. Its goal is the transformation of human relationships in a struggle against power. And it urges militant groups, as well as lone individuals, to analyze and fight against the effects of power that subjugate them: "For a revolutionary group at the preconscious level remains a subjugated group, even in seizing power, as long as this power itself refers to a form of force that continues to enslave and crush desiring-production. . .. A subject-group, on the contrary, is a group whose libidinal investments are themselves revolutionary, it causes desire to penetrate into the social field, and subordinates the socius or the forms of power to desiring-production; productive of desire and a

Harvard - 66- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -67- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard desire that produces, the subject-group always invents mortal formations that exorcize the effusion in it of a death instinct; it opposes real coefficients of transversality to the symbolic determinations of subjugation, coefficients without a hierarchy or a group superego." There can be no revolutionary actions, Anti-Oedipus concludes, where the relations between people and groups are relations of exclusion and segregation. Groups must multiply and connect in ever new ways, freeing up territorialities for the construction of new social arrangements. Theory must therefore be conceived as a toolbox, producing tools that work; or as Ivan Illich says, we must learn to construct tools for conviviality through the use of counterfoil research." When Illich speaks of "convivial reconstruction," he is very close to Deleuze and Guattari's notion of a "desiring-revolution." Like Deleuze and Guattari, Illich also calls for a radical reversal of the relationships between individuals and tools or machines: "This reversal would permit the evolution of a life-style and of a political system which give priority to the protection, the maximum use, and the enjoyment of the one resource that is almost equally distributed among all people: personal energy under personal control."? All three authors agree that such a reversal must be governed by a collective political process, and not by professionals and experts. The ultimate answer to neurotic dependencies on professionals is mutual self-care. 8 Freed from a psychoanalytic framework, the political group or collective cannot, however, push aside the problem of desire. Nor can it leave desire in the hands of new experts. It must analyze the function of desire, in itself and in the groups with which it is involved. What is the function of desire, Anti-Oedipus asks, if not one of making connections? For to be bogged down in arrangements from which escape is possible is to be neurotic, seeing an irresolvable crisis where alternatives in fact exist. And as Deleuze and Guattari comment, "perhaps it will be discovered that the only incurable is the neurotic." We defend so cautiously against our egoically limited experiences, states Laing in The Politics of Experience, that it is not surprising to see people grow defensive and panic at the idea of experiencing ego-loss through the use of drugs or collective experiences. But there is nothing pathological about ego-loss, Laing adds; quite the contrary. Ego-loss is the experience of all mankind, "of the primal man, of Adam and perhaps even [a journey] further into the beings of animals, vegetables and minerals."9 No age, Laing concludes, has so lost touch with this healing process as has ours. Deleuze and Guattari's schizoanalytic approach serves to begin such a healing process. Its major task is to destroy the oedipalized and neuroticized individual dependencies through the longing of collective subjectivity, a non-fascist subject-anti-Oedipus. Anti-Oedipus is an individual or a group that no longer functions in terms of beliefs and that comes to redeem mankind, as Nietzsche foresaw, not only from the ideals that weighed it down, "but also from that which was bound to grow out of it, the great nausea, the will to nothingness, nihilism; this bel1-stroke of noon and of the great decision that liberates the will again and restores its goal to the earth and his hope to man; this AntiChrist and anti-nihilist. .. He must come one day." Unlike Nietzsche's anti-nihilist, however, Deleuze and Guattari's anti-Oedipus is not alone. Anti- Oedipus is not the superman. It is not transcendent. Where Nietzsche grew progressively more isolated to

Harvard - 67- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -68- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard the point of madness, Deleuze and Guattari call for actions and passions of a collective nature, here and now. Madness is a radical break from power in the form of a disconnection. Militancy, in Deleuze and Guattari's framework, would learn from madness but then move beyond it, beyond disconnections and deterritorializations, to ever new connections. A politics of desire would see loneliness and depression as the first things to go. Such is the anti-oedipal strategy: if man is connected to the machines of the universe, if he is in tune with his desires, if he is "anchored," "he ceases to worry about the fitness of things, about the behavior of his fellow-men, about right or wrong and justice and injustice. If his roots are in the current of life he will float on the surface like a lotus and he will blossom and give forth fruit. ... The life that's in him will manifest itself in growth, and growth is an endless, eternal process. The process is everything."l1 It is this process-of desiring-production- that Anti-Oedipus sets out to analyze. For if desire is repressed in a society, Deleuze and Guattari state, this is hardly because "it is a desire for the mother or for the death of the father; on the contrary, desire becomes that only because it is repressed, it takes that mask on under the reign of the repression that models the mask for it and plasters it on its face .... The real danger is elsewhere. If desire is repressed, it is because every position of desire, no matter how small, is capable of calling into question the established order of a society: not that desire is asocial; on the contrary. But it is explosive; there is no desiring-machine capable of being assembled without demolishing entire social sectors."

We act to sneak explosive creativities through the back-door, using the appearance of a legitimate political demand in order to further illegitimate questions, to light critical fires that may burn away some of the narrow-minded micro-fascisms of direct state implementation. Experimenting with new articulations requires a modest method of lodging oneself in collective assemblages, gently tipping them toward their own self-critique, without causing polarization, Creating a new Body without Organs that constantly deteritorlizes flows of Desire.

Deleuze & Guattari 1980 in A Thousand Plateaus (1980. p160-1.) :

You have to keep enough of the organism for it to reform each dawn; and you have to keep small supplies of significance and subjectification, if only to turn them against their own systems when the circumstances demand it, when things, persons, even situations force you to; and you have to keep small rations of subjectivity in sufficient quantity to enable you to respond to the dominant reality. Mimic the strata. You don't reach the BwO, and its plane of consistency, by wildly destratifying. That is why we encountered the paradox of those emptied and dreary bodies at the very beginning: they had emptied themselves of their organs instead of looking for the point which they could patiently and momentarily

Harvard - 68- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -69- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard dismantle the organization of organs we call the organism. There are, in fact, several ways of botching the BwO: either one fails to produce it, or one produces it more or less, but nothing is produced on it, intensities do not pass or are blocked. This is because the BwO is always swinging between the surfaces that stratify it and the plane that sets it free. If you free it with too violent an action, if you blow apart the strata without taking precautions, then instead of drawing the plane you will be killed, plunged into a black hole, or even dragged toward catastrophe. Staying stratified - organized, signified, subjected - is not the worst that can happen; the worst that can happen is if you throw the strata into demented or suicidal collapse, which brings them back down on us heavier than ever. This is how it should be done: Lodge yourself on a stratum, experiment with the opportunities it offers, find an advantageous place on it, find potential movements of deterritorialization, possible lines of flight, experience them, produce flow conjunctions here and there, try out continuums of intensities segment by segment, have a small plot of new land at all times. It is through a meticulous relation with the strata that one succeeds in freeing lines of flight, causing conjugated flows to pass and escape and bringing forth continuous intensities for a BwO. Connect, conjugate, continue: a whole "diagram," as opposed to still signifying and subjective programs. We are in a social formation; first see how it is stratified for us and in us and at the place where we are; then descend from the strata to the deeper assemblage within which we are held; gently tip the assemblage, making it pass over to the side of the plane of consistency. It is only there that the BwO reveals itself for what it is: connection of desires, conjunction of flows, continuum of intensities. You have constructed your own little machine, ready when needed to be plugged into other collective machines.

Finally, even if our actions fail, it's still better to be a failed schzorevolutionary than a successful politician. What's essential is trying to root out all forms of fascism in our everyday speech-acts as an ethical art of living.

Foucault 1972 (Anti-Oedipus pxiii-iv.) :

Last but not least, the major enemy, the strategic adversary is fascism (whereas Anti-Oedipus' opposition to the others is more of a tactical engagement). And not only historical fascism, the fascism of Hitler and Mussolini - which was able to mobilize and use the desire of the masses so effectively - but also the fascism in us all, in our heads and in our everyday behavior, the fascism that causes us to love power, to desire the very thing that dominates and exploits us. I would say that Anti-Oedipus (may its authors forgive me) is a book of ethics, the first book of ethics to be written in France in quite a long time (perhaps that explains why its success was not limited to a particular "readership" : being anti-oedipal has become

Harvard - 69- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -70- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard a life style, a way of thinking and living). How does one keep from being fascist, even (especially) when one believes oneself to be a revolutionary militant? How do we rid our speech and our acts, our hearts and our pleasures, of fascism? How do we ferret out the fascism that is ingrained in our behavior? The Christian moralists sought out the traces of the flesh lodged deep within the soul. Deleuze and Guattari, for their part, pursue the slightest traces of fascism in the body. Paying a modest tribute to Saint Francis de Sales, * {*A seventeenth-century priest and Bishop of Geneva, known for his Introduction to the Devout Life} one might say that Anti-Oedipus is an Introduction to the Non-Fascist Life. This art of living counter to all forms of fascism, whether already present or impending, carries with it a certain number of essential principles which I would summarize as follows if I were to make this great book into a manual or guide to everyday life: Free political action from all unitary and totalizing paranoia. Develop action, thought, and desires by proliferation, juxtaposition, and disjunction, and not by subdivision and pyramidal hierarchization. Withdraw allegiance from the old categories of the Negative (law, limit, castration, lack, lacuna), which Western thought has so long held sacred as a form of power and an access to reality. Prefer what is positive and multiple, difference over uniformity, flows over unities, mobile arrangements over systems. Believe that what is productive is not sedentary but nomadic.Do not think that one has to be sad in order to be militant, even though the thing one is fighting is abominable. It is the connection of desire to reality (and not its retreat into the forms of representation) that possesses revolutionary force. Do not use thought to ground a political practice in Truth; nor political action to discredit, as mere speculation, a line of thought. Use political practice as an intensifier of thought, and analysis as a multiplier of the forms and domains for the intervention of political action. Do not demand of politics that it restore the "rights" of the individual, as philosophy has defined them. The individual is the product of power. What is needed is to "de-individualize" by means of multiplication and displacement, diverse combinations. The group must not be the organic bond uniting hierarchized individuals, but a constant generator of de-individualization. Do not become enamored of power.

Baltimore City College MD – Steven Keels - Kearsten McCrea – ?

Baltimore City College MD – Michaela Brown - Terrance Porter – ?

Beacon High School NY – Damiyr Davis - Miguel Feliciano – Revolution Revolutionary Vanguard Affirmative and Negative - GDS

Part I : Da Jungle

“Social workers and police are wardens patrolling the cage of the ghetto”: This year we are confronted with poverty, a subject most to all teams aren't even talking about in light of the same old frenzy of discussion that centers around Advantage 1: The Economy Advantage 2: Hegemony. Investing more and more scholarly energy into concocting ways to strengthen the apparatuses of power whose every formulation oppress, attack and wage ongoing war against the domestic and global population of brown and poor people. Social services have arisen as the optimum means of silencing these targets of living apocalypse. As a tool of counter-insurgency, social services silence uproar by keeping mouths full of food that does not satiate the peoples’ hunger for justice. Rather, they exist as an approach that attempts to manage the casualties of domestic warfare, forgoing the abolition of the premises that normalize such ongoing violence

Dylan Rodriguez 2008 [Assistant Professor at University of California Riverside, Abolition Now! p.93-100]

We are collectively witnessing, surviving, and working in a time of unprecedented state-organized human capture and state-produced physical/social/psychic alienation, from the 2.5 million imprisoned by the domestic and global US prison industrial complex to the profound forms of informal apartheid and proto- apartheid that are being instantiated in cities, suburbs, and rural areas all over thecountry. This condition presents a profound crisis – and political possibility – for people struggling against the white supremacist state, which continues to institutionalize the social liquidation and physical evisceration of Black, brown, and aboriginal peoples nearby and far away. If we are to approach racism, neoliberalism, militarism/militarization, and US state hegemony and domination in a legitimately "global" way, it is nothing short of unconscionable to expend significant political energy protesting American wars elsewhere (e.g. Iraq, Afghanistan etc.) when there are overlapping, and no less profoundly oppressive, declarations of andmobilizations for war in our very own, most intimate and nearby geographiesof "home." This time of crisis and emergency necessitates a critical examination of the political and institutional logics that structure so much of the US progressive left, andparticularly the "establishment" left that is tethered (for better and worse) to thenon-profit industrial complex (NPIC). I have defined the NPIC elsewhere as the set of symbiotic relationships that link political and financial technologies of stateand owning class social control with surveillance over public political discourse,including and especially emergent progressive and leftist social movements. Thisdefinition is most focused on the industrialized

Harvard - 72- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -73- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard incorporation, accelerated since the1970s, of pro-state liberal and progressive campaigns and movements into a spectrum of government-proctored non-profit organizations. It is in the context of the formation of the NPIC as a political power structurethat I wish to address, with a less-than-subtle sense of alarm, a peculiar and disturbing politics of assumption that often structures, disciplines, and actively shapesthe work of even the most progressive movements and organizations within theUS establishment left (of which I too am a part, for better and worse): that is, theleft's willingness to fundamentally tolerate – and accompanying unwillingness toabolish – the institutionalized dehumanization of the contemporary policing andimprisonment apparatus in its most localized, unremarkable, and hence "normal"manifestations within the domestic "homeland" of the Homeland Security state. Behind the din of progressive and liberal reformist struggles over public policy, civil liberties, and law, and beneath the infrequent mobilizations of activity todefend against the next onslaught of racist, classist, ageist, and misogynist crirninalization, there is an unspoken politics of assumption that takes for granted themystified permanence of domestic warfare as a constant production of targeted andmassive suffering, guided by the logic of Black, brown, and indigenous subjectionto the expediencies and essential violence of the American (global) nation-buildingproject. To put it differently: despite the unprecedented forms of imprisonment, social and political repression, and violent policing that compose the mosaic of ourhistorical time, the establishment left (within and perhaps beyond the US) doesnot care to envision, much less politically prioritize, the abolition of US domesticwarfare and its structuring white supremacist social logic as its most urgent taskof the present and future. Our non-profit left, in particular, seems content to engage in desperate (and usually well-intentioned) attempts to manage the casualtiesof domestic warfare, foregoing the urgency of an abolitionist praxis that openly,critically, and radically addresses the moral, cultural, and political premises ofthese wars. Not long from now, generations will emerge from the organic accumulationof rage, suffering, social alienation, and (we hope) politically principled rebellionagainst this living apocalypse and pose to us some rudimentary questions of radicalaccountability: How were we able to accommodate, and even culturally and politically normalize the strategic, explicit, and openly racist technologies of state violence that effectively socially neutralized and frequently liquidated entire nearbypopulations of our people, given that ours are the very same populations that havehistorically struggled to survive and overthrow such "classical" structures of dominance as colonialism, frontier conquest, racial slavery, and other genocides? In asomewhat more intimate sense, how could we live with ourselves in this domesticstate of emergency, and why did we seem to generally forfeit the creative possibilities of radically challenging, dislodging, and transforming the ideological and institutional premises of this condition of domestic warfare in favor of short- term,"winnable" policy reforms? (For example, why did we choose to formulate and tolerate a "progressive" political language that reinforced dominant racist notions of"criminality" in the process of trying to discredit the legal basis of "Three Strikes"laws?) What were the fundamental concerns of our

Harvard - 73- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -74- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard progressive organizations andmovements during this time, and were they willing to comprehend and galvanizean effective, or even viable opposition to the white supremacist state's terms of engagement (that is, warfare)? 'this radical accountability reflects a variation on anti-colonial liberation theorist Frantz Fanon's memorable statement to his own peers,comrades, and nemeses: Each generation must discover its mission, fulfill it or betray it, in relative opacity. In the underdeveloped countries preceding generations have simultaneouslyresisted the insidious agenda of colonialism and paved the way for the emergenceof the current struggles. Now that we are in the heat of combat, we must shed thehabit of decrying the efforts of our forefathers or feigning incomprehension attheir silence or passiveness.

As opposed to agents of their destiny, social services render the people they help into clients of neo-liberal charity, affording the formulators of these policies a sense of smug Sally Struthers- esque self-affirming altruism while simultaneously rendering "persons living in poverty" into pitiable objects who are acted upon and on behalf of by heroic humanitarian subjects.

El Kilombo Intergalactico 2007 [Collective in Durham NC that interviewed Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, Beyond Resistance: Everything p. 1-2]

In our efforts to forge a new path, we found that an old friend—the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Zapatista Arm of National Liberation, EZLN)—was already taking enormous strides to move toward a politics adequate to our time, and that it was thus necessary to attempt an evaluation of Zapatismo that would in turn be adequate to the real ‘event’ of their appearance. That is, despite the fresh air that the Zapatista uprising had blown into the US political scene since 1994, we began to feel that even the inspiration of Zapatismo had been quickly contained through its insertion into a well-worn and untenable narrative: Zapatismo was another of many faceless and indifferent “third world” movements that demanded and deserved solidarity from leftists in the “global north.” From our position as an organization composed in large part by people of color in the United States, we viewed this focus on “solidarity” as the foreign policy equivalent of “white guilt,” quite distinct from any authentic impulse toward, or recognition of, the necessity for radical social change. The notion of “solidarity” that still pervades much of the Left in the U.S. has continually served an intensely conservative political agenda that dresses itself in the radical rhetoric of the latest rebellion in the “darker nations” while carefully maintaining political action at a distance from our own daily lives, thus producing a political subject (the solidarity provider) that more closely resembles a spectator or voyeur (to the suffering others) than a participant or active agent, while simultaneously working to reduce the solidarity recipient to a mere object (of our pity and mismatched socks). At both ends of this relationship, the process of solidarity ensures that subjects and political action never meet; in this way it serves to make change an a priori impossibility. In other words, this practice of solidarity urges us to participate in its perverse logic by accepting the

Harvard - 74- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -75- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard narrative that power tells us about itself: that those who could make change don’t need it and that those who need change can’t make it. To the extent that human solidarity has a future, this logic and practice do not!

For us, Zapatismo was (and continues to be) unique exactly because it has provided us with the elements to shatter this tired schema. It has inspired in us the ability, and impressed upon us the necessity, of always viewing ourselves as dignified political subjects with desires, needs, and projects worthy of struggle. With the publication of The Sixth Declaration of the Lacandón Jungle in June of 2005, the Zapatistas have made it even clearer that we must move beyond appeals to this stunted form of solidarity, and they present us with a far more difficult challenge: that wherever in the world we may be located, we must become “companer@s” (neither followers nor leaders) in a truly global struggle to change the world. As a direct response to this call, this analysis is our attempt to read Zapatismo as providing us with the rough draft of a manual for contemporary political action that eventually must be written by us all.

Instead of destroying the unequal power relations that are the backdrop of the violence that is part of living in poverty, debaters this year are beckoned to don the ethos of starbucks ethos water, generous philanthropy that underwrites the normalization of structural violence and inequality. This debate year’s statist orientation perversely invests in ineffective paternalism that culls pleasure from the false urgency and empty gesture of "doing something!" that takes place within the ineffectual confines of counter-revolutionary reformism. These empty gestures from the bars of the cage, keeping all poor persons in the squalor and darkness that they purport to destroy.

Zizek-2008- Slavoj- Actor in Slovenian cinematic depiction of “Where the Wild Things Are” - Violence - p. 6-8

Does this recourse to artistic description imply that we are in danger of regressing to a contemplative attitude that somehow betrays the urgency to "do something" about the depicted horrors? Let's think about the fake sense of urgency that pervades the left-liberal humanitarian discourse on violence: in it, abstraction and graphic (pseudo)concreteness coexist in the staging of the scene of violence-against women, blacks, the homeless, gays ... "A woman is raped every six seconds in this country" and "In the time it takes you to read this paragraph, ten children will die of hunger" are just two examples. Underlying all this is a hypocritical sentiment of moral outrage. Just this kind of pseudo-urgency was exploited by Starbucks a couple of years ago when, at store entrances, posters greeting customers pointed out that a portion of the chain's profits went into health-care for the children of Guatemala, the source of their coffee, the inference being that with every cup you drink, you save a child's life. There is a fundamental anti- theoretical edge to these urgent injunctions. There is no time to reflect: we have to act now. Through this fake sense of urgency, the post-industrial rich, living in their secluded virtual world, not only do not deny

Harvard - 75- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -76- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard or ignore the harsh reality outside their area-they actively refer to it all the time. As Bill Gates recently put it: "What do computers matter when millions are still unnecessarily dying of dysentery?"

Part II : Welcome to the Vanguard or “How I Learned to Infiltrate the Man’s Institutions”

Can’t have it both ways, betray the badge or betray the people

Can’t keep us on our ass and police the globe at the same time

The Day the United States Federal Government stops serving poor folks and starts organizing and empowering them is the day we’ll actually trust it. The system excludes justice, and only speaks about laws; never question the institutions that have caused problems of poverty in the first place. We accept an education that does not focus on the people but rather on learning about the bureaucracy behind the social injustice. Do not equate progress with concessions says H Rap brown but that is what we’re doing when we only focus on social services for impoverished persons instead of social justice.

Damiyr and I assume the position of the revolutionary vanguard. Everyday we confront people who are impoverished or who would be affected by these so called social services. From our friends in school who receive free lunch to relatives living in places that are considered third world countries in our great USA, we work in solidarity with them to allow for a social service of social justice and freedom. A revolution that encapsulates the people's thoughts and words and feelings and ideas of what they truly need. The same way the Black Panther Party and other revolutionary were internationalists we will assume the role of insurgents who want to link all persons in poverty to fight and achieve our goal. IN order for us to actually upend this system we must infiltrate the man’s system. Just as the character Freeman in the film was a symbol of integration for the CIA we will integrate the debate community while infiltrating its structure rather than assimilating into its dominant culture gathering the tools and skills needed to make sure we get what we need.

IINFILTRATION IS WHAT EVERY REVOLUTIONARY TOOLBOX NEEDS

Williams 1970 [Robert F., civil rights leader, promoter of self defense, interviewed by The Black Scholar, “Interviews,” The Black Scholar Volume 1 Number 7]

[Williams: It is erroneous to think that one can isolate oneself completely from institutions of a social and political system that exercises power over the environment in which he resides. Self-imposed and premature isolation, initiated by the oppressed against the organs of a tyrannical establishment, militates against revolutionary movements dedicated to radical change. It is a grave error for militant and just minded youth to reject struggle-serving opportunities to join the man's government services, police forces,

Harvard - 76- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -77- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard peace corps and vital organs of the power structure. Militants should become acquainted with the methods of the oppressor. Meaningful change can be more thoroughly effectuated by militant pressure from within as well as without. We can obtain valuable know-how from the oppressor. Struggle is not all violence. Effective struggle requires tactics, plans, analysis and a highly sophisticated application of mental aptness. The forces of oppression and tyranny have perfected a highly articulate system of infiltration for undermining and frustrating the efforts of the oppressed in trying to upset the unjust status quo. To a great extent, the power structure keeps itself informed as to the revolutionary activity of freedom fighters. With the threat of extermination looming menacingly before black Americans, it is pressingly imperative that our people enter the vital organs of the establishment. Infiltrate the man's institutions. ]

Just as the Spook trained the cobra's in the film so shall we and become internationalists. Our methodology is thus that of the inverted periscope which refocuses our gaze from the halls of congress to social movements from below. This is the prerequisite to an effective transformative agency which is the ONLY possibility for true democracy and a refiguring of political structures and possibilities. Finally it is the only possibility for a true solidarity with the oppressed in the US and the world that understands them as active agents of political change and desire rather than pitiable objects of charity, shattering our positions of neutral, disempowered and privileged spectatorship and fostering a relationship of genuine respect. Feeding the poor social services and rights from above to keep their mouths full and their will to power weak is not a poverty program designed with the poor in mind.

El Kilombo Intergalactico 2007 [Collective in durham NC that interviewed Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, Beyond Resistance: Everything p. 9-10]

But how might this alternative take shape? In order to begin to address this question, the Zapatistas implore us to relieve ourselves of the positions of "observers" who insist on their own neutrality and distance; this position may be adequate for the microscope-wielding academic of the "precision-guided" T.V. audience of the latest bombings over Baghdad, but they are completely insufficient for those who are seeking change. The Zapatistas insist we throw away our microscopes and our televisions, and instead they demand that we equip our "ships" with an "inverted periscope."

According to what the Zapatistas have stated, one can never ascertain a belief in or vision of the future by looking at a situation from the position of "neutrality" provided for you by the existing relations of power. These methods will only allow you to see what already is, what the balance of the relations of forces are in your field of inquiry. In other words, such methods allow you to see that field only from the perspective of those who rule at any given moment. In contrast, if one learns to harness the power of the periscope

Harvard - 77- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -78- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard not by honing in on what is happening "above" in the halls of the self-important, but by placing it deep below the earth, below even the very bottom of society, one finds that there are struggles and memories of struggles that allow us to identify not "what is" but more importantly "what will be." By harnessing the transformative capacity of social movement, as well as the memories of past struggles that drive it, the Zapatistas are able to identify the future and act on it today. It is a paradoxical temporal insight that was perhaps best summarized by "El Clandestino" himself, Manu Chao, when he proclaimed that, "the future happened a long time ago!"

Given this insight afforded by adopting the methodology of the inverted periscope, we are able to shatter the mirror of power, to show that power does not belong to those who rule. Instead, we see that there are two completely different and opposed forms of power in any society: that which emerges from above and is exercised over people (Power with a capital "P"), and that which is born below and is able to act with and through people (power with a lower case "p"). One is set on maintaining that which is (Power), while the other is premised on transformation (power). These are not only not the same thing; they are (literally) worlds apart. According to the Zapatistas, once we have broken the mirror of Power by identifying an alternative source of social organization, we can then see it for what it is—a purely negative capacity to isolate us and make us believe that we are powerless. But once we have broken that mirror spell, we can also see that power does not come from above, from those "in Power," and therefore that it is possible to exercise power without taking it—that is, without simply changing places with those who rule. In this regard, it is important to quote in its entirety of the famous Zapatista motto that has been circulated in abbreviated form among movements throughout the world: "What we seek, what we need and want is for all those people without a party or an organization to make agreements about what they don't want and what they do want and organize themselves in order to achieve it (preferably through civil and peaceful means), not to take power, but to exercise it." Only now can we understand the full significance of this statement's challenge.

Beacon High School NY – Ivy Gluck - Yasmine Flodin-Ali – ?

Beacon High School NY – Evan Sweet - Henry Osman – Katrina f you want to contact me about anything send me an email at [email protected]

1AC Run at GDS

Contention One is the failure of conventional wisdom.

Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity worldwide. The problem is that traditional disaster strategy based on “response and recovery” fails to reduce losses. Bailey et. al—2006 (Michel Masozera, Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, The University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Enviornment and Natural Resources, Melissa Bailey, Master of Public Administration Program, The University of Vermont, Charles Kerchner, Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, The University of Vermont, “Distribution of impacts of natural disasters across income groups: A case study of New Orleans,” 6/9/06, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VDY-4KPFKNM- 1&_user=16764&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=93796685 0&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000001898&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=16764&md5=ff609daa 40a7264aa6e9b15304ab3849)

The poor are the most vulnerable when disasters strike because of lack of access to vital social services and related resources —thrusting them into permanent poverty for generations. Bailey et. al 2006 (Michel Masozera, Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, The University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Enviornment and Natural Resources, Melissa Bailey, Master of Public Administration Program, The University of Vermont, Charles Kerchner, Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, The University of Vermont, “Distribution of impacts of natural disasters across income groups: A case study of New Orleans,” 6/9/06, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VDY-4KPFKNM- 1&_user=16764&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=93796685 0&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000001898&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=16764&md5=ff609daa 40a7264aa6e9b15304ab3849)

And natural disasters further exacerbate poverty— our top priority should be to protect the people World Development Report—2001 (“Managing Economic Crises and Natural Disasters,”

2000/2001, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/WDR/English-Full-Text- Report/ch9.pdf)

Katrina proves this. Even as the new administration claims to bring change, it doesnt exist in those areas hit hardest by Hurricanes especially katrina. The strategy to deal with disasters remains the same.

ARENA PhD student in the Department of Sociology at Tulane University 09 Jay- a member of C3/Hands Off Iberville and a long time community and labor activist in New Orleans; Has Change Come to Post- Katrina New Orleans? Bush, Obama, and the First 100 Days; MONTHLY REVIEW; http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/arena260409.html

Contention Two Disposability

Katrina has exposed a “politics of disposability” where entire populations deemed unnecessary, dangerous, and disposable by policymakers. Human beings become “waste” expelled from the index of moral concern, bloated bodies floating in toxic waters after days of government indifference. Weakness is now punishable by social exclusion. The only way to stop this political view of disposability is to have a vision of hope. GIROUX 06, Henry Waterbury Chair of Secondary education at Pennsylvania State University. September 2006 Katrina and the Politics of Disposability, http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/2822/

The neoliberalist politics of disposability towards the poor in favor of market interests leads to genocide and wars leading to extinction. Santos 03 (Boaventura Santos, Professor at the University of Cambria, 2003 “Collective Suicide?” bad.eserver.org/issues/2003/63/santos.html)

Contention 3 is Disaster Capitalism

Disaster relief is part of a broader political movement that doesn’t just eliminate programs; it transforms social catastrophes such as poverty into the heart of the economy—neoliberalism produces a disaster capitalism which doesn’t seek solutions to global problems, but welcomes them as opportunities to make a continuous profit KLEIN, FORMER MILIBAND FELLOW AT THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, 2007 [NAOMI, ALSO RECIPIENT OF JAMES ARONSON AWARD FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE JOURNALISM, THE SHOCK DOCTRINE: THE RISE OF DISASTER CAPITALISM, P. 11-15]

Disaster relief functionally abandons an entire sector of American society to the whims of the market—

Harvard - 81- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -82- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard disaster capitalism today thrives on the constant division of the world into red zones and green zones, with the poor and disenfranchised abandoned to violence in numerous global red zones KLEIN, FORMER MILIBAND FELLOW AT THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, 2007 [NAOMI, ALSO RECIPIENT OF JAMES ARONSON AWARD FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE JOURNALISM, THE SHOCK DOCTRINE: THE RISE OF DISASTER CAPITALISM, P. 413-418]

The expansion of these red zones in the wake of the failing disaster relief plans will eventually set disasters spinning out of control—the impact is extinction

COOK, PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, 2006 [DEBORAH, “STAYING ALIVE: ADORNO AND HABERMAS ON SELF-PRESERVATION UNDER LATE CAPITALISM,” RETHINKING MARXISM, 18(3):433-447, ELECTRONIC]

Thus Evan and I propose the following plan:

Resolved: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase social services for persons living in poverty within the United States, by creating an effective disaster relief strategy using a social risk management framework, to combat the effects of natural disasters.

The Social Risk Management (SRM) framework is critical for assisting the poor both at initial vulnerability, and cushion themselves from the impact of the disaster—absent that these persons are at most risk from natural disasters Vakis—2006 (Renos Vakis is apart of the Human Development Network at The World Bank, 2/06, “Complementing Natural Disasters Management: The Role of Social Protection” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion- papers/Social-Risk-Management-DP/0543.pdf)

SRM Solves Vakis—2006 (Renos Vakis is apart of the Human Development Network at The World Bank, 2/06, “Complementing Natural Disasters Management: The Role of Social Protection” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion- papers/Social-Risk-Management-DP/0543.pdf)

Natural disasters specifically necessitate the use of social services World Development Report—2001 (“Managing Economic Crises and Natural Disasters,” 2000/2001,http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/WDR/English-Full-Text- Report/ch9.pdf)

Now it is time to act. We can’t wait around until the disaster occurs. Vakis—2006 (Renos Vakis is apart of the Human Development Network at The World Bank, 2/06, “Complementing Natural Disasters Management: The Role of Social Protection” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion- papers/Social-Risk-Management-DP/0543.pdf)

Bellaire High School TX – Scott Lin - Wilma Qiu – Supreme Court LSC LSC Affirmative - Greenhill Bellaire

Observation I is Inherency:

A. The Legal Services Corporation is challenged with the task of providing free legal assistance to millions of Americans each year. However, denial of legal aid will continue even with a funding increase.

Knight Ridder ë9 (Tony Pugh, McClatchy Newspapers, Growing numbers of poor people swamp legal aid offices Knight Ridder Washington Bureau July 10, 2009, SECTION: WASHINGTON DATELINE, ACC- NO: 20090710-BC-LEGALAID-ADV12, lexis

B. A right to attorney for indigent people in civil cases is DENIED in the Status Quo because of the Supreme Court decision Lassiter v. Department of Social Services. This right to counsel is not recognized cohesively on the state or federal level and implementation has been patchwork at best

Kaufman ë9 (Kaufman, professor of law at Syracuse University, 2009 [Dennis A. Kaufman, The Tipping Point on the Scales of Civil Justice, Touro Law Review, 2009, 25 Touro L. Rev. 347, p.lexis])

Observation II is Harms:

A. LSC will turn away over a million cases this year and many more people will not even request legal services ñ 80 percent of Americans in need of legal aid will not receive it

Knight Ridder ë9 (Tony Pugh, McClatchy Newspapers, Growing numbers of poor people swamp legal aid offices Knight Ridder Washington Bureau July 10, 2009, SECTION: WASHINGTON DATELINE, ACC- NO: 20090710-BC-LEGALAID-ADV12, lexis)

B. This approach will inevitably fail ñ funding will always be overrun by demand for legal aid

Failinger and May ë84 (45 Ohio St. L.J. 1, *, 1984 Ohio State Law Journal, Winter, 1984 ARTICLE: Litigating Against Poverty: Legal Services and Group Representation., NAME: MARIE A. FAILINGER * AND LARRY MAY , * Assistant Professor of Law, Hamline U, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Purdue University. Lexis)

Scenario I is Justice:

A. The inherent disparity in legal representation disproportionally affects the indigent who need it most

Kaufman ë9 (Dennis, Mr. Kaufman is the executive director of Legal Services of Central New York, Inc. in Syracuse, New York. He is a graduate of Union College and Albany Law School. Mr. Kaufman has been the director of the American Bar Association's Center for Pro Bono. In that position, he consulted with state and local bar associations and legal services programs to improve the pro bono delivery of civil legal assistance to the poor. Mr. Kaufman also served as the executive director of Western Kentucky Legal Services. He has worked as an attorney for Prisoner's Legal Services of New York and the New York Public Interest Research Group. In addition, he has engaged in the private practice of law. Mr. Kaufman is an adjunct professor at the Syracuse University College of Law teaching Poverty Law and Policy; The Tipping Point on the Scales of Civil Justice; 2009 Touro College Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center; LEXIS]

B. The indigent face a host of legal hurdles generated by state and capitalist systems, including child custody issues, foreclosures, evictions, battered wife protection, and applications for government social services

Knight Ridder ë9 (Tony Pugh, McClatchy Newspapers, Growing numbers of poor people swamp legal aid offices Knight Ridder Washington Bureau July 10, 2009, SECTION: WASHINGTON DATELINE, ACC- NO: 20090710-BC-LEGALAID-ADV12, lexis)

C. The tacit refusal to represent low-income Americans entrenches a system of economic apartheid and injustice

Houseman ë98 (Alan W. Houseman, of the Center for Law and Social Policy, Civil Legal Assistance for the Twenty-First Century: Achieving Equal Justice for All, Yale Law & Policy Review 17 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 369, 1998)

D. Social justice must be the paramount policy consideration in the round ñ injustice justifies invasion of liberty and any other impact

Rawls ë96 (John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996) 297, Questia, 26 Nov. 2006 .))

Scenario II is the Power Hierarchy:

A. The nation-state and power hierarchies are inevitable ñ constant political engagement by a concerned citizenry is the only way to check the power of tyrannical institutions over individuals

Boggs ë97 (Carl, ìthe Great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America, December volume 26, no. 6)

B. Lack of access to courts by the indigent undermines a vital check on state power and further re-entrenches class divisions and power hierarchies whereby those with political and economic power use courts to stay in and preserve their power

Brescia ë9 (Raymond H., v isiting Assistant Professor, Albany Law School; J.D., Yale Law School, 1992; Formerly the Associate Director of the Urban Justice Center in New York City; Skadden Fellow at The Legal Aid Society of New York; and clerk to the Honorable Constance Baker Motley; Sheltering Counsel: Towards a Right to a Lawyer in Eviction Proceedings; 2009; Touro Law Review; LEXIS)

C. Separation of children from their parents is the ultimate biopolitical power event that can be visited upon humans, and the state should be required to provide a lawyer to check that expression of regulatory power

Kaufman ë9 (Dennis, Mr. Kaufman is the executive director of Legal Services of Central New York, Inc. in Syracuse, New York. He is a graduate of Union College and Albany Law School. Mr. Kaufman has been the director of the American Bar Association's Center for Pro Bono. In that position, he consulted with state and local bar associations and legal services programs to improve the pro bono delivery of civil legal

Harvard - 86- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -87- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard assistance to the poor. Mr. Kaufman also served as the executive director of Western Kentucky Legal Services. He has worked as an attorney for Prisoner's Legal Services of New York and the New York Public Interest Research Group. In addition, he has engaged in the private practice of law. Mr. Kaufman is an adjunct professor at the Syracuse University College of Law teaching Poverty Law and Policy; The Tipping Point on the Scales of Civil Justice; 2009 Touro College Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center; LEXIS)

D.. Unchecked biopolitical control can be used for genocidal extermination of various segments of those in poverty, including racial groups, and necessitates an ongoing state of war and exceptionalism

Decoteau ë8

Thus the plan ñ The United States Supreme Court shall grant writ of certiorari to the next available test case and overturn Lassiter v. Department of Social Services on 14th Amendment due process grounds, guaranteeing a right to court-appointed counsel for topically designated persons in all civil cases involving basic human needs as per American Bar Association recommendations .

Observation III is Solvency

A. Overturning Lassiter solves and establishes a civil right to counsel

Kaufman ë09 (Dennis, Mr. Kaufman is the executive director of Legal Services of Central New York, Inc. in Syracuse, New York. Mr. Kaufman is an adjunct professor at the Syracuse University College of Law teaching Poverty Law and Policy; The Tipping Point on the Scales of Civil Justice; 2009 Touro College Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center; LEXIS)

Observation III is Solvency ñ

A. Overturning Lassiter solves and establishes a civil right to counsel

Kaufman ë09 (Dennis, Mr. Kaufman is the executive director of Legal Services of Central New York, Inc. in Syracuse, New York. Mr. Kaufman is an adjunct professor at the Syracuse University College of Law

Harvard - 87- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -88- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard teaching Poverty Law and Policy; The Tipping Point on the Scales of Civil Justice; 2009 Touro College Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center; LEXIS)

B. The Supreme Court is the preferred path to extending lawyer services to the indigent and would establish a system immediately for their provision

Kaufman ë09 (Dennis, Mr. Kaufman is the executive director of Legal Services of Central New York, Inc. adjunct professor at the Syracuse University College of Law teaching Poverty Law and Policy; The Tipping Point on the Scales of Civil Justice; 2009 Touro College Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center; LEXIS)

C. Supreme Court can overturn based on the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment

D. Supreme Court Extension of right to counsel would be implemented like criminal public defender model

Kleinman ë4 (Rachel Kleinman, J.D. Candidate, Fordham University School of Law, ìCOMMENT: HOUSING GIDEON: THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN EVICTION CASESî, 2005, 31 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1507, Fordham Urban Law Journal, November, 2004 lexis)

E. Supreme Court overturn of Lassiter would not impose unbearable cost burdens on states and would decrease court costs and clog by expediting case consideration. Furthermore, the benefits of the affirmative outweigh the costs.

F. Implementing civil Gideon will increase the quality of the justice system-criminal courts prove.

Abel ë6 (Laura K. Abel, Deputy Director of the Poverty Program at the Brennan Center for Justice. NYU. Clearinghouse REVIEW Journal of Poverty Law and Policy July-Aug 2006 A Right to Counsel in Civil Cases: Lessons from Gideon v. Wainwright)

Observation III: Justice as Fairness ñ

Our framework - all positions should be evaluated from the original position. Abandon all your previous social, economic, and racial identifiers before making policy considerations. You as the judge must assume a veil of ignorance when deciding which option to prefer, and make your decision based on which policy protects the basic liberties the best when viewed from the original position.

Rawls ë99 (John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Oxford University Press, 1999,http://books.google.com/books? id=b7GZr5Btp30C&dq=A+theory+of+justice&pg=PP1&ots=D0wfv6Nzjc&sig=8IanvPOvX- OE9E89Xb9tgcV-sMA&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3DA%2Btheory%2Bof %2Bjustice%26btnG%3DGoogle %2BSearch&sa=X&oi=print&ct=result&cd=1)

B.The judge should reject foreign policy excuses and nuclear war strategies articulated by the negative as they are only used to justify status quo structural oppression of the poor. Nuclear war scenarios have a discursive impact that you should reject; the government intentionally creates external threats and war in order to AVOID addressing more pertinent domestic issues

Chomsky í2 (Noam Chomsky, ìMedia Control: the spectacular achievements of propagandaî, 2nd edition, open media book, 2002)

Bellaire High School TX – Jacob Aronowitz - Luther Fan - Same as Other Team

Berkeley Preparatory School FL – Maria Datcu - Yunhan Xu –?

Berkeley Preparatory School FL – Rebecca Straley - Matt Murphy – ?

Bishop Guertin HS NH – Christian Steckler - Katie DiTullio – Work Bad 1AC- Work Bad

Congress and the President aren’t trying to help people, but make them work. The federal authorities trusted with promoting our well-being consider welfare only a temporary form of assistance, one that should be replaced by a long and productive period of employment- and they’re even so bold as to admit it This is from the Department of Health and Human Services website “Office of Family Assistance” http://www.acf.hhs.gov/opa/fact_sheets/tanf_factsheet.html What is the Temporary...one percentage point.

Even if work could be meaningful or a means of climbing out of poverty, the kind promoted by status quo social services isn’t- it makes it possible for the government to turn to large-scale workfare programs, not as a means of job training or aiding in employment, but rather as a source of cheap labor and a means of deterring welfare receipt Diller ‘98 /Matthew, Associate Professor of Law at Fordham University School of Law, “SYMPOSIUM: Working Without a Job: The Social Messages of the New Workfare: Work programs are deliberately structured so that they are virtually never comparable to holding an actual job,” 9 Stan. L. & Pol'y Rev 19, lexis/ The PRWORA makes...performed by recipients.

We think people should never have to work- ever. Employment is not productive or empowering, but modern slavery- even if you’re lucky enough to work for more than a wage you’re never working for yourself, but for an economic system built on TPS reports and a hierarchy of mindless labor. We stand in opposition to the universe of rules promoted by status quo social services and the so-called “consensus” of the debate community- endorsing a politics of play can reclaim our lives from the prison of the workplace Black ‘85 /Bob, “THE ABOLITION OF WORK”/ http://www.zpub.com/notes/black-work.html I am not playing definitional...teachers who work?

Neither work nor traditional policy debate offers the freedom to make anything of ourselves- whether you’re spending 40 hours a week with a boss you hate or two weekends a month pretending your hands are actually on the levers of power, you’re never actually asserting any kind of agency Skald ‘8 /4-8, “Beyond All Expectations”/ http://hobopoet.blogspot.com/ In "the West", we are mostly...people call "Freedom".

Moreover, the paycheck is the basic tool of social control, meant to serve the rich by keeping the poor poor- it destroys all value to life and is responsible for both structural and international forms of violence Saturday, no date /Jack, “Happy Man on

Welfare/ http://www.whywork.org/rethinking/whywork/welfare.html 10. The job, says Piven...international by-products.

Work is mass murder and will kill most of the people in this room. Do not align yourself with the institutionalization of homicide Black ‘85 /Bob, “THE ABOLITION OF WORK”/http://www.zpub.com/notes/black-work.html If these objections, informed...on most malefactors.

War is fundamentally incompatible with our world of play- good nature generated from leisure would eliminate tensions and nobody would sign up to fight or build the munitions- it’s your choice, extinction or leisure Russell ‘32 /Bertrand, Professor at Trinity College, “In Praise of Idleness”/ http://www.whywork.org/rethinking/leisure/russell.html In a world where...on being foolish forever.

Living on welfare is the only way to live- stop living inside the television and take a step outside of consumerama. We choose free time, the creative life, the life divorced from routine and opposed to any kind of work ethic Saturday, no date /Jack, “Happy Man on Welfare/ http://www.whywork.org/rethinking/whywork/welfare.html Now the 1990s, and...my own spirit's promptings.

The social safety next should be extended to those who just don’t want to work. Refuse to continue making over the status quo, no matter how much technology, air conditioning, and politics disads appeal to you Saturday, no date /Jack, “Happy Man on Welfare/ http://www.whywork.org/rethinking/whywork/welfare.html "Man is the measure of...play--over the whole earth!

Appeals to quell the world’s directly visible and identifiable violence paper over the more fundamental and enabling objective violence that sustains war and atrocities and made necessary to ensure the smooth- functioning of our current economic and political regime Zizek ‘8 /Violence, pp1-8/

Work is a social construction reproduced by repeated personal choices. Your ballot presents an opportunity for intervention, to say no to work, and join the momentum for production without coercion Black ‘97 /Bob, “WHAT IS WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?”/ http://www.t0.or.at/bobblack/futuwork.htm Thomas Edison said...immoral or frivolous.

We think there’s no alternative to work because of how unnecessarily complicated the entire system has become. There are other ways of existing that privilege play and aren’t tied to a wage. Abandoning work is key to transitioning to a more ethical and healthful society Black ‘92 /Bob, “Primitive Affluence”/ http://www.primitivism.com/primitive-affluence.htm The world of civilization...employment opportunity.

Thus there should be no work restrictions on social services.

Debate is starting to feel a lot like work, with the same tedious set of arguments hashed out over and over again. Turning debate into routine destroys argumentative creativity, intellectual risk-taking, and reproduces work into politics at the expense of actual democratic participation Black ‘85 /Bob, “THE ABOLITION OF WORK”/ http://www.zpub.com/notes/black-work.html The demeaning system..."Work is for saps!"

Sure, policy debate is fun for a while, but not necessarily all of the time- play necessitates diversity in how we act in and relate to the political sphere. Prefer our framework because it unleashes the creative power stifled by an otherwise restrictive vision of debate Black ‘85 /Bob, “THE ABOLITION OF WORK”/ http://www.zpub.com/notes/black-work.html The secret of turning...Workers of the world... relax!

Voting aff means liberating your own creative potentials while allowing us to do the same. any innovation in debate or any other game has resulted from accidental disruptions of tradition Johnston ‘99 (Ian – Professor of Philosophy @ Malaspina University-College – “There’s Nothing Nietzsche Couldn’t Teach Ya About the Raising of the Wrist: A Lecture in Liberal Studies,”http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/introser/nietzs.htm.) The third group...nihilists and the herd

Bishop Guertin HS NH – Christian Steckler - Katie DiTullio – Refugee 1AC- Greenhill Bishop Guertin 1AC

Contention one is the status quoó

The US Refugee Resettlement program is failing Iraqi refugees now -- itís fundamentally flawed.

IRC 2009 [Jun 16, ìFlawed US Refugee Admissions Program is Failing Iraqi Refugees; Recession only Makes Matters Worse ñ IRC Commission Calls for Overhaul of Resettlement Systemî International Rescue Committee Press Release -- http://www.theirc.org/news/irc-iraqi-refugees-us-refugee- admissions0616.html]

[The U.S. Refugee Admissions Program is outdated and under-funded... They deserve better.î]

The current goal to accept 17,000 Iraqis is falls short of what is necessary to make a difference.

Washington Post, 2008 [Walter Pincus, staff writer, ìUS to Admit 17,000 Iraqi Exilesî 9/13]

The United States plans to take in...falls far short of what is needed.

The program is dangerously underfunded now ñ a shrinking job pool means reform is key.

Yeomans, 2009 [Meredith, staffwriter ìIraqi refugees in America still facing difficultiesî Aug 3 -- http://www.azfamily.com/news/3oys/stories/Phoenix-3OYS-news-073009-iraq-refugees.a56409ea.html]

IRC spokesperson Katherine Ried...refugees facing poverty and eviction.

Contention two is Middle East stabilityó

Lack of asylum for refugees in the United States is destabilizing all of Iraq and encouraging refugees to flee to neighboring countries.

Cooper, 2009 [Helene, diplomatic correspondent for NYT, former WSJ journalist, ìProcessing of Iraqi Refugees remains slow, US Saysî New York Times -- Feb 5 --http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/washington/05refugee.html?_r=1]

[Last year the Bush administration vowed... fled to Syria, Jordan and other neighbors.]

Specifically, refugee flows into Syria and Jordan place enormous economic strains on both countries and destabilize the region. Absent U.S. action, this will cause widespread conflict and terrorism.

Hastings, 2007 [Alcee, Chairman of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (a U.S. Government agency that monitors progress in the implementation of the provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Accords) ìHastings concerned over Iraqi refugee crisisî -- Aug 20-- http://www.reliefweb.int/rwarchive/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SJHG-76A43X?OpenDocument]

[As Special Representative on Mediterranean Affairs...we are not doing enough.]

The presence of refugees in Syria is rapidly increasing tension and marginalizing an entire population ñ this results in violence throughout the region -- Pakistan proves.

Senanayake, 2007 [Sumedha, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty staff ìIraq: Refugee crisis could become regional security threatî July 19 --http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1077719.html]

[With Iraq experiencing such massive... we may well look back in 10 years' time]

Conflict in the Middle East leads to world war.

Reuters , 2007 (quoting Khalilzad -- "Middle East turmoil could cause world war: U.S. envoy." 8/27. http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSL2719552620070827)

[Upheaval in the Middle East...he was quoted as saying.]

Weapons of mass destruction in the region mean such conflict will be nuclear.

Steinbach, 2002 (John, Analyst @ Center for Research on Globalization, ìIsraeli Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Threat to Peaceî Centre for Research on Globalization,http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/STE203A.html)

[Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal... trigger a world conflagration."]

The Middle East is the most important region in the worldóits problems will spill-over internationally.

Haass and Indyk, 2009 [Richard, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, Martin, Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, ìBeyond Iraq: A New US Strategy for the Middle Eastî ñ Foreign Affairs -- Jan/Feb]

[Some might argue that... requires managing the Middle East.]

Reform is the only way to remove bureaucratic red tape and increase stability in the region.

Wright, 2007 [Robin -- journalist and Middle Eastern foreign correspondent, Spencer Hsu, homeland security correspondent, ìCrocker Blasts Refugee Processî Washington Post -- Sept 17]

[The U.S. ambassador to Iraq ... protection environment in these countries."]

Contention three is soft poweró

US action on Iraqi refugees is crucial to remedy leadership abroad- if Obama cannot fix Americaís crisis in Iraq our credibility is shot

Brown, 2008 [Matthew, Baltimore Sun reporter, ìUS slow to meet needs, refugee saysî Baltimore Sun -- Dec 29]

["America always talks about human rights,"... to satisfy each and every critic."]

Such a policy change on Iraq is the DECIDING FACTOR in American global influence

Nye, 2004 /Joseph S, Harvard professor, ìCan America Regain Its Soft Power After Abu Ghraib?, YaleGlobal, July 29/ http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4302

[Of course, even the best advertising... after Iraq and Abu Ghraib.]

Specifically, reforming the resettlement program is key to sustained humanitarian leadership

Deffenbaugh and Feltman, 2009. [Ralson, president of the Lutheran immigration and refugee service, Heather chief executive officer of Lutheran social services of new England, ìUS refugee resettlement program needs reformî Providence Journal April 30]

[Even before this economic downturn... reform of the resettlement system.]

Middle East soft power is vital to winning the war on terror and maintaining leadership in the region- acting on Iraq is vital to overcoming post-invasion resentment

Nye, 2006 [Joseph S., Harvard professor, ìIn Mideast, the goal is ësmart powerí,î August 19, Boston Globe]

[Lebanon provides larger lessons... and that can be fatal.]

Absent a change in US policy, a nuclear terror attack is inevitable by 2014. A nuclear 9/11 would devastate global trade and cast billions into poverty

Allison, 2008 [Graham, director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, is a former U.S. assistant secretary of defense, ìNuclear attack a worst-case reality?,î Washington Post, April 23]

[In "Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe,"... throughout the developing world."]

Nuclear terrorism is the primary existential threat - kills millions, spurs war and nuclear retaliation, and collapses the global economy

Diamond, 2008 /John, fellow of the Saga Foundation and former national security reporter for USA Today, ìA financial apocalypse isn't nearly as scary as a nuclear one,î 10-9, USA Today/

[Nuclear terrorism, the most serious... effects with incalculable consequences.]

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war

Mead, 09 ñ Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Walter Russell, The New Republic, ìOnly Makes You Strongerî, 2/4,http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887- 4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=2)

[If current market turmoil seriously damaged... we may still have to fight.]

Soft power is key to sustainable hegemony

Nye, 2004 (Joseph, dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, Political Science Quarterly, Summer, ebsco)

[THE COSTS OF IGNORING SOFT POWER Soft power is the ability... to explain our common interests.]

Declining hegemony risks nuclear war in every region of the globe and re-intervention is inevitable

Kagan, 2007 - senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, ìEnd of Dreams, Return of Historyî, 7/19,http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/07/end_of_dreams_return_of_histor.html)

[This is a good thing, and it should continue... global involvement will provide an easier path.]

The collapse of U.S. leadership will unleash conflicts ñ resulting in great power wars

Thayer, 2006 (Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, ìIn Defense of Primacyî, lexis)

[A remarkable fact about international politics today-...None even comes close.]

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should remove the cap on accepted refugees from the Republic of Iraq and provide all necessary resources to substantially increase resettlement of Iraqi refugees in the United States.

Contention four is solvency

Accepting more refugees is the only way to protect Americaís long-term interestsócurrent federal goals are insufficient. Byman, 2007 [Daniel, director of the Center for Peace and Security Studies @ Georgetown, senior fellow @ Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings institution, ìThe next phase of the Iraq warî Slate ñ Nov 15]

Rarely do morality and strategy... or other regional hosts.

Only the federal government administers the resettlement program and determines how many refugees will be accepted into the US. Idaho Office for Refugees, 2003 [-the Idaho Office for Refugees works to promote mutual understanding between refugees and the larger community by sharing information regarding federal and state provision of assistnace- ìRefugees in the USî http://www.idahorefugees.org/About_Us/Refugees_in_the_US/]

Today, refugees are admitted... six major regions of the world.

Bishop Guertin HS NH – Shawn Mok - Pankhuri Singhal – Refugees Same As Above

Bronx Science NY – Andrew Markoff - Zack Elias – Medical Marijuana Medical Marijuana Affirmative - Glenbrooks/Blake

Plan: On the grounds that the Controlled Substances Act’s regulation of locally produced and consumed cannabis exceeds the scope of federal powers necessary and proper to regulate interstate commerce, the United States Supreme Court should rule that the federal government may not impose a restriction on access to social services that excludes those otherwise eligible because the government classifies them as those in poverty who violated the Controlled Substances Act’s prohibition on locally produced or consumed cannabis.

Contention One: Moral Purity

The federal ban on marijuana is a substantial restriction on social services. Drug War Chronicle 12/8/2006(http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/464/drug_reform_democratic_congress_what_w ill_happen) Drug War Chronicle is ... Act; * Police raids

This is true even in the context of Obama’s memorandum – even if there are fewer drug raids, the drug restrictions on social services exist. Miami Herald 10/19 “U.S. to ease medical marijuana prosecutions” http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics/AP/story/1290284.html

However, federal raids and prosecutions should continue when other potentially law-breaking circumstances exist, Holder stressed.The unlawful possession of firearms, "excessive amounts of cash," possession of other controlled substances and questionable financial gains still might provoke prosecution. The policy appears consistent with some high-profile past prosecutions, including a case last year in which two Modesto, Calif., men were convicted of running a major pot dispensary that earned more than $4.5 million.

This punishes people for failing to conform with the rigid moral order of the war on drugs. Andrew J. LeVay, Received JD from Boston College Law School, ‘99 (Boston College Law Review, Vol 41, p. 599, “Urgent Compassion”) [*PG746] Lastly, prosecutors must ... defendants such as Smith.350

This moralization of politics is totalitarian. It values ideological purity over people’s lives. Alain Finkielkraut, Ecole Polytechnique, ’97 (The Wisdom of Love, trans. O’Neill and Suchoff, p. 57-61)

Of course, we cannot sit ... that man can do everything.

Fundamentalist and totalizing moral systems enable extinction. Robert Jay Lifton, MD and renowned psychologist, ‘89 (Updated preface to Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism) Now, after twenty-eight years, ... that species orientation

Social services should focus on policy consequences instead of philosophical purity. We should reject the fundamentalist impulse within gateway restrictions on services.Sanford SCHRAM Social Policy @ Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research at Bryn Mawr College ‘2K After Welfare p. 160-164

Of necessity, therefore ... families in the future in real terms.

Contention Two – Federalism

In Gonzalez v. Raich, the Supreme Court affirmed federal power over local medical marijuana. This enables unprecedented federal control over every aspect of human affairs. Tanya K. Shunnara, JD cum laude Cumberland Law, ‘7 (37 Cumb. L. Rev. 575)

To appreciate the full ... evolves, so must our laws.

Judicial insistence on formal constitutional federalism key to prevent its collapse. Michael S. Greve, PhD Government from Cornell, Adjunct Prof @ Boston College. He has written extensively on many aspects of the American legal system, AEI, 2K (70 Miss. L.J. 557) In several federalism cases ... with eyes wide open.

Russia is facing disintegration – only a move away from centralization checks instability. Andrey Makarychev, Analyst @ Nizhny Novgorod Civil Service Academy, September2009 (http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2009-176-16.cfm) Meanwhile, a growing ... power” in the Kremlin

Empirically, Russia looks to the U.S. model. Schwartz, 9 – Associate, O'Melveny and Myers LLP; J.D., Harvard Law School; B.A., Stanford (Victoria, 32 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 101) B. Western Influence Western ... Scandinavia, Poland and Hungary. n49

The plan sends a signal of re-invigorated U.S. federalism. Steven G. Calabresi, ’95, Associate Professor, Northwestern University School of Law, December 1995, Michigan Law Review, 94 Mich. L. Rev. 752, pl/n

The conventional wisdom ... what is at stake

Absent Russian federalism, nuclear war is inevitable. Stephen David ‘99, Professor of Political Science @ John Hopkins University, 1999 (Foreign Affairs, p. Lexis) A future conflict would ... follow a Russian civil war.

Contention Three: Judicial Independence

Raich created two mechanisms for unlimited deference to Congress:

First, its interpretation of the Necessary and Proper clause eliminated the doctrine of enumerated powers – this will spill over to destroy judicial enforcement of the entire Bill of Rights. Glenn H. Reynolds, Prof Law – U Tenn, and Brannon P. Denning, Prof Law – Samford U, ‘5 (9 Lewis & Clark L Rev 915, “What Hath Raich Wrought?”)

Professor Vermeule’s understanding of ... trouble. But that is where we are today.

Second, holding that interstate commerce includes local marijuana signaled absolute deference. Jonathan Adler, Visiting Assoc Professor of Law – George Mason Law, ‘5 (9 Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 751) Raich, like even the most ... political safeguards of federalism

The impact is illiberal democracy:

Illiberal democratic transitions are widespread – they lack an independent judiciary Larry Diamond, Democracy Superstar and Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies @ Stanford, 11/28/2008 (http://74.125.93.132/search? q=cache:BuMtdV-8u1oJ:www.cipe.org/publications/fs/pdf/112808.pdf+illiberal+%22new+democracies %22+%22independent+judiciary%22&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us) Many new democracies around the world ... rigged. Then the country has pseudodemocracy.

Re-invigorated judicial independence sends a global signal – it’s the only way to liberalize democratizing states Center for Justice, January 14, 2004, Amicus Brief, Nos. 03-334, 03-343, www.ccr-ny.org/v2/rasul_v_bush/legal/petitioners/Emerging%20Democracies%20Brief.pdf IV. A STRONG, INDEPENDENT ... ensure for their peoples

Specifically, foreign judiciaries are built around U.S. drug jurisprudence Eric L. Jensen and Jurg Gerber, 2001, (Professor of Sociology at the University of Idaho; Professor of Criminal Justice at Sam Houston State University; ) Drug war, American style. Edited by Jurg Gerber, Eric L. Jensen, p. 12 Whereas U.S. drug control ... consumption of illicit drugs

Illiberal majoritarian transitions cause genocide and war Fareed Zakaria, PhD Poli Sci @ Harvard, Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, 1997(http://www.fareedzakaria.com/ARTICLES/other/democracy.html) Lang's embarrassment highlights ... little to do with democracy.

These conflicts escalate globally. Bruce W. Jentleson, (director, Terry Sanford Inst of Public Policy, prof public policy and poli sci, Duke), June 1996, University of California, Davis, Policy Paper # 27, www- igcc.ucsd.edu. There are three bases for ... abridging intermediations and interventions

Harvard - 103- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -104- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard Bronx Science NY – Dylan Gorman - Julia Reinitz – Same as Other Team

Bronx Science NY – David Seidman - Allen Paltrow-Krulwich

Bronx Science NY – Daniel Lee - Scott Khamphoune

Bronx Science NY – Simon You - Ian Irlander

Bronx Science NY – Sarah Wood - Jessica Tenenbaum

Brophy College Prep az – Max Maerowitz - Andy McCoy – PRWORA mmigrants Shouldn't Die 1AC - Long Beach

Plan: The United States federal government should amend the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act to abolish citizenship status as a determinant of eligibility for Medicaid. The inequality boils to the surface today – even though illegal immigrants make up more than one fifth of the uninsured – they are excluded from reform and left with ineffective emergency care Modern Healthcare 9 (6-22, “Out of the debate; Immigrants are missing quotient in reform talks”)

As Congress considers …that hard to do. And – things get worse - eligibility restrictions create a chilling effect – social stigma discourages immigrants from getting the care they are entitled to Cooper 4 (EMILIE COOPER 2004 J.D., Washington University School of Law, 2006, Executive Notes Editor, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Winter, Embedded Immigrant Exceptionalism: An Examination of California's Proposition 187, the 1996 Welfare Reforms and the Anti-Immigrant Sentiment Expressed Therein)

Congress' success at …the reforms. n126 And – the story of Astrid Quiceno’s death illustrates the horror that millions in America have to live through Chesler 8 (Elizabeth, Boston University Law Journal , The Trustees, “NOTE: DENYING UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANTS ACCESS TO MEDICAID: A DENIAL OF THEIR EQUAL PROTECTION RIGHTS?”, -lexis)

Astrid Quiceno was …equal protection rights. And – children are constantly suffering because they lack this care – they’re forced into dangerous situations Chang 5 (Cindy, Washington University Law Quarterly, “HEALTH CARE FOR UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRANT CHILDREN: SPECIAL MEMBERS OF AN UNDERCLASS”-lexis)

When President Bill …and needy population. In the time this round takes – 4 working, tax-paying, innocent members of society will die because they don’t have health insurance. If we wait the death toll will hit a million. Jackson-Lee 9-29 (member of the House of Representatives, interviewed by Greta Van Susteren, “On the Record”) Zanezor

VAN SUSTEREN: Here's the …uncompensated care for.

Plan ensures the effective delivery of care Knutson 8 – Articles Editor of the Boston College Third World Law Journal (Ryan, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “Deprivation of Care: Are Federal Laws Restricting the Provision of Medical Care to Immigrants Working as Planned?” Spring 2008, 28 B.C. Third World L.J. 401, JMP) IV. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS PRWOA is a …health outcomes. n270 Deprivation of Harvard - 106- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -107- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard health care locks immigrant children into low socioeconomic standing – eligibility is a pre-requisite to social mobility – they’ll die if we don’t do something Shin 6 (Hyejung Janet Shin, July 2006, Resource Editor of Family Court Review. She graduated from Binghamton University magna cum laude in 2002 with a B.A. in Philosophy, Political Science & Law (PPL) and History. She received her JD from Hofstra University School of Law in May, 2006.” ALL CHILDREN ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL: PRWORA'S UNCONSTITUTIONAL RESTRICTION ON IMMIGRANT CHILDREN'S ACCESS TO FEDERAL HEALTH CARE PROGRAMS” 44 Fam. Ct. Rev. 484)

In Plyer, n106 the …a state one. Contention Two: The Ugly Justification

PRWORA utilizes health benefits to exclude marginalized groups. Policymakers are scared of a “Mexican-controlled” America so they discriminate against all difference. The federal government is responsible. Cooper 4 - EMILIE COOPER 2004 J.D., Washington University School of Law, 2006, Executive Notes Editor, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Winter, Embedded Immigrant Exceptionalism: An Examination of California's Proposition 187, the 1996 Welfare Reforms and the Anti- Immigrant Sentiment Expressed Therein

Admittedly, California's Proposition …state policy. n148 And – the Welfare Magnet theory is wrong – denial of services is based on exceptionalism, not logic Cooper 4 - EMILIE COOPER 2004 J.D., Washington University School of Law, 2006, Executive Notes Editor, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Winter, Embedded Immigrant Exceptionalism: An Examination of California's Proposition 187, the 1996 Welfare Reforms and the Anti-Immigrant Sentiment Expressed Therein

Taken together, the …on this theory.

This process is a pre-requisite for extreme violence Woolf and Hulsizer 5 (LINDA M. WOOLF and MICHAEL R. HULSIZER, professor of Psychology and Webster University/ Ph.D.Associate Professor Undergraduate Coordinator Experimental (Social) Psychology. “Psychosocial roots of genocide: risk, prevention, and intervention” pg 115-116 2005) While the aforementioned …by several centuries. And – immigration restrictions are a proxy for racism – there’s an obligation to vote aff Johnson 3 (Kevin, Associate Dean and Professor of Law at UC Davis, The “Huddled Masses” Myth, http://www.temple.edu/tempress/chapters_1400/1597_ch1.pdf) As this discussion suggests, the …treatment of immigrants. And – the plan is critical to rejecting the discrimination of the status quo – we can’t skirt over the issue in debate Clark 8 (Brietta R. Clark in 2008, Professor of Law, Loyola Law School, 17 Ann. Health L. 229, The Immigrant Health Care Narrative and What it Tells Us About the U.S. Health Care System, Lexis)

Increasingly, attention is …challenges they face.

We utilize an isolated immigrant experience to call attention to the need for fundamental reforms in a broken system. Clark 8 - Brietta R. Clark in 2008, Professor of Law, Loyola Law School, 17 Ann. Health L. 229, The Immigrant Health Care Narrative and What it Tells Us About the U.S. Health Care System, Lexis.

This reconstruction of …access for everyone. The plan as a locus for the immigrant health experience spills over into coalition building to promote creative future innovations in health solving for systemic problems. Clark 8 - Brietta R. Clark in 2008, Professor of Law, Loyola Law School, 17 Ann. Health L. 229, The Immigrant Health Care Narrative and What it Tells Us About the U.S. Health Care System, Lexis.

Viewing the problems …the system. n227

Multiple examples from contexts outside health care give warrant to the claim of this coalitional spillover. Clark 8 - Brietta R. Clark in 2008, Professor of Law, Loyola Law School, 17 Ann. Health L. 229, The Immigrant Health Care Narrative and What it Tells Us About the U.S. Health Care System, Lexis.

Professors Kevin Johnson …for immigrant communities.

Federal action is a pre-requisite to states – even with fiat governments will focus efforts on pre-PRWORA immigrants Cooper 4 - EMILIE COOPER 2004 J.D., Washington University School of Law, 2006, Executive Notes Editor, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Winter, Embedded Immigrant Exceptionalism: An Examination of California's Proposition 187, the 1996 Welfare Reforms and the Anti- Immigrant Sentiment Expressed Therein The 1996 welfare reforms …post-PRWORA immigrants. Unilateral state action would be struck down Boggion 9 - Joshua A. Boggion in 2009, J.D. Candidate, University of Toledo College of Law, 2009. Editor-in-Chief, University of Toledo Law Review, Board 40. 40 U. Tol. L. Rev. 453, UNOFFICIAL AMERICANS - WHAT TO DO WITH UNDOCUMENTED STUDENTS: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST SUPRESSING THE MIND, The University of Toledo Law Review, Lexis.

Shortly after the …California's Proposition 187. n80 State biases would deny proper service to immigrants – empirics prove Mandell 8 - Bekah Mandell in 2008, AB Vassar College, JD Boston College Law School; Adjunct Professor, Champlain College. RACE AND STATE-LEVEL EARNED INCOME TAX CREDITS: ANOTHER CASE OF WELFARE RACISM? Rutgers Race & the Law Review, 10 Rutgers Race & L. Rev. 1, Lexis Although many factors …the program's beneficiaries. States can’t overcome federal chilling effect Shin 6 - Hyejung Janet Shin, July 2006, Resource Editor of Family Court Review. She graduated from Binghamton University magna cum laude in 2002 with a B.A. in Philosophy, Political Science & Law (PPL)

Harvard - 108- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -109- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard and History. She received her JD from Hofstra University School of Law in May, 2006.” ALL CHILDREN ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL: PRWORA'S UNCONSTITUTIONAL RESTRICTION ON IMMIGRANT CHILDREN'S ACCESS TO FEDERAL HEALTH CARE PROGRAMS” 44 Fam. Ct. Rev. 484

Title IV Section 403 of …high costs. n79 Contention Three: Hyperbole

Zero link uniqueness - Obama’s budget contains unprecedented welfare spending and healthcare Rector et al 9-16 (Robert Rector is Senior Research Fellow in the Domestic Policy Studies Department at The Heritage Foundation. Katherine Bradley is Visiting Fellow in the Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society at The Heritage Foundation. Rachel Sheffield is Visiting Fellow in Welfare Studies in the Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society at The Heritage Foundation, “Obama to Spend 10.3 Trillion on Welfare,”http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/upload/SR_67.pdf) Zanezor In his first two …the next decade.

No risk of war – even taking into account irrational behavior and miscalculation, no country wants to repeat the horrors of WWII Mueller 88 (John, “The Essential Irrelevance of Nuclear Weapons: Stability in the Postwar World” International Security vol 13 no 2. Professor of Political Science at the University of Rochester) – Peter/Christos

Once again, escalation …affairs since 1945. No nuclear extinction Nyquist 99 (JR, defense analyst, worldnetdailty, may 20, 1999) I patiently reply to…may even suffice.

Their cost arguments are silly justifications for discrimination – the plan makes economic sense Clark 8 - Brietta R. Clark in 2008, Professor of Law, Loyola Law School, 17 Ann. Health L. 229, The Immigrant Health Care Narrative and What it Tells Us About the U.S. Health Care System, Lexis.

A more recent example …preventative health care.

Link inevitable – Babyboomers Miller and Foust 8 (Charles, President of Space Consulting Inc, and Editor and Publisher of the Space Review, April 14,http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1106/1)

Ignoring the coming …between 2010 and 2020.

Their impacts are based on a fear of immigrants – they’re not objective Brietta R. Clark in 2008, Professor of Law, Loyola Law School, 17 Ann. Health L. 229, The Immigrant Health Care Narrative and What it Tells Us About the U.S. Health Care System, Lexis. Immigrants are also …tough on crime." n97

Brophy College Prep az – Abhinava Singh - Ryan Michels –?

Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart FL – Kelly Keough - Lauren Cue –?

Harvard - 112- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -113- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard Anna Dimitrijevic - Helen Gomez Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart FL – Refugee Asylum Asylum Affirmative - St. Marks

Lack of asylum for refugees in the United States is destabilizing Iraq and encouraging refugees to flee to neighboring countries. Cooper 2008 [Helen, Diplomatic Correspondent for NYT, “Processing of Iraqi Refugees Remains Slow, U.S. Says” http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/washington/05refugee.html? _r=2] WASHINGTON — Last year the Bush administration vowed …Jordan and other neighbors.

Refugee flows into Syria and Jordan place enormous economic strains on both countries and destabilize the region. Absent U.S. action, this will cause widespread conflict and terrorism. Hastings 2007 [Alcee, Chairman of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (a U.S. Government agency that monitors progress in the implementation of the provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Accords) ìHastings concerned over Iraqi refugee crisisî -- Aug 20-- http://www.reliefweb.int/rwarchive/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SJHG-76A43X?OpenDocument] Dear Secretary Rice: As Special Representative on …in the host countries.

The presence of refugees in Syria is rapidly increasing tension and marginalizing an entire population ñ this results in violence throughout the region. Senanayake, 2007 [Sumedha, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty staff ìIraq: Refugee crisis could become regional security threatî July 19 -- http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1077719.html] According to data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), approximately 2.2 million Iraqis are currently internally displaced and an additional 2 million have fled to neighboring countries, particularly Jordan and Syria. With Iraq experiencing…, but by extension the entire region.

Conflict in the Middle East leads to world war. Reuters , 2007 (quoting Khalilzad -- "Middle East turmoil could cause world war: U.S. envoy." 8/27.http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSL2719552620070827) Upheaval in the Middle East…Mohammad," he was quoted as saying.

Weapons of mass destruction in the region mean such conflict will be nuclear. Steinbach 2002 John Steinbach, nuclear specialist at the Center for Research on Globalization, March 2002.http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2002/03/00_steinbach_israeli-wmd.htm Meanwhile, the existence of …trigger a world conflagration."

The Middle East is the most important region in the world its problems will spill-over internationally. Haass and Indyk, 2009 [Richard, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, Martin, Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy @ Brookings, Beyond Iraq: A New US Strategy for the Middle Eastî ñ Foreign Affairs -- Jan/Feb] Some might argue that …requires managing the Middle East.

Dramatic efforts to expedite resettlement are vital to stabilize the region Wright, 2007 [Robin -- journalist and Middle Eastern foreign correspondent, Spencer Hsu, homeland security correspondent, Crocker Blasts Refugee Process Washington Post -- Sept 17] The U.S. ambassador to Iraq …administration on refugee resettlement.

Access to legal services are necessary to navigate the cumbersome process Settlage 9 Rachel, Clinical Fellow, University of Baltimore School of Law, AFFIRMATIVELY DENIED: THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF A REDUCED GRANT RATE FOR AFFIRMATIVE ASYLUM SEEKERS, Boston University Law Journal, 27 B.U. Int'l L.J. 61 Compounding the difficulty for applicants …the need for such services is greater than the availability. n123

Detention policies in the status quo prevent solvency – Legal representation is the greatest internal link to obtain asylum Human Rights First, 9 (Human Rights First Organization, nonprofit, nonpartisan international human rights organization based in New York and Washington D.C To maintain our independence, we accept no government funding. “U.S. Detention of Asylum Seekers Seeking Protection, Finding Prison”, April, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pdf/090429-RP-hrf-asylum-detention-report.pdf) Legal representation is …after arriving at the facility.309

Congressional Power Advantage

Incorporating “legal aid” components of the Refugee Convention to strike down Congressional language signals a reversal in the Congressional plenary power doctrine Carnegie 99 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Supreme Court and Immigration and Refugee Law, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=110& In recent years, immigration …internationally established rights."

Right to council is a key Congressional power battleground CIS 9 Center for Immigration Studies, Panel, Panel: Should Judges Set Immigration Policy?,http://www.cis.org/Transcript/PlenaryPowerPanel But, again, as the panelists …even enforce the laws.

And, it doesn’t link to politics or court-stripping – politicians would rather have hot-button issues decided at the Court Ting 9 Jan, FORMER ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OF THE U.S. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, PROFESSOR OF LAW, TEMPLE UNIVERSITY, Panel: Should Judges Set Immigration Policy?,http://www.cis.org/Transcript/PlenaryPowerPanel The discussion also assumes …alienate some of their constituents.

We’ll isolate two scenarios:

First – Immigration

The plan drastically changes Congressional powers – the Supreme Court is key, and it spills over to ending restrictive immigration policies Feere 9 Jon, J.D. from American University's Washington College of Law. While in law school he worked in the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, specifically, the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claim, Plenary Power: Should Judges Control U.S. Immigration Policy?, Center for Immigration Studies, http://www.cis.org/plenarypower While the plenary power …the most basic immigration cases.

That’s key to competitiveness NAP 9 National Academic Press, Changes Sought in U.S. Export-Control Rules, Immigration, http://www.america.gov/st/business- english/2009/January/20090113101749saikceinawz0.4066736.html Changes Sought in U.S. Export- Control Rules, Immigration Cold War restrictions …universities and research centers.

Competitive innovation is the only way to sustain US hegemony Segal 4 Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, Adam, Is America Losing Its Edge?, Foreign Affairs, November/December , http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is- america-losing-its-edge.html?mode=print) The United States' …technological entrepreneurship at home.

Loss of hegemony makes all war inevitable – and, there’s no alternative Kagan 7 Robert, PhD from American, Senior Associate with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, , July 19, End of Dreams, Return of History, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/07/end_of_dreams_return_of_histor.html By the same token, foreign policy …will provide an easier path.

And, economic leadership solves global hotspots, nuclear wars and terrorism Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8 Aaron, professor of politics and international relations at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, Gabriel, Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, The Dangers of a Diminished America, WSJ, 10/21, Proquest Pressures to cut defense …with external adventures.

No risk of a turn – increased immigration cannot hurt the economy Tabarrok 2k Alexander, PhD, Research Director, The Independent Institute, Economic and Moral Factors in Favor of Open Immigration, http://www.independent.org/issues/article.asp?id=486 Virtually all economists agree …bulk of native workers.

New Plan: The United States Supreme Court should rule that 189 United Nations Treaty Series 150 mandates free legal aid to indigent asylum applicants.

EU Advantage (Michigan)

EU is debating Asylum policies now - failure to provide legal aid risks devastating EU credibility Crosble 10/22 Judith,- journalist working for the Irish Times “Migration policy is all at sea and needs to change” http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/migration-policy-is-all-at-sea-and-needs-to- change/66203.aspx It is rare for a week ….. if standards are not raised.

Specifically, this spills over to all facets of EU soft power – risks diplomatic relations with all non-EU countries Hansen 6 Thomas, PhD candidate under the “Industrial PhD” scheme and affiliated with the Institute of Law, OUTSOURCING MIGRATION MANAGEMENT, http://www.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/WP2006/1_tgh_outsourcing_migration.pdf Look ing into these restrictive … make such policies unsustainable.

Asylum is linked to larger foreign policy goals – risks EU failure internationally Hansen 6 Thomas, PhD candidate under the “Industrial PhD” scheme and affiliated with the Institute of Law, OUTSOURCING MIGRATION MANAGEMENT, http://www.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/WP2006/1_tgh_outsourcing_migration.pdf Besi des underlining the …. in third countries (Kruse 2003: 12).

US asylum policies are modeled by the EU – plan changes precedent and spills over Bickel Brewer 5 Qualifying Team from the Law Firm focusing on International Economic Issues,http://www.bickelbrewer.com/fileadmin/template/main/pdf/TeamAEssay.pdf The Spillover Effect Certainly …. and safety from violence.

EU soft power solves extinction Burton 1 John,- Ambassador for the European Commission Delegation http://www.irlgov.ie/committees-02/c-europeanaffairs/future/page1.htm 2.5 As the Laeken Declaration put it, "… global forces that will otherwise overwhelm us.

EU soft power is key to fill in gaps left by US diplomatic failures Nye 4 Joseph, Professor of Government @ Harvard, Europe’s Soft Power, http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3886 Soft power can be …. is beneficial to the United States.

That solves every global problem – the economy, aids, poverty, international crime, terrorism and proliferation Jervis 9 Robert, professor of international politics at Columbia University, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse To say that the system is ….. believe that its leadership is benign. [End Page 211]

Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart FL – Anna Dimitrijevic - Helen Gomez – Childcare Child Care Affirmative - MBA Semifinals

CHILD CARE AFFIRMATIVE - MBA SEMIFINALS The Department of Defense should substantially increase Family Child Care Centers for low income military service members in the United States.

Advantage One – Military Supremacy

A strong US military solves global wars, terrorism, and economy – we control the internal link to every global hotspot

Yetiv, professor of political science @ Old Dominion, 10/27

Steve, Christian Science Monitor, 2k9, Lexis

The great recession, mounting debt, military burdens, overconsumption.

It’s not just coincidence that the last 7 decades have been great power war free – US military strength makes war impossible

Lewis 9

James, 9/24, pg. http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/09/the_blessings_of_pax_americana.html

The United States came into the war not because it wanted to control the world, like Stalin's USSR, but because totalitarian aggression gave us no choice. That is the origin of Pax Americana, which

And, US military pullback leads to a rise of hostile rivals – leads to every possible scenario for conflict

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8

Aaron, professor of politics and international relations at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, Gabriel, Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, The Dangers of a Diminished America, WSJ, 10/21, Proquest

Pressures to cut defense spending, and to dodge

Readiness deters and solves wars in every hotspot

Hughes 99

Lieutenant General Patrick Hughes, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, FDCH, February 2, 1999

The global dynamic will continue to spur numerous regional

Moreover, military counterbalancing is inevitable – vitiation of our military undermines deterrence and incites aggression

Feaver 3

Professor of Political Science at Duke, Peter D., Armed Services: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations, p.213

The civil-military problematique is so vexing because it involves balancing

And, even though the military is perceived to have other means, increased retention of ground forces is the only way to deter rising powers

Perry 6

Perry et al., Chair of the National Security Advisory Group, William J, National Security Advisory Group, The U.S. Military: Under Strain and at Risk, January 2006,http://merln.ndu.edu/merln/mipal/reports/US_Military_Under_Strain_and_at_Risk.pdf

If retention rates decline significantly, the viability

Despite this overwhelming impact, US military supremacy has been pushed to the brink

Singer 7

Peter, Senior fellow at the Brookings institute and the director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, Bent but Not Broken: The Military Challenge for the Next Commander-in-Chief” \www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/~/media/Files/Projects/Opportunity08/PB_MilitaryReadiness_PSinger.p df

A spent and broken force after Vietnam, the U.S. military has

We’ll isolate two links

First – Retention – a crisis in retention is coming – leads to global aggression against the US and risks overall hegemony

Perry and Flournoy 6

William, former Secretary of Defense, and Michelle, former Undersecretary for Defense, The U.S. Military: Under Strain And at Risk

,http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/ARCHIVE/2006/MAY/Pages/TheU5363.S5363.MilitaryUnder53 63.aspx

The flip side of the recruiting coin is retention. The good news is that the

Second – Recruitment – it’s strong now, but on the brink – it’s critical to national security and military readiness

Heller 9

Marc, 5/12, Watertown Daily Times Washington Correspondent, DoD's budget slashes funds for recruiting efforts,http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090512/NEWS02/305129956/-1/NEWS

The U.S. military built its recent expansion on aggressive

The plan is key – military child care is necessary for both retention and recruitment

Zellman et al 8

Gail, PhD in Social and Clinical Psychology, social and clinical psychologist with years of experience conducting and leading research on child and youth policy, Options for Improving the Military Child Care System, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2008/RAND_OP217.pdf

To assess military child care as a compensation issue, it is necessary to understand

Private care fails – doesn’t exist in most military areas and is low quality

Zellman et al 8

Gail, PhD in Social and Clinical Psychology, social and clinical psychologist with years of experience conducting and leading research on child and youth policy, Options for Improving the Military Child Care System, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2008/RAND_OP217.pdf

The lack of visibility of the CDC subsidy poses a serious

Advantage Two – Child Care

Federally funded child-care is insufficient now

Calmen and Tarr-Whalen 5

Leslie, Senior Vice President, Legal Momentum and Director, Family Initiative, Linda, Managing Partner, Tarr-Whelan and Associates, Early childhood education for all: A wise investment, Legal Momentum’s Family Initiative & MIT Workplace Center, http://web.mit.edu/workplacecenter/docs/Full%20Report.pdf

Early Childhood Education for All: A Wise Investment

A targeted approach to low-income families is key

Forry 8

Nicole D., The Impact of Child Care Subsidies on Low-Income Single Parents: An Examination of Child Care Expenditures and Family Finances, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, SpringerLink

Low-income families are often unable to access

Child-care is key to the economy – has a massive rate of return

NEDLC 6

National Economic and Legal Development Center, The Economic Impact OF THE Child Care and Early Education Industry in South Hampton Roads, Virginia,http://www.theplanningcouncil.org/economicimpact.pdf

Three long-term studies demonstrate the positive

Top economists agree – targeted child care is key to competitiveness and the economy

Calmen and Tarr-Whalen 5

Leslie, Senior Vice President, Legal Momentum and Director, Family Initiative, Linda, Managing Partner, Tarr-Whelan and Associates, Early childhood education for all: A wise investment, Legal Momentum’s Family Initiative & MIT Workplace Center, http://web.mit.edu/workplacecenter/docs/Full%20Report.pdf

Nobel prize-winning economist James Heckman

The plan’s focus on the military is modeled and spills over

Lucas 3

M, Masters in Education, Founding Director of the US Army and Child Services, The Military Child Care Connection,http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/11_01_07C.pdf

The military child care program...

Economic collapse leads to great power wars

Mead 9

Walter Russell. Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations. 2/4/9. http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=2.

So far, such half-hearted experiments not only have failed to work; they have left the societies that have tried them in a progressively worse position, farther behind the front-runners as time goes by.

Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart FL – Tessa Danguillecourt - Victoria Jimenez – ?

Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart FL – Valle Villa - Alyssa Padilla – Asylum Same as Above

Centennial High School MD – Jonathan Kowarski - Dan Li – Abortion Abortion Affirmative - Wake

TEXT: The United States supreme court should overrule Harris v. McRae (448 U.S. 297 (1980)) by ruling that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees public funding for abortion. We’ll clarify.

Advantage One is Reproductive Rights:

We isolate two harms:

First is gender:

Abortion rights are framed as a matter of privacy. This reinforces gender inequality and legitimizes discriminatory treatment of women

Cohen - 97 (Jean Cohen, Professor of Political Science at Columbia, “Rethinking Abortion: Autonomy, Identity, and the Abortion Controversy,” Public and Private in thought and practice, ed Weintraub and Krishan Kumar, 1997, p. 141)

The privacy basis for abortion creates only a negative right. Failure to incorporate a positive obligation has stripped the protections established in Roe from indigent women

Kolbert, and Miller - 98 (Kathryn Kolbert and Andrea Miller; abortion wars a half century of struggle 1998 **Kolbert was the victorious lawyer in Planned Parenthood v Casey)

Additionally, grounding reproductive rights in a privacy doctrine stigmatizes women by establishing abortion as deviation from a norm

Bedi - 05 (Sonu Bedi, JD from Harvard Law, Cleveland State Law Review, 2005 / 2006)

Restrictions on Medicaid prevents women in poverty from obtaining abortions and is uniquely oppressive to lower class, young, and minority women of color

Fried - 06 (Marlen Gerver Fried, Winter 2006, “The Economies of Abortion Access in the US: Restrictions of Government Funding for Abortion is the Post-Roe Battleground” Conscience Magazine. http://www.cath4choice.org/conscience/current/ConscienceMagazine- TheEconomicsofAbortionAccessintheUS.asp)

The Hyde Amendment is a prop used by the patriarchal forces within society to subordinate women and maintain a patriarchal system which is uniquely buttressed by patriarchal laws

Stopler - 08 (Gila Stopler, Assistant professor at the Academic Center of Law and Business at the New York University School of Law, 2008, “A Rank Usurpation of Power: The Role of Patriarchal Religion and Culture in the Subordination of Women,” Lexis)

The impact is wide-scale gender discrimination. Federal assurance of funding for abortion is the linchpin of broad feminist struggle

Bell Hooks - 2K (Gloria Jean Watkins, pen name: “Bell Hooks,” Distinguished Professor in Residence at Berea College, Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics, 2000, p. 27-30)

Domestic violence is the root cause of international violence.

Peterson - 99 (V. Spike Peterson, Associate Fellow, Gender Institute, London School of Economics and Anne Sisson Runyan, Head and Associate Professor, Women's Studies, American University, 1999, “Global Gender Issues,” p227)

Finally, failure to engage the socialization of gender discrimination ensures a terminally dysfunctional social order. The end result is extinction and a world where all impacts are justifiable

Warren and Cady - 96 (Karen and Duane, Professors at Macalester and Hamline, “Bringing Peace Home: Feminism, Violence, and Nature”, 1996, p. 12-13)

Second is Agency:

Restrictive abortion laws deny agency. They confine female identity within the role of motherhood, limiting self-determination of meaning

Nossiff - 07 (Rosemary Nossiff, Prof Marymount Manhattan College, Gendered Citizenship: Women, Equality, and Abortion Policy New Political Science, Volume 29, Number 1, March 2007, http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=5&sid=33e98ad5-5e71-4f08-9586- acc5ee58b0a4%40sessionmgr4)

Women are confined to the roles of mother over their roles and rights as individuals: lack of reproductive rights prevents them from breaking free from this imposed identity

Resnik - 08 (Judith Resnik, Professor, Yale Law School, 2008, “Courts and Democracy: The Production and Reproduction of Constitutional Conflicts”http://www.fljs.org/uploads/documents/Resnik.pdf)

The devaluation of agency eradicates the capacity to make meaningful political judgments. Agency is a prerequisite for every value and a necessary condition for establishing a just society

Lang - 99 (Anthony Lang, Jr. The American University in Cairo, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 5 (1): 67-107, 1999, p. 77-79)

This concept of agency outweighs all other impacts. Establishing a framework in which life is worth living is a prerequisite to ethical decision-making

Isaac - 96 (Jeffrey Isaac, Professor of Political Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, American Political Science Review, March 1996 v90 n1 p61(13))

Abstract impact calculation erases the value of human life. There is a qualitative difference between the denial of human dignity and the assessment of bodycounts. This means you should set the bar high for their DAs

Donelly - 85 (Jack Donnelly, College of the Holy Cross, The Concept of Human Rights, 1985, p. 55-58)

Advantage Two is Equal Protection:

Current laws force women into poverty and unwanted childbirth violating the 14th amendment, equal protection solves these problems and gives women control over their own lives

TerBeek - 07 (Calvin J. TerBeek, Doctor of Jurisprudence, Judicial Law Clerk, November 2007, McGeorge Law Review Vol. 38, Editor-in-chief Patricia L. Eichar Cassettari)

Establishing an Equal Protection right to abortion reshapes social practice and ensures broad- based gender equality

West - 05 (Robin West, What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said, edited by Jack M. Balkin, pg. 256-258)

Equal protection ruling would spill over to broad reproductive freedoms

Mentone - 02 (Kristina Mentone, JD Candidate at Fordham, Fordham Law Review, May, 2002)

Only the affirmative can solve: failure to account for the intersectional nature of discrimination makes all single-issue efforts useless

Caldwell, 91 (Paulette, Professor of Law, New York University, April, 1991 (Duke Law Journal, p. lexis)

The plan establishes a new precedent. It will spillover and be applied in other areas

Spriggs and Hansford - 01 (James Spriggs and Thomas Hansford, Department of Political Science, UC- Davis, “Explaining the Overruling of U.S. Supreme Court Precedent,” Journal of Politics, November, 2001, http://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/csls/precjopfinal.pdf)

Equal choice in abortion spills over to other aspects of constitutional law

Graber, 96 (Mark, Professor of Law and Government @ U Maryland, Rethinking Abortion: Equal Choice, the Constitution, and Reproductive Politics, p. 12)

The plan erases the intent standard – it creates a version of Equal Protection based on effect, not intent

Kay - 94 (Julie F. Kay, JD Candidate at Brooklyn Law, Brooklyn Law Review, Spring, 1994, 60 Brooklyn L. Rev. 349)

Denial of equal protection reifies a system of evasion and accommodation which makes racism and discrimination inevitable

Lively and Plass - 91 (Donald E. Lively and Stephen Plass, Professors of Law @ University of Toledo and St. Thomas University, EQUAL PROTECTION: THE JURISPRUDENCE OF DENIAL AND EVASION,American University Law Review)

Institutional racism props up a system of segregation which culminates in extermination—it marks people of color as nonessential and expendable

Kenn - 01 (Deborah Kenn, Prof of Law @ Syracuse, '1 (11 B.U. Pub. Int. L.J. 35, ln)

And, racism MUST BE rejected in every instance

Barndt - 91 (Joseph Barndt, Dismantling Racism: The Continuing Challenge to White America, 1991, p. 155-56)

Finally, only the Supreme Court can solve through Judicial Activism and uniform equal protection under the 14th Amendment. Judicial Activism checks Judicial Imperialism and Congressional and State action is sporadic, doesn’t evaluate women’s well being, fails to open equal protection dialogue, and creates geographic inequality.

Colker - 92 (Ruth Colker, Distinguished University Professor, Heck Faust Memorial Chair in Constitutional Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law at Ohio State University, Abortion & Dialogue, pg. 121-126)

Centennial High School MD – Jonathan Kowarski - Dan Li – Work Bad/PRWORA Welfare Affirmative - Bronx

OBSERVATION ONE: INHERENCY

There are NO MAJOR CHANGES in TANF benefit levels or SERVICES and the NEW budget plans to create a “WORK ADVANTAGE” program using Federal Stimulus Funds. How services will be funded in the future when reserves run dry is UNCERTAIN. DC Fiscal Policy Institute, '09 (Affiliate of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “What’s in the FY 2010 Budget for TANF,” May 15, http://dcfpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/2010tanftoolkit1.pdf)

PLAN:The United States Federal Government will substantially increase social services for persons living in poverty in the United States by lifting the work requirements, family caps and time limits initiated under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. Funding and Enforcement through normal means and affirmative speeches will clarify intent.

OBSERVATION TWO: RACISM

Racism is an evil weed sown in the garden of humanity, its seeds sown in its earliest days sending fresh shoots each season so that once again little has changed BARDNT, '91 (Joseph- ordained minister;Director of a non profit organization called CrossRoads, “Dismantling Racism: The Continuing Challenge to White America; p. 11-12)

WE WILL ISOLATE TWO INDEPENDENT RACIAL NARRATIVES

FIRST: INSTITUTIONAL RACISM EMBEDDED WITHIN WELFARE REFORM

Racism can be expressed with a violent Fist or a Velvet glove. Contemporary Racism has slipped on the velvet glove, invoking a devastating power of illusion by focusing merely on individual bigotry leaving untouched society’s racist systems and institutions. BARDNT, '91 (Joseph-ordained minister;Director of a non profit organization called CrossRoads, “Dismantling Racism: The Continuing Challenge to White America; p. 31-33)

The history of United States welfare policy is SHROUDED in race and yet the federal government’s involvement has NEVER gone far enough to ensure welfare policy would account for racial disparities nor ERASE the influence of race in the implementation of welfare by the states. SCHRAM,'08 (Sanford F.-;Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research @ Bryn Mawr College Racial Disparities in Welfare Policy: A New Racism?

Harvard - 128- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -129- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/6/2/6/2/pages62620/p62620-1.php, Welfare and Race in Historical Perspective)

Welfare reform is a RACE-NEUTRAL policy that REINFORCES racial disadvantage by giving states enough discretion to impose MORE restrictions on non-whites, remaining SILENT on how national policy poses DISTINCTIVE RISKS for many non-whites. Data shows how welfare reform is THOROUGHLY bound-up in processes that perpetuate racial inequity SCHRAM,'08 (Sanford F.-;Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research @ Bryn Mawr College Racial Disparities in Welfare Policy: A New Racism? http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/6/2/6/2/pages62620/p62620-1.php, Welfare and Race in Historical Perspective)

The Failure To Act In The Face Of Institutional Racism Is A Death Sentence To People Of Color And A Disregard For The Systematic And Targeted Extermination Of Black People Perpetuated By White Racism MUNFORD, '96 (Clarence J.-; Prof of Black Studies and History @ University of Guelph (Ontario)“RACE AND REPARATIONS: A Black Perspective for the 21st Century”; p. 416-17)

Racism is a systemic harm that is embedded in the Status Quo, descriptive of what is occurring NOW, their Disadvantages are RISKS, probable impacts that MAY or MAY NOT happen, in the search for the Best Policy option systemic harms should be evaluated first. MOHAN, '93 (Brij Mohan, Professor at LSU, ECLIPSE OF FREEDOM 1993, p. 3-4. (DRGCL/B1049))

The ONLY ACCEPTABLE Policy Option is the REJECTION of RACISM MEMMI, '00 (Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris 2000 Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165) Nuclear weapons could NOT be possible without racism, the nuclear cycle is WROUGHT with racist practice, Racism underscores EVERY aspect of US nuclear weapons policy and has been at the CORE of the nuclear endeavor since its VERY beginning. ROBINSON, '05 (David-; Executive Director Pax Christi USA, 2k5,“The Racism at the Core of US Nuclear Weapons Policy; COMMONDREAMS.org; May 15;http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0515-22.htm)

KOVEL, '83 (Joel, Albert Einstein College of Medicine -author, trained physician, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst; Against the State of Nuclear Terror; South End Press, Boston p.118-121) A stance against the institutional walls of racism is the only mechanism for survival BARDNT, '91 (Joseph-ordained minister;Director of a non profit organization called CrossRoads, “Dismantling Racism: The Continuing Challenge to White America; p. 155-56)

SECOND: WELFARE REFORM UNIQUELY HARMS POOR BLACK WOMYN

Welfare has become RACIALIZED with the image of the “welfare queen” ROUTINELY displayed as a Black womyn, BURDENS to society that take the public’s money and giving nothing back. These STEREOTYPICAL images have been REINFORCED through the time limits and work requirements under Welfare Reform WILLIG, '05 (UC - Davis Law Professor,California Law Review, December, Lexis)

These UNCHECKED stereotypical images of Black Womyn are inherently dangerous and threatens a politics of EUGENICS. We are just a SHORT STEP away from a combination of RACIST and SEXIST rhetoric on INVOLUNTARY STERILIZATION HORSBURGH, '96 (Bev-, Associate Professor of Law @ ST Thomas University“SCHRODINGER'S CAT, EUGENICS, AND THE COMPULSORY STERILIZATION OF WELFARE MOTHERS: DECONSTRUCTING AN OLD/NEW RHETORIC AND CONSTRUCTING THE REPRODUCTIVE RIGHT TO NATALITY FOR LOW-INCOME WOMEN OF COLOR,” 17 Cardozo L. Rev. 531, January, Lexis)

Sterilization was the first step in the Nazi genocide machine, making the more drastic efforts of the holocaust possible National Reference Center for Bioethics Research, '06 (http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/publications/scopenotes/sn28.htm) Eugenic thinking will form the basis for the American Final Solution- it is designed to eradicate all non-elites Watson and Jones, '06 (http://www.prisonplanet.com/articles/april2006/060406fbivisit.htm) MUST REJECT ANY FORM OF STATE SPONSORED EUGENICS Harvard Law Review, '08 (REGULATING EUGENICS, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 1578, April, Lexis)

Centennial High School MD – Srinidhi Muppalla - Vivian Wang – Heroin Quaker OATs Affirmative - GMU

PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE HEROIN-INCLUSIVE OPIOID ASSITED TREATMENT FOR PERSONS LIVING IN POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES AND SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE HEROIN-INCLUSIVE OPIOID ASSITED TREATMENT FOR NON-VIOLENT SUBSTANCE ABUSERS LIVING IN POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH A TREATMENT-NOT-INCARCERATION PROGRAM. WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO CLARIFY.

Contention 1 is Status Quo:

Opioid Assisted Treatment lacks funding, availability, and is denied to prisoners. Heimer - 02 ( “Structural interventions to improve opiate maintenance,” International Journal of Drug Policy 13 (2002) 103–111 Robert Heimer, Sarah Bray, Kaveh Khoshnood, Kim M. Blankenship Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, School of Medicine, Yale University, Scott Burris Beasley School of Law, Temple University)

Social service spending inevitable – Obama will spend over 800 billion just in fiscal 2010 Allison 11-13 (“Obama Will Spend More on Welfare in the Next Year Than Bush Spent on Entire Iraq War, Study Reveals Wednesday,” http://americayouaskedforit.wordpress.com/2009/11/13/. John Allison. )

Contention 2 is Drug Trafficking:

Scenario 1 is Afghanistan:

The Opium Trade causes an endless cycle of Afghanistan instability. NSN ’09 (National Security Network Report. “Afghanistan's Opium Crisis Undermines Its Long-term Stability” 13 May 2008. http://www.nsnetwork.org/node/858)

Instability in Afghanistan spills-over allowing Al-Qaeda to acquire nukes and causes Indo-Pak nuke war, Middle Eastern nuke war, U.S.-China nuke war and U.S.-Russia nuke war Morgan, 07 (Stephen, former member of the British Labour Party Exectutive Committee, Political psychologist, researcher into Chaos/Complexity Theory, "Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?" http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639)

Scenario 2 is the PKK

The Kurdish Worker’s Party is rapidly destabilizing and terrorizing Turkey through funds garnered from smuggling Afghan opium Steinberg 08 (Jeffery, Executive Intelligence Review, “Combating Britain’s New Opium War,” http://www.larouchepub.com/other/2008/3528new_opium_war.html)

PKK clashes preclude the Turkish reform needed for EU accession—now is the critical time Independent Commission 09 (Analyzed Turkey-Euro politics, Member of the British Council and Open Society Foundation, “Turkey in Europe: Breaking the Vicious Circle,” http://www.independentcommissiononturkey.org/pdfs/2009_english.pdf)

EU accession is the vital internal to Cyprus peace—gets Turkey out of US’s sphere of influence Nicola 05 (Stefan, staffwriter for United Press International, “Cyprus Backs Turkey’s EU Bid,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=109941&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=132754)

Cyprus instability is teetering towards conflict, time for action is now Independent Commission 09 (Analyzed Turkey-Euro politics, Member of the British Council and Open Society Foundation, “Turkey in Europe: Breaking the Vicious Circle,” http://www.independentcommissiononturkey.org/pdfs/2009_english.pdf)

That sparks global nuclear war Independent 98 (“Europe’s Coming Wave Over Cyprus” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/europes-coming-war-over-cyprus-1284661.html)

Scenario 3 is Russian Nationalism:

We’ll cite two internal links to Russian Nationalism.

First, is Central Asian Economies:

The Heroin trade is crippling Central Asian economies—conflicts, corruption and border security Markus ’01 (December 2, 2001 “It's not only the west that suffers Afghanistan is the source of most of the west's heroin. But the greatest devastation is within the local region, and the damage will get worse still unless the international community acts” By Ustina Markushttp://www.cdi.org/Russia/johnson/5577-13.cfm)

That leads to immigration to Russia—fuels prolific nationalism Marat ‘09 (“Labor Migration in Central Asia: Implications of the Global Economic Crisis” Erica Marat SILK ROAD PAPER May 2009 http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/silkroadpapers/0905migration.pdf)

Second is Tajikstan:

Afghan opium and heroin destabilize Tajikstan – Afghan spillover and Taliban infiltration Rhinard et al. ’09 (Mark Rhinard, senior research fellow, Erik Brattberg, research assistant at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs in Stockholm, 9/11/09 (“The central importance of central Asia,” http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2009/09/the-central-importance-of-central-asia/65862.aspx)

Tajikistan ridiculously key to Russian influence – your authors stuck in a narrow realist analysis. Gleason ’01

Gregory Gleason, Professor of Political Science and Public Administration at University of New Mexico, (“Why Russia is in Tajikstan,” Comparative Strategy, 20:77– 89,http://www.unm.edu/~gleasong/mats/ComparativeStrategy.pdf)

Russian loss of influence triggers intolerant Russian nationalism. Miliband ’08 David Miliband, British Foreign Minister, 8/29/09 (“Ukraine, Russia, and European Stability,” Project Syndicate, website providing intersection between news and prominent leaders and thinkers, http://www.project- syndicate.org/print_commentary/miliband1/English

Russian Nationalism causes US-Russia Nuclear War Israelyan ‘98 Soviet Ambassador, diplomat, arms control negotiator, and leading political scientist, Winter, '98 [Washington Quarterly, Russia at the crossroads: don't tease a wounded bear, vol. 21, No. 1, pg. L/N]

US-Russia nuclear war = extinction Bostrom ’02 Nick Bostrum, PhD in Philosophy from Oxford University (“Existential Risks,” http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)

Contention 3 is Some More Russia:

The US’s lack of prison OAT is an internationally noticed failure to meet prison human rights laws on several counts HRW 3/24 (Human Rights Watch, “Barred From Treatment,”http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nyprisons0309web_0.pdf)

Prison based Human rights hypocrisy undermines permanent US-Russia dialogue over rights CSIS 09 (Center for Strategic and International Studies, “US‐Russia Civil Society Summit Moscow, Russia July 6 – 7, 2009 Preliminary Priorities, Recommendations and Action Plans;” http://csis.org/files/publication/090707_Civil_Society_Summit_Preliminary_Report.pdf July 7, 2009)

Such dialogue is key to stabilize relations and create a partnership that can cooperatively solve problems Legvold 09 (Robert, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Political Science at Columbia University, served for six years as Senior Fellow and Director of the Soviet Studies Project at the Council on Foreign Relations, Ph.D. from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, “The Russia File Subtitle: How to Move Toward a Strategic Partnership,” Foreign Affairs, July 2009 - August 2009, Lexis)

US-Russian relations are key to prevent a Jihadist Russian Collapse Hahn 09 (Gordon M.; March 18, “U.S.-Russian Relations and the War against Jihadism” Century Foundation;http://www.tcf.org/publications/internationalaffairs/hahn.pdf)

Such a collapse leads to global nuclear destruction – specifically China will attack Russia David 99 (Steven R. Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, Foreign Affairs Jan)

Russia’s nuclear secrets are vulnerable to theft by terrorists —US-Russian cooperation is critical to improve expertise redirection Newman and Bunn 09 (Andrew, Research Associate with the Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, co-edited Japan, Australia and Asia-Pacific Security (Routledge, 2006) and has published in The Nonproliferation Review, Contemporary Security Policy, The Journal of Strategic Studies, Global Change, Peace and Security, and The Australian Journal of International Affairs, Ph.D. from Monash University; and Matthew, Associate Professor at Harvard University, directed the two-volume study Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium, “Funding for U.S. Efforts to Improve Controls Over Nuclear Weapons, Materials, and Expertise Overseas: A 2009 Update” June 2009 http://www.nti.org/e_research/cnwm/2009_Nuclear_Budget_Final.pdf)

That leads to Global nuclear exchange Speice ’06 JD Candidate @ College of William and Mary [Patrick F. Speice, Jr., “NEGLIGENCE AND NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION: ELIMINATING THE CURRENT LIABILITY BARRIER TO BILATERAL U.S.-RUSSIAN NONPROLIFERATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS,” William & Mary Law Review, February 2006, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427]

Relations key to stop multiple scenarios for extinction Legvold 09 (Robert, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Political Science at Columbia University, served for six years as Senior Fellow and Director of the Soviet Studies Project at the Council on Foreign Relations, Ph.D. from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, “The Russia File Subtitle: How to Move Toward a Strategic Partnership,” Foreign Affairs, July 2009 - August 2009, Lexis)

Contention 3 is Solvency:

OAT is the best addiction therapy—availability is critical WHO 04

(World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2004). Substitution maintenance therapy in the management of opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS prevention: Position paper, www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/PositionPaper_English.pdf.)

OAT is the vital internal link to solve drug trafficking—cuts off the client base and slashes street prices Sharpe 09 (Robert, Policy Analyst at Common Sense for Drug Policy, “Regarding the My View column from Police Chief Michael Lane and the Health Department's Joan Whitney,” The Times, Saturday, July 25,http://www.gloucestertimes.com/puopinion/local_story_210224822.html)

Heroin inclusion is critical to OAT’s success Oviedo-Joekes 09 (Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes, Ph.D., Suzanne Brissette, M.D., David C. Marsh, M.D., Pierre Lauzon, M.D., Daphne Guh, M.Sc., Aslam Anis, Ph.D., and Martin T. Schechter, M.D., Ph.D.; “Diacetylmorphine versus Methadone for the Treatment of Opioid Addiction,” August 20 New England Journal Of Medicine, 361, 8 pg 777-786)

The US is the decision maker in the global drug policy—conventions literally follow the US’s decisions drug-for-drug – Means Global Modeling KCBA 05 (“Effective Drug Control: Toward A New Legal Framework State-Level Regulation as a Workable Alternative to the ‘War on Drugs,’” King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project,http://www.kcba.org/druglaw/pdf/EffectiveDrugControl.pdf)

Heroin shatters the prohibition model globally KCBA ’05 (“Effective Drug Control: Toward A New Legal Framework State-Level Regulation as a Workable Alternative to the ‘War on Drugs,’” King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project, http://www.kcba.org/druglaw/pdf/EffectiveDrugControl.pdf)

And specifically, supplier countries will model the US—means we solve for hotspots like Afghanistan KCBA 05 (“Effective Drug Control: Toward A New Legal Framework State-Level Regulation as a Workable Alternative to the ‘War on Drugs,’” King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project, http://www.kcba.org/druglaw/pdf/EffectiveDrugControl.pdf)

Plan is key to solve Afghanistan Drug Trafficking Morris 09 (Kelly, “The USA shifts away from the ‘war on drugs’” The Lancet April 11, 2009 - April 17, 2009 , Lexis)

The USFG is key – The Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 prohibits the use of Heroin in any form of Medication Assisted Treatment. Polanksy ’09 (Louise Polanksy, July 24, 2009.http://www.in.gov/fssa/dmha/files/Opiod_Addiction_Treatment_Overview__8.09.pdf. Opiod Addiction Treatment Overview)

Centennial High School MD – Zehao Sui - Suki Gulati – Broadband

Centennial High School MD – Sophie Song - Kelly Lin – ?

Chattahoochee High School GA – Sohan Chatterjee - Matt Azimi – SNAP Food Stamps

Despite the stimulus, food stamp provisions are still inadequate. Brittney Murray, Staff Writer, The New Hampshire, 4-10-09 [“Nationwide food stamp increase not enough, say local experts,” http://media.www.tnhonline.com/media/storage/paper674/news/2009/04/10/News/Nationwide.Fo od.Stamp.Increase.Not.Enough.Say.Local.Experts-3705745.shtml] "It's a supplemental program," ...Smith, those needs are increasing.

AND – 1/3 of eligible families don’t receive food stamps. Sasha Abramsky, senior fellow at Demos, 5-18- 09 [“America's hunger crisis,”http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/may/18/us- economy-food-stamps-hunger-poverty] Yet, before we pat ourselves ...for aid who don't receive it.

Food stamps are key to break the cycle of poverty and food insecurity afflicting 36 million Americans. Buffalo News 08 [“Ease childhood hunger Improvements in food stamp program and other efforts could boost nutrition,” http://www.buffalonews.com/149/story/507058.html] The Agriculture Department presented an alarming ...put in the next stimulus package.

Poverty outweighs all calculable impacts: we have a moral obligation. S.P Udayakumar, director of the South Asian Community Center for Education and Research, 95 [“The Futures of the Poor,” Futures Vol. 27, no. 3 pp 339-351] Although race, ethnicity, gender...complicity in the crime of poorcide.

We’re morally obligated to ensure access to food, even in the face of extinction. Prefer individual agency, their notions of species agency justifies the worst forms of atrocities. Richard Watson, Philosophy Prof at WashU, 77 [“World Hunger and Moral Obligation,” p. 118-119] Given that the human species has ...“impractical” and “irrational.”

Despite positive trends, all economists agree that there will be no period of recovery – current recession is uniquely different. Washington Post 8-17-09 [“Economy: Few expect boom after this bust,” http://www.sltrib.com/business/ci_13143782] Washington » The wounded U....businesses cannot borrow money to expand.

Global recovery is impossible absent U.S. growth. MSNBC 8-22-09 [“Durability of global recovery in doubt,” http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32519495/ns/business-world_business/] The brightening outlook in Europe and ..., starts growing, he said.

Growth is critical to increasing democracy and preventing war, CCP instability, and rogue state proliferation. Michael J. Green --AND-- Steven P. Schrage, CSIS, 3-26-09 [Michael J Green, Senior Harvard - 138- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -139- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard

Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University; Steven P. Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, “It's not just the economy,”http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html] Facing the worst economic crisis since ...coup drift and now economic crisis.

Democracy is critical to preventing extinction. Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, 95 [“Promoting Democracy in the 1990s”] This hardly exhausts the lists of ...security and prosperity can be built.

CCP instability causes extinction. Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and IR, Hong Kong Baptist University --AND-- Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin, 02 [“The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p5] The fourth factor contributing to the ...to its neighbours and the world.

Iran and North Korean prolif results in extinction. Joseph Cirincione, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2k [Joseph Cirincione, director of the Non-Proliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “A New Non-Proliferation Strategy,” SAIS Review 25.2 p157-165] The danger posed by the acquisition ...regional wars and to nuclear catastrophe.

Food stamps key to growth:

A. Jobs. Joy Moses, Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress, 09 [“Basic Needs Assistance for the Poor Advances Economic Recovery and Employment Goals,”http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/02/basic_needs_brief.html] Contribution to national employment goals: ...in an economic boost of nearly $2.

B. Bottom-up capital infusion. CNN Money 08 [“Food stamps offer best stimulus,” http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/29/news/economy/stimulus_analysis/index.htm] In findings echoed by other economists ...businesses to implement any benefit received.

Stimulus wasn’t enough – a massive increase is needed to induce growth. NPR 7-7-09 [“Can Expanding Food Stamps Jolt The Economy?” http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106307995] A Multiplier Effect The idea of ...total employment in the United States."

Food stamps are key to immediate short-term growth – 97% of benefits are redeemed within a month. WSJ 7-7-09 [“Boost in Food-Stamp Funding Percolates Through Economy,”http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124691958931402479.html?mod=googlenews_wsj] Money from the program -- officially ...a month, the USDA says.

Worst case scenario – EVEN IF the economy recovering, current trends are unsustainable and risks a second recession. CNBC 9-2-09 [“End of Stimulus May Cause A 'Double-Dip' Recession:

Gross,” http://www.cnbc.com/id/32660536] The inability of the government to ...over an extended period of time.

Food stamps are critical to providing an automatic stabilizer that smoothes out economic cycles. Fiscal Policy Institute 02 [“New York and the Federal Fisc in the Aftermath of September 11th: The State and Local Impacts of Federal Policy Options”] There are several federal programs that ...a conversion was on the table.

Only federal counter-cyclical policies solve – states only have 3 methods of funding projects, and all of them hurt the economy. Iris J. Lav --AND-- Elizabeth McNichol, Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 8- 12-09 [Iris J. Lav was a former deputy director at the CBPP, Elizabeth McNichol is a Senior Fellow at the CBPP, both specialize in State Budget and Tax, “New Fiscal Year Brings No Relief From Unprecedented State Budget Problems,” http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=711] Unlike the federal government, the ...“pro-cyclical” actions.

PLAN: The United States Department of Agriculture should substantially increase funding for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and remove the quality control system.

Despite reform, current federal quality control standards decrease eligibility and participation in the food stamp program. Robert Greenstein, executive director, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 07 [Robert Greenstein, former Administrator of the Food and Nutrition Service, January 30, 2007, Statement of Bob Greenstein Executive Director Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Federal Food Assistance Programs,” Lexis] Food stamp participation by eligible households...them obtain more nutritionally adequate diets.

In addition, state error rates are measured relative to each other, increasing pressure to reduce error rates. Signurd Nilsen, Director, Education, Workforce, and Income Security at the GAO, 07 [Statement of Sigurd Nilsen Director Education, Workforce, and Income Security Issues GAO, “Federal Food Assistance Programs,” Lexis] Improper food stamp payments and trafficking ...members of the Committee may have.

This results in bureaucratic measures that deter individuals from applying for and receiving benefits. Only removing quality controls allows for adequate provision of food stamp services. Craig Gundersen et. al., Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, August 09 [Dean Jolliffe and Laura Tiehen, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, “The challenge of program evaluation: When increasing program participation decreases the relative well-being of participants,” Volume 34, Issue 4, Pages 367-376, ScienceDirect] In determining eligibility for program benefits..., 2000 and Ziliak et al., 2003).

Only federal action is credible – retailers will ignore states. USDA 4-30-09 [U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Conclusion,” http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/ebt/pdfs/VI_Conclusions.pdf] However, there are advantages to ...FNS regions to support this function.

Retailer confidence is key – even the slightest doubts collapse the system. Beatrice Lorge Rogers --AND-- Jennifer Coates, World Bank, 02 [“Food-Based Safety Nets and Related Programs,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion- papers/Safety-Nets-DP/0225.pdf] Nature of the Economy. Because ...will refuse to accept them again.

Chattahoochee High School GA – Megan Cambre - Kaavya Ramesh – Marriage Medicaid Marriage Affirmative - Michigan

Heteronormativity:

Under the federal Defense of Marriage Act, same-sex couples are denied access to basic social services- this codifies an animus towards them Coakley, Attorney General of Massachusetts, 9 (Martha, Attorney General of Massachusetts, “COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; KATHLEEN SEBELIUS, in her official capacity as the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS; ERIC K. SHINSEKI, in his official capacity as the Secretary of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs; and the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Defendants”, 7-8-09, http://www.wbur.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/2009_07_08_doma_complaint.pdf)

In 2004, the Commonwealth of ...residents equal treatment under the law.

Specifically, DOMA excludes access to Medicaid for same-sex couples Coakley, Attorney General of Massachusetts, 9 (Martha, Attorney General of Massachusetts, “COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; KATHLEEN SEBELIUS, in her official capacity as the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS; ERIC K. SHINSEKI, in his official capacity as the Secretary of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs; and the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Defendants”, 7-8-09, http://www.wbur.org/wp- content/uploads/2009/07/2009_07_08_doma_complaint.pdf)

The Massachusetts Executive Office of Health ...individuals equally in assessing MassHealth eligibility.

This exclusion from basic social services is a violation of separation of church and state and is uniquely discriminatory Denkike, professor at Carleton, 7 (Margaret, assistant professor and coordinator of the Human Rights Program at Carleton University, “Religion, Rights, and Relationships: The Dream of Relational Equality”, Hypatia 22.1 (2007) 71-91, Project Muse)

In the United States, this push… incompatible with democracy” (131).

Specifically, the exclusion from Medicaid reinforces heteronormativity- same-sex couples are treated as a separate class from heterosexual couples Morrow, professor at Winthrop, et al., 6 (Deana F., associate professor of social work at Winthrop University, and Lori Messinger, assistant professor of social work

Harvard - 142- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -143- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard and director of the BSW program at the University of Kansas, Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: Working with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People, p. 450)

Unfortunately, domestic partner… mental health (Cahill et al., 2002).

DOMA is the lynchpin of heteronormativity- federally repealing it is a prerequisite to any other solution to same-sex rights Lind, professor at Virginia, 4 (Amy, professor of Women’s Studies at the University of Virginia, “Legislating the Family: Heterosexist Bias in Social Welfare Policy Frameworks”, Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, December, 2004, Volume XXXI, Number 4, Ebsco)

DOMA alone has helped to institutionalize ...for providing legal equality across states.

Only repealing Doma solves separation of church and state- the Christian Right uses it to turn politics into a holy war Cox, lawyer, 5 (Cece, associate at the law firm of Cowles & Thompson, P.C., in Dallas, Texas, “To Have and To Hold – Or Not: The Influence of the Christian Right on Gay Marriage Laws in the Netherlands, Canada, and the United States”, 14Law & Sex. 1, Lexis)

The Christian Right has fought… a non-issue. n358

Heterosexism embodies discrimination against the most intimate interpersonal connections – the demonizing of homosexuality is total Richards 98 (David Richards, Edwin D. Webb Professor of Law at NYU, 1998 Women Gays and the Constitution p. 349)

Homophobia shares a comparable cultural background ...fertile for the garden of love).

This totalizing dehumanization is a uniquely heinous form of evil Richards 98 (David Richards, Edwin D. Webb Professor of Law at NYU, 1998 Women Gays and the Constitution p. 347)

A way of making this point ...radically discontinuous with anything recognizably human.

Not only is heteronormativity a form of evil, but sustained heterosexism makes extinction inevitable Sedgwick 90 (Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Professor of English Literature at the City University of New York, Epistemology of the Closet, p. 128-130)

For at least the biblical story ...be opened and opened and opened?

This impact should be preferred over trumped up claims of an impending apocalypse – the underlying reason for doomsday rhetoric is not the truth of extinction, but society’s fear of not reproducing Feit 5 (Mario, professor of political theory at George Mason University, “Extinction Anxieties: Same-Sex Marriage and Modes of Citizenship”, Theory & Event, Volume 8, Issue 3, 2005, Project Muse)

Apocalyptic scenarios dominate… work lives on.”8

Separation of church and state is key to prevent extinction Sam Harris, Newsweek, “A Dissent: The Case Against Faith; Religion does untold damage to our politics. An atheist’s lament,” 11/13/2006, lexis Despite a full century… faith is a remedy.

Federalism:

Contention 2: Federalism

States have gone too far in exercising their power—38 states have created “mini-DOMA’s” that further oppress same-sex couples Gardina, professor at Vermont, 6 (Jackie, associate professor of law at Vermont, “THE PERFECT STORM: BANKRUPTCY, CHOICE OF LAW, AND SAME-SEX MARRIAGE”, Boston University Law Review, Vol. 86, 2006,http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/GARDINA.pdf)

"The codification of the public policy exception...remains both a possibility and an unknown."

The plan is key to restore a reasonable balance of power between the states and the federal government- It forces all states to recognize same-sex marriage and provide benefits equal to those of heterosexual marriages The Daily Collegian 9 (Published independently by the students at Penn State, “New act may recognize state same-sex benefits”, 9-18- 09,http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/2009/09/18/new_act_may_recognize_state_sa.aspx)

"With the passage of the Respect for...recognized in the eyes of the federal government."

Federalism kills economic recovery Surowiecki 9 (Economic columnist for the New Yorker, “FIFTY WAYS TO KILL RECOVERY”, 7-27- 09,http://www.newyorker.com/talk/financial/2009/07/27/090727ta_talk_surowiecki)

"If you came up with a list of obstacles to economic...and the prospects of that aren’t great."

Economic collapse causes war Walter Russell Mead 09 [Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Only Makes You Stronger,” http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=1]

"Bad economic times can breed wars...economy back on track, we may still have to fight."

Russia models US federalism Berezovisky, 2k (Boris Berezovskiy, 2000, State Duma Deputy, ? Kommersant, May 31? in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 6/5, Lexis)

"Many proponents of a territorial principle looked to...the republics and national-formations in1991.(18)"

Russian federalism causes accidental launch that goes nuclear David 99 (Steven R. David, Professor of Political Science at John Hopkins University, “Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars,” Foreign Affairs, January/February, 1999, Lexis)

"Divining the military's allegiance is crucial, however...the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war."

Indonesia models U.S. federalism. Ravich 2k [Samantha F., fellow in the Asian Studies Program at CSIS. “Eyeing Indonesia Through the Lens of Aceh”;http://www.twq.com/summer00/ravich.pdf]

"Obviously, whether or not to reconfigure...Congress, enshrined a strong central government."

Federalism in Indonesia will cause civil war and cause instability – Governments are unprepared to deal with the power. Jakarta Post 01 March 13, “Indonesia's chaotic decentralization” Lexis

"The fear is that a genuine federal state...the area in which their mine is located."

Indonesian collapse leads to internal violence, regional destabilization and proxy wars

Rajan Menon, Monroe J. Rathbone Professor of International Relations at Lehigh University, Fall 2001, The National Interest (Lexis-load date September 19, 2001)

"Refugee flows will also accelerate if Indonesia...Singapore, who envision energy pipelines from this site."

PLAN: The United States federal government should determine that participation in a same sex marriage is not a criterion for precluding means tested Medicaid eligibility.

Solvency:

Determining that same-sex couples shouldn’t be excluded from social services will overturn all of DOMA JACOBS 3 – 3 – 09 Associate Editor – Bay Windows. New England LGBT News Source [Ethan Jacobs, GLAD challenges federal DOMA, http://www.baywindows.com/index.php? ch=news&sc=glbt&sc2=news&sc3=&id=87923]

Janson Wu, an attorney for ...time is ripe for a challenge.

Determining DOMA based on federal benefits would lay the groundwork to overturn DOMA – it sets a precedent & will change congressional & executive approaches to same-sex issues JOHNSON 7 – 17 – 09 Staff Writer, The Washington Blad – LGBT news Source [Chris Johnson, “Navigating a sea of LGBT lawsuits Court cases seek to overturn DOMA, Prop 8,”http://www.washblade.com/2009/7- 17/news/national/14891.cfm]

One case filed last week seeks ...the Obama administration,” she said.

States don’t solve- DOMA restricts benefits for same-sex couples even if states recognize their marriages Knauer, professor at Temple, 9 (Nancy J., Professor of Law, Beasley School of Law, Temple University, “LGBT ELDER LAW: TOWARD EQUITY IN AGING”, 32 Harv. J.L. & Gender 1, Lexis)

Given that marriage is traditionally a ..., rights, and privileges." n283

Marriage Affirmative - Glenbrooks

New Plan: The United States federal government should determine that participation in a same sex marriage is not a criterion for precluding eligibility for means tested Medicaid social services.

Iraqi Federalism Bad Scenario: Iraq models U.S. federalism Salih 3 (Barham; Prime Minister – Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, “A Peace of their Own,” Los Angeles Times 3/2, Lexis)

Recently, the Kurdistan National Assembly, ...... federal democratic system of government.

Iraqi federalism causes Eurasian destabilization and Middle East war Berman 7 (Ilan, vice president for policy at the American Foreign Policy Council in Washington, “Flawed federalism”, Washington Times, 10-19-07, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/oct/19/flawed-federalism/)

Then there is the security dimension... Iraq and the whole region."

Eurasian destabilization causes nuclear war Brzezinski 3 (professor of American foreign policy at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Brzezinski, Zbigniew. "Hegemonic quicksand." The National Interest 74 (Winter 2003): 5(12).

For the next several decades...American global hegemony at risk.

Middle East war goes nuclear Steinbach 2 John, Israeli Nuclear weapons: a threat to piece, March 3 http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/mat0036.htm

Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal ... could trigger a world conflagration."

Chattahoochee High School GA – Kaitlyn Walker - Cara Venezia – SNAP/Food Stamps

Despite the stimulus, food stamp provisions are still inadequate. Brittney Murray, Staff Writer, The New Hampshire, 4-10-09 (“Nationwide food stamp increase not enough, say local experts,” http://media.www.tnhonline.com/media/storage/paper674/news/2009/04/10/News/Nationwide.Fo od.Stamp.Increase.Not.Enough.Say.Local.Experts-3705745.shtml) ["It's a supplemental program," ...Smith, those needs are increasing.]

AND – 1/3 of eligible families don’t receive food stamps. Sasha Abramsky, senior fellow at Demos, 5- 18-09 (“America's hunger crisis,”http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/may/18/us- economy-food-stamps-hunger-poverty) [Yet, before we pat ourselves ...for aid who don't receive it.]

Contention 2: Poverty

Food stamps are key to break the cycle of poverty and food insecurity afflicting 36 million Americans. Buffalo News 08 (“Ease childhood hunger Improvements in food stamp program and other efforts could boost nutrition,” http://www.buffalonews.com/149/story/507058.html) [The Agriculture Department presented an alarming ...put in the next stimulus package.]

Poverty outweighs all calculable impacts: we have a moral obligation. S.P Udayakumar, director of the South Asian Community Center for Education and Research, 95 (“The Futures of the Poor,” Futures Vol. 27, no. 3 pp 339-351) [Although race, ethnicity, gender...complicity in the crime of poorcide.]

We’re morally obligated to ensure access to food, even in the face of extinction. Prefer individual agency, their notions of species agency justifies the worst forms of atrocities. Richard Watson, Philosophy Prof at WashU, 77 (“World Hunger and Moral Obligation,” p. 118-119) [Given that the human species has ...“impractical” and “irrational.”]

Despite Obama, U.S. soft power leadership is precipitously declining, action now is critical. Tae- Hyun, East Asia Institute, 09 (Kim Tae-Hyun, director of the Center for Foreign Policy and National

Security of the East Asia Institute, "How Obama will rise to challenges ahead," Lexis) [International leadership is lacking american leadership...achieving one is a prerequisite]

AND-our domestic policies are the crux of our image abroad. Hunter, Senior Advisor at RAND, 8 [Robert E. Hunter, former US Ambassador to NATO, former President of the Atlantic Treaty Association, the umbrella organization for NATO's 41 Atlantic Councils, Executive Committee of the Board of the American Academy of Diplomacy, has over 30 years of foregin policy experience, "A New Grand Strategy for the United States," Testimony presented before the House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations,http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/OI073108/Hunter_Testimony073108.pdf]

Combating poverty restores international credibility. John Edwards, Senator, 07 (John Edwards, director of the Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law, “Restoring the American Dream: Fighting Poverty and Strengthening the Middle Class,” http://socialissues.wiseto.com/Articles/165767436/?page=9) [But there is another reason why ...not a feel-good thing.]

Soft power is key to global cooperation – the alternative is instability, disease, and environmental destruction. Lex Reiffel, Brookings Institution, 05 (“Reaching Out: Americans Serving Overseas,” The Brookings Institution, www.brookings.edu/views/papers/20051207rieffel.pdf) [I. Introduction: Overseas Service ...more on “soft” instruments.2]

Contention 3: Growth

Despite positive trends, all economists agree that there will be no period of recovery – current recession is uniquely different. Washington Post 8-17-09 (“Economy: Few expect boom after this bust,” http://www.sltrib.com/business/ci_13143782) [Washington » The wounded U....businesses cannot borrow money to expand.]

Global recovery is impossible absent U.S. growth. MSNBC 8-22-09 (“Durability of global recovery in doubt,” http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32519495/ns/business-world_business) [The brightening outlook in Europe and ..., starts growing, he said.]

Growth is critical to increasing democracy and preventing war, CCP instability, and rogue state proliferation. Michael J. Green --AND-- Steven P. Schrage, CSIS, 3-26-09 (Michael J Green, Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University; Steven P. Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, “It's not just the economy,”http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html) [Facing the worst economic crisis since ...coup drift and now economic crisis.]

Democracy is critical to preventing extinction. Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, 95 (“Promoting Democracy in the 1990s”) [This hardly exhausts the lists of ...security and prosperity can be built.]

CCP instability causes extinction. Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and IR, Hong Kong Baptist University --AND-- Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin, 02 (“The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p5) [The fourth factor contributing to the ...to its neighbours and the world.]

Iran and North Korean prolif results in extinction. Joseph Cirincione, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2k (Joseph Cirincione, director of the Non-Proliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “A New Non-Proliferation Strategy,” SAIS Review 25.2 p157-165) [The danger posed by the acquisition ...regional wars and to nuclear catastrophe.]

Food stamps key to growth: A. Jobs. Joy Moses, Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress, 09 (“Basic Needs Assistance for the Poor Advances Economic Recovery and Employment Goals,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/02/basic_needs_brief.html) [Contribution to national employment goals: ...in an economic boost of nearly $2.]

B. Bottom-up capital infusion. CNN Money 08 (“Food stamps offer best stimulus,” http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/29/news/economy/stimulus_analysis/index.htm) [In findings echoed by other economists ...businesses to implement any benefit received.]

Stimulus wasn’t enough – a massive increase is needed to induce growth. NPR 7-7-09 (“Can

Expanding Food Stamps Jolt The Economy?”http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=106307995) [A Multiplier Effect The idea of ...total employment in the United States."]

Food stamps are key to immediate short-term growth – 97% of benefits are redeemed within a month. WSJ 7-7-09 (“Boost in Food-Stamp Funding Percolates Through Economy,”http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124691958931402479.html?mod=googlenews_wsj) [Money from the program -- officially ...a month, the USDA says.]

Worst case scenario – EVEN IF the economy recovering, current trends are unsustainable and risks a second recession. CNBC 9-2-09 (“End of Stimulus May Cause A 'Double-Dip' Recession: Gross,” http://www.cnbc.com/id/32660536) [The inability of the government to ...over an extended period of time.]

Food stamps are critical to providing an automatic stabilizer that smoothes out economic cycles. Fiscal Policy Institute 02 (“New York and the Federal Fisc in the Aftermath of September 11th: The State and Local Impacts of Federal Policy Options”) [There are several federal programs that ...a conversion was on the table.]

Only federal counter-cyclical policies solve – states only have 3 methods of funding projects, and all of them hurt the economy. Iris J. Lav --AND-- Elizabeth McNichol, Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 8-12-09 (Iris J. Lav was a former deputy director at the CBPP, Elizabeth McNichol is a Senior Fellow at the CBPP, both specialize in State Budget and Tax, “New Fiscal Year Brings No Relief From Unprecedented State Budget Problems,” http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=711) [Unlike the federal government, the ...“pro-cyclical” actions.]

PLAN: The United States Department of Agriculture should substantially increase funding for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and remove the quality control system.

Despite reform, current federal quality control standards decrease eligibility and participation in the food stamp program. Robert Greenstein, executive director, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities,

07 (Robert Greenstein, former Administrator of the Food and Nutrition Service, January 30, 2007, Statement of Bob Greenstein Executive Director Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Federal Food Assistance Programs,” Lexis) [Food stamp participation by eligible households...them obtain more nutritionally adequate diets.]

In addition, state error rates are measured relative to each other, increasing pressure to reduce error rates. Signurd Nilsen, Director, Education, Workforce, and Income Security at the GAO, 07 (Statement of Sigurd Nilsen Director Education, Workforce, and Income Security Issues GAO, “Federal Food Assistance Programs,” Lexis) [Improper food stamp payments and trafficking ...members of the Committee may have.]

This results in bureaucratic measures that deter individuals from applying for and receiving benefits. Only removing quality controls allows for adequate provision of food stamp services. Craig Gundersen et. al., Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, August 09 (Dean Jolliffe and Laura Tiehen, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, “The challenge of program evaluation: When increasing program participation decreases the relative well-being of participants,” Volume 34, Issue 4, Pages 367-376, ScienceDirect) [In determining eligibility for program benefits..., 2000 and Ziliak et al., 2003.]

Only federal action is credible – retailers will ignore states. USDA 4-30-09 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Conclusion,” http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/ebt/pdfs/VI_Conclusions.pdf) [However, there are advantages to ...FNS regions to support this function.]

Retailer confidence is key – even the slightest doubts collapse the system. Beatrice Lorge Rogers --AND-- Jennifer Coates, World Bank, 02 (“Food-Based Safety Nets and Related Programs,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion- papers/Safety-Nets-DP/0225.pdf) [Nature of the Economy. Because ...will refuse to accept them again.]

round 3 st.marks new plan text:

The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and remove the quality control system to ensure access to food stamps for all eligible participants

Harvard - 151- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -152- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard Chattahoochee High School GA – Jeff Zhang - Matt Rosenthal – SNAP/Food Stamps (Different Plan) Food Stamps 1AC - Lexington

CONTENTION ONE: Food Insecurity

One in eight Americans now receives food stamps, however current benefits are inadequate. Politics Daily 12-1-09 [“The Food Stamp Diet: Increasingly Popular, but How Healthy?” http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/12/01/food-stamp-diet-popular-but-nutritionally-challenged/] As this holiday weekend wrapped up...obesity-related health care costs.

In addition, most eligible participants still don’t receive benefits. AP 11-25-09 [“USDA: States struggle to administer food stamps,” http://www.usforacle.com/usda-states-struggle-to-administer-foodstamps-1.2098565] WASHINGTON — With more Americans going ..., where 55 percent were enrolled.

We’re morally obligated to ensure access to food, even in the face of extinction. Prefer individual agency, their notions of species agency justifies the worst forms of atrocities. Richard Watson, Philosophy Prof at WashU, 77 [“World Hunger and Moral Obligation,” p. 118-119] Given that the human species has ...“impractical” and “irrational.”

CONTENTION TWO: Poverty

Food stamps are key to break the cycle of poverty afflicting 36 million Americans. Buffalo News 08 [“Ease childhood hunger Improvements in food stamp program and other efforts could boost nutrition,” http://www.buffalonews.com/149/story/507058.html] The Agriculture Department presented an alarming ...put in the next stimulus package.

The systemic impacts of poverty outweigh. S.P Udayakumar, director of the South Asian Community Center for Education and Research, 95 [“The Futures of the Poor,” Futures Vol. 27, no. 3 pp 339-351] Although race, ethnicity, gender...complicity in the crime of poorcide.

Despite a popular foreign policy agenda, America’s credibility is still declining. Xinhua 4-29-09 [“China: Xinhua views Obama's first 100 days in office, notes reengagement with world,” Lexis] By strengthening alliances in Europe, ...foreign policy as an important guideline.

Our poverty policies are at the crux of our international credibility. John Edwards, Senator, 07 [John Edwards, director of the Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law, “Restoring the American Dream: Fighting Poverty and Strengthening the Middle Class,”http://socialissues.wiseto.com/Articles/165767436/?page=9] But there is another reason why ...not a feel-good thing.

Soft power is key to global cooperation – the alternative is instability, disease, and environmental destruction. Lex Reiffel, Brookings Institution, 05 [“Reaching Out: Americans Serving Overseas,” The Brookings Institution, www.brookings.edu/views/papers/20051207rieffel.pdf] I. Introduction: Overseas Service ...more on “soft” instruments.2

Environmental destruction results in extinction. Major David N. Diner, U.S. Army, 94 [“The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who’s Endangering Whom?” Military Law Review. 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161. Winter, 1994, LEXIS] By causing widespread extinctions, humans ...be edging closer to the abyss.

Diseases result in extinction. David Souden, former Research Fellow in History at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, consultant to the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, 2k [“Killer Diseases,” Factsheet, http://darrendixon.supanet.com/killerdiseases.htm] Nature's ability to adapt is amazing ...eventual extinction of the human race.

CONTENTION THREE: Economic Growth

Despite improvements, economic recovery is still uncertain and risks a double-dip recession. Washington Times 1-11-10 [“Fragile recovery hangs on job resurgence,”http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jan/11/fragile-recovery-hangs-on-a-resurgence- of-jobs/] The biggest question looming over the ...consumer, Mr. Wiedemer said.

Global recovery is impossible absent U.S. growth. MSNBC 8-22-09 [“Durability of global recovery in doubt,” http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32519495/ns/business-world_business/] The brightening outlook in Europe and ..., starts growing, he said.

Growth is critical to increasing democracy and preventing war, CCP instability, and rogue state proliferation. Michael J. Green --AND-- Steven P. Schrage, CSIS, 3-26-09 [Michael J Green, Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University; Steven P. Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, “It's not just the economy,”http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html] Facing the worst economic crisis since ...coup drift and now economic crisis.

Democracy is critical to preventing extinction. Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, 95 [“Promoting Democracy in the 1990s”] This hardly exhausts the lists of ...security and prosperity can be built.

CCP instability causes extinction. Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and IR, Hong Kong Baptist University --AND-- Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin, 02 [“The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p5] The fourth factor contributing to the ...to its neighbours and the world.

Iran and North Korean prolif results in extinction. Joseph Cirincione, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2k [Joseph Cirincione, director of the Non-Proliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “A New Non-Proliferation Strategy,” SAIS Review 25.2 p157-165] The danger posed by the acquisition ...regional wars and to nuclear catastrophe.

A. Jobs. Joy Moses, Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress, 09 [“Basic Needs Assistance for the Poor Advances Economic Recovery and Employment Goals,”http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/02/basic_needs_brief.html] Contribution to national employment goals: ...in an economic boost of nearly $2.

B. Bottom-up capital infusion. CNN Money 08 [“Food stamps offer best stimulus,” http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/29/news/economy/stimulus_analysis/index.htm] In findings echoed by other economists ...businesses to implement any benefit received.

Stimulus wasn’t enough – a massive increase is needed to induce growth. NPR 7-7-09 [“Can Expanding Food Stamps Jolt The Economy?”http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=106307995] A Multiplier Effect The idea of ...total employment in the United States."

Food stamps are key to immediate short-term growth – 97% of benefits are redeemed within a month. WSJ 7-7-09 [“Boost in Food-Stamp Funding Percolates Through Economy,”http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124691958931402479.html?mod=googlenews_wsj] Money from the program -- officially ...a month, the USDA says.

Worst case scenario – EVEN IF the economy recovering, current trends are unsustainable and risks a second recession. CNBC 9-2-09 [“End of Stimulus May Cause A 'Double-Dip' Recession: Gross,” http://www.cnbc.com/id/32660536] The inability of the government to ...over an extended period of time.

Food stamps are critical to providing an automatic stabilizer that smoothes out economic cycles. Fiscal Policy Institute 02 [“New York and the Federal Fisc in the Aftermath of September 11th: The State and Local Impacts of Federal Policy Options”] There are several federal programs that ...a conversion was on the table.

Despite improving economic conditions – state budgets are set to collapse, ushering in a second recession. Only continued federal support solves. Iris J. Lav, former deputy director; Nicholas Johnson, Director of the State Fiscal Project; --AND-- Elizabeth McNichol, Senior Fellow; Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 12-18-09 [“Additional Federal Fiscal Relief Needed to Help States Address

Recession’s Impact,” http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=2988] Moreover, state deficits of a ...this unusually long and deep recession.

States only have 3 methods of funding projects, and all of them hurt the economy. Iris J. Lav --AND-- Elizabeth McNichol, Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 8-12-09 [Iris J. Lav was a former deputy director at the CBPP, Elizabeth McNichol is a Senior Fellow at the CBPP, both specialize in State Budget and Tax, “New Fiscal Year Brings No Relief From Unprecedented State Budget Problems,” http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=711] Unlike the federal government, the ...“pro-cyclical” actions.

PLAN: The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and reform the parts of the quality control system that exclude eligible participants by removing the provisions that penalize states for not meeting national error rate targets and incentivize states to decrease error rates.

CONTENTION FOUR: Solvency

Despite reform, current federal quality control standards decrease eligibility and participation in the food stamp program. Robert Greenstein, executive director, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 07 [Robert Greenstein, former Administrator of the Food and Nutrition Service, January 30, 2007, Statement of Bob Greenstein Executive Director Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Federal Food Assistance Programs,” Lexis] Food stamp participation by eligible households...them obtain more nutritionally adequate diets.

In addition, state error rates are measured relative to each other, increasing pressure to reduce error rates. Signurd Nilsen, Director, Education, Workforce, and Income Security at the GAO, 07 [Statement of Sigurd Nilsen Director Education, Workforce, and Income Security Issues GAO, “Federal Food Assistance Programs,” Lexis] Improper food stamp payments and trafficking ...members of the Committee may have.

This results in bureaucratic measures that deter individuals from applying for and receiving benefits. Only removing quality controls allows for adequate provision of food stamp services. Craig Gundersen et. al., Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, August 09 [Dean Jolliffe and Laura Tiehen, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, “The challenge of program evaluation: When increasing program participation decreases the relative well-being of participants,” Volume 34, Issue 4, Pages 367-376, ScienceDirect] In determining eligibility for program benefits..., 2000 and Ziliak et al., 2003).

Only federal action is credible – retailers will ignore states. USDA 4-30-09 [U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Conclusion,” http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/ebt/pdfs/VI_Conclusions.pdf] However, there are advantages to ...FNS regions to support this function.

Retailer confidence is key – even the slightest doubts collapse the system. Beatrice Lorge Rogers --AND-- Jennifer Coates, World Bank, 02 [“Food-Based Safety Nets and Related Programs,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion- papers/Safety-Nets-DP/0225.pdf] Nature of the Economy. Because ...will refuse to accept them again.

CONTENTION FIVE: No Disads

Food legislation push now. Chicago Tribune 1-5-10 [“School lunches: Push for healthier foods faces barriers,” http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/chi-suburban-school-lunches-jan05,0,6750587.story? page=1] As Congress prepares to discuss the ...to fund a $1 increase.

Other social services up now too. ItemLive 12-2-09 [“Extended unemployment benefits available Dec. 15,”http://www.itemlive.com/articles/2009/12/01/updates/doc4b1540dd2e6c9660335838.txt] BOSTON – In a press release ...26 and be issued on January 5.

No more stigma: need, name change, EBTs. Times Dispatch 7-21-09 [“Turning to food stamps; Stigma is less now, but it's still difficult for some to seek help,” LEXIS] But need is not the only ...store. People don't want that."

Chattahoochee High School GA – Adam Kostrinsky - Sean Robinson – Same As Above

Chattahoochee High School GA – Mustafa Inamullah - Maggie Davis – SNAP/Food Stamp Food Stamps 1AC - Ohio Valley

Contention 1 is Inherency

Status quo food stamps fail to reach most eligible people.

CBS 11-24-09

[“Food Stamp Programs Not Adequately Administered,” http://cbs4.com/local/food.stamps.hunger.2.1332567.html]

As the Thanksgiving... enrolled in the state program.

AND – 1/3 of eligible families don’t receive food stamps.

Sasha Abramsky, senior fellow at Demos, 5-18-09

[“America's hunger crisis,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/may/18/us- economy-food-stamps-hunger-poverty]

Yet, before we pat ourselves ... enough for aid who don't receive it.

Contention 2 is Food Insecurity

One in eight Americans now receives food stamps, however current benefits are inadequate.

Politics Daily 12-1-09

[“The Food Stamp Diet: Increasingly Popular, but How Healthy?” http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/12/01/food-stamp-diet-popular-but-nutritionally-challenged/]

As this holiday weekend... health care costs.

We’re morally obligated to ensure access to food, even in the face of extinction. Prefer individual agency, their notions of species agency justifies the worst forms of atrocities.

Richard Watson, Philosophy Prof at WashU, 77

[“World Hunger and Moral Obligation,” p. 118-119]

Given that the human species... equally is “impractical” and “irrational.”

Contention 3 is Growth

Rising trends won’t lead to economic recovery – short term government stimulus is needed

Krugman 10-2-09

(Paul, B.A. from Yale; Ph.D. from MIT, former professor at Yale, MIT, and Stanford; Ford International Professor of Economics, American Economic Association’s John Bates Clark medal; Professor of Economics and International Affairs at Princeton University; “Mission Not Accomplished”, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/opinion/02krugman.html?_r=2&scp=5&sq=krugman&st=cse)

Stocks are up. Ben... the answer is no.

Growth is critical to increasing democracy and preventing war, CCP instability, and rogue state proliferation - US economy is key to global

Michael J. Green --AND-- Steven P. Schrage, CSIS, 3-26-09'

[Michael J Green, Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University; Steven P. Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, “It's not just the economy,”http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html]

Facing the worst economic crisis ... post-coup drift and now economic crisis.

Democracy is critical to preventing extinction

Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, 95'

[“Promoting Democracy in the 1990s”]

CCP instability causes extinction.

Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and IR, Hong Kong Baptist University --AND-- Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin, 02'

[“The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p5]

The fourth factor contributing to ... to its neighbours and the world.

Iran and North Korean prolif results in extinction.

Joseph Cirincione, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2k'

[Joseph Cirincione, director of the Non-Proliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “A New Non-Proliferation Strategy,” SAIS Review 25.2 p157-165]

The danger posed by the ... wars and to nuclear catastrophe.

First - Food stamps are used in rural areas to spur economic activity but increase is necessary

Greenson, The Times-Standard, 9

(Thadeus, 3/22, “Food Bank Uses Food Stamps to Boost Economy”, http://www.times- standard.com/localnews/ci_11971300)

Humboldt County's food bank... 46 percent in Humboldt County.

Rural economic development will jump-start the US economy

Moore 99

(Melissa Moore, “On the Benefits of Small Farms,” Food First, Winter 1999, Vol. 6, No. 4, Posted February 8th, 1999, pg. http://www.foodfirst.org/pubs/policybs/pb4.html)

Small Farms in Economic Development... policies had been discontinued.

Second - Jobs.

Joy Moses, Policy Analyst at the Center for American Progress, 09'

[“Basic Needs Assistance for the Poor Advances Economic Recovery and Employment Goals,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/02/basic_needs_brief.html]

Contribution to national employment ... results in an economic boost of nearly $2.

Third - Bottom-up capital infusion.

CNN Money 08'

[“Food stamps offer best stimulus,” http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/29/news/economy/stimulus_analysis/index.htm]

In findings echoed by other ... to implement any benefit received.

Fourth - Increasing federal funding for food stamps is key to solve the state budget crisis

MLRI 9

(Massachusetts Law Reform Institute, “Food Stamps/SNAP: A Fork-Ready Stimulus,” March, http://www.mcoaonline.com/content/pdf/ForkReadyStimulusMarch2009.pdf)

Increased food stamp/SNAP participation... now more than ever.

Current state cuts and misuse of federal funds makes recovery impossible

Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 9

(Knowledge at Wharton, August 5, “Not With the Plan: State Budget Woes Create a Black Hole for U.S. Stimulus Funds”, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2309)

Problems with state finances... the states themselves.

Food stamps are key to immediate short-term growth – 97% of benefits are redeemed within a month.

WSJ 7-7-09

[“Boost in Food-Stamp Funding Percolates Through Economy,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124691958931402479.html?mod=googlenews_wsj]

Money from the program -- officially ... and 97% within a month, the USDA says.

Only federal counter-cyclical policies solve – states only have 3 methods of funding projects, and all of them hurt the economy.

Iris J. Lav --AND-- Elizabeth McNichol, Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, 8-12-09

[Iris J. Lav was a former deputy director at the CBPP, Elizabeth McNichol is a Senior Fellow at the CBPP, both specialize in State Budget and Tax, “New Fiscal Year Brings No Relief From Unprecedented State Budget Problems,” http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=711]

Unlike the federal government, the ... and localities to avert these “pro-cyclical” actions.

PLAN: The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and remove the quality control system to ensure access to food stamps for all eligible participants.

Despite reform, current federal quality control standards decrease eligibility and participation in the food stamp program.

Robert Greenstein, executive director, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 07

[Robert Greenstein, former Administrator of the Food and Nutrition Service, January 30, 2007, Statement of Bob Greenstein Executive Director Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Federal Food Assistance Programs,” Lexis]

Food stamp participation by eligible ... could help them obtain more nutritionally adequate diets.

This results in bureaucratic measures that deter individuals from applying for and receiving benefits. Only removing quality controls allows for adequate provision of food stamp services.

Craig Gundersen et. al., Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, August 09

[Dean Jolliffe and Laura Tiehen, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, “The challenge of program evaluation: When increasing program participation decreases the relative well-being of participants,” Volume 34, Issue 4, Pages 367-376, ScienceDirect]

In determining eligibility for program ... Also see Rosenbaum, 2000 and Ziliak et al., 2003).

Only federal action is credible – retailers will ignore states.

USDA 4-30-09'

[U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Conclusion,” http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/ebt/pdfs/VI_Conclusions.pdf]

However, there are advantages ... of the FNS regions to support this function.

Retailer confidence is key – even the slightest doubts collapse the system.

Beatrice Lorge Rogers --AND-- Jennifer Coates, World Bank, 02

[“Food-Based Safety Nets and Related Programs,” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion- papers/Safety-Nets-DP/0225.pdf]

Nature of the Economy. Because food ... will refuse to accept them again.

And you don't get your disads:

No politics – food aid bills are being debated in Congress now.

Slate 12-2-09

[“Hungry for Change,” http://www.slate.com/id/2237129/]

There are three vital... 3 million children in need.

Other social services up now too.

ItemLive 12-2-09

[“Extended unemployment benefits available Dec. 15,” http://www.itemlive.com/articles/2009/12/01/updates/doc4b1540dd2e6c9660335838.txt]

BOSTON – In a press release... issued on January 5.

No more stigma: need, name change, EBTs.

Times Dispatch 7-21-09

[“Turning to food stamps; Stigma is less now, but it's still difficult for some to seek help,” LEXIS]

But need is not... People don't want that."

College Prep CA – Tatsuro Yamamura - Vinay Pai – USDA USDA Affirmative - Georgetown 1AC

Plan: The United States Department of Agriculture should amend the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children to include a fifty percent cash value voucher system utilizing Electronic Benefits Transfer for the Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program and the Senior Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program.

Contention one is the status quo.

The system of industrial agriculture is unsustainable—modernization means demand for food will soon outstrip production and we must rethink our relationship to food before it’s too late.

TIME 2009 (Bryan Walsh, “America’s Food Crisis and How to Fix It,” August 31)

Some Americans are...take care of you.

A smooth transition is key—sustainable farming economies are absolutely necessary to reverse the effects of destructive farm subsidies. Survival in the face of catastrophe is contingent on local farms.

Ikerd 2002 (John, Prof of Agricultural Econ @ U of Mississippi, “Small Farms,” November, http://www.ssu.missouri.edu/faculty/jikerd/papers/IllSmall.html)

We can encourage...America’s small farms.

The USDA just announced its intent to subsidize farmer’s markets with the Know Your Farmer program.

Morgan 9/20/2009 (Miriam, SF Chronicle Food Editor, “New USDA program promotes local food,” http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/09/18/FDEM19OLII.DTL)

Now, the U.S. Department of Agriculture...food into underserved communities.

But, it’s just an advertising gimmick—the program can’t facilitate an effective shift because it remains tied to commodity subsidies and industrial practices.

Philpot 9/16/09 (Tom, food editor for Grist, http://www.grist.org/article/2009-09-16-quick-thoughts-on-the- usdas-know-your-farmer-program/)

But she got across...socially responsible food.

And, existing food distribution programs won’t fill the gap—efficiency and training issues prevent an effective switch to cash vouchers.

Fisher and Tessman 2009 (Andy, Master Urban Planning @ UCLA, exec. director of Community Food Security Coalition, former member, board of directors for National Campaign for Sustainable Agriculture and California Sustainable Ag Working Group; and Nell, member, Community Food Security Coalition, “State Implementation of the New WIC Produce Package: Opportunities and Barriers for WIC Clients to Use Their Benefits’ at Farmers’ Markets,” June)

As individual states...for the new CVVs

Contention two is the crunch.

Now is the time to be afraid- the most authoritative reports conclude a resource crunch is coming now and absent a new international stance toward climate change and resource shortage, the last great extinction is inevitable by 2030.

The Guardian 2008 (Juliette Jowit, “World is facing a natural resources crisis worse than financial crunch,” October 29, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/oct/29/climatechange-endangeredhabitats)

The world is heading...last great extinction."

Climate change and resource scarcity are real—their authors are paid off by the fossil fuel industry, only scientific studies are legitimate.

Davies 2008 (Geoff, geophysicist @ Australian National U, “Why listen to scientists?” June, http://www.sciencealert.com.au/opinions/20081106-17474.html)

Professor Don Aitkin’s...climate change could occur.

In the collapse only local economies will survive—local financial institutions can reverse the impacts of industrial agriculture and make a smooth transition into concentrated populations.

Korten 2009 (David, author, board member of the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies, PhD Psychology @ Stanford U, former Assoc. Prof. of Business @ Harvard U, former regional adviser for USAID, founder YES! environmentalism magazine, “Spiritual Awakening, a New Economy, and the End of Empire,” June 17, Tikkun Magazine,http://www.tikkun.org/article.php/20090617082013641)

A healthy Main Street...locally rooted businesses.

Resource shortages will kill us in the short term—food scarcity will force governments to compete for the remaining grain supply through import competition resulting in failed states.

Brown 2009 (Lester R., degree in environmental sciences from Rutgers University, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, founder of the Earth Policy Institute, recipient of the ‘genius award’ from the MacArthur Foundation, “Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

The surge in world grain...high food prices rise.

We have entered a new geopolitical era—failed states are the single greatest threat to humankind and failure to respond to environmental changes culminates in the end of civilization.

Brown 2009 (Lester R., degree in environmental sciences from Rutgers University, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, founder of the Earth Policy Institute, recipient of the ‘genius award’ from the MacArthur Foundation, “Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

One of the toughest...of global civilization itself.

Contention three is agriculture.

Industrial farming is the root cause of environmental destruction and resource consumption.

Horrigan, et al 2002 (Leo, Master Health Sciences in Health Policy @ Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Program Officer for the “Farming for the Future” program at Johns Hopkins CLF; Robert S. Lawrence, Prof. Health Policy and Management and Environmental Health Sciences @ Johns Hopkins School of Public Health; and Polly Walker, Prof. Environmental Health Sciences @ Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, “How Sustainable Agriculture Can Address the Environmental and Human Health Harms of Industrial Agriculture,” March 2, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol 110, No 5)

Industrial agriculture depends...the rate of regeneration.

Scenario one is foodborne pathogens:

Factory farms rely on pharmaceuticals to maintain steady animal operation—as antibiotic resistance increases, our capability of effectively responding to disease spread steadily decreases.

To stay alive...what can we do?

Research models show U.S. feeding operations are key to superbug development.

Groopman and Recanati 2008 (Jerome, Chair of Medicine @ Harvard Medical School, Dina Recanati, Chief of Experimental Medicine @ Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Raphael, New Yorker staff writer in biology and medicine, August 11, “Superbugs,” Lexis)

Meanwhile, antibiotic use...of dangerous pathogens.”

Antibiotic resistance creates multiple extinction-level diseases.

Collins 1998 (Sharon, Sunday Mirror, specialized medical correspondent, April 12, “Doomsday' fear as we over-use antibiotics,” Lexis)

THE golden age of...resistance is developing."

Scenario two is soil:

Anthropogenic soil pollution kills crop productivity and kills global biodiversity.

Pyhk and Pyhk 2003 (Irina G. Malkina- and Yuri A., Russian Academy of Sciences, “Sustainable Food and Agriculture,” p. 293-4)

Soils are "the critical...decreasing soil erosion.

Extinction.

Landis-Marinello 2008 (Kyle H., J.D., University of Michigan Law School, April, “The Environmental Effects of Cruelty to Agricultural Animals,” Michigan Law Review First Impressions, 106 Mich. L. Rev. First Impressions 147)

Factory farms are also...left with less topsoil.

And, don’t roll the dice on environmental issues—each animal or plant life destroyed brings us closer to extinction.

Diner 1994 (Major David N., Judge Advocate General’s Corps, US Army, “The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who’s Endangering Whom?” Military Law Review 143 (Winter 1994): 172-173)

By causing widespread...to the abyss.

Scenario three is water wars:

Industrial agriculture is the largest consumer of water—Resource conflict has already begun and leads to crop failure.

Roberts 2008 (Paul, journalist for LA Times, Washington Post, author of The End of Oil, finalist for NY Public Library’s Helen Bernstein Book Award, “The End of Food,” p. 247)

Unfortunately, by the...blue-water agriculture can.

Escalation leads to extinction.

Reilly 2002 (Kristie, Prof @ Kean U, “Not a Drop to Drink,” In These Times, October 11)

The statistics are...increase in intensity.

A transition to local farming communities eliminates monocultures and increases agricultural productivity.

Kimbrell 2001 (Andrew, exec. director of the Center for Food Safety, exec. director of the International Center for Technology Assessment, former policy director of the Greenhouse Crisis Foundation, “Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture,” May)

Once the flawed...time to get efficient.

Contention four is solvency.

The seeds of change have been sown—local communities have begun to grow and the Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program represents the next step in the shift toward sustainable agriculture.

Allen 2004 (Patricia, PhD Sociology @ UC Santa Cruz, Director of UCSC Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, “Together at the table: sustainability and sustenance in the American Agrifood System,” p. 71-2)

Progress is being...additional direct-marketing outlets.

The plan combines disparate FMNP and WIC infrastructure to ensure long-term participation— integrating the two programs encourages sustainability and state implementation

Recommendations Federal policy...room for growth.

The plan creates a market incentive to redirect all funding for subsidies for commodity crops— lower costs for secure foods leads to increased demand and the eventual phaseout of ALL industrial agricultural subsidies.

Miner 2006 (Josh, Food and Society Policy Fellow and Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program Food System Analyst, UC Cooperative Extension, Alameda County, “Market incentives could bring U.S. agriculture and nutrition policies into accord,” California Agriculture Journal, Vol 60, No 1, January-March)

Incentives to improve...of the retail price.

Subsidizing the FMNP is uniquely key due to access and disconnection from agribusiness.

So far, I have...low-income neighborhoods.

FMNP supports local community food systems and enhances public knowledge of what constitutes a healthy lifestyle, encouraging the entire population to return farmers markets.

One aspect of...authorization, contracts and monitoring).

This consciousness-shifting is key—thinking locally can gear the food system toward long-term sustainability.

How willing are...ignored any longer.

And, the nutritional message spills over to create a mindset shift necessary to create a global movement toward sustainable agriculture.

Horrigan, et al 2002 (Leo, Master Health Sciences in Health Policy @ Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Program Officer for the “Farming for the Future” program at Johns Hopkins CLF; Robert S. Lawrence, Prof. Health Policy and Management and Environmental Health Sciences @ Johns Hopkins School of Public Health; and Polly Walker, Prof. Environmental Health Sciences @ Johns Hopkins School

Harvard - 169- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -170- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard of Public Health, “How Sustainable Agriculture Can Address the Environmental and Human Health Harms of Industrial Agriculture,” March 2, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol 110, No 5)

For the United States...and the environment.

College Prep CA – Tatsuro Yamamura - Vinay Pai – Hunger/Cash Voucher Hunger 1AC - Fullerton Finals

Plan: The United States federal government should create a cash value voucher system for fruits and vegetables in farmers markets under the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.

Contention one is the status quo.

The system of industrial agriculture is unsustainable—modernization means demand for food will soon outstrip production and we must rethink our relationship to the earth before it’s too late.

Some Americans are heeding such warnings and working. . .don't take care of your land, it can't take care of you.

Local farming economies rely on a communal ethic that creates direct relationships between neighbors and family. We should not defer to some future global catastrophe—family farmers independent from commercial agriculture makes insecurity impossible.

Ikerd 2002 (John, Prof of Agricultural Econ @ U of Mississippi, “Small Farms,” November, http://www.ssu.missouri.edu/faculty/jikerd/papers/IllSmall.html)

We can encourage a transition from large to small farms by. . .of these new farmers are on America’s small farms.

And, existing food distribution programs won’t fill the gap—states are unwilling to invest in farmers’ markets because of expense and ease of transition.

As individual states have begun to assess whether they. . .or willingness to integrate farmers as vendors for the new CVVs.

Contention two is agriculture.

Industrial farming drives out small producers and undermines rural communities in the name of production—unsustainable practices lead to environmental destruction and the steady decline of food supply.

Industrial agriculture depends on expensive inputs from. . .resources is occurring faster than the rate of regeneration.

Factor farms pollute the soil and make crop productivity and plant diversity impossible.

Pyhk and Pyhk 2003 (Irina G. Malkina- and Yuri A., Russian Academy of Sciences, “Sustainable Food and Agriculture,” p. 293-4)

Soils are "the critical life-support surface on which all. . .reducing surface water runoff and decreasing soil erosion.

Failure to respond to soil pollution will drive us to mass starvation—each year fields are left with less healthy soil.

Landis-Marinello 2008 (Kyle H., J.D., University of Michigan Law School, April, “The Environmental Effects of Cruelty to Agricultural Animals,” Michigan Law Review First Impressions, 106 Mich. L. Rev. First Impressions 147)

Factory farms are also destroying topsoil. As Tom. . .year these fields are left with less topsoil.

Don’t roll the dice on environmental issues—each animal or plant life destroyed brings us closer to collapse.

Diner 1994 (Major David N., Judge Advocate General’s Corps, US Army, “The Army and the Endangered Species Act: Who’s Endangering Whom?” Military Law Review 143 (Winter 1994): 172-173)

By causing widespread extinctions, humans have. . .an aircraft's wings, mankind may be edging closer to the abyss.

We have allowed multinational corporations to control the means of food production—in the name of efficiency, livelihoods and communities have been destroyed and the people left to starve. An embrace of small farming restores productivity and puts biodiversity in the hands of the people.

Kimbrell 2001 (Andrew, exec. director of the Center for Food Safety, exec. director of the International Center for Technology Assessment, former policy director of the Greenhouse Crisis Foundation, “Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture,” May)

Once the flawed yield measurement system is discarded, the. . .animal species. In other words, it's time to get efficient.

We must interrogate the assumptions that animate our understanding of hunger—the 1AC does not present a “solution” to hunger, but constitutes a crude analysis of the cultural imaginary of imperialist control of food production. Only voting affirmative is able to strip away the ideological covering and make bare and vulnerable the capitalist system which makes necessitates current patterns of inequality.

DeFazio 2003 (Kimberly, doctoral candidate English @ SUNY Stone Brook, “The Imperialism of "Eating Well," http://www.redcritique.org/Spring2003/theimperialismofeatingwell.htm)

What needs to be foregrounded are not only these contradictions…and requires crude analyses in order to change it.

Local financial communities can reverse the impacts of industrial agriculture and make a smooth transition into concentrated populations that bring home and food together in an earth-friendly economy.

Korten 2009 (David, author, board member of the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies, PhD Psychology @ Stanford U, former Assoc. Prof. of Business @ Harvard U, former regional adviser for USAID, founder YES! environmentalism magazine, “Spiritual Awakening, a New Economy, and the End of Empire,” June 17, Tikkun Magazine,http://www.tikkun.org/article.php/20090617082013641)

A healthy Main Street economy is a living economy that mimics…friendly, earth-friendly new economy of locally rooted businesses.

These agricultural communities empower individuals to meet demands outside the cash economy and forge relationships with the environment to create revolutionary momentum against the dominant system.

Royster 2002 (Erin, Vermont area anti-globalization protest organizer; coordinates ISE’s Community Food Project; teaches ISE courses on “biotechnology, agriculture, & racism”; “radical agriculture”; and “sustainable design,” Agriculture and Resistance, New Formulation, Volume 2 Issue 2, June 1, http://www.social-ecology.org/2002/06/agriculture-and-resistance/)

Urban Wilds tells a quite different story of agricultural “resistance.”. . .those things [producing your own food, shelter, and clothing].”6

Contention four is solvency.

The seeds of change have been sown—local communities have begun to grow and the Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program represents the next step in the shift toward sustainable agriculture.

Allen 2004 (Patricia, PhD Sociology @ UC Santa Cruz, Director of UCSC Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, “Together at the table: sustainability and sustenance in the American Agrifood System,” p. 71-2)

Progress is being made in both modes of institutional change:…in the development of additional direct- marketing outlets.

The plan combines farmers markets and food stamps to ensure long-term state participation— integrating the two programs encourages a smooth transition.

Recommendations Federal policy Food and Nutrition Service. . .markets a revenue stream baseline and room for growth.

The plan directly appropriates funding currently distributed to subsidies for commodity crops— lower costs for secure foods leads to increased demand and the eventual phaseout of ALL industrial agricultural subsidies.

Incentives to improve nutrition There is no question that the…normally paid to growers — roughly 20% of the retail price.

Subsidies that degrade the earth’s capacity for life and rely on the exploitation of local farmers are the worst manifestation of capitalism imaginable.

Shiva 2004 (Vandana, physicist, environmental activist, “The Suicide Economy Of Corporate Globalisation,” April 4, http://www.countercurrents.org/glo-shiva050404.htm)

In the nineteenth century the so call "Deccan Riots" were. . .livelihoods, the earth and its biodiversity and public health.

Vouchers at farmers markets support local community food systems and enhance public knowledge of what constitutes a healthy lifestyle, encouraging the entire population to return to purchase fruits and vegetables.

One aspect of the new package with particular significance. . .FMNP (including state authorization, contracts and monitoring).

This consciousness-shifting is key—thinking locally can gear the food system toward long-term sustainability. We must rethink and reverse the notion that healthy food is reserved for the wealthy.

How willing are consumers to rethink the way they. . .consequences that can't be ignored any longer.

And, that nutritional message spills over to create a mindset shift necessary to create a global movement toward sustainable agriculture.

For the United States and other industrialized nations. . .effects on the health of humans, animals, and the environment.

And, do not paint the 1AC as simple reformism—structural reconstitution of the system of food distribution is a direct challenge to corporate exploitation and global social injustice.

Johnston and Baker 2005 (Jose’e, Asst. Prof. Dept. Sociology @ U of Toronto, Postdoctoral Fellow Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Munk Centre for International Studies @ U of Toronto, and Lauren, Prof. Environmental Studies @ York U, “Eating outside the box: FoodShare’s good food box and the challenge of scale,” Agriculture and Human Values, 22: 313– 325, http://individual.utoronto.ca/joseejohnston/AHV2005.pdf)

Because food cultures are embedded in capitalist power. . .are generated that transcend traditional rural/urban divides.

Coppin Academy MD – Lloyd Frederick - Devin Johnson – ?

Coppin Academy MD – Lashea Cager - Tim Crooms – ?

Damien High School CA – Pablo Gannon - Reid Ehrlich-Quinn – HCTC HCTC Affirmative - Saint Marks

Contention One: Health Coverage Tax Credits

First, No DAs- Congress increased HCTC benefits in the stimulus but enrollment will remain low

Dorn, J.D., Senior Research Associate at The Urban Institute, former Senior Policy Analyst at the Economic and Social Research Institute, 2k9 (Stan, March, “How Effectively Does the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Help Laid-Off Workers and States Cope with Health Care Costs?”, The Urban Institute,http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/411893_howeffectivelydoes.pdf)

The first policy pays 65 percent of … most if its intended beneficiaries.

Second, No alt causalities- The bill massively reformed TAA, but the HCTC increase didn’t go far enough

States News Service, 2-5-2k9 (“BAUCUS, RANGEL, GRASSLEY, CAMP: EXPANDED TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE WILL SAVE JOBS, HELP AMERICAN WORKERS IN ECONOMIC RECOVERY BILL”)

Leaders of the Senate Finance … feedback to Congress on TAA service delivery.

Third, HCTC is failing because of cost barriers- A means tested supplement is key to help workers displaced by international trade

Dorn, J.D., Senior Research Associate at The Urban Institute, former Senior Policy Analyst at the Economic and Social Research Institute, 2k7 (Stan, March 26, “HOW EFFECTIVE ARE EXISTING PROGRAMS IN HELPING WORKERS IMPACTED BY INTERNATIONAL TRADE?”, testimony before the before the House Committee on Education and Labor,http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG- 110hhrg11034138/html/CHRG-110hhrg11034138.htm)

As I think the opening comments indicated this afternoon, … a better job of reaching the goal that so many of us share.

And, Only a means tested supplement can adequately increase take-up. The hardest hit workers can’t afford even reduced premiums.

Dorn, J.D., Senior Research Associate at The Urban Institute, former Senior Policy Analyst at the Economic and Social Research Institute, 2k4 (Stan, May, “How Can National Policymakers Improve Health Coverage Tax Credits Provided under the Trade Act of 2002?”, Economic and Social Research Institute,http://www.esresearch.org/newsletter/trade_act_options.pdf)

The beneficiary’s 35 percent premium share appears …levels as income rose to 165 percent of the FPL.

And, Federal data sharing allows the plan to avoid administrative hurdles- Most targeted workers would automatically receive the supplement

Dorn, J.D., Senior Research Associate at The Urban Institute, former Senior Policy Analyst at the Economic and Social Research Institute, 2k7 (Stan, March 26, “How Well Do Health Coverage Tax Credits Help Displaced Workers Obtain Health Care?”, Statement before the House Committee on Education and Labor,http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/901060_Dorn_How_Well.pdf)

These problems can be overcome through … responsibility for “real time” income determinations.

Plan: The United States federal government should pass legislation that substantially increases benefits for low-income recipients of the Health Coverage Tax Credit.

Contention Two: Trade

First, Successful HCTC implementation is key to U.S. trade policy- It cushions the blow to displaced workers

Dorn, J.D., Senior Research Associate at The Urban Institute, former Senior Policy Analyst at the Economic and Social Research Institute, 2k8 (Stan, February, “Health Coverage Tax Credits: A Small Program Offering Large Policy Lessons”, The Urban Institute, http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411608_health_coverage_tax.pdf)

As explained in more detail below, … HCTC cushions the blow experienced by the latter.

Second, Plan passage sends an immediate positive signal to U.S. workers and foreign countries- Demonstrates the Congressional commitment needed to advance trade

Yeutter, U.S. Trade Representative under President Reagan, Secretary of Agriculture under Bush Senior, former Deputy Special Representative for Trade Negotiation, 2k1 (Clayton, July 19, statements before the Senate Finance Committee, “Trade Adjustment Assistance”, http://finance.senate.gov/75223.pdf)

The implementation of trade agreements … and boost our nation’s economic growth.

Third, Inadequate health assistance to displaced workers will collapse U.S. trade leadership, triggering global protectionism and trade wars

Schiffer, PhD, program officer in Policy Analysis and Dialogue at the Stanley Foundation, Center for Asia and Pacific Studies Fellow at the University of Iowa, former Director of International Security Programs at New York University's Center for War, Peace, and the News Media, former Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow, and Shorr, program officer in Policy and Outreach at the Stanley Foundation, associate lecturer on foreign policy at the University of Wisconsin, M.A. in public administration from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, 7-31-2k8 ("For healthier trade debate, mend America's social safety net,” National Security Network,http://www.nsnetwork.org/http:/ %252Fwww.desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article%3FAID %3D/20080728/OPINION01/807280309/1036/OPINION)

The rancorous politics that …. In such a scenario, we all lose.

And, Increasing HCTC benefits is key to expanded trade liberalization- Prevents economic collapse, transnational threats, and imminent great power wars

Hills, U.S. trade representative under President George H.W. Bush, former co-chairwoman of the Council on Foreign Relations, former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Former United States Assistant Attorney General, Counselor and Trustee of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, co-founder and trustee of the Forum for International Policy, chairman and chief executive officer of Hills & Company- an international consulting firm, former chairwoman of The Urban Institute, executive committee member of The Trilateral Commission, Executive Committee member of the Institute for International Economics, 2k8 (Carla, July 29, “The Future of U.S. Trade Policy”, Statement before the Senate Finance Committee, http://finance.senate.gov/hearings/testimony/2008test/072908chtest.pdf)

For more than 60 years, under both Democratic and … increasing the Health Coverage Tax Credit.

And, Trade is inevitable. The only question is if it is cooperative or not. An inadequate domestic safety net causes hostile trade blocs and global conflicts.

Bergsten, Director of the Peterson Institute for International Economics & former Assistant Secretary for International Affairs at the Treasury Department, 9-27-97 (C. Fred, “America and the World,” The Economist, http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/print.cfm?doc=pub&ResearchID=291)

Third, American leadership has been …jolting confidence in its staying power in other respects.

And, Extinction Copley News Service, 1999 (Dec 1st, Commentary)

For decades, many children in …They should be celebrating it.

Contention Three: Competitiveness

First, A federal commitment to make HCTC affordable is key to American competitiveness

Rosen, resident visiting fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, former minority staff director of the Congressional Joint Economic Committee, former executive director of the Competitiveness Policy Council, MA in economics from George Washington University, 2k8 (Howard, “Strengthening Trade Adjustment Assistance”,http://wwww.iie.com/publications/pb/pb08-2.pdf)

In 1962, when the United States … increasing productivity and raising living standards.

Second, Inadequate HCTC undermines job transitions- It will collapse U.S. economic primacy

Brainard, Vice President and Director of the Global Economy and Development Program at the Brookings Institution, 2k7 (Lael, June 6, “Trade and Globalization”, Statement before the Senate Finance Committee)

Many American corporations are thriving on the …dynamic economy at a critical time.

Third, It undermines worker retraining programs

Gresser, Director of the Project on Trade and Global Markets at the Progressive Policy Institute, 2k2 (Edward, Feb 25, “Trade Debate in the Senate”, Progressive Policy Institute,http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?contentid=250229&knlgAreaID=108&subsecid=900010)

As our stake in the new … and sudden drops in wages.

And, That erodes American technological leadership- Increasing HCTC benefits is critical

Courtney, former President of the Washington Alliance of Technology Workers, head of telecommunications at UNI Global in Switzerl and where he represents 3.5 million members, 2k7 (Marcus, June 14, testimony before the House Ways and Means Committee, http://waysandmeans.house.gov/hearings.asp?formmode=view&id=6125)

My name is Marcus Courtney. I am a former … technological wonder here in America.

And, America’s tech leadership is the foundation of its economic primacy- Decline risks international conflict

Martino, Ph.D. in astrophysics from the Institute of Aerospace Studies, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, former Professor of Mathematics at NYU, former Professor of Systems Engineering at the University of Waterloo, 2k7 (Rocco, Spring, “A Strategy for Success: Innovation Will Renew American Leadership”, Orbis, Vol. 51, No. 2)

Much of the foreign policy …involving economic competitiveness and energy dependence.

Nuclear war

Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, 4 (Walter Russell, “America's Sticky Power,” Foreign Policy, March)

U.S. military force and cultural appeal have kept …U.S.-Chinese conflict is less likely to occur.

Trade good impacts key to contain Chavez’s influence in Latin America

Irwin, Robert E Maxwell Professor of Economics at Dartmouth University, ‘8 (Douglas, July 31, “Trade Liberalization: Cordell Hull and the Case for Optimism” Council on Foreign Relations)

The Challenge Today Many....challenges facing the world trading system.

Extinction

Manwaring, General Douglas MacArthur Chair and Professor of Military Strategy at the U.S. Army War College and Adjunct Professor of International Politics at Dickinson College, ‘5 (Max, October, Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare, www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB628.pdf)

At the same time, President.... endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

trade k2 U.S. leadership

O’Driscoll, Former Director at the Center for International Trade and Economics at the Heritage Foundation, ‘2 (Gerald, December 18, “Trade Promotes Prosperity and Security” Backgrounder, www.heritage.org/Research/TradeandForeignAid/BG1617.cfm)

It is fitting that economic .... the habits of liberty.

solves conflict mediation

Trentmann, Professor of History at Birkbeck College, ‘8 (Frank, December 3, “Forgotten Virtues of Free Trade” Project Syndicate,http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/12/123_35528.html)

"Laissez-faire," French President...both possible and necessary.

solves terrorism

O’Driscoll, Former Director at the Center for International Trade and Economics at the Heritage Foundation, ‘2 (Gerald, December 18, “Trade Promotes Prosperity and Security” Backgrounder, www.heritage.org/Research/TradeandForeignAid/BG1617.cfm)

ECONOMIC GROWTH VS. TERRORISM...n development and democracy.19

Extinction

Sid-Ahmed 04 (Mohamed, internationally renowned reporter and columnist in Al Ahram, “Extinction!” Al- Ahram Weekly, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

What would be the...we will all be losers.

Desert Vista High School AZ – Amrut Chowdhury - Timothy Lee – Asylum LSC

Contention 1: Down the Rabbit Hole

Despite US Code 1362, many asylum seekers lack legal counsel Mills et al 2008 [John, Echemendia Kirsten, Yale-Loehr Stephen, graduates of Cornell University Law School and professor of immigration and asylum law at Cornell University Law School “Cornell Law School Working Papers Series” Cornell Law Library] The Supreme Court has never addressed the …were erroneously denied relief because they lacked counsel.

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should amend restrictions on Legal Services Corporation programs and require that the Legal Services Corporation provides representation to asylum seekers in the United States.

Contention 2: Pool of Tears

Unaccompanied refugee minors are the most vulnerable group in the world and face indescribable abuses. Uram 2008 [Justina, J.D., The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University, Penn State International Law Review, Spring, 2008, 26 Penn St. Int'l L. Rev. 935, “Comment: Les Enfants de Mauvais Souvenir: Conceived through Violence, Born as Outcasts, Living in Danger. Why Parentless and Orphaned Children of Rape Should Receive Refugee or Asylum Status”, ln] Twelve-year old Claude Hope Muhayimana …do not have an adult to protect them.

In search of better conditions, 7000 refugee children arrive at the US unaccompanied each year Uram 2008 [Justina, J.D., The Dickinson School of Law of the Pennsylvania State University, Penn State International Law Review, Spring, 2008, 26 Penn St. Int'l L. Rev. 935, “Comment: Les Enfants de Mauvais Souvenir: Conceived through Violence, Born as Outcasts, Living in Danger. Why Parentless and Orphaned Children of Rape Should Receive Refugee or Asylum Status”, ln] Since 1980, nearly twelve thousand children have entered the U.S. …want to tell anyone, let alone a room full of strangers.

Unfortunately, the vast majority are doomed for deportation because they lack legal representation Garcia 2009 [Maricela, executive director of Latinos United, a research and policy organization in Chicago, studied at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, 2/19, “Unaccompanied Children in the United States”,http://www.latinopolicyforum.org/assets/Unaccompanied%20Children%20Article.pdf, tlee] Inadequate Legal Access Even if given a hearing, the vast …and the related unavailability of qualified pro bono attorneys.

Consider the experiences of Mr. S. Mills et al 2008 [John, Echemendia Kirsten, Yale-Loehr Stephen, graduates of Cornell University Law School and professor of immigration and asylum law at Cornell University Law School “Cornell Law School Working Papers Series” Cornell Law Library] Mr. S was only eighteen years old when he arrived …if the government had provided Mr. S with an attorney.

Deportation is a serious affront to human dignity. Mills et al 2008 [John, Echemendia Kirsten, Yale-Loehr Stephen, graduates of Cornell University Law School and professor of immigration and asylum law at Cornell University Law School “Cornell Law School Working Papers Series” Cornell Law Library] Moreover, the gravity of the harm, as emphasized in death …dignity interest in the proper determination of her claim.

We have a moral obligation to provide asylum to refugees. Churchill 2007 [Darren, ACT Democrats President, 11/23, “Some Thoughts on Human Rights”,http://darrenchurchill.wordpress.com/category/federal-election-2007/] There is a moral obligation to provide a …from being returned to persecution, torture or death.

Contention 3: Pig and Pepper

While in detention centers, unaccompanied children are exposed to inhuman treatment Amnesty International 2003 [Nobel Prize-winning grassroots activist organization, June 18, “’Why am I here?’ Children in Immigration Detention”, http://www.amnestyusa.org/refugee/usa_children_summary.html] Disturbingly, AI also documented allegations of excessive …required to take off all clothing after any visit with attorneys or others.

The abuses don’t stop there- many detainees are forced to perform sex acts Stop Rape 2004 [Organization with multiple case studies on sexual abuse in detainment centers, “A first look at sexual abuse in immigration detention”, http://www.spr.org/pdf/NoRefugeHere.pdf] The report focuses on three central issues: (1) the considerable …78% of immigrant detainees do not receive legal representation.

Fortunately, providing legal services would ensure INS compliance with safeguards Morton 2002 [Andrew D., associate at Foley & Lardner LLP, a member of the firm's Government & Public Policy Practice, 2/28 , “Hearing Before The Subcommittee On The Judiciary United States Senate One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session”,http://www.loc.gov/law/find/hearings/pdf/00104516609.pdf, tlee] Effective representation for these vulnerable children includes ….Representative examples of violations include the following:

Contention 4: The Mock Turtle’s Story

Ultimately, we have a natural duty to help refugees and reform detention centers Rawls 1971 [John, an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy, A Theory of Justice Revised Edition, Harvard University Press, “Principles for Individuals: The Natural Duties”, 98-99] Now in contrast with obligations, it is characteristic … in certain circumstances anyway, wars of self-defense are justified.

Rejecting these duties rejects human worth. Rawls 1971 [John, an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy, A Theory of Justice Revised Edition, Harvard University Press, “The Arguments for the Principles of Natural Duty”, 297-298] “Similar reasoning supports the other natural duties. Consider, …we should not the great importance of publicity effects.

As a judge, the most important decision you make concerns refugee policies. Individual agency outweighs. Adelman 1992 [Howard, Professor of Philosophy at York University in Toronto, July 12, “Justice, Immigration and Refugees”, 3-4, tlee] Justification. Obligation. Justice or injustice. The issue of …transcend those of nations and states.

Contention 5: Alice’s Evidence

Legal representation saves lives by ensuring that asylum seekers are not invisible to the legal system Pistone 2009 [Michele R., assistant professor of law and director of the Clinic for Asylum, Refugee and Emigrant Services at Villanova University School of Law, “Legal Representation for Detained Asylum Seekers: Making the Difference Between Life and Death”, 2009] According to a recent report by the Pennsylvania Institutional Law Project…one of those occasions in which a lawyer's presence in a case truly saves someone's life.

Removing restrictions floods LSC programs with funding- federal restrictions tie up $490 million Diller 2009 [Rebekah, coordinates the Brennan Center's legislative and public education campaign and in the Center's Access to Justice Project and Emily, Research Associate with the Brennan Center Justice 6/22, “A Call to End Federal Restrictions on Legal Aid to the Poor,”] Created thirty-five years ago under President Nixon, the Legal Services …from learning about the legitimate policy needs of poor communities.

LSC is key- it has established infrastructure Kerwin 2005 [Donald Vice President for Programs at the Migration Policy Institute, April, “Revisiting the Need for Appointed Counsel” p15] Second, agencies funded by the federal Legal Services Corporation …represent the undocumented, even with non-LSC funding.

LSC is key- solves coordination with states and judges Solomon-Fears 2007 [Carmen, Specialist in Social Legislation, Domestic Social Policy Division, Congressional Research Service,

5/23, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34016_20070523.pdf] Before the implementation of the 1998 State Planning Initiative, ….“unlikely partners” (judges, legislators, bar leaders).

Government-funded counsel is key- it solves judge disparities Yale-Loehr et al 2008 [Stephen W. teaches immigration and asylum law at Cornell University Law School, John R. Mills, represents California death row inmates in habeas corpus cases, Kristen M. Echemendia, practices law in New York, Oct 17, Cornell Law Library, “‘Death is Different’ and a Refugee’s Right to Counsel”] Providing counsel would also address another major concern…providing an attorney for the asylum seeker is constitutionally required.

LSC is key to training lawyers Houseman 2002 [Alan W, Director Of The Center For Law And Social Policy, “CONFERENCE: ACCESS TO JUSTICE CONFERENCE SEPTEMBER 11, 2001: CIVIL LEGAL ASSISTANCE FOR LOW-INCOME PERSONS: LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING FORWARD,” 29 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1213, Lexis] National support has fared better than state support …national materials prepared by national organizations.

Obama is key- federal asylum policies are modeled globally Brane & Lundholm 2008 [Michelle and Christiana, Directors of the Detention and Asylum Program, Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 22 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 147] While the political climate in the United States may present … around the world look to its behavior as a model.

Providing counsel would actually reduce costs Morton 2002 [Andrew D., associate at Foley & Lardner LLP, a member of the firm's Government & Public Policy Practice, 2/28 , “Hearing Before The Subcommittee On The Judiciary United States Senate One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session”, http://www.loc.gov/law/find/hearings/pdf/00104516609.pdf, tlee] Because the current system lacks a procedure for ensuring …detaining a child and the taxpayer cost of an inefficient system.

Contention 6: A Mad Tea Party

Your disads are non-unique. LSC funding is up Law & Health Weekly 3/28 [2009, “LSC Receives $40 Million Increase for FY 2009”] The Legal Services Corporation will receive …aid programs across the nation.

Obama’s budget contains unprecedented welfare spending Rector et al 9/16 [Robert Rector is Senior Research Fellow in the Domestic Policy Studies Department at The Heritage Foundation. Katherine Bradley is Visiting Fellow in the Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society at The Heritage Foundation. Rachel Sheffield is Visiting Fellow in Welfare Studies in the Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society at The Heritage Foundation, “Obama to Spend 10.3 Trillion on Welfare,”http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/upload/SR_67.pdf] In his first two years in office, President Barack …6 percent of GDP for the next decade.

No risk of nuclear war- 64 years of MAD prove Tepperman 2009 [Jonathan, Deputy Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, is Assistant Managing Editor at Newsweek, 8/29 “Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb”, http://www.newsweek.com/id/214248/page/1] The argument that nuclear weapons can be agents …Why fight if you can't win and might lose everything?"

The nuclear taboo is deeply embedded in decision-making and taken-for-granted making the risk of nuclear war zero Tannenwald 1999 [Nina, former director of Brown’s IR program, taught at the University of Colorado at Boulder, master's degree from the Columbia School of International and Public Affairs and a PhD in international relations from Cornell University, Summer, “The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use”, International Organization, Vol. 53, No. 3, 440-442, jstor, tlee] In contrast a taboo explanation would expect to see …deeper effects of the taboo later in time.

No nuclear extinction Nyquist 1999 [JR, regular geopolitical columnist for Financial Sense Online, J.R., regular columnist for WorldNetDaily from 1999 until 2001, “Is Nuclear War Survivable?”, http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=19722] I patiently reply to these correspondents that …staying indoors may even suffice.

Subordination of rights under extinction claims locks us into the tyranny of survival – eliminating the reason life is valuable. Callahan 1973 [Daniel, Co-founder and former director of The Hastings Institute, PhD in philosophy from Harvard University, “The Tyranny of Survival” 1973, p 91-93] The value of survival could not be so readily …properly manage their need to survive, they succeeded in not doing so.

Preoccupation with low risk impacts leads to policy paralysis Rescher 1983 [Nicholas, American philosopher, affiliated for many years with the University of Pittsburgh, where he is currently University Professor of Philosophy and Chairman of the Center for Philosophy of Science, “Risk: A Philosophical Introduction to the Theory of Risk Evaluation and Management”, 50] A probability is a number between zero and ….gravity of a situation of hazard.

Desert Vista High School AZ – Shardul Golwalkar - Alisa Partlan –?

Dobson High School AZ – Vignesh Krishnaswamy - Hriday Sibal – ?

Dunwoody High School GA – Eilidh Geddes - Robert Galerstein – Socialism CONTENTION ONE: THE CAPITALIST BRIDGE IS FALLING DOWN

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY IS IN FREE-FALL AND MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS IS POWERLESS TO STOP IT – THE COLLAPSE OF GLOBAL FAITH IN CAPITALISM AND ITS INSTITUTIONS IS NOW INEVITABLE PETRAS ’09; Dr. James Petras, 3-31-2009, Bartle Professor (Emeritus) of Sociology at Binghamton University, Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley, B.A. from Boston University, the author of over 62 books and over 600 articles in professional journals, “World Depression: Regional Wars and the Decline of the US Empire,”http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2009/03/31/world-depression-regional-wars- and-the-d-1

All the idols of capitalism over the past three decades crashed. ... Through one of world history’s most unique configuration of power, the economically insignificant state of Israel, operating through the activity of several tens of thousands of strategically-placed, highly organized, disciplined and ideologically committed loyalists in the Diaspora, control key levels of political power in the US government.

THE SYSTEM IS IN ITS DEATH THROES – THERE’S NOTHING LEFT TO EXPLOIT, STRUCTURAL EMPLOYMENT IS COMING, PARASITIC CAPITAL IS RAMPANT AND ITS IDEOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS ARE COLLAPSING MESZAROS ’95; Meszaros, Professor Emeritus at the University of Sussex, 95 (Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition)

NEVERTHELESS, we may speak of the age of transition to socialism meaningfully in that: Capital is presented with a dangerously narrowing range of feasible alternatives to the full activation of its structural crisis. ... All these trends indicate a very real movement towards the ultimate limits of capital as such, and hence they show the historical actuality of a painful but inescapable process of transition.

OIL IS INEVITABLY GOING TO DRY UP, BRINGING CAPITALISM DOWN WITH IT COCKBURN ’09; (Alexander Cockburn, Editor of counterpunch magazine, “Why Is It Collapsing?”http://endofcapitalism.com/about/)

Oil is the lifeblood of capitalism; there is literally nothing on this earth that can replace it as the dominant fuel for the engine of global capitalism. ... Data indicates that the immense run-up of prices in 2007-2008 can best be explained as a result of global oil shortage, which certainly added stress to the financial markets and likely helped trigger the current crisis.

TRADE LIBERALIZATION GUARANTEES CAPITALISM’S COLLAPSE – IT POINTS OUT THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM’S INCREASING CONTRADICTIONS AND INSTABILITIES GREIDER ’97; (William, “One World Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism,” p11-12)

The true dimensions of underlying disorders in the global system are masked-and prevented from reaching critical mass- by the benevolent role played by the wealthy progenitor of, The United States promotes and props up the global trading system, allowing it to evade many of its gathering contradictions and instabilities. ... Instead American elites have become even more dogmatic in their attachment to it.

MULTINATIONAL CAPITALISM SIGNALS ONE OF THE FINAL STAGES OF LATE AS IT IS UNEASILY BALANCED JAMESON ’96; (He is currently William A. Lane Professor in The Program in Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University. “Five Theses on actually existing Marxism.” April, 1996; Monthly Review;http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_n11_v47/ai_18205164/?tag=content;col1)

First Thesis "Postmarxisms" regularly emerge at those moments in which capitalism itself undergoes a structural metamorphosis. ... And these in turn have been followed by various theoretical projects of a more modern--or indeed in our time postmodern--Marxism attempting to theorize the new and unexpected dimensions taken on by its traditional object of study, capitalism as such.

EVEN IF THIS CRISIS DOESN’T CAUSE COLLAPSE- THE COLLAPSE OF THE NEXT MEGABUBBLE IN 2011 ENSURES IT FARNELL ’08; Paul B. Farrell, 6/2/08 “20 Reasons New Megabubble Pops In 2011” http://www.marketwatch.com/story/a-megabubble-pop-2011-here?pagenumber=2

Wall Street, Washington and the Fed are all praying the credit crisis is under control. ... But that is our "system," and in this system our leaders inevitably morph into bulls, ideologically blinded by their power. And like real bulls, all they see is red. So eventually ... they must run onto a sword, and self-destruct!

CAPITALISM IS NOT INEVITABLE – IT HAS JUST BEEN MAINTAINED THROUGH VIOLENCE KOVEL ’02; (Joel, Professor of Social Studies at Bard; The Enemy of Nature, p115-116 May 2, 2002)

This reasoning is, I believe, valid, and necessary for grasping how capital becomes the efficient cause of the crisis. ... Those who believe that capital is innate should also be willing to do without police, or the industries of culture, and if they are not, then their arguments are hypocritical.

COLLAPSE CAUSES GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL REALIGNMENT ABRAMS ’09; Adam Abrams, Haaretz Newspaper Online, 3/26/09, “Will U.S. financial woes lead to new world order?”,http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1074110.html

Is the U.S. about to lose its status as the dominant global superpower? ... The collapse of the United States of America would certainly create the chaos necessary to justify the formation of a new global reserve currency and ultimately a new world order, with its central power residing in Eurasia.

THE ONLY QUESTION IS WHAT GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORDER WILL EMERGE FROM THE ASHES – OBAMA IS IN THE UNIQUE POSITION TO RESURRECT OR ABANDON GLOBAL CAPITALISM HIRSH ’08; Michael Hirsh, 11-13-2008, senior editor and foreign policy columnist for Newsweek, former foreign editor, “Barack the Savior?”http://www.newsweek.com/id/168867

Few measures of presidential performance have been more overused than the first 100 days. ... Let's hope he gets it right, because failure will be very costly.

ABSENT MOVEMENT TOWARD SOCIALISM, THE CURRENT CRISIS WILL CULMINATE IN VIOLENT TRANSITIONAL CONFLICTS, BOTH DOMESTICALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY, WHICH RISK EXTINCTION – THIS IS THE MOST PROBABLE IMPACT – IT’S WHAT STARTED WWII AND WHAT WILL START WWIII LEE ’09; Dr. Franz J. T. Lee, 3-8-2009, Professor of Political Science, University of Los Andres, “President Obama, this is no economic crisis, it is the systemic breakdown of capitalism,” http://www.vheadline.com/readnews.asp?id=78007

To eradicate a perennial depressive pestilence, it is necessary, not to whitewash its phenomenological fascist grimace or its 'humane' features, is not to pump trillions of barren paper greenbacks, more fiat money or fake capital, into its cancerous economic veins. ... In this militant optimistic spirit, let us touch the emancipatory sublime, let us get out of the capitalist rat holes, imperialist sewerage systems and corporate quagmires and reach out for the stars ... per aspera ad astra!

CAPITALISM WILL NEVER FIX ITSELF – IN THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM ERROR REPLICATION IS INEVITABLE AND THE ONLY WAY TO MITIGATE THE RISK OF RECURRING TRANSITION WARS IS A CALL FOR SOCIALISM MESZAROS ’06; (Istvan, “Structural Crisis of Politics,” Monthly Review, September, Proquest, Accessed 7-11-09, PAK)

In this respect it is necessary to clarify the relevant differences between types or modalities of crisis. ... Our social responsibility therefore calls for an uncompromising critical awareness of the emerging cumula-tive interrelationship, instead of looking for comforting reassurances in the world of illusory normality until the house collapses over our head.

UNEMPLOYMENT IS THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE RISE OF FACISM BRENNER AND BRENNER- GOLOMB 2k; [Y.S. and N, Professor of Economics and Instructor in Statistics, A Theory of Full Employment, p.203-4]

What all the movements mentioned earlier have in common is that they have grievances. ... Only the major catastrophe brought people back to their senses-a catastrophe that cost the lives of millions and left Germany in ruins.

THUS THE PLAN: THE United States Federal Government SHOULD GUARANTEE UNIVERSAL FULL EMPLOYMENT FOR ALL PERSONS LIVING IN POVERTY IN THE United States CONTENTION TWO: THE REVOLUTION

OFFERING FULL EMPLOYMENT IS NECESSARY TO SOLVE THE REVOLUTION FAULKNER ’09; Dr. Neil Faulkner, 3-31-2009, Research Fellow at Bristol University, Honorary Lecturer at University College London, Features Editor of Current Archaeology, and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, read Social and Political Science at King's College, Cambridge, doctorate from the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, "From Bubble to Black Hole: the Neoliberal Implosion," International Socialism, n.122,http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=536&issue=122#122faulkner12

“Revolutionary socialists today should not be…pontificating on the degree of damage that capitalism has done to itself, on whether we are in 1929, 1992 or whatever… ... If we underestimate the scale of the crisis, we will underestimate the scale of response that is necessary. The wolf is upon us. We must arm.

UNIVERSALITY OF THE LOWER CLASS IS KEY – IT STOPS THE VISCOUS CYCLE OF UNEMPLOYMENT THAT DOOMS ALL CURRENT ASSISTANCE AND GUARANTEES A WORKING CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS GOLDSTEIN ’09; Fred Goldstein in 2009 (“Bill Clinton’s cruel legacy, Welfare vanishes as poverty soars,” Feb 4, 2009,http://www.workers.org/2009/us/welfare_0212/

The other shoe has dropped Most importantly, the new law set a fixed amount for the total national welfare bill, regardless of how many people needed assistance. ... This should be the true entitlement of the multinational working class.

CAPITALISM CANNOT SURVIVE IN A SYSTEM OF FULL EMPLOYMENT. ONLY THIS DEMAND CAN UNIQUELY TRANSFORM THE SYSTEM BECAUSE IT INCLUDES A UNIVERSAL CONDEMNATION OF CAPITALISM WHILE ALLOWING US TO RETURN TO THE CONCRETE SITUATIONS AND PATHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT. JAMESON ’04; Fredric Jameson in 2004 (He is currently William A. Lane Professor in The Program in Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University. “Politics of Utopia,” New Left Review 25, January-February 2004, http://www.newleftreview.org/?view=2489)

More was concerned to eliminate individual property relations; Marx’s critique of property was designed to eliminate the legal and individual possession of the collective means of production; and the elimination of that kind of private property was meant to lead to a situation in which classes as such disappeared, and not merely social hierarchies and individual injustices. ... At this point, then, utopian circularity becomes both a political vision and programme, and a critical and diagnostic instrument.

INCREASES IN WELFARE ARE THE ONLY TRUE CHANGE THAT CAN CREATE A SOCIALIST REVOLUTION – THEY SPUR CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS GEORGE & WILDING ‘76; Ideology and social welfare, Vic George (Professor of Social Policy and Administration and Social Work University of Kent), Paul Wilding (Senior Lecturer in Social Administration University College, Cardiff), 1976, 82-84

Socialism and the welfare state Is the welfare state the fulfilment of the socialist dream, the civilisation of capitalism and its reconciliation with socialism, or is it a truce based on conditions which will inevitably lead to further changes? ... In brief, they see the welfare state as an unstable compromise and a stepping stone toward socialism. CONTENTION THREE: THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW

THE MOST LIKELY RESULT OF A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION IS GENUINE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM FOSTER ’05; John Bellamy Foster, 2005, Editor of Monthly Review, Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Ph.D., M.A. Political Science, York University, B.A. Liberal Arts, Evergreen State College, “The Renewing of Socialism: An Introduction,” Monthly Review, 57(3), Jul- Aug, https://www.monthlyreview.org/0705jbf.htm

It is impossible to know what forms this new socialist renewal will take since it is still in the making and will be subject to continuing historical struggles. ... The legacy of socialism, as the real-life alternative to capitalism, also points to the necessity of its renewal in the present. In joining this new struggle we need to clarify the project of an alternative society, while avoiding the mistakes of the past—forever insisting that socialism is the making of a society of equals or it is nothing at all.

THE FOUNDATION FOR A PEACEFUL TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM IS ALREADY LAID, ALL THAT IS LEFT IS THE CHANGE IN THE PROLETARIET AND THE WELFARE STATE HEROD ’04; [James Herod, 2004 “A Notion of How We Might Want To Live” Section 2. of Getting Free ;pages 10- 11; http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/02.htm]

We can turn now to a notion of how we might want to live. ... And the failure to democratize and socialize households, including them (and hence reproduction) as an explicit and integral part of the social arrangements, would leave a gender based division of labor intact, thus perpetuating the public/private dichotomy.

ONLY SOCIALISM CAN COMBAT GLOBAL WARMING WORKERS POWER ’07; (U.K. – based grassroots movement, “Capitalism, pollution, and the solution”, Workers Power 321, Winter 07- 08, http://www.workerspower.com/index.php?id=156,1493,0,0,1,0)

Marxists believe that only the shift from the anarchic system of capitalism to a democratically planned global economy will be able to address the needs of the majority population and take into account the

Harvard - 195- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -196- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard environment as well. ... The struggle against the destruction of the natural foundations for human life, and for a rational, conscious relationship between humanity and nature, is a central question of the socialist revolution today, a central question of building a classless, communist society.

EXTINCTION PFEIFFER ’09; [Dale Allen, Geologist, Global Climate Change & Peak Oil, The Wilderness Publications, Online]

The possibility of runaway global warming is not as distant a threat as we may wish. ... Former British Environmental Minister Michael Meacher is also worried about the survival of the human race due to global warming.

SOCIALISM SOLVES WAR – ITS USE OF DEMOCRATIC CONSENSUS PREVENTS ALL FORMS OF VIOLENCE AND DESTRUCTION BROPHY ’04; Brophy 2004 Last date cited, no other date given (David, “The Global Energy Crisis and the Politics of Apocalypse” http://newsocialist.org/newsite/index.php? id=858)

I only realised after writing the previous section of this article that I was vaguely remembering and echoing a passage from Rosa Luxembourg, written during the destruction of the First Great European War. ... If we are to avert apocalypse, our only hope is to fight for socialist revolution.

SOCIALISM IS NECESSARY TO MOVE THE POOR OUT OF POVERTY – PROVIDES THEM WITH ESSENTIAL SERVICES LIKE HEALTHCARE WILDSON ’05; (Tony “How Capitalism Breeds Poverty” http://www.socialistalternative.org/ literature/katrina/logic.html)

Time for a Radical Change The class and race issues brought up by this tragedy show the desperate need for a radical change in U.S. society. ... We could then create a new democratic socialist society, where the working-class majority would have the power rather than the 1% who are rewarded under this system.

POVERTY IS STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE EQUIVALENT TO NUCLEAR WAR AND IS THE ROOT CAUSE OF ALL IMPACTS GILLIGAN ’96; [James, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, “Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes”, p. 191-196]

The deadliest form of violence is poverty. ... The question as to which of the two forms of violence – structural or behavioral – is more important, dangerous, or lethal is moot, for they are inextricably related to eachother, as cause to effect.

DON’T BUY THEIR TYRRANY ARGS – CALLING FOR SPECIFICALLY SOCIALISM CHALLENGES THE PREVAILING ORDER AND IS THE ONLY WAY TO PREVENT ESCALATION TO COMMUNISM,

TOTALITARIANISM, AND VIOLENCE ZIZEK ’02; Slavoj Zizek in 2002 (“A Plea for Leninist Intolerance,” Critical Inquiry, Winter 2002, http://www.lacan.com/zizek-plea.htm)

The entire history of the Soviet Union can be comprehended as homologous to Freud's famous image of Rome, a city whose history is sedimented in its present in the guise of different layers of archeological remainders, each new level covering up the preceding one, like the seven layers of Troy. ... What if this impenetrability of Lenin is a sign that there is something wrong with our epoch, that a certain historical dimension is disappearing from it.

SOCIALISM DOESN’T DEVOLVE IN TO TOTALITARIANISM– IN FACT A TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM IS THE ONLY WAY TO AVOID TOTALITARIANISM– NATIONAL IDEOLOGICAL CULTURE AND HISTORY PROVES LARNER ’08; Jesse Larner, Author of “Mount Rushmore: An Icon Reconsidered”, Dissent Magazine, “Who’s Afraid of Friedrich Hayek? The Obvious Truths and Mystical Fallacies of a Hero of the Right”, Winter, 2008, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=992.

BECAUSE THEY understand so little about the thoughtful left (and former association doesn’t translate into knowledge; Horowitz and his cohort, like the earlier generation of converts led by Irving Kristol, still think of the modern left as a crypto-Castroite conspiracy), it is hard for many on the right to acknowledge that as a critique of socialism, Hayek’s ideas are limited rather than devastating. ... The only question is whether the parochial interest associations in the world of for-profit medicine will be able to defeat it.

IT’S EITHER SOCIALISM WITH THE AFF OR COMMUNISM IN THE SQUO – ALL POSSIBLE SOCIALISM TURNS ARE INTENSIFIED WITH COMMUNISM NOSOTRO ’03; (Rit; “Socialism and Communism Grow Apart;” April 2003; http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t0w29socialcommie.htm)

Although the terms socialism and communism were once used interchangeably, these systems have evolved over time to represent two completely different forms of government. ... It prevents citizens from having their own religious and moral convictions, and it employs violence to enforce the government's mandates.

FULL EMPLOYMENT IS KEY TO RESTORE THE INTERNATIONAL FAITH IN DEMOCRACY BRENNER AND BRENNER-GOLOMB 2k; [Y.S. and N, Professor of Economics and Instructor in Statistics, A Theory of Full Employment, p.194-5]

However, as long as there is no real shift of policy to address such structural issues, the salami-slicing process will continue. ... It deprives society of the non-violent means for finding redress to its current economic and social ills and it prevents it finding an answer to the looming danger of a South Americanization of the economic and social relations in the western world.

EXTINCTION DIAMOND ’95; (Larry, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s,” wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm)

This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in the coming years and decades. ... Precisely because, within their own borders, they respect competition, civil liberties, property rights, and the rule of law, democracies are the only reliable foundation on which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

EMPLOYMENT IS KEY TO SOLVE HUMAN RIGHTS MITCHELL AND MUYSKEN ’08; (“Full employment abandoned: shifting sands and policy failures” Centre of Full Employment and Equity. The University of Newcastle. June.)

More fundamentally, employment is a basic human right and this principle was enshrined in the immediate Post World War II period by the United Nations. ... (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

EXTINCTION HUMAN RIGHTS WEB ’94; (An Introduction to the Human Rights Movement Created on July 20, 1994 / Last edited on January 25, 1997, http://www.hrweb.org/intro.html)

The United Nations Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and UN Human Rights convenants were written and implemented in the aftermath of the Holocaust, revelations coming from the Nuremberg war crimes trials, the Bataan Death March, the atomic bomb, and other horrors smaller in magnitude but not in impact on the individuals they affected. ... For perhaps the first time, representatives from the majority of governments in the world came to the conclusion that basic human rights must be protected, not only for the sake of the individuals and countries involved, but to preserve the human race.

EMPLOYMENT IS KEY TO GLOBAL PEACE. MEAD ’94; (Walter Russell Mead, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, 1994, “Commerce and Trade Speeches or conferences,” Federal News Service)

I'd like to add to that that unemployment is not unrelated to the question of world peace. ... I suspect that we will see out of this job conference a very few recommendations coming forward on improving the efficiency of labor, sort of marginal improvements, and there will be essentially a throwing up of the hands in despair about this thing.

East Side Denver CO – Jack Forbes - Marchel Holle – ?

Eastwood High School TX – Johnathan Dominguez - William White – ?

Edgemont HS NY – Benjamin Chang - Nikhil Jayawickrama – GED GED Aff - Bronx Science

Contention One is Primacy

Failure to meet quality goals is crippling retention

NPP ‘9 (National Priorities Project, Research organization that analyzes and clarifies federal data (“Military Recruitment 2008: Significant Gap in Army's Quality and Quantity Goals,”http://www.nationalpriorities.org/militaryrecruiting2008)

The U.S. Army has … drop out is lost.

Meeting numerical goals now irrelevant – boom and bust cycle dooms year-to-year sustainability

Bicksler and Nolan ‘6 (Barbara A. Bicksler, 2/20, Senior analyst @ Strategic Analysis, Specializes in writing and research on military manpower and personnel issues; Lisa G. Nolan, private consultant, “Recruiting an All-Volunteer Force: The Need for Sustained Investment in Recruiting Resources,”http://www.defenselink.mil/PRHOME/docs/Bicksler%20Recruiting%20Resources %20FINAL.pdf)

Unfortunately, funding for … years to reverse.

This shortage is forcing long repeated deployment cycles, driving an accelerating explosion in military suicides

Ryan 9 (Cheyney Ryan, 2009, Professor of Philosophy and Clark Honors College Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Critical Thinking at the University of Oregon, The Chickenhawk Syndrome: War, Sacrifice, and Personal Responsibility, p. 182)

Historical precedent suggests … support for the troops.

This magnifies public casualty sensitivity – and the numbers can only go up

Smith 4 (Wayne Smith, Editor and Publisher for Common Dreams, a non-partisan news website, “Suicides Among Soldiers Who Served in Iraq,”http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0224-07.htm)

Any reporters researching … America's living rooms.

Low-quality recruiting explodes casualties by 250%

Greenhill ‘6 Kelly M, Research Fellow at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Security and International Affairs, Assistant Professor of Government at Tufts, “"Don't Dumb Down the Army"”http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1519/dont_dumb_down_the_army.html

The Army inducted … line of fire.

Elites react – high body-count causes serial policy failure and culminates in global military withdrawal

Daren Bowyer, Ph.D. Candidate, Canfield University, 2008 “Just War Doctrine,” https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/3011/1/Bowyer_Thesis_final.pdf

4.2.1.3 The Impact of Casualty/Risk/Cost Aversion… is either disproportionate or indiscriminate.

The public reacts, too – also collapsing primacy

Gray 4 (Colin Gray, Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, University of Reading, 2004, The Sheriff: America’s Defense of the New World Order)

Seventh, the American sheriff … analysis now turns.

This means we control the only internal link into hegemony – all measures of power are concentrated in the United States. Their authors define “hegemony” incorrectly and conflate trends with absolutes.

Brooks & Wohlforth ‘9 (March/April Foreign Affairs; Stephen Brooks, Associate Professor of Government, Dartmouth; William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government and Chair of the Department of Government, Dartmouth, “How Washington Should Reform International Institutions.”)

Only a few years ago… an analysis today.

Collapse of heg results in multiple scenarios for global nuclear omnicide

Kagan 7 Senior Associate @ the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (End of Dreams, Return of History, Policy Review, Hoover Institution,http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html)

Finally, there is … an easier path.

Even if multipolarity’s desirable the transition would be chaotic – multiple fast wars go nuclear.

Barry Posen and Andrew Ross, winter 1997, prof of PoliSci in the Defense and Arms Control Studies Program at MIT and prof of National Security Studies at the Naval War College, International Security, p ebsco

The United States can, … those not directly involved.

Extinction

Joseph Nye, 1990, fmr Dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, Bound to Lead, p. 17

Perceptions of change in the … it may end.

Even if the transition’s peaceful, the conclusion is apolarity – downward power shift means extremist cells would control the world

Niall Ferguson, Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History, Harvard University; Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, 4, “When Empires Wane.

Yet universal claims were an integral …what you wish for.

Contention Two is In-Theatre Support

Subpoint A is the NCO Corps

Lack of quality recruits is devastating NCO leadership efficacy

Krepinevich 9 (Andrew F. Krepinevich, 3-26-2009, President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, frmr member of the personal staff of three defense secretaries, the Office of Net Assessment, the National Defense Panel, the Defense Science Board, and the Joint Forces Command’s Transformation Advisory Board, “The Future of U.S. Ground Forces,” testimony before the US Senate Armed Services Committee,http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/T.20090326.The_Future_of_US_G/T.200 90326.The_Future_of_US_G.pdf)

Irregular warfare demands …comprises its Future Combat Systems.

That collapses force-wide cultural awareness – spillover effect

Ulibarri 8 – William J, Command Sgt. Maj, Fort Benning's senior NCO Friday, “Cultural awareness-- winning at the tactical level” http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-182124720/cultural-awareness- winning-tactical.html

At the tactical level, our NCO … own NCO corps.

Culturally sensitive military is the vital internal to public opinion, and it’s independently key to effective nuclear doctrine – that solves great power full-scale nuclear exchange

Colin 6 (Colin S. Gray, Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, University of Reading, "IRREGULAR ENEMIES AND THE ESSENCE OF STRATEGY: CAN THE AMERICAN WAY OF WAR ADAPT?")

Culturally-challenged. Belatedly, it has become fashionable … through “bandit country.”

Subpoint B is PMCs

Low recruitment forces unaccountable PMC use

Krepinevich ‘8 (Andrew F. Krepinevich, 8, President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, frmr member of the personal staff of three defense secretaries, the Office of Net Assessment, the National Defense Panel, the Defense Science Board, and the Joint Forces Command’s Transformation Advisory Board, “An Army at the Crossroads,” CSBA Publication,http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081117.An_Army_At_The_Cro/R.20 081117.An_Army_At_The_Cro.pdf)

The US Government also has … young Americans.

This annihilates local support

Kosiak 8 - Steven M. Kosiak, 2008, Vice President for Budget Studies at Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, frequent speaker on defense issues, providing expert testimony before House and Senate Committees, and has been published in multiple major newspapers, “Military Manpower for the Long Haul,” CSBA Publication,http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015.Military_Manpower_/R.2008 1015.Military_Manpower_.pdf

Although the precise number of … the US military’s efforts.

Independently, PMC use breaks the state monopoly on normative violence – causing extinction

Orts ‘2 (Eric Orts, Professor of Legal Studies and Management, Wharton School @ UPenn, “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, STAKEHOLDER ACCOUNTABILITY, AND SUSTAINABLE PEACE,” http://www.wdi.umich.edu/files/Publications/WorkingPapers/wp427.pdf)

In a globalized society, simplified versions … civilization itself.”64

Finally, lack of local support means we fail counter-insurgency in Afghanistan

Khan, 8/17/09 – Daud, an Afghan political analyst and journalist based. (“US Winning Afghans' Hearts and Minds?” http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite? c=Article_C&cid=1248188004863&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout)

Under Petraeus, the emphasis now is …are ready to talk.

That causes terrorist state take-over

Newmann ‘8 (William W., April, L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth University, “Hegemonic Competition, Hegemonic Disruption and the Current War”, pg. 30)

Al-Qaeda’s national security … the government cannot defeat it.

This uniquely expands their resource base unleashing nuclear and biological strikes – the timeframe for this scenario is 2011

Marvin Cetron, President, Forecasting International, 2007, The Futurist, May-June 2007, “Defeating Terrorism: Is it Possible? Is it Probable?”

If the terrorists … as little notice as possible.

Sid-Ahmed ‘04 (Political Analyst, Al-Ahram Mohamed, Al-Ahram Weekly, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

This means that fundamental changes … we will all be losers.

Bioterror causes extinction.

Barry Kellman, Director, International Weapons Control Center, DePaul University College, 2008, “Bioviolence,” http://www.wfs.org/March-April09/MJ2008_Kellman.pdf

A looming danger confronts the world… bioviolence is simply untenable.

Afghan instability independently causes multiple nuclear wars

Morgan, ‘7 – former Member of the British Labor Party Executive Committee (Stephen, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?”,http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx? id=639)

The nature of catastrophy … against the US.

Plan: The Department of Defense should substantially expand the Army General Education Development Plus Enlistment Program.

Contention Three is Solvency

GED Plus solves high quality troops in high quantity

Caldera 2K (Louis, Secretary of the Army, News Transcript @ US Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), “ARMY EDUCATIONAL AND RECRUITING INITIATIVE BRIEFING,” http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=992)

The second program, … world of success.

Expanding taps the recruit pool

Drago ‘6 (James P., Colonel, US Army, “GENERATIONAL THEORY: IMPLICATIONS FOR RECRUITING THE MILLENNIALS,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc? AD=ADA449672&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)

It is essential that …an attendance based course.

GED Plus avoids all their indicts – it’s markedly better than regular GED. Also note, the Army has capped GEDs in the military at 10%.

Education Week ‘8 (Scott J. Cech, 12-10-2008, “Armed With a GED,” Education Week 28.15, ebsco)

This is not your … mess hall for lunch.

But GED plus recruits aren’t counted against the cap

Goldberg ‘3 (Lawrence, INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES, Project Leader, “An Army Enlistment Early Warning System,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc? AD=ADA418476&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)

In FY 2000–02… HSDG quality mark.

Edgemont HS NY – Akshay Kini - Tej Mehta – GED GED Aff - Glenbrooks

Contention One is Primacy

Failure to meet quality goals is crippling retention NPP ‘9 (National Priorities Project, Research organization that analyzes and clarifies federal data (“Military Recruitment 2008: Significant Gap in Army's Quality and Quantity Goals,” http://www.nationalpriorities.org/militaryrecruiting2008) The U.S. Army has … drop out is lost.

Meeting numerical goals now irrelevant – boom and bust cycle dooms year-to-year sustainability Bicksler and Nolan ‘6 (Barbara A. Bicksler, 2/20, Senior analyst @ Strategic Analysis, Specializes in writing and research on military manpower and personnel issues; Lisa G. Nolan, private consultant, “Recruiting an All-Volunteer Force: The Need for Sustained Investment in Recruiting Resources,” http://www.defenselink.mil/PRHOME/docs/Bicksler%20Recruiting%20Resources %20FINAL.pdf) Unfortunately, funding for … years to reverse.

Subpoint A is Domestic Support

This shortage is forcing long repeated deployment cycles, driving an accelerating explosion in military suicides Ryan 9 (Cheyney Ryan, 2009, Professor of Philosophy and Clark Honors College Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Critical Thinking at the University of Oregon, The Chickenhawk Syndrome: War, Sacrifice, and Personal Responsibility, p. 182) Historical precedent suggests … support for the troops.

This magnifies public casualty sensitivity – and the numbers can only go up Smith 4 (Wayne Smith, Editor and Publisher for Common Dreams, a non-partisan news website, “Suicides Among Soldiers Who Served in Iraq,” http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0224-07.htm) Any reporters researching … America's living rooms.

Low-quality recruiting explodes casualties by 250% Greenhill ‘6 Kelly M, Research Fellow at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Security and International Affairs, Assistant Professor of Government at Tufts, “"Don't Dumb Down the Army"” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1519/dont_dumb_down_the_army.html The Army inducted … line of fire.

Elites react – high body-count causes serial policy failure and culminates in global military withdrawal Daren Bowyer, Ph.D. Candidate, Canfield University, 2008 “Just War

Doctrine,” https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/3011/1/Bowyer_Thesis_final.pdf 4.2.1.3 The Impact of Casualty/Risk/Cost Aversion… is either disproportionate or indiscriminate.

Sustained casualties collapse public support rendering primacy impossible Gray 4 (Colin Gray, Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, University of Reading, 2004, The Sheriff: America’s Defense of the New World Order) Seventh, the American sheriff … analysis now turns.

Subpoint B is Readiness

Short term deployment cycles will collapse the army - quality and quantity is vital to stop it Tilghman 7 (Andrew Tilghman, Dec 2007, frmr Iraq correspondent for Stars and Stripes, staff writer for the Marine Corps Times, “The Army’s Other Crisis,” Washington Monthly, http://www2.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0712.tilghman.html) The consequences of shedding...will actually decline.

Readiness is on the brink Baldor 9 (Lolita C., 2/20, Boston News Staff, “Report casts doubt on military's readiness,”http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2009/02/20/report_casts_doubt_on_m ilitarys_readiness/) For the third consecutive year...respond to any new crises.

Perceived overstretch destroys deterrence, catalyzing aggression Kagan and O'Hanlon 7 (Frederick Kagan; Prof. Military History @ United States Military Academy, Scholar @ American Enterprise Institute, Michael O’Hanlon; Senior Fellow @ Brookings Institution, Defense Strategy Analyst, April 2007, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”) US defense planning...perceived weakness and overcommitment.

This means we control the only internal link into hegemony – all measures of power are concentrated in the United States. Their authors define “hegemony” incorrectly and conflate trends with absolutes. Brooks & Wohlforth ‘9 (March/April Foreign Affairs; Stephen Brooks, Associate Professor of Government, Dartmouth; William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government and Chair of the Department of Government, Dartmouth, “How Washington Should Reform International Institutions.”) Only a few years ago… an analysis today.

Collapse of heg results in multiple scenarios for global nuclear omnicide Kagan 7 Senior Associate @ the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (End of Dreams, Return of History, Policy Review, Hoover Institution, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html) Finally, there is … an easier path.

Even if multipolarity’s desirable the transition would be chaotic – multiple fast wars go nuclear. Barry Posen and Andrew Ross, winter 1997, prof of PoliSci in the Defense and Arms Control

Studies Program at MIT and prof of National Security Studies at the Naval War College, International Security, p ebsco The United States can, … those not directly involved.

Even if the transition’s peaceful, the conclusion is apolarity – downward power shift means extremist cells would control the world Niall Ferguson, Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History, Harvard University; Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, 4, “When Empires Wane. Yet universal claims were an integral …what you wish for.

Contention Two is In-Theater Support

Subpoint A is the NCO Corps

Lack of quality recruits is devastating NCO leadership efficacy Krepinevich 9 (Andrew F. Krepinevich, 3-26-2009, President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, frmr member of the personal staff of three defense secretaries, the Office of Net Assessment, the National Defense Panel, the Defense Science Board, and the Joint Forces Command’s Transformation Advisory Board, “The Future of U.S. Ground Forces,” testimony before the US Senate Armed Services Committee,http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/T.20090326.The_Future_of_US_G/T.200 90326.The_Future_of_US_G.pdf) Irregular warfare demands...eligible captains are promoted to major.

That collapses force-wide cultural awareness – spillover effect Ulibarri 8 – William J, Command Sgt. Maj, Fort Benning's senior NCO Friday, “Cultural awareness--winning at the tactical level” http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-182124720/cultural-awareness-winning-tactical.html At the tactical level, our NCO … own NCO corps.

Subpoint B is PMCs

Low recruitment forces unaccountable PMC use Krepinevich ‘8 (Andrew F. Krepinevich, 8, President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, frmr member of the personal staff of three defense secretaries, the Office of Net Assessment, the National Defense Panel, the Defense Science Board, and the Joint Forces Command’s Transformation Advisory Board, “An Army at the Crossroads,” CSBA Publication,http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081117.An_Army_At_The_Cro/R.20 081117.An_Army_At_The_Cro.pdf) The US Government also has … young Americans.

This annihilates local support Kosiak 8 - Steven M. Kosiak, 2008, Vice President for Budget Studies at Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, frequent speaker on defense issues, providing expert

Harvard - 210- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -211- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard testimony before House and Senate Committees, and has been published in multiple major newspapers, “Military Manpower for the Long Haul,” CSBA Publication,http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015.Military_Manpower_/R.2008 1015.Military_Manpower_.pdf Although the precise number of … the US military’s efforts.

Cultural awareness is the critical internal link into international public opinion McFate 3 - Montgomery, Office of Naval Research, cultural anthropologist and a defense and national security analyst,[4] and one of the primary architects of the United States Army Human Terrain System program. PhD in Anthropology from Yale, J.D. from Harvard Law (“The Military Utility of Understanding Adversary Culture,” www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/1038.pdf) Culture has become something...consequences at roadblocks.

Public support is the only way to win Afghan Ashdown 7 - Paddy Ashdown, July 21, 2007, fmr British MP and High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, “We are failing in Afghanistan,” DAWN [leading English language newspaper of Pakistan], http://www.southasianmedia.net/index_opinion.cfm? category=Security&country=AFGHANISTAN I recently had...hands after Iraq.

Lack of local support means we fail counter-insurgency in Afghanistan Khan, 8/17/09 – Daud, an Afghan political analyst and journalist based. (“US Winning Afghans' Hearts and Minds?” http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1248188004863&pagename=Zone- English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout) Under Petraeus, the emphasis now is …are ready to talk.

That causes terrorist state take-over Newmann ‘8 (William W., April, L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth University, “Hegemonic Competition, Hegemonic Disruption and the Current War”, pg. 30) Al-Qaeda’s national security … the government cannot defeat it.

This uniquely expands their resource base unleashing nuclear and biological strikes – the timeframe for this scenario is 2011 Marvin Cetron, President, Forecasting International, 2007, The Futurist, May-June 2007, “Defeating Terrorism: Is it Possible? Is it Probable?” If the terrorists … as little notice as possible.

And, Sid-Ahmed ‘04 (Political Analyst, Al-Ahram Mohamed, Al-Ahram Weekly, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm) This means that fundamental changes … we will all be losers.

And, Ochs 2 (Richard, “Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately”, June 09, Online: http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html) Of all the weapons of...extinction is now possible.

Afghan instability independently causes multiple nuclear wars Morgan, ‘7 – former Member of the British Labor Party Executive Committee (Stephen, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?”, http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639) The nature of catastrophy … against the US.

Plan: The Department of Defense should substantially expand the Army General Education Development Plus Enlistment Program.

GED Plus solves high quality troops in high quantity Caldera 2K (Louis, Secretary of the Army, News Transcript @ US Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), “ARMY EDUCATIONAL AND RECRUITING INITIATIVE BRIEFING,” http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=992) The second program, … world of success.

Expanding taps the recruit pool Drago ‘6 (James P., Colonel, US Army, “GENERATIONAL THEORY: IMPLICATIONS FOR RECRUITING THE MILLENNIALS,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc? AD=ADA449672&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf) It is essential that …an attendance based course.

GED Plus avoids all their indicts – it’s markedly better than regular GED. Also note, the Army has capped GEDs in the military at 10%. Education Week ‘8 (Scott J. Cech, 12-10-2008, “Armed With a GED,” Education Week 28.15, ebsco) This is not your … mess hall for lunch.

But GED plus recruits aren’t counted against the cap

Goldberg ‘3 (Lawrence, INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES, Project Leader, “An Army Enlistment Early Warning System,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc? AD=ADA418476&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)

In FY 2000–02… HSDG quality mark.

Edgemont HS NY – Helen Xu - Isaac Marshall – ?

Edgemont HS NY – Benjamin Feig - Anik Chaudhry – ?

Ft. Lauderdale HS FL – Melvin Washington - Vanova Robles- Navas – Internet Access Microwave Access Infrastructure

PLAN: The United States federal government should substantially increase internet access to underserved persons in the United States by installing and providing Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access infrastructure.

Contention 1 is the status quo-

A broadband stimulus already passed, but projects are outdated and is failing to increase projects- Higginbotham 9 (Stacey, GigaOm The GigaOM Network of sites provide one of the leading daily online news reads for the key influencers in the emerging technology market place. We deliver technology news, analysis and opinions on topics, How the Broadband Stimulus So Far Fails Innovation, July 8, 2009,)

The rules surrounding the release of $4 billion in federal funds aimed … a place either has coverage or it doesn’t.” Internet demand will double in the next year- makes collapse of transfers inevitable without the plan- Williams 8 (Ian, First Looks Editor at V3.co.uk. He has been with V3.co.uk since March 2007, prior to which he was Reviews Editor for sister publication The Inquirer, Expert predicts global bandwidth famine Growing demand will outstrip supply, July 14, 2008,

Advantage 1 Digital Exclusion We are witnessing a digital revolution, but systemic injustices will maintain a system of exclusion, condemning the “have nots” to the margins of the society and depriving them of what they need to survive. We have reached a digital fork that gives us the opportunity to either empower through the revolution or solidify disparities- Mack 1 (Raneta Lawson Mack, professor of law at Creighton University School of Law, THE DIGITAL DIVIDE STANDING AT THE INTERSECTION OF RACE & TECHNOLOGY, 2001)

Society shapes the effects of technology. Only embracing a more inclusive view of the information age allows for the realization of a more egalitarian, peer to peer society- Bauwens 5 (Micheal, analyst for the United States Information Agency, knowledge manager for British Petroleum (where he created one of the first virtual information centers), eBusiness Strategy Manager for Belgacom, as well as an internet entrepreneur in his home country of Belgium. He is a former editor-in-chief of the first European digital convergence magazine, the Dutch language Wave. internet pioneer, creator of 2 dotcom companies, former strategic director of Belgacom, 'European Manager of Thought Leadership' for the U.S. webconsultancy MarchFIRST, editor in chief of “Wave”, taught courses on the anthropology of digital society to postgrads at ICHEC/St. Louis in Brussels, Belgium and related courses at Payap University and Chiang Mai University in Thailand, P2P and Human Evolution: Peer to peer as the premise of a new mode of civilization, 2005) Harvard - 215- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -216- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard

The elite is extending their exclusion and disregard of the population into the new age through their monopoly on information. The information revolution sets the stage for either their complete removal or a new wave of domination which makes extinction inevitable - Carrico 5 (Dale, lecturer in the Department of Rhetoric at the University of California at Berkeley, PhD, Uc Berkeley, Visiting Faculty, Liberal Arts, San Francisco Art Institute, Human Rights Fellow, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET), Technoprogressivism Beyond Technophilia and Technophobia June 30, 2005 http://amormundi.blogspot.com/2005/06/technoprogressivism-beyond.html) Despair is as destructive to our …. movement I have been talking about here so far.

The elite’s control over information is used to alter perceptions, what people “know” and drum up support for militaristic campaigns. This control and negative use of the information age makes violence inevitable and defies usual boundaries between “war” and “peace”- Der Derian & Wibben 4 (James, principal investigator of InfoTechWarPeace. He is Professor of International Relations (Research) and Director of the Watson Institute's Global Security Program at Brown University & Annick TR, co-investigator of InfoTechWarPeace. She is Assistant Professor of Politics at the University of San Francisco and Adjunct Faculty at Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies. She received her doctorate in International Politics from the University of Wales at Aberystwyth with a dissertation on 9/11 security narratives. In the fall of 2003, she was a Rockefeller Humanities Fellow for Human Security in New York City, “Concept: Infowar” Infotechwarpeace. Organization based at Brown University, 2004

Information warfare, aka 'infowar', is ....

We must regain control over information. Only our use of the infosphere for positive empowerment can capture the essence of infopeace. This brings a pragmatic end to violence- Der Derian & Wibben 4 (James, principal investigator of InfoTechWarPeace. He is Professor of International Relations (Research) and Director of the Watson Institute's Global Security Program at Brown University & Annick TR, co-investigator of InfoTechWarPeace. She is Assistant Professor of Politics at the University of San Francisco and Adjunct Faculty at Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies. She received her doctorate in International Politics from the University of Wales at Aberystwyth with a dissertation on 9/11 security narratives. In the fall of 2003, she was a Rockefeller Humanities Fellow for Human Security in New York City, “Concept: Infopeace” Infotechwarpeace. Organization based at Brown University, 2004 Information peace (infopeace) is the production…. utopian in intention, pragmatic in application.

indiscriminant inclusivity key to solve the regulation of knowledge production. Peer to peer is mutually exclusive with infowar or the monopolization of information Bauwens 5

With the advent of modernity, and let’s think about Diderot’s … shift in our civilisational history.

Advantage 2: Innovation

The U.S. is currently behind in telecom tech. We’ll be left out of the next wave of innovation because they happen where there is already the newest infrastructure and partnerships-New federal infrastructure like Wimax is key to solve- Drobot 6 (Adam, Chief Technology Officer Telcordia Technologies Incorporated, Testimony, Before the Senate Commerce Committee Subcommittee on Technology, Innovation and Competitiveness Investing in Communications for Tomorrow’s Innovations: The Case for Increased Basic Research Funding Hearing on March 29, 2006

Please let me turn to the situation today… the U.S. position in this vital area is waning.

Bioinformatics is a growing field now, but more development is key to meet future demand- Pang 7 (Alex Soojung-Kim, information ecologist for Signtific. He is a Research Director at the Institute for the Future, where he conducts work on the social and economic impacts of a variety of emerging technologies. and sciences, and an Associate Fellow at the Said Business School at Oxford UniversityGrowth and Further Development of Bioinformatics, October 23, 2007)

The field of bioinformatics may … during the next 10 to 15 years.

A global pandemic is inevitable within 10 years. Mutations and unpredictable strains mean we aren’t prepared. The only way to check spread is a virus specific drug- Straits Times interviewing Anderson 9 (Sir Roy Anderson, Rector of Imperial College London, chairs the science advisory board of WHO's Neglected Tropical Diseases programme, is a member of the Bill and Melinda Gates Grand Challenges advisory board, leading British expert on epidemiology, Professor Roy Anderson, Rector of Imperial College London and a leading British expert on epidemiology, speaks to Amresh Gunasingham about the risk of a global disease pandemic, April 18, 2009 Saturday, Lexis)

THE United Nations and World Bank have ….which are an interface between medicine and engineering, are prime examples of this.

Unchecked pandemic risk human survival- Steinbruner 98 [John D., Senior Fellow @ Brookings Institution “Biological weapons: A plague upon all houses.” Foreign Policy Winter97/98 Issue 109, p85, 12p//EBSCOhost]

It is a considerable comfort and undoubtedly … species as a whole.

Bioinformatics is key to faster, efficient, and affordable drug creation. This solves infectious disease. That’s 13 million systemic deaths a year- Mabu 8 (M. Madan Babu, Centre for Biotechnology, Anna

University, Chennai, Integrating Bioinformatics, Medical Sciences and Drug Discovery, 2008, http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/genomes/madanm/pdfs/medinfo.pdf)

Bioinformatics and Medical Sciences …for the betterment of human lives.

An environment of stable IT innovation is key to bioinformatics development- Harsha 8 (Peter, Director of Government Affairs of the Computing Research Association (CRA) U.S. Innovation and Information Technology Research and Development, 2008, Portions of this work appeared originally as part of testimony prepared for the House Government Reform Committee in July 2004 by Peter Harsha, with the assistance of Edward L. Lazowska. Lazowska delivered the testimony in his capacity as Chair of CRA’s Government Affairs Committee,http://www.law.gmu.edu/nctl/stpp/us_china_pubs/china_india_us_workshop/sec5_session3/se c5_item4_harsha.pdf)

The importance of information technology … like bioinformatics, optoelectronics, and nanotechnology.

The U.S. has the largest pharma industry in the world-They’re best suited for drug discovery- RIC 9 (ResearchInChina, stablished in 1999, has become a leading independent provider of China business intelligence Providing market research, project survey and competition intelligence service; Saving money and time for customers and helping them to understand the market reality; Our unique competitiveness is to provide innovative service constantly; As a neutral institution, we focus on Chinese market and devote ourselves to serving global customers, US Pharmaceutical Industry Report, June 2, 2009)

The United States has the largest … their products, market distribution and development strategies.

Contention 2: Solvency broadband infrastructure is key to close the divide, encourage more advanced private investment, and catch up to the reset of the world in terms of quality- Baker 8 (Lawrence, BuddeComm Senior Analyst North America, BuddeComm, International Tech Firm, Pressure mounts in the USA for a national broadband infrastructure policy, 2008)

Many years of unrealised fibre projects … content and service providers.

WiMax will close the divide by- cheaper and more durable wireless to communities- Otterbein 8

(Holly Otterbein, Editor, Herman Ellis Award, May 2009 Best Published Column at Temple University Tech specialist at Next American City.com, “Will WiMAX Bridge the Digital Divide?”, October 1 2008, Next American City

Journalists and geeks have christened WiMAX….. In the United States, WiMAX isn’t being used for such noble causes.

Multiplex technology means Wimax solves congestion and internet collapse from added users- Scannel 6 (Tim, Technological Specialist @Wi-Fi planet.com, WiMAX Facing Death by Fence-Sitting?, 2006)

The WiMAX Forum trade group …frequency division multiplex technology.

Contention 3: What nots Crisis based politics makes war inevitable by keeping us quiet about militarism- We have to change our conception of “security” to include everyday violence- Cuomo 96 (Chris Cuomo - Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, and Director of the Institute for Women's Studies at the Univerity of Georgia – 1996 “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence” Published in Hypatia 11.4, pp. 30-46)

Ethical approaches that do not attend to the ….." and other state-funded militaristic campaigns.

We must make underserved communities our top priority can we use the revolution for a social restructuring - White 6 (Blake L, Founder of the Strategic Technology Institute, irtual ‘think tank’ that investigates the business and public policy issues raised by science and engineering. STI is also a global network of independent technology assessment consultants and public policy futurists that provide advisory services, product marketing consulting, business development services, a speakers’ bureau, focused research, and custom publishing, The Requirements of Justice Arising from the ‘Digital Divide The Enabling Power of Technology … technologically-intensive globalized information society. New tech makes social shifts inevitable. Only a more equitable decision frame ensures those shifts upset current hierarchies- White 6 (Blake L, Founder of the Strategic Technology Institute, irtual ‘think tank’ that investigates the business and public policy issues raised by science and engineering. STI is also a global network of independent technology assessment consultants and public policy futurists that provide advisory services, product marketing consulting, business development services, a speakers’ bureau, focused research, and custom publishing, The Requirements of Justice Arising from the ‘Digital Divide,s)

A socio-ethical analysis of how the ‘digital divide’ … inequality up to that point where the absolute position of the least advantaged can no longer be raised

Ft. Lauderdale HS FL – Melvin Washington - Vanova Robles- Navas – Community Service

Obama increased funding for community service but it still needs to be oriented around community and social issues Godsoe 9(Bethany, executive director of the Research Center for Leadership in Action at the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service at New York University, executive director of the Research Center for Leadership in Action at the Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service at New York University, May 20, 2009, "President Obama...learning programs."

The service act has yet to be fully funded

Christian Science Monitor 9 (It's bipartisan: Barack Obama and George H.W. Bush agree on community service, October 16, 2009, http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/1016/p08s01-comv.html)

"Helping others...job skills."

The current conception of the world sets up two separate spheres; an anything goes sphere of war and a sphere of peace. This spatial separation allows the privileged to ignore those who are impoverished, oppressed, and destroyed by the structural violence of the state. However, in reality these spheres don’t exist, war is an everyday event often indistinct from peace. This conflict scope causes a crisis based politics that makes militarism, war, and oppression inevitable Cuomo 96 (Chris Cuomo - Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, and Director of the Institute for Women's Studies at the Univerity of Georgia – 1996 “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence” Published in Hypatia 11.4, pp. 30-46)

The structural violence made invisible by a shallow conception of violence kills 232 million a year. It’s equal to an accelerating nuclear war. The refusal to recognize and critique this violence perpetuates it Abu-Jamal 98 (Mumia, Political Activist, “A Quiet and Deadly Violence”, September 19, http://www.angelfire.com/az /catchphraze/mumiaswords.html)

More specifically, the traditional, shallow analysis of violence overlooks the less visible, everyday forms of institutional racism and how its intersections maintain a system of oppression Culp 94 (Jerome, Professor of Law and Director of the John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Duke University. Thanks are owed to my colleagues H. Jefferson Powell, James Coleman, Sara Sun Beale, Christopher Schroeder, W. Kip Viscusi, Kate Bartlett, and members of the University of Miami faculty. COLORBLIND REMEDIES AND THE INTERSECTIONALITY OF OPPRESSION: POLICY ARGUMENTS MASQUERADING AS MORAL CLAIMS "In fact, educational...are generally ignored."

This ensures legal racism is made invisible which makes white supremacy an uncontestable myth Stec 7 (Justin, Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy, The Deconcentration of Poverty as an Example of Derrick Bell's Interest-Convergence Dilemma: White Neutrality Interests, Prisons, and Changing Inner Cities, 2007,http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/njlsp/v2/n1/2/) "The interest- convergences...material consequences."

Leaving everyday racism unquestioned eliminates the perpetrators and thus the victims ensuring the continued existence of racial domination. Only by challenging institutional White Supremacy in domestic politics can we prevent the global wars, genocides, violence, and oppression that supremacy causes Daniels 9 (Lenore Jean, PhD, has been a writer, for over thirty years of commentary, resistance criticism and cultural theory, and short stories with a Marxist sensibility to the impact of cultural narrative violence and its antithesis, resistance narratives dern American Literatures, with a specialty in Cultural Theory (race, gender, class narratives) from Loyola University, Chicago, U.S. Corporate-Militarist Government Motto: Oppress the Dialogue on White Supremacy - Oppress the Rage of Oppressed People Represent Our Resistance, April 2, 2009 Contention 3: Solvency

Multicultural peace studies solve the three types of justice necessary for positive peace. We’re key to change analysis of peace from Cold-War style negative peace to a more complete conception Canen & Costa 7 (Ana & Rejane Pinto, Professor Institution affiliation: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)- Brazil Multiculturalism and Peace Studies: the need of a dialogue in/for multicultural/ peace education, 2007**last date cited, "In this setting, we suppose peace...study. (HAGE, 2004)"

Service learning provides a different starting point for more open, deeper, and positive studies of peace Schratz & Walker 99 (Michel & Rob, University of Innsbruk, Austria, Director of Higher Education in Practice @ East Anglia University in England, Teaching for Justice: Concepts and Models for Service Learning in Peace Studies, “The Moral Dimensons of Peace Studies: A Case for Service Learning- Service Learning as Education: Learning from the Experience of Experience, American Association of Higher Education, 1999)

Combining service learning and peace studies is key to effective social change. It creates a more critical analysis and allows for the completion of a revolutionary praxis Presbey 3 (Gail, Proffessor/Blogger and Concerned Philosophers for peace.org, Weigart and Crews’ Teaching for Justice by Gail Presbey, August 23, 2003, http://peacephilosophy.org/?p=13)

The Community HealthCorps as a subset of Americorp increases health assistance to the disadvantaged which intertwines participants with the struggles of the community ACHC 8 (National Association of Community Healthcare Centers, “Community Healthcorps: Promoting Health Care for America’s Underserved Developing Tomorrow’s Health Care Workforce”, August 20, 2008)

We should be less focused on cut throat competition and more on the pursuit of “truths” i.e. a more complete analysis of conflict. You should choose to affirm the most “true” conflict analysis Crews 99 (Robin J.. Crews is an international Faculty member of the European Peace University, Founding Executive of the Peace Studies Association, Past Director of Peace and Conflict Studies at Colorado University. “Teaching for Justice: Concepts and Models for Service Learning in Peace Studies, Peace Studies, Pedagogy, and Social Change, American Association of Higher Education, 1999)

No nuke war-Powerful states are content with the status quo and view instability as a threat to interest Fettweis 6 Fettweis, Assistant Professor in the Political Science Department at Tulane University, 2006 (Christopher J., strategist for two year at the US Naval War College, “A Revolution in International Relation Theory: Or What if Mueller Is Right?” International Studies Review, pp. 677-697) "Third, and most...their rivals"

It wouldn’t cause extinction-Studies prove Johnston 3 Wm. Robert Johnston, 2003, doctoral student in physics at the University of Texas at Dallas The Effects of a Global Thermonuclear War 4th edition: escalation in 1988 18 August 2003, http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/nuclearwar1.html "INTRODUCTION: The following...is now 3,300,000,000"

Political scenarios are suspect. They rely on myopic, flawed logic and are never certain Menand 5 (Louis Menand, Professor of English and American Literature at Harvard, 2005 (Louis, “Everyone’s an Expert,” NEW YORKER http://www.newyorker.com/critics/books/articles/051205crbo_books1) "The expert- prediction game is not much different...Think for yourself."

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase community based learning Community HealthCorps projects for existing multicultural peace studies programs

Ft. Lauderdale HS FL – Dennica Worrell - Alberto Durogene – ?

Ft. Lauderdale HS FL – Ayanna Spencer - Luis Franco – ?

GACS GA – Andrew Kim - Steven Hanna – ?

Georgetown Day School DC – Rebecca Rothfeld - Isaac Stanley- Becker – Immigrant Organs Immigration Organs Aff - Harvard RR

Contention One is the Renal Colony Healthcare reform wouldn’t have benefitted everyone – both versions of the bill excluded illegal immigrants. As many as 8 million undocumented workers will be uninsured and unprotected in coming years. Faden 9 – Ruth, “Denying care to Illegal Immigrants Raises Ethical Concerns” 12/31/09 “The senate’s Christmas eve vote makes”… “captures it all”

Without insurance, these individuals are forced to turn to the government for help – but those needing organ transplants are out of luck. Federal statutes explicitly bar reimbursement for organ transplants. Goldberg et al 7 – Aviva, “Why Nondocumented residents should have access to kidney transplantation” Transplantation, “the only federal program entitling people of all ages to Medicare coverage based on medical diagnosis alone” … “care and services related to a transplant procedure”

The exclusion of illegal immigrants from transplant funding constructs them as individuals of no moral value, “unworthy” of medical treatment Goldberg et al 7 (same as above) “health care preserves the ability to participate in the political” … “should be a human right, not a privilege meted out as a reward”

Our society’s xenophobic fear of immigrants stems from a desire to construct imaginary boundaries between us and them – it was the ideology of a dangerous Other that justified the holocaust Cole 6 “the myth of evil: demonizing the enemy” “immigrants were turned away, but this conceals a larger story that connects with the Holocaust” … “legal quotas and continuing eugenical propaganda”

Only a truly unconditional ethic of care solves – conditioning our welcome to immigrants creates a culture of inclusive exclusion, which serves to reinscribe an idea of a static and superior national identity. Implicit in a genuine inclusion of immigrants is infinite hospitality that embraces the possibility of threat as secondary to a true relation to alterity. The law is the crucial venue for the universal enforcement of our ethic of care. Yegenoglu 03 “liberal multiculturalism and the ethics of hospitality in the age of globalization” “far from laying the grounds for an interruption of sovereign identity of the self…. Indispensable for a reassertion of a sovereign german national self”

Other face to face encounters eliminate the impetus for violence by forcing us to realize the humanity of t he other Dews 7 “the idea of evil” “we cannot cognize the face, but can encounter it only through our response to it” … “discovers itself murderous in its very exercise”

It is our unique responsibility to endorse the risk of uncertain politics – only in a world in which we can love others regardless of possible consequences can we truly achieve a universal justice Doty 6 “justice requires an experience of the impossible”…do you have a passport, a visa?”

An acceptance of the inherent danger of welcoming immigrants is key to an effective politics of inclusion Derrida 1 “A discussion with Jacques Derrida” “in an unconditional hospitality” … “one’s inviolable private space”

We have an infinite responsibility to the other which we have no choice but to accept – calculation become irrelevant in the face of our obligation Derrida 1 “we are responsible for some things that we have not done individually”….. “it should remain incalculable”

The disad is no more than a political excuse to remain in the politics of the squo – a radical disruption of the healthcare agenda is key to shatter our complacency Rudiger 8 Anja “A human rights assessment of the presidential nominees’ health plans” “aspirations of most current reform proposals”…. “protect what some people already have”

Political predictions are not objectively true but motivated by pundits’ desire to control the decisions of the population Perlstein 1 “pundits who predict the future are always wrong” “prediction is structurally inseparable from the business of punditry”… “what is real and what is beyond the pale of imagination”

The only way to solve for the violent oppression of the Other is through an acceptance of our responsibility Hutchens 4 – Benjamin “Levinas: a guide for the perplexed” “the subordination and neutralization of the human being in its specificity” … “enables but through responsibility”

This challenge must occur at the federal level – states are constitutionally forbidden from making determinations about the provision of public services to immigrants. Attempts to delegate this power to the states not only fail, but carve immigrants out as a class open to abuse by political powers Carrasco 94 “congressional arrogation of power: alien constellation in the galaxy of equal protection” “the act embraces the presupposition that, if the federal government can deny” … “congress does not possess and that clearly infringes aliens’ rights”

An unconditional hospitality towards immigrants relies on politics to become a reality – this breaks down nationalist assumptions which are the root cause of state-sanctioned violence Carroll 7 “in a world plagued with nationalist”…. “always potentially threatening other” “absolute hospitality”

Organ transpants are the key site of resistence – key to distrupt notions of the sacred home and break down borders of the biopolitical state Fishel 9 “profanation and body parts” “organ transplantation science tends to elicit strong feelings” … “important task to derail these tendencies”

Georgetown Day School DC – Rebecca Rothfeld - Isaac Stanley- Becker – Housing Housing Aff- Greenhill

Plan: the United States Supreme Court should overrule Lindsay V. Normet 405 US 56 (1972), thereby affirming a human right to housing

Contention 1: there’s no place like home

The Homeless represent the quintessential Other- their presence is a constant reminder of our ethical failure to meet our infinite responsibility

Gauthier 95--Lafayette hired David J. Gauthier as a visiting Assistant Professor. He graduated from LSU in Dec. 2004. His dissertaion was called "Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling." He previously held positions at Illinois Wesleyan University and Slippery Rock University. (David J, “Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling,” Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science, http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11052004-163310/unrestricted/Gauthier_dis.pdf)

[Like Heidegger, Levinas is concerned about the problem of modern homelessness…. the exile, the refugee, those without a country, or a State, the displaced person or population.”]

The current legal paradigm’s refusal to recognize housing rights has prevented long-term solutions to homelessness

Foscarinis 3- founder and executive director of the National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty (Maria, “Homelessness, Litigation, and Reform Strategies: a United States Perspective,” Australian Journal of Human Rights, 2003, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJHR/2004/6.html#FootnoteB25)

[Currently, and in what may be viewed as the fourth stage…. and move advocacy towards long-term solutions to homelessness.]

Current attempts at ending homelessness will fail without the recognition that housing is a human right

[Many factors are at play and may explain these movements in law and policy…. support efforts to secure those resources.]

The Home represents a cite of welcome, a symbolic recognition of the Other. The state must adopt juridical and political apparatuses in order to ensure this “Welcome” is universally extended

[A keen awareness of the suffering…. the nature of the human fraternity.]

The Home which welcomes the Other represents a recognition of our obligation to value the ethical and also a recognition of universal humanity

[The self’s discovery of the ethically problematic… self-admitted exiles.]

But discussing our relationship with the Other is not enough- action is key

Gauthier 95--Lafayette hired David J. Gauthier as a visiting Assistant Professor. He graduated from LSU in Dec. 2004. His dissertaion was called "Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling." He previously held positions at Illinois Wesleyan University and Slippery Rock University.

(David J, “Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling,” Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science, http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11052004-163310/unrestricted/Gauthier_dis.pdf)

[This is most evident with respect to the economic components… relationship to material possessions possible.]

The Home is a site of welcome which represents the position of the state as an entity that welcomes alterity

[Levinas’s concept of the home… , Derrida’s essay merits serious consideration.]

Face-to-face encounters eliminate the impetus for violence by forcing us to realize the humanity of the Other

Dews 7-professor of philosophy at the University of Essex (Peter, “The Idea of Evil,” Blackwell Publishing LTD, 2007)

[The face, then, is not an object, but the condition of all objecthood… freedom discovers itself murderous in its very exercise.]

The state has a responsibility to solve the problem of homelessness-the face of the other obligates us to take action

Arnold 4-assistant professor of political science at the University of Texas San Antonio(Kathleen R, “Homelessness, Citizenship, and identity,” Suny Press, 2004)

[Therefore, perhaps narcissistically, little has been done to examine our debt to them… unlike a fiduciary relation, is “unredeemable.”]

The only way to solve for the violent oppression of the Other is through an acceptance of our responsibility

Hutchens 4-professor of philosophy at Helsinki University (Benjamin C, “Levinas: a guide for the perplexed,” Continuum Intell Publishing Group, 2004)

[The subordination and neutralization of the human being… enables but through responsibility.]

Contention 2: this is the murder capital, where murder for capital

The Recession and Bailout signify a consolidation and reconfiguration of capitalism, designed to strengthen it and increase monopolization- the capitalism system is being strengthened now

Harvey 9- Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York (CUNY) (David, “Is This Really the End of Neoliberalism?,” CounterPunch, March 13, 2009,http://www.counterpunch.org/harvey03132009.html)

[Does this crisis signal the end of neo-liberalism?... they can put up roadblocks but so far they have caved in and not nationalised the banks.]

American policies on homelessness have wider implications-they represent challenges to the global neoliberal order

Building Opportunities for Self Sufficiency, no date-a non-profit which fights homelessness and poverty (“Making the Local/Global Connection,”http://www.createpeaceathome.org/stories/local.htm”

[Understanding the way that neoliberal ideology… third world peoples throughout the globe and racial minorities within the United States.]

As the US shifted towards a mentality of neoliberalism, a rich-poor gap was created- this is the root cause of homelessness, and this ideology was exported globally by multinational corporations intent on exploitation

Building Opportunities for Self Sufficiency, no date-a non-profit which fights homelessness and poverty (“Making the Local/Global Connection,”http://www.createpeaceathome.org/stories/local.htm”

[The economic and social transformations that have been shaping… between rich and poor in the history of the world.]

The role of the state is key-social movements are mobilizing now, but they cannot form a cohesive strategy without state backing

Harvey 9- Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York (CUNY) (David, “Is This Really the End of Neoliberalism?,” CounterPunch, March 13, 2009,http://www.counterpunch.org/harvey03132009.html)

[There is also a big problem on the left that… about how we see the nature of the problem.]

The right to a home is key to destroy a broader neoliberal agenda which denies the ethics of care a state should adopt towards its citizens-legal advocacy gives the homeless a voice

Harris 4-(Beth Ellen, “Defending the Right to a Home: the power of anti-poverty lawyers,” Ashgate Publishing, 2004)

[This book analyzes the symbolic power and redistributive impact… form the housing market, into homes.]

Neoliberalism creates a state of exception in which governmental ability to define expendability extends to encompass whole populations. The state’s function becomes one of security which necessitates violence and militirism

Kumar and Hill 8-(Dave and Ravi, “Global Neoliberalism and Education and Its Consequences,” Taylor and Francis, 2008)

[In its capacity to dehistoricize and naturalize… “designates and constitutes a production line of human waste or wasted humans” (Bauman, 2004, p. 6).]

Contention 3: we solve our case

Recognizing housing as a human right is key to create a paradigm shift necessary to end homelessness- we can change our definition of rights to be more inclusive.

[More recently, advocates have begun to explore and develop strategies… human rights law in relevant contexts as well (see Detainees v Malcom; Lareau v Manson; In Re Barbara White; Boehm v Superior Court).]

Legal advocacy on behalf of the homeless is key to create a broader societal movement and to spark a mind shift that will end the criminalization of the homeless

Hafetz 3-lawyer for the Brennan Center of Justice (Jonathan L, “ HOMELESS LEGAL ADVOCACY: NEW CHALLENGES AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE,” 2003 Fordham University School of Law Fordham Urban Law Journal, March, 2003, 30 Fordham Urb. L.J)

[ [*1240] In short, litigation has played an important part… some elements of this broader strategy.]

We have an ethical obligation to endorse the Right to Housing- it’s key to combat the growing rich/poor gap

Bratt et all 06-professor of Urban planning at Tufts University (Rachel G, “A Right to Housing: foundation for a new social agenda,” Temple University Press, 2006)

[The call to adopt and implement a Right to Housing… as well and that make true democracy impossible.]

A right to housing is the springboard for a broader agenda of human rights and key to establishing a meaningful existence.

Bratt et all 06-professor of Urban planning at Tufts University (Rachel G, “A Right to Housing: foundation for a new social agenda,” Temple University Press, 2006)

[We believe that the health of a society… far-reaching responses to our persistent housing problems.]

Georgetown Day School DC – Rebecca Rothfeld - Isaac Stanley- Becker – Mental Health for Indians

Contention one: Expand your mind

Western psychological practices are the equivalent of a racial war—they rely upon westernized notions of being that are taken for objective truth and used to exclude native culture through internal normalization

Belcourt and Belctourt-Ditloff 94- MHD, Executive Director of MT-WY Tribal Leaders Council, PhD, professor of psychology at the University of Montana,(Goron and Annjeanette, “Promoting Best Practices in Indian Country: Strengthening Traditional Medicine and Cultural Resilience,” prepared for the Montana- Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council, Minority Research Infrastructure Support Program, Funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, July 29 1994, http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache%3AyY3dEludCF8J%3Awww.mtwytlc.com%2FPromoting %2520Best%2520Practices%2520in%2520Indian %2520Country.pdf+indian+health+service+and+traditional+medecine&hl=en&gl=us) Another factor lies within the nature of Western healthcare systems….and even the removal of the right to parent their own children.

Unfortunately, the Indian Health Care Improvement Act (also known as the IHCIA) literally excludes traditional healers from the native healing process, leaving poor natives with western psychology as the only option

Kuschell-Haworth 99- Staff Writer, DePaul Journal of Health Care Law (Holly T, “Jumping Through Hoops: Traditional Healers and the Indian Healthcare Improvement Act,” DePaul Journal of Healthcare 843 Summer 1999) As discussed above, the purpose of the IHCIA is to provide Native Americans with the highest health status possible within a specified period of time…..Indian medicine under IHS direct or contractual services.

And indigenous healing strategies are failing in the sqo—native psychology isn’t covered by Medicaid

Group for the Advancement of Psychology 95-(“Mental Health in Remote, Rural, Developing Areas: Concepts and Cases,” American Psychiatric Publications) Obstacles to many of these efforts are the disincentives….also work to discourage collaborative efforts between psychiatrists and indigenous healers.

And Western psychology is Eurocentric and smacks of the myth of sameness

Naidoo 94-CENTRE FOR STUDENT COUNSELLING UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE (Anthony Veron, “Challenging the Hegemony of Eurocentric Psychology,” 1994,http://74.125.93.132/search? q=cache%3AvBvH026-eNcJ%3Awww.sun.ac.za%2Fpsychology%2FTVNaidoo%2FArt-3-Eurocentric- Psychology.pdf+psychology+and+eurocentrism&hl=en&gl=us) Mainstream psychological theory and practice has been criticised ….psychology is fundamentally Eurocentric, both in theory and practice.

Our fear of confronting normative Western psychology is representative of our fear of questioning the fundamental assumptions of sexism, classicism, and eurocentrism—the aff represents a challenge to the hegemonic discourse of imperialism

Naidoo 94-CENTRE FOR STUDENT COUNSELLING UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE (Anthony Veron, “Challenging the Hegemony of Eurocentric Psychology,” 1994,http://74.125.93.132/search? q=cache%3AvBvH026-eNcJ%3Awww.sun.ac.za%2Fpsychology%2FTVNaidoo%2FArt-3-Eurocentric- Psychology.pdf+psychology+and+eurocentrism&hl=en&gl=us) It so happens that the basic assumption of the dominant psychology ….It also deprecates the value and usefulness of indigenous modes of intervening.

And the destruction of diversity through culturally homogenizing mental health practices independently culminates in extinction

Cuellar and Paniagua 2k-professor of University of Texas, tenured professor for the Department of Psychiatry at UTMB, (Israel, Freddy A, “Handbook of multicultural mental health: assessment and treatment of diverse,” Academic Press) Every time that a culture disappears, the world loses an alternative way of perceiving reality and living….diminishes a possibility of life.

Contention two: Science Sucks First is that Westernized notions of mental health function to maintain the ideological oppression of the sqo, maintaining the sexism and racism of a Eurocentric viewpoint and positing themselves as universal truths

Cuellar and Paniagua 2k-professor of University of Texas, tenured professor for the Department of Psychiatry at UTMB, (Israel, Freddy A, “Handbook of multicultural mental health: assessment and

Harvard - 234- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -235- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard treatment of diverse,” Academic Press) Psychological theory and practice embody Western cultural ….This has led to an increased emphasis on qualitative research (e.g., Marsella, Purcell &Carr, 1999).

This mentality relies on a narrow scientism, which discredits personal experience, destroying the possibility of meaningful existence

Kiesling 2k-(Herbert J, “Collective Goods, Neglected Goods: dealing with methodological failure in the social sciences,” World Scientific) These tenets reproduce the natural science methodology outlined above almost exactly….for an authentic psychology.

Science is manipulated to justify violence and create social docility

Pepper, Perkins, and Youngs 87-professor of technology at Harvard, professor of Cardiff, (David, John W, Martyn, “The Roots of Modern Environmentalism,” Routledge, 1987) Modern science historians and sociologists increasingly tell us that….particular economic and social models.

Second is that Western psychology stems from a mentality of biological determinism in which “white” is equated with “superior,” justifying violence against the excluded body

Duran 95, (Bonnie, Associate Professor at the University of Washington--School of Public Health and Community Medicine and Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, founding member of the International Network for Indigenous Health Knowledge and Development (INIHKD) which is an international assembly dedicated to improving the health of indigenous peoples in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States through indigenous and community-led research, 1995, “Native American Postcolonial Psychology,” http://books.google.com/books? id=qgVoY7mypa4C&dq=native+american+postcolonial+psychology&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl= en&ei=XI_jSsjQKIzHlAeO7eGKBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAw#v =onepage&q=&f=false) The problem of irrelevant research and clinical practice….physician is actually performing the needed cure.

The endpoint of this form of population management is extinction – modern society’s need for violence mobilizes populations for massacre

Mitchell Dean, Professor of Sociology at Macquarie University in Australia, 2001. States of Imagination, Eds: Hansen and Stepputat, (53-56) Consider again the contrastive terms in which it is possible….according to Foucault, in the functioning of the modern state (232).

Western mental health initiatives operate from a privileged perspective that posits itself as an absolute truth—only a rejection solves

Cuellar and Paniagua 2k-professor of University of Texas, tenured professor for the Department of Psychiatry at UTMB, (Israel, Freddy A, “Handbook of multicultural mental health: assessment and treatment of diverse,” Academic Press) The emergence of postmodernism and related changes….diagnosed, and treated by culturally insensitive approaches.

Plan: The United States federal government should amend Title 42 Section 1396a of the United States Code to require that medical assistance plans provide for the costs of holistic mental health for the beneficiaries of the Indian Healthcare Improvement Act.

Contention three: We Solve our Case

The use of Native psychology can be uniquely liberating and a way to reclaim personal culture—it represents a rejection of a history of oppression and racism

NativeMinistry, no date-(“Psychiatry: Theory;Psychology: Praxis,” http://www.msgr.ca/msgr- 3/post_colonial_psychology_and_spirituality_02.htm) Formerly oppressed peoples can help to create knowledge….understanding the psyches of Native American peoples.

Biases in psychological research model prejudices in Western culture and are the primary justification for systemic violence

Bonnie Duran, Associate Professor at the University of Washington--School of Public Health and Community Medicine and Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, founding member of the International Network for Indigenous Health Knowledge and Development (INIHKD) which is an international assembly dedicated to improving the health of indigenous peoples in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States through indigenous and community-led research Native American Postcolonial Psychology, 1995, http://books.google.com/books? id=qgVoY7mypa4C&dq=native+american+postcolonial+psychology&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=

Harvard - 236- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -237- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard en&ei=XI_jSsjQKIzHlAeO7eGKBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAw#v =onepage&q=&f=falseThe empirical methodological paradigm….native lifeworlds in the form of “epistemic violence” (Spivak 1990, p. 126.)

Georgetown Day School DC – Ula Rutkowska - David Herman – Homelessness Homelessness Affirmative

Read at Ohio Valley and Blake

Plan: the United States Supreme Court should overrule Lindsay V. Normet 405 US 56 (1972), thereby affirming a human right to housing

Contention 1: there’s no place like home

The Homeless represent the quintessential Other- their presence is a constant reminder of our ethical failure to meet our infinite responsibility Gauthier 95--Lafayette hired David J. Gauthier as a visiting Assistant Professor. He graduated from LSU in Dec. 2004. His dissertaion was called "Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling." He previously held positions at Illinois Wesleyan University and Slippery Rock University. (David J, “Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling,” Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science,http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11052004- 163310/unrestricted/Gauthier_dis.pdf) [Like Heidegger, Levinas is concerned about the problem of modern homelessness…. the exile, the refugee, those without a country, or a State, the displaced person or population.”]

The current legal paradigm’s refusal to recognize housing rights has prevented long-term solutions to homelessness Foscarinis 3- founder and executive director of the National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty (Maria, “Homelessness, Litigation, and Reform Strategies: a United States Perspective,” Australian Journal of Human Rights, 2003,http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJHR/2004/6.html#FootnoteB25) [Currently, and in what may be viewed as the fourth stage…. and move advocacy towards long-term solutions to homelessness.]

Current attempts at ending homelessness will fail without the recognition that housing is a human right Foscarinis 3- founder and executive director of the National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty (Maria, “Homelessness, Litigation, and Reform Strategies: a United States Perspective,” Australian Journal of Human Rights, 2003,http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJHR/2004/6.html#FootnoteB25) [Many factors are at play and may explain these movements in law and policy…. support efforts to secure those resources.]

The Home represents a cite of welcome, a symbolic recognition of the Other. The state must adopt juridical and political apparatuses in order to ensure this “Welcome” is universally extended Gauthier 95-- Lafayette hired David J. Gauthier as a visiting Assistant Professor. He graduated from LSU in Dec. 2004. His dissertaion was called "Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling." He previously held positions at Illinois Wesleyan University and Slippery Rock University. (David J, “Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling,” Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science, http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11052004-163310/unrestricted/Gauthier_dis.pdf) [A keen awareness of the suffering…. the nature of the human fraternity.]

The Home which welcomes the Other represents a recognition of our obligation to value the ethical and also a recognition of universal humanity Gauthier 95--Lafayette hired David J. Gauthier as a visiting Assistant Professor. He graduated from LSU in Dec. 2004. His dissertaion was called "Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling." He previously held positions at Illinois Wesleyan University and Slippery Rock University. (David J, “Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling,” Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science, http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11052004- 163310/unrestricted/Gauthier_dis.pdf) [The self’s discovery of the ethically problematic… self-admitted exiles.]

But discussing our relationship with the Other is not enough- action is key Gauthier 95--Lafayette hired David J. Gauthier as a visiting Assistant Professor. He graduated from LSU in Dec. 2004. His dissertaion was called "Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling." He previously held positions at Illinois Wesleyan University and Slippery Rock University. (David J, “Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling,” Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science, http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11052004-163310/unrestricted/Gauthier_dis.pdf) [This is most evident with respect to the economic components… relationship to material possessions possible.]

The Home is a site of welcome which represents the position of the state as an entity that welcomes alterity Gauthier 95--Lafayette hired David J. Gauthier as a visiting Assistant Professor. He graduated from LSU in Dec. 2004. His dissertaion was called "Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling." He previously held positions at Illinois Wesleyan University and Slippery Rock University. (David J, “Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and the Politics of Dwelling,” Submitted to

Harvard - 239- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -240- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science,http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11052004-163310/unrestricted/Gauthier_dis.pdf) [Levinas’s concept of the home… , Derrida’s essay merits serious consideration.]

Face-to-face encounters eliminate the impetus for violence by forcing us to realize the humanity of the Other Dews 7-professor of philosophy at the University of Essex (Peter, “The Idea of Evil,” Blackwell Publishing LTD, 2007) [The face, then, is not an object, but the condition of all objecthood… freedom discovers itself murderous in its very exercise.]

The state has a responsibility to solve the problem of homelessness-the face of the other obligates us to take action Arnold 4-assistant professor of political science at the University of Texas San Antonio(Kathleen R, “Homelessness, Citizenship, and identity,” Suny Press, 2004) [Therefore, perhaps narcissistically, little has been done to examine our debt to them… unlike a fiduciary relation, is “unredeemable.”]

The only way to solve for the violent oppression of the Other is through an acceptance of our responsibility Hutchens 4-professor of philosophy at Helsinki University (Benjamin C, “Levinas: a guide for the perplexed,” Continuum Intell Publishing Group, 2004) [The subordination and neutralization of the human being… enables but through responsibility.]

Contention 2: this is the murder capital, where murder for capital

The Recession and Bailout signify a consolidation and reconfiguration of capitalism, designed to strengthen it and increase monopolization- the capitalism system is being strengthened now Harvey 9- Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York (CUNY) (David, “Is This Really the End of Neoliberalism?,” CounterPunch, March 13, 2009,http://www.counterpunch.org/harvey03132009.html) [Does this crisis signal the end of neo-liberalism?... they can put up roadblocks but so far they have caved in and not nationalised the banks.]

American policies on homelessness have wider implications-they represent challenges to the global neoliberal order Building Opportunities for Self Sufficiency, no date-a non-profit which fights homelessness and poverty (“Making the Local/Global Connection,” http://www.createpeaceathome.org/stories/local.htm” [Understanding the way that neoliberal ideology… third world peoples throughout the globe and racial minorities within the United States.]

As the US shifted towards a mentality of neoliberalism, a rich-poor gap was created- this is the root cause of homelessness, and this ideology was exported globally by multinational corporations intent on exploitation Building Opportunities for Self Sufficiency, no date-a non-profit which fights homelessness

Harvard - 240- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -241- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard and poverty (“Making the Local/Global Connection,”http://www.createpeaceathome.org/stories/local.htm” [The economic and social transformations that have been shaping… between rich and poor in the history of the world.]

The role of the state is key-social movements are mobilizing now, but they cannot form a cohesive strategy without state backing Harvey 9- Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York (CUNY) (David, “Is This Really the End of Neoliberalism?,” CounterPunch, March 13, 2009, http://www.counterpunch.org/harvey03132009.html) [There is also a big problem on the left that… about how we see the nature of the problem.]

The right to a home is key to destroy a broader neoliberal agenda which denies the ethics of care a state should adopt towards its citizens-legal advocacy gives the homeless a voice Harris 4-(Beth Ellen, “Defending the Right to a Home: the power of anti-poverty lawyers,” Ashgate Publishing, 2004) [This book analyzes the symbolic power and redistributive impact… form the housing market, into homes.]

Neoliberalism creates a state of exception in which governmental ability to define expendability extends to encompass whole populations. The state’s function becomes one of security which necessitates violence and militirism Kumar and Hill 8-(Dave and Ravi, “Global Neoliberalism and Education and Its Consequences,” Taylor and Francis, 2008) [In its capacity to dehistoricize and naturalize… “designates and constitutes a production line of human waste or wasted humans” (Bauman, 2004, p. 6).]

Contention 3: we solve our case

Recognizing housing as a human right is key to create a paradigm shift necessary to end homelessness- we can change our definition of rights to be more inclusive. Foscarinis 3- founder and executive director of the National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty (Maria, “Homelessness, Litigation, and Reform Strategies: a United States Perspective,” Australian Journal of Human Rights, 2003, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJHR/2004/6.html#FootnoteB25) [More recently, advocates have begun to explore and develop strategies… human rights law in relevant contexts as well (see Detainees v Malcom; Lareau v Manson; In Re Barbara White; Boehm v Superior Court).]

Legal advocacy on behalf of the homeless is key to create a broader societal movement and to spark a mind shift that will end the criminalization of the homeless Hafetz 3-lawyer for the Brennan Center of Justice (Jonathan L, “ HOMELESS LEGAL ADVOCACY: NEW CHALLENGES AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE,” 2003 Fordham University School of Law Fordham Urban Law Journal, March, 2003, 30 Fordham Urb. L.J) [ [*1240] In short, litigation has played an important part… some elements of this broader strategy.]

We have an ethical obligation to endorse the Right to Housing- it’s key to combat the growing rich/poor gap Bratt et all 06-professor of Urban planning at Tufts University (Rachel G, “A Right to Housing: foundation for a new social agenda,” Temple University Press, 2006) [The call to adopt and implement a Right to Housing… as well and that make true democracy impossible.]

A right to housing is the springboard for a broader agenda of human rights and key to establishing a meaningful existence. Bratt et all 06-professor of Urban planning at Tufts University (Rachel G, “A Right to Housing: foundation for a new social agenda,” Temple University Press, 2006) [We believe that the health of a society… far-reaching responses to our persistent housing problems.]

There may be preempts at the bottom Other Homelessness Plan Texts

Plan: the United States Federal Government should affirm a right to housing for the homeless.

Plan: The Supreme Court of the United States should grant a writ of certiorari to an appropriate test case and rule that the due process clause of the fifth and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution provide a substantive right to housing The US political system has turned a blind eye to the plight of the homeless and have actively passed laws that criminalize the status of homelessness—the judiciary has unique chance to provide a legal recourse recognizing a right to homelessness through the due process clause—all other legal avenues will fail, but unfortunately the Court has refused to interpret the due process clause accordingly Andrew J. Liese* J.D. Candidate Vanderbilt University, “We Can Do Better: Anti-Homeless Ordinances as Violations of State Substantive Due Process Law,” May 2006, 59 Vand. L. Rev. 1413 The U.S. political and legal systems have historically treated the homeless as outcasts....Court would hold that the Fourteenth Amendment requires more than this type of tenuous connection in order to uphold the prohibition on sleeping in public if confronted with a substantive due process challenge.

Georgetown Day School DC – Ula Rutkowska - David Herman – UDL

Urban Debate League Affirmative

Contention 1 is the Status Quo

DEBATE IS DYING – THE NUMBER OF SCHOOLS PARTICIPATING IN DEBATE HAS FALLEN– CURRENT REFORM STRATEGIES ARE FAILING -EXPANDING DEBATE OPPROTUNITIES TO ALL STUDENTS IS CRITICAL TO SAVING OUR ACTIVITY HANES 2007(RUSSELL T., A VOLUNTEER FOR THE NEW YORK AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA URBAN DEBATE LEAGUES, "POPULARIZING DEBATE AN EQUITY STRATEGY", THE ROSTRUM – VOLUME 81 NUMBER 6) A better explanation . . . editing help.

More urban debate is needed now and students will easily be drawn to newly created leagues Warner and Bruschke 2001 (Dr. Ede Warner associate professor of communication and director of debate and Dr. Jon Bruschke debate coach at CSU, Fullerton and an Associate Professor in the Human Communication Studies Department) “GONE ON DEBATING:” COMPETITIVE ACADEMIC DEBATE AS A TOOL OF EMPOWERMENT FOR URBAN AMERICAhttp://commfaculty.fullerton.edu/jbruschke/Papers/Debate %20as%20a%20Tool%20of%20empowerment.htm

Given the possibilities . . . and competitive success.

Contention # is save our sphere

The public sphere, the life blood of American Democracy, is dying as public education fails to teach Democratic values to students Fretz 04 (Eric, Director, Service-Learning Center, Naropa University, “Teaching Liberty and Practicing Deliberative Democracy in the Classroom,” The Campus Compact Reader, Winter, http://www.compact.org/reader/winter04/article2-1.html)

In the past decade . . . twenty-first century

Debate is key to solve the draining of the public sphere by allowing people to access and understand large amounts of information and teaching proper decision-making Alan Coverstone 1995 (Academic Dean, Teacher: Government and Politics AP, Assistant Debate Coach)An Inward Glance: A Response To Mitchell's Outward Activist Turnhttp://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Coverstone1995China.htm

Mitchell's argument underestimates . . . space for training.

Policy debate is key to opening up the public sphere and developing better decision makers Strait, L. Paul. 2007- (Debated for 4 years and judged/coached for another 4, The Catholic University of America BA , Philosophy, Greek & Latin. George Mason University MA , Communication. University of Southern California Ph.D. , Communication)- "A Habermasian Analysis of Intercollegiate Policy Debate” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the NCA 93rd Annual Convention http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p194728_index.html

PD, like everything . . . of expert debaters.

And the new public sphere created by debate is necessary for the reemergence of Democracy Henry A. Giroux 2006 (Henry A., Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977, professor of education at Boston University, Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalismhttp://firgoa.usc.es/drupal/node/25904

As neoliberal economics . . . of the market.

And Federal action is key Cashin 2000, Georgetown University Law Center Associate Law Professor, HUD Empowerment Zones Deputy Assistant Secretary, National Economic Council Community Development Director (1995-6), [Sheryll, "ARTICLE: Localism, Self-Interest, and the Tyranny of the Favored Quarter: Addressing the Barriers to New Regionalism," 88 Geo. L.J. 1985]

The smaller the society . . . for public investments.

Multiple studies prove debate is the best method of increasing critical thinking Allen et all 2004 (Mike Allen, Mary Trejo, Michael Bartanen, Anthony Schroeder, Tammie Ulrich. Diversity in United States forensics: a report on research conducted for the American Forensic Association Published in Argumentation and Advocacyhttp://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6699/is_3_40/ai_n29101621/)

Scholarly advocates for . . . of the population.

Contention # is totally rad The Dirth of democratic institutions in the squo gives way to market authoritarianism and extends consumer logic to all parts of society. Only a reevaluation of pedagological practices can hope to solve. Henry Giroux 2005 (Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977, professor of education at Boston University, Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies)- Lost in Translation Tikkun Vol. 20, Iss. 5; pg. 46, 1 pgs http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=887233001&sid=4&Fmt=3&clientId=53604&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Democracy begins to . . . are the same.

In the absense of democratic ideals, a new type of authoritarianism has taken shape, led on by militarism and assault on critical thinking Henry Giroux 2009 (Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977, professor of

Harvard - 244- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -245- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard education at Boston University, Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies)- The Substance of Truth: Let Us Make Haste While We Can: Conversation With Henry Giroux (Part I) http://www.truthout.org/060709C

Q: As a self-described . . . ever seen before.

And now is not too late, Democracy must be strived for, even in the most appalling crises Henry Giroux 2008 (Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977, professor of education at Boston University, Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies)- RADICAL HOPE, When Hope is Subversive TIKKUN VOL. 19, NO. 6http://www.henryagiroux.com/online_articles/Tikkun%20piece.pdf

Is it possible to . . . for a substantive democracy.

The education provided by the aff prevents the type of “inability to think” that causes authoritarianism and massacres Henry Giroux 2008 (Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977, professor of education at Boston University, Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies)-Henry Giroux: Rethinking the Promise of Critical Education Under an Obama Regime. Interview by Chronis Polychroniou. http://www.truthout.org/article/henry-giroux-rethinking-promise-critical-education

Moreover, there is also . . . capable of governing.

Contention # is the Iron maiden

As intellectuals retreat from the besieged public sphere, neoliberalism attempts to excise the last of the democratic instituions Henry A. Giroux 2006 (Henry A., Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977, professor of education at Boston University, Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalism http://firgoa.usc.es/drupal/node/25904

As the Right wages . . . crisis on the other.

Our public sphere will provide the forum to critically identify and combat neoliberal ideology Henry Giroux 2005 (Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977, professor of education at Boston University, Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies)- Vol. 32, Iss. 1; College Literature. The Terror of Neoliberalism: Rethinking the Significance of Cultural Politics http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? did=791640891&sid=4&Fmt=3&clientId=53604&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Neoliberalism has to be . . . movement's most attractive qualities.

Status quo education and segregation is the pinnacle of militaristic politics – reinvigorating an inclusive educational system is key to end social exclusion and suffering Henry A. Giroux, McMaster University Global TV Network Chair Professorship of English and Cultural Studies Department, 2006, “Reading

Hurricane Katrina: Race, Class, and the Biopolitics of Disposability,” College Literature 33.3 (2006) 171- 196

Biopower in its current . . . who these individuals . . . or needs you (Bauman 1999, 68-69).

Thus, Ben and I are resolved: The United States federal government should increase federal funding for urban debate programs and implement such programs in disadvantaged areas where they do not currently exist.

Contention # is we solve debate!

The urban debate leagues have made progress but in order to really bring the debate experience where it is truly need government funding is needed Roosevelt Institute 2007 –( non-profit, non-partisan national network of campus-based student think tanks. Its members conduct policy research on the pressing political issues facing our world)- The 25 Ideas Series Volume 1 • Issue 3 Urban Debate Programs for Minority and Disadvantaged Youth http://rooseveltinstitution.org/publications/25ideas/2007_highered/_file/_renzelli_urban_debate.pdf

In order to promote . . . and federal government.

And disadvantaged populations are key to our new deliberative form of politics Matt Stannard 2006, (Department of Communication and Journalism, University of Wyoming) Deliberation, Debate, and Democracy in the Academy and Beyond http://legalcommunication.blogspot.com/2006/08/deliberation- debate-and-democracy-in.html

Which brings me to . . . of the social world.

And debate is key to critical education reform, Debate competition opens up ways to resist Melissa Maxcy Wade 1998 (four-time alumna of Emory and director of forensics at the University, founded the Urban Debate League twenty years ago in Atlanta public schools)- The Case for Urban Debate Leagues http://www.cedadebate.org/CAD/1998_wade.pdf.

The task of applying knowledge . . . of competitive debate. and then some preempts.

Georgetown Day School DC – Steve Jaffe - Sam Lipnick – ?

Georgetown Day School DC – Marc Gottesman - Chris Pecaro – ?

Glenbrook North IL – Vinay Sridharan - Alexis Shklar – Medicaid Immigrants

]Plan: The United States federal judicial branch should rule that using immigration status as an eligibility consideration for Medicaid is unconstitutional.

Contention one is Disease

The risk of a disease outbreak is high now

Hamburg, et al, Senior Scientist Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), 08 [Margaret, “Germs Go Global: WHY EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE A THREAT TO AMERICA,http://healthyamericans.org/assets/files/GermsGoGlobal.pdf]

Despite remarkable breakthroughs in ... flu outbreak have been added to the SNS.

Extinction

Frank Ryan, M.D., 1997, virus X, p. 366

How might the human race appear to such an ... cause the extinction of the human species?

Pandemic escalation kills billions

Bob Unruh, News Editor for Worldnetdaily, 6/24/07 Untreatable TB threat 'apocalyptic scenario': 30,000 infected annually now, but toll could become 8 million 'time bombs',http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56340

The World Health Organization is ... that's a crisis," said Espinale.

The lack of immigrant health care ensures the spread of disease

Park, 4 (Seam, J.D. Candidate at Florida State University College of Law, 18 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 567)

Avoidable, and undesirable public health ...treatment even with active [communicable diseases]." 78

The Plan is key to reaffirm Obama’s commitment to global health

The Lancet, 9 (Editorial, “Inadequate health care for migrants in the USA,” 3/26/2009, ScienceDirect Database)

The Lancet has previously praised the USA ... to improve global health.

That’s key to solve disease

Ingram, 5

Immigrants are critical in the overall fight against TB --- they will create drug resistant strains

Johns & Varkoutas, 98 – * J.D. summa cum laude, St. John's University School of Law, AND ** J.D., St. John's University School of Law (Kimberly A. Johns and Christos Varkoutas, Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy, “The Tuberculosis Crisis: The Deadly Consequence of Immigration Policies and Welfare Reform,” Fall 1998, 15 J. Contemp. Health L. & Pol'y 101)

Conclusion TB presents a serious and deadly ... with the grim scenes of yesteryear.

Fear causes delays that lay the groundwork for a disease epidemic. Treating immigrants will halt the spread

Fallek, 97 (Shari B. Fallek, Houston Journal of International Law, “Health Care for Illegal Aliens: Why it is a Necessity,” Spring 1997, Westlaw)

Tuberculosis is one of the contagious... immunization and early detection efforts. [FN227]

Contention Two is Bioterrorism

Immigrant health care exclusion prevents an effective response to an attack

Wynia and Gostin , 02, * M.D., M.P.H., is the director of the Institute for Ethics at the American Medical Association and ** American law professor who specializes in public health law at Georgetown [ Matthew and Lawrence, “The bioterrorist threat and access to health care”, p. proquest]

The intentional dispersal of anthrax spores... are detected earlier and contained.

The plan is a critical check on the escalation of a bioterror attack

Green, 4 – PhD, Director, Outreach and Lead GE3LS Advisor, Ontario Genomics Institute (Shane, American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, May, Vol. 6, No. 5,http://virtualmentor.ama- assn.org/2004/05/pfor2-0405.html)

Consider the threat of bioterrorism:..mistrust or language barriers [7].

Excessive casualties ensure nuclear retaliation

Conley 3 – Chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, (Lt. Col Harry W. Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)

Contex Our response to a “bolt-from-the-blue” ... nature of US reprisal actions.

Extinction

Corsi, 5 (Jerome, PhD in political science from Harvard, excerpt from Atomic Iran, http://911review.org/Wget/worldnetdaily.com/NYC_hit_by_terrorist_nuke.html)

The combination of horror and outrage that will ... still capable of exacting revenge.

The impact outweighs on probability and magnitude --- ensuing disease spread guarantees extinction

Kellman, director at the International Weapons Control Center at the DePaul University College, 08 [Barry, June, “Bioviolence: A growing threat”, http://www.wfs.org/March-April09/MJ2008_Kellman.pdf]

A looming danger confronts the world... catastrophic bioviolence is simply untenable.

Contention three is the Plenary power Doctrine

The plenary power doctrine signifies a refusal to accede to international law and it denies basis human rights – court action is critical

Saito, Professor of Law, Georgia State University College of Law, 02 [Natsu Taylor, “MID-ATLANTIC PEOPLE OF COLOR LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP CONFERENCE: The Plenary Power Doctrine: Subverting Human Rights in the Name of Sovereignty”, p. lexis]

Human rights law is thus intended to protect ... to prevent or redress such violations.

The aff would set a precedent for self determination by dismantling the plenary power doctrine

Saito, Professor of Law, Georgia State University College of Law, 02 [Natsu Taylor, “MID-ATLANTIC PEOPLE OF COLOR LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP CONFERENCE: The Plenary Power Doctrine: Subverting Human Rights in the Name of Sovereignty”, p. lexis]

Under the rubric of exercising its "plenary power" over ... have been signed but not ratified by the United States.

The plenary power doctrine has justified all abuses in presidential powers

Saito, Professor of Law, Georgia State University College of Law, 07 [NATSU Taylor, “From Chinese Exclusion to Guantanamo Bay: Plenary Power And the Prerogative State”, isbn, 978-0870818516]

Since the September 11, 2001, attacks ... be willing to have invoked against us."32

And, Obama’s presidency makes now the key time to reframe presidential powers --- key to the constitution

Burns, 7/12/09 (James MacGregor is professor of government emeritus at Williams College and author of “Packing the Court: The Rise of Judicial Power and the Coming Crisis of the Supreme Court.’, Judicial supremacy and the rise of the high court, Boston

Globe,http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/07/12/judicial_supremacy _and_the_rise_of_the_high_court/?page=2)

Today President Obama faces a situation much like ... of an ever-changing world.’’

Unfettered presidential powers cause nuclear war

Forrester, 89 (Ray Professor, Hastings College of the Law, University of California August, The George Washington Law Review 57 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1636 “Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem.” ) Abramson, Wherever President Goes, the Nuclear War 'Football' is Beside Him, Los Angeles Times, April 3, 1981, at 10, col. 1 (copyright, 1981, Los Angeles Times. Reprinted by permission).

On the basis of this report, the startling fact is that one man [person] alone has the ability to start... probably would be unable to survive.

Secession is inevitable – the only question is what kind of autonomy is granted

Gottlieb ’93 (Gidon, Professor of International Law at University of Chicago, Nation Against States, p. 28- 29)

In the present passionate climate, it often... states of the international system.

Indian rights don’t send a signal for secession. The plan spreads internal self-determination

Suagee ’92 (Dean B., J.D. at UNC, 25 U. Mich. J.L. Ref 671, Spring and Summer, Lexis)

Characterizing the right to self-determination ... indigenous peoples a reality.

Internal self-determination solves secession – Indigenous groups are too dispersed to secede in other countries. And a pro-indigenous stance serves as a model for self-governance without secession

Feith ’95 (Herb, Australian Transformation, Conflict Transformation, ed. Rupesinghe, p. 158)

The self-determination aspirations of ...imaginable and thus negotiable.

External self-determination cause’s global secession – makes every impact inevitable

Gidon Gottlieb, Leo Spitz Professor of International Law and Diplomacy – University of Chicago, 1993, Nation Against State, p. 26-27

Self-determination unleashed and ...widening circles of conflict.

International law solves extinction

Damrosch, Professor of Law, Columbia, and Mullerson, Professor of International Law, King’s, Beyond Confrontation, International Law for the Post Cold War Era, 1995, p. 2-3

I. Pressures on International Law: Demands Placed ... with the U.N. Charter and other norms of international law.

Glenbrook South High School IL – Will Thibeau - Richard Day – SNAP Food Stamps Affirmative - Northwestern RR

CONTENTION ONE IS THE ECONOMY

THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM WAS EXPANDED IN FEBRUARY—THIS INCREASE WAS TOO SMALL

MURRAY 4-10-2009 (Brittany, The New Hampshire, student newspaper for University of New Hampshire,http://media.www.tnhonline.com/media/storage/paper674/news/2009/04/10/News/Nationwide. Food.Stamp.Increase.Not.Enough.Say.Local.Experts-3705745-page2.shtml)

A dollar and sixty cents per meal, …. allotment will be automatically added to recipients' electronic benefit transfer card.

The economy will not recover without a trickle up policy. Current food stamp levels are insufficient

Wray 7-7, Senior Scholar and professor of economics and director of the Center for Full Employment and Price Stability at the University of Missouri, (Randall Wray, Senior Scholar and professor of economics and director of the Center for Full Employment and Price Stability at the University of Missouri, July 7, 2009, “The Carnage Continues: Time to Ramp Up the Stimulus” http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/07/carnage-continues-time-to-ramp- up.html)

Some like to see green shoots ,,, will have helped those most in need.

And, current state budget deficits preclude recovery – budget cuts promote cyclical policies that destroy growth

Lav and McNichol 8-12 * Deputy Director of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, *Senior Fellow with the State Fiscal Project of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, (Iris and Elizabeth, “New Fiscal Year Brings No Relief From Unprecedented State Budget Problems,” http://www.cbpp.org/cms/? fa=view&id=711)

The unprecedented state fiscal problems … will not address state budget shortfalls.

And, State budget cuts make federal recovery efforts impossible

Knowledge at Wharton 8-5, (“Not With the Plan: State Budget Woes Create a Black Hole for U.S. Stimulus Funds,” 2009, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2309) Inman = Wharton Business School Finance Professor

Problems with state finances also … incentives of the states themselves."

And expanding food stamps are the best way to salvage the economy – encourage short term spending

Moses 9, Policy Analyst at American Progress, J.D. from Georgetown Law (Joy, “Basic Needs Assistance for the Poor Advances Economic Recovery and Employment Goals ,” 2- 3,http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/02/basic_needs_brief.html,)

Recovery package proposals have included … economic boost of nearly $2.

EXPANDING FOOD STAMPS IS KEY TO STATE BUDGET REVENUE

MLRI 2009 (Massachusetts Law Reform Institute, “Food Stamps/SNAP: A Fork-Ready Stimulus,” March, http://www.mcoaonline.com/content/pdf/ForkReadyStimulusMarch2009.pdf)

Increased food stamp/SNAP participation …, now more than ever.

US Recovery’s key to the global economy

Caploe 09 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)

IN THE aftermath of the …be solved there too.

ECONOMIC RECOVERY IS CRITICAL TO PREVENT WORLD WAR

GREEN AND SCHRAGE 3-26 (Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways & Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis … through unilateral approaches.

Contention Two is Obesity:

Lack of reliable access to food causes obesity: stress, conditioning, and cheap junk food

Murphy et al 8 Carolyn Murphy, Stephanie Ettinger de Cuba, and John Cook, Children’s Sentinel Nutrition Assessment Program Rachel Cooper and James D. Weill, Food Research and Action Center,

(“READING, WRITING AND HUNGRY; The consequences of food insecurity on children, and on our nation’s economic success,” Partnership for America’s Economic Success, Managed by the Pew Charitable Trusts, November 19, http://www.frac.org/pdf/reading_writing_hungry_report.pdf)

Research on food insecurity and being …developing type 2 diabetes.103

OBESITY UNDERMINES THE MILITARY BY DECREASING RECRUITING, KILLING RETENTION, AND INCREASING HEALTH CARE SPENDING

ALMOND et al 8 (LCDR Nathaniel Almond, MC USN, NEPMU Five, Naval Station San Diego; Leila Kahwati, MD MPH VA National Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; Linda Kinsinger, MD MPH VA National Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention; Deborah Porterfield, MD MPH Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Military Medicine, July 15, http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1478028/the_prevalence_of_overweight_and_obesity_among_u s_military_veterans/)

Increases in the prevalence of …1 billion annually.14

Obesity destroys military recruitment Yamane 7, Col., USAF MC SFS (Grover, “Obesity in Civilian Adults: Potential Impact on Eligibility for U.S. Military Enlistment,” Military Medicine November, Lexis)

The prevalence rates …worsening public health issue.

AND, Higher healthcare costs devastate military readiness – forces the military to cut troop levels and force transformation

Boston Globe 7, (“Pentagon fears healthcare costs will erode readiness,” March 5,http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/03/05/pentagon_fears_healthcare_costs_will_erode_r eadiness/)

WASHINGTON -- Like the many … the number of people."

Collapse of hegemony ensures global nuclear war.

Kagan, 07 - senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, “End of Dreams, Return of History”, 7/19,http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/07/end_of_dreams_return_of_histor.html)

This is a good thing, and it should … will provide an easier path.

Contention three is small farms:

INCREASING FOOD STAMPS TARGETED FOR PRODUCE SOLVES OBESITY AND LOCAL AGRICULTURE

WILKINS 6-24-2009 (Jennifer Wilkins studies the food system in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University, The Ithaca Journal, L/N)

Each summer, the Farmers' Market … Americans, rich and poor alike.

AND, SMALL FARMS ARE KEY TO SUSTAIN BIODIVERSITY

ROSSETT 99 (Peter, Executive Director of Food First, “On the Benefits of Small Farms,” Feb 8, http://www.foodfirst.org/pubs/policybs/pb4.html)

For more than a century, pundits … step we must take.

BIODIVERSITY IS KEY TO CHECK EXTINCTION

WATSON 6 (Captain Paul, Founder and President of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, has a show on Animal Planet, Last Mod 9-17, http://www.eco-action.org/dt/beerswil.html)

The facts are clear. More ….of massive human destruction.

Additionally – expanding small farms is the only way to solve agroterrorism

Halweil 5 senior researcher, Worldwatch Institute, (Brian, “Farmland Defense: How the Food System Can Ward Off Future Threats,” From “New Perspectives on Food Security,” Glynwood Center, November 12- 14http://www.glynwood.org/assets/PDF's/ReportsandGuides/foodsec/Farmland%20Defense%20How %20the%20Food%20System%20Can%20Ward%20Off%20Threats.pdf

The Department of Homeland Security … put in our mouths?

And, a successful agroterrorist creates massive hysteria and US lashout

Foxell 3, member of the Academic Board of Advisers of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, is adjunct assistant professor of history at the City University of New York/College of Staten Island. (“The Terrorist Threat to U.S. Food Security,” Journal of American Foreign Policy Interests, 25: 99.126)

An antilivestock, anticrop, or antisoil agroterror assault … not simply make war on it..23

That triggers massive wars

Byman 07 – Director of the Center for Peace and Security Studies @ Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service [Daniel Byman (Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution),

One of the biggest problems with …. seen terrorists derail peace talks.

Extinction

Corsi 05 Columnist, Worldnet Daily, Phd in Political Science at Harvard, (Jerome, “Atomic Iran: How the Terrorist Regime Bought the Bomb and American Politicians,”April 20th Excerpted at, http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/ar...TICLE_ID=43817)

In the span of less than one hour, … still capable of exacting revenge.

And, Agroterrorism is uniquely easy to carry out – impossible to detect

Chalk 4, senior policy analyst at the Rand Corporation, (Peter, “Hitting America’s Soft Underbelly,” Rand National Security Division,http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2004/RAND_MG135.pdf)

What makes the vulnerabilities … use of biological agents.23

PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD CREATE ADDITIONAL BENEFITS FOR NEARLY ALL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES THROUGH THE SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITIONAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM.

Contention Four is Solvency

THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM MUST BE EXPANDED—IT IS THE MOST EFFICIENT OPTION AND ONLY NEEDS MORE FUNDING

RESULTS 2k9 (RESULTS is a nonprofit grassroots advocacy organization focusing on hunger and poverty, “Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP),” Date is Last Modified, June 4, http://www.results.org/website/article.asp?id=358)

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (…. to millions of American families.

Federal oversight is critical – the federal government runs and implements every part of the program Green Book 3, (House Ways and Means Committee annual report, Section 15, “Food Stamps,” http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/greenbook2003/FOODSTAMPS.pdf)

At the Federal level, … (responsible for trafficking investigations).

This means Only federal action is credible – retailers will ignore states. USDA 4/30/2009 [Conclusion. http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/ebt/pdfs/VI_Conclusions.pdf]

However, there are … this function.

Glenbrook South High School IL – Jack McLeod - John Zhao – ?

Glenbrook South High School IL – Phil Sailer - Samantha Varney – Food to Indians Food Stamps 1AC-St. Marks

CONTENTION ONE—INHERENCY

THE FOOD DELIVERY PROGRAM ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS IS NOT ENOUGH—OVER TWENTY PERCENT OF INDIANS GO HUNGRY AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS RESPONSIBLE

SPARK 2007 (Dr. Arlene, nutritionist and associate professor at Hunter College, CUNY, Nutrition In Public Health, p 421)

[Unmet needs. A study conducted by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in 2003 examines federal funding of programs intended to ………………….hundreds of years, the federal government is obligated to ensure that funding is adequate to meet these needs.]

DESPITE FEDERAL PROMISES THE USDA PROCURES FARM-RAISED BISON FOR THE FOOD DELIVERY PROGRAM FROM NON-TRIBAL SUPPLIERS—INDIANS ARE LEFT OUT OF THE PROCESS

METRO SPIRIT 2007 (“Bison in a Can,” August 4, http://www.metrospirit.com/index.php? ShowArticle_ID=11013107074654929&cat=1211101074307265)

[In 2001, Congress approved $3 million specifically for bison in the budget for the tribal food program. It was Dorgan’s earmark. ………………….the Native Americans asked for something, they got something less.]

CONTENTION TWO—ADVANTAGES:

ADVANTAGE ONE—HUNGER

FAILURE OF STATUS QUO FOOD PROGRAMS CAUSES BOTH DISPROPORTIONATE HUNGER AND OBESITY AMONG NATIVE AMERICANS—THE RESULT IS A RANGE OF HEALTH PROBLEMS LIKE MALNUTRITION, DIABETES, AND HEART DISEASE—THE PLAN SOLVES IT

NEWPORT 2007 (Melinda, MS,RD/LD Director Nutrition Services for Chickasaw Nation, Hearing before the Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee, Jan 31,http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/hearings.cfm?hearingid=2511&witnessId=6032)

[With poverty being the principal factor causing food insecurity, the Native American community suffers from a much higher …………………. program tremendously. I am only aware of one year in the past decade that such funds were available.]

WE MUST CHALLENGE THE UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD AT ANY COST—OUTWEIGHS ANY POTENTIAL DISADVANTAGE

WATSON 77 (Richard, Professor of Philosophy at Washington University, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, p. 118-119)

[These arguments are morally spurious. That food sufficient for well-nourished survival is the equal right of every human individual or ………………….species survives as a result of individual behavior.]

ADVANTAGES TWO—LEADERSHIP

THE GLOBAL MOVEMENTS IN THE STATUS QUO ARE MOVING TOWARDS POLITICAL RIGHTS FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

Corntassel 8 [Jeff Corntassel, Assistant Professor and Graduate Advisor for the Indigenous Governance Programs at the University of Victoria, British Columbia. Richard C. Witmer II is Assistant Professor of Political Science, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska. Lindsay G. Robertson, Orpha and Maurice Merrill Professor of Law and Faculty Director of the American Indian Law and Policy Center at the University of Oklahoma, is author of Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands. Jan-March, 2008, Toward sustainable self-determination: rethinking the contemporary indigenous-rights discourse, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3225/is_1_33/ai_n29426315/]

[It is still true that the first part of self-determination is the self. In our minds and in our souls, we need to reject the colonists' control ………………….Special Rapporteur Erica-Irene Daes's comprehensive United Nations report entitled Indigenous Peoples' Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources.]

REFUSAL TO PURCHASE BISON FROM INDIAN PRODUCERS UNDERMINES TRIBAL CULTURE— THIS ACT SPILLS OVER TO CRUSH TRIBAL AUTONOMY AS A WHOLE

LULKA 2006 (David, San Diego State University, Great Plains Research, Spring, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1804&context=greatplainsresearch)

[In many respects, the inclusion of bison products within the FDPIR was a watershed event in that it incorporated a central …………………….a fundamental problem that has not yet been resolved by administrators of the program.]

PROTECTING A RIGHT TO BISON MOVES THE DEBATE CULTURAL RIGHTS AND INTENAL SELF- DETERMINTION Corntassel 8 [Jeff Corntassel, Assistant Professor and Graduate Advisor for the Indigenous Governance Programs at the University of Victoria, British Columbia. Richard C. Witmer II is Assistant Professor of Political Science, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska. Lindsay G. Robertson, Orpha and Maurice Merrill Professor of Law and Faculty Director of the American Indian Law and Policy Center at the University of Oklahoma, is author of Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands. Jan-March, 2008, Toward sustainable self- determination: rethinking the contemporary indigenous-rights discourse, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3225/is_1_33/ai_n29426315/]

(Previous evidence on the self-determination...restore community-based food security.)

DENIAL OF CULTURAL RIGHTS IN GENOCIDE AND FORCES A FIGHT FOR RIGHTS AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL. CHANGES IN CULTURAL RIGHTS ARE KEY TO RESTORING THE RED MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES TO SEND THE GLOBAL MODEL

Hadjioannou 5 [Marina Hadjioannou, Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program Staff Attorney and Program Coordinator., INTERNATIONAL LAW SYMPOSIUM: ARTICLE: The International Human Right to Culture Identities of Indigenous Peoples Under International Law, Spring, 2005, 8 Chap. L. Rev. 201 Chapman Law Review]

(Indigenous peoples across the globe have experienced...are the very building blocks of indigenous cultural identity.] THE DRIVE FOR EXTERNAL SELF-DETERMINATION CAUSES STATES TO RUSH TO CALCULATIONS THAT DESTROY INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

Corntassel 8 [Jeff Corntassel, Assistant Professor and Graduate Advisor for the Indigenous Governance Programs at the University of Victoria, British Columbia. Richard C. Witmer II is Assistant Professor of Political Science, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska. Lindsay G. Robertson, Orpha and Maurice Merrill Professor of Law and Faculty Director of the American Indian Law and Policy Center at the

University of Oklahoma, is author of Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of America Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands. Jan-March, 2008, Toward sustainable self-determination: rethinking the contemporary indigenous-rights discourse, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3225/is_1_33/ai_n29426315/]

[While this vote represents a step forward for the global indigenous-rights discourse, it is important to understand continued ………………………into the global indigenous-rights discourse without any noticeable impact locally.]

GENOCIDE UNDERMINES THE UNITED STATES ITS ABILITY TO CONTROL THE INTERNATIONA SYSTEM AND SPREAD OUR INFLUENCE GLOBALLY

Campbell 1 [Kenneth Campbell, Kenneth J. Campbell, PhD (Temple University, 1989) joined the Department in 1990. University of Delaware, His academic interests are in international security, US foreign policy, contemporary genocide, and the role of force in global governance. 2001, Genocide and the Global Village, 11-13]

[Genocide is a transsoverign problem facing the international community. Indeed, it is the worst problem. Although the practice …………….States over the last six years come from expanding global markets, while Americans represent 40 percent of all international travelers.]

GOVERNMENTS WHO FEAR THAT THE US WILL TAKE THE SIDE OF THE SECESSIONISTS WILL COMMIT “VIOLENT CRACKDOWNS” ON THE MINORITY POPULATIONS-IRAN PROVES

Zambelis 8 [Chris Zambelis, Associate with Helios Global, Inc., a risk analysis firm based in the Washington, DC area Publication: Terrorism Monitor Volume: 6 Issue: 1January 11, 2008 05:21 PM Age: 2 yrs Insurrection in Iranian Balochistan, http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/? tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4648&tx_ttnews[backPid]=167&no_cache=1]

[Issues of dissent and rebellion amongst Iran’s elaborate patchwork of ethnic and sectarian minority communities are receiving ……………….supporting active insurgencies as a means to pressure Iran during any potential conflict.]

GENOCIDE UNDERMINES THE UNITED STATES ITS ABILITY TO CONTROL THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AND SPREAD OUR INFLUENCE GLOBALLY

Campbell 1 [Kenneth Campbell, Kenneth J. Campbell, PhD (Temple University, 1989) joined the Department in 1990. University of Delaware, His academic interests are in international security, US foreign policy, contemporary genocide, and the role of force in global governance. 2001, Genocide and the Global Village, 11-13]

[Genocide is a transsoverign problem facing the international community. Indeed, it is the worst problem. Although the practice …………….States over the last six years come from expanding global markets, while Americans represent 40 percent of all international travelers.]

US CONTROL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM IS VITAL TO ACCESSING EVERY MAJOR IMPACT—THE ONLY THREAT TO WORLD PEACE IS IF WE ALLOW IT TO COLLAPSE

Thayer 6 Thayer, professor of security studies at Missouri State, November 06 (Bradley, The National Interest, “In Defense of Primacy”, November/December, p. 32-37)

[THE MIDTERM elections this November mark the unofficial commencement of the 2008 presidential campaign, and over the next ………….and it is in America's interest--and the world's--to have it last as long as possible.]

ADVANTAGE THREE—REINTRODUCTION

CORPORATE BISON INTERESTS WILLALTER THE NATURE AND PERCEPTION OF BISON AND FIGHT FOR REGULATION INSTEAD OF EXPANDING WILD BISON HERDS—THIS WILL DESTROY THEIR CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL UNIQUENESS AND UNDERMINE SUPPORT FOR WILD BISON RESTORATION

LULKA 2008 (David Lulka, Dept of Geography, San Diego State University, Journal of Cultural Geography, February)

[Thus, while certain prohibitions persist within the bison industry, such as those against the use of hormones, in many instances …………………………………. the effects of bison production stop at the ranch's edge given the industry's stand on YNP.]

NOW IS THE KEY TIME TO INFLUENCE THE BISON MARKET—CHANGING POLICIES NOW CAN ALTER THE DEBATE OVER BISON RESTORATION

[Since bison ranching is a relatively new field of endeavor, questions remain concerning which perspectives and practices will ……………………transform the essence of the industry, the animal, and therefore the credibility of bison restoration.]

BISON REINTRODUCTION IS KEY TO RESTORE PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEMS

KNAPP ET AL 1999 (Alan K. Knapp, John M. Blair, John M. Briggs, Scott L. Collins, David C. Hartnett, and Loretta C. Johnson are professors, and E. Gene Towne is a research associate, in the Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506. Collins is also an adjunct professor with the Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, and a program director in the Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, BioScience, January)

[Despite less than a decade of research at Konza Prairie on bison– tallgrass prairie interactions, the keystone role that bison must …………………….heterogeneity contrasts sharply with the spatial homogeneity induced by fire in an ungrazed landscape (Figure 6).]

PRAIRIES ARE KEY TO OVERALL BIODIVERSITY

WWF 2005 (World Wildlife Fund, “Agriculture and Environment: Wheat,” Nov 13,http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/policy/agriculture_environment/commodities/wheat/envi ronmental_impacts/habitat_conversion/index.cfm)

[While globally grasslands and savannas are not as biodiverse as many other terrestrial ecoregions, they are nonetheless ……….sequestration) that biodiversity in other regions depend upon.]

BIODIVERSITY IS KEY TO CHECK EXTINCTION

WATSON 2006 (Captain Paul, Founder and President of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, has a show on Animal Planet, Last Mod 9-17, http://www.eco-action.org/dt/beerswil.html)

[The facts are clear. More plant and animal species will go through ………….ecological collapse, the death of nature, and with it the horrendous and mind numbing specter of massive human destruction.]

PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD EXPAND THE FOOD DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS. This expansion will include CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE FOODS PROCURED FROM indigenous PRODUCERS and processors USING TRADITIONAL PRACTICES.

CONTENTION THREE—SOLVENCY

THE FDPIR IS CRITICAL TO DISTRIBUTE BISON TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES—THIS DISTRIBUTION IS THE KEY ELEMENT IN PRESERVING NATIVE LIFEWAYS

[In many respects, what tribes are trying to do is establish a "native food and agriculture system" ………..The bison products are procured from animals raised for commercial production in feedlots.]

CREATING DEMAND IS KEY—THIS ALLOWS TRIBES TO EXPAND THEIR HERDS

CHADWICK 2006 (Douglas, wildlife biologist, Defenders Magazine, Fall, http://www.defenders.org/newsroom/defenders_magazine/fall_2006/where_the_buffalo_now_roam.p hp)

[The many advantages of raising bison must be weighed against the fact that the …………….roasted slowly at a lower temperature than beef. The meat dries out quickly because it's so lean."]

EXPANDING TRADITIONAL INDIAN BUFFALO HERDS SOLVES HEALTH, CULTURE, AND BISON REINTRODUCTION

WEXLER 2000 (Max, Editor of National Wildlife, National Wildlife, Oct- Nov, http://www.questiaschool.com/read/5001101872?title=For%20Some%20Native%20Americans%2C %20Bison%20Herds%20May%20Hold%20the%20Keys%20to%20a%20Brighter%20Future)

[Similar courses are now offered at ten tribal colleges by the Northern Plains Bison ………………are a symbol of our strength and unity. In restoring their numbers, we can also restore a healthy culture for ourselves."]

INCREASED FUNDING IS KEY TO IMPROVE NUTRITION, DISTRIBUTION, AND INTRODUCTION OF NATIVE FOODS

NCAI 2009 (National Congress of American Indians, “NCAI TESTIMONY TO HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE AGRICULTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES SUBCOMMITTEE ON

FY 2009 APPROPRIATIONS,” http://www.ncai.org/fileadmin/appropriations/Final_Ag_testimony_5pm.doc, p. 1)

[Historically, food packages have included what remains of federal commodity programs, …………… funding to FDPIR above $90 million to support this essential program for Indian tribes.]

THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAS AN OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE BISON—IT SHOULD BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR PAST VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIANS

[Inasmuch as this portrayal is accurate, other strategies that conform better to the nature of the program may be mor successful. …………..existing policies. From this perspective, obligations created by acts of the past are not forgotten until reparations are complete.]

OUR EXAMINATION OF FEDERAL BISON POLICY IS CRUCIAL TO CREATE TRANSPARENCY AND SHAPE THE DIRECTION OF DEBATES OVER BISON

[The decades to come will determine if this relationship between production and consumption develops into a tightly wound ………………….may foster change indirectly, as transparency forces the public to analyze and assess its role in these contentious developments.]

Glenbrook South High School IL – Jaret Kanarek - Jake Saltzman – Homelessness Postal Homeless Aff - New Trier

Contention 1 is You’ve Got Mail! Traditional politics bases morality on the absence of death which makes mass murder to save small groups and imperative. The result is a tunnel vision on predictions that are wrong – history has rejected realism. The only way to challenge is through Utopian politics based on human dignity which welcomes every Stranger as equal to ourselves. Fasching 1993 (Darrell J., Professor of Religious Studies at University of South Florida, The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima, Pg 292-296)

Globalization makes confronting the Stranger inevitable which leaves us with two options – we can either embrace the sacred order or challenge it. Embracing it makes escalation of violence inevitable by causing a cycle of insecurity – it’s a try or die for the aff. Fasching 1993 (Darrell J. Fasching is a Professor of Religious Studies at the University of South Florida, The Ethical Challenge of Aushwitz and Hiroshima, Pg. 5-8)

Insecurity drives humans to form sacred communities based on static identities of friend/enemy – this creates masses willing to be sacrificed for violent nationalism. Fasching 1993 (Darrell, prof religious studies @ Florida. The ethical challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima 287-290)

The homeless represent a unique challenge to hierarchical societies that deny human dignity with the potential to transform global policy. Fasching, professor of Religious Studies at the University of Southern Florida, 1993 (Darrell, The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima: Apocalypse or Utopia? p. 210- 211)

The Homeless represent the static identify of sacrificial bodies who own a financial debt to society but provide no use in this financial framework Arnold, Assistant Professor of Political Theory at the University of Texas at San Antonio, 04 (Kathleen R. Arnold, “Homelessness, Citizenship and Identity” 2004, pg 133)

Rendering the homeless as permanently silent prohibits us from challenging broader political identity categories, and creates a permanent dominated class. Rather than turning our eyes, we should keep our gaze focused on the oppressed. Kyle, Assistant Professor at California State University 09 (Ken, Contextualizing Homelessness: Critical Theory, Homelessness, and Federal Policy Addressing the Homeless. pg 2-3)

The Postal Service represents a fundamental process of inclusion in our society – the ability to send and receive mail is at the foundation of societal communication which is one of the few ways to embrace

Harvard - 267- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -268- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard people experiencing homelessness Brown, et al, National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, 02 (Caroline M.,Thomas W. Beimers, Maria Foscarinis, Pallavi Rai, Jeremy Rosen; IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT CARL A. CURRIER, et al., v. WILLIAM J. HENDERSON, Postmaster General of the United States, et al.; No. 02-035232; On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington; July 10, 2002; pg. 5-7; http:/14/14www.nlchp.org/14view_report.cfm?id=73)

Finally, geographic concerns make no-fee post office boxes uniquely key Brown, et al, National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, 02 (Caroline M.,Thomas W. Beimers, Maria Foscarinis, Pallavi Rai, Jeremy Rosen; IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT CARL A. CURRIER, et al., v. WILLIAM J. HENDERSON, Postmaster General of the United States, et al.; No. 02-035232; On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington; July 10, 2002; pg. 23; http:/14/14www.nlchp.org/14view_report.cfm?id=73)

Contention 2 – AOL Lied, You Don’t Have Mail The inability to access mail is a fundamental infringement on first amendment rights – the homeless are unable to participate in our society. Girard 5 (David Girard, Attorney for Seattle Housing and Resource Effort, 2005 (Petition For Writ Of Certiorari To The United States Supreme Court, No. 04-1115, February 15, westlaw) pg. 6)

Failure of the Supreme Court to overturn the 9tth Circuit Court decision has spilled over into precedent that threatens freedom of expression for everyone.. David Girard, Attorney for Seattle Housing and Resource Effort, 2005 (Petition For Writ Of Certiorari To The United States Supreme Court, No. 04-1115, February 15, westlaw) pg. 5

Every violation of free speech must be rejected – freedom of expression is a fundamental ontological feature of humanity that must be preserved to make life worth living. Dwyer 1 [Susan Dwyer, Associate Prof. of Philosophy at University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Sats: The Nordic Journal of Philosophy 2 (2001): 1-18, http:/14/14www.umbc.edu/14philosophy/14dwyer/14papers/14freespeech.html]

Thus the plan: The United States federal judiciary should rule that the first amendment requires that people without a permanent address should be provided access to no-fee post office boxes.

Contention 3 is Util Lacks Utility Technicism denies human agency and subverts ethics which transforms the utopian to the status quo which ultimately places humanity into a fixed order making extinction inevitable. Fasching 1993 (Darrell J., Professor of Religious Studies at University of South Florida, The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima, Pp. 37-39)

Acceptance of apocalyptic stories makes it impossible to prevent them from occurring – we accept extinction as rational. Fasching, professor of Religious Studies at the University of Southern Florida, 1993 (Darrell, The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima: Apocalypse or Utopia? p. 117-120)

Glenelg High School MD – Elisabeth McClure - Daniel Zhao – Heroin

Grapevine High School TX – Jacob Quinn - Amy Schade – Street Papers Street Papers Affirmative - UT

Contention 1 inherency. Homeless vendors of street newspapers are required to obtain a peddlers license, a fee they cannot afford. These laws violate their first amendment rights to freedom of speech and press. unfortunately, the supreme court turned its back on the problems created by northeast ohio coalition for the homeless v. city of cleveland, 105 f. 3d 1107 (6th cir. 1997).

National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006 (A Dream Denied: The Criminalization of Homelessness in U.S. Cities , January, 2006) http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/crimreport/report.pdf

This dangerous precedent will lead to the elimination of street papers by allowing local governments to ignore the affordability of these licenses. van Lier, 1999 ( Piet, Journalist, “Selling the street beat,” The Quill. Chicago: Nov 1999. Vol. 87, Iss. 8; pg. 16, 4 pgs p. er)

Contention two harms Scenario 1-Criminalization The unconstitutionality of this precedent acts as a blanket ban on all homeless solicitation. the public street is key for the poor to exercise their own political power. the court must address this—free speech should be available to all, regardless of financial considerations.

Blakney 1998 (Tasha Blakney, member of the Board of Governors for the Tennessee Trial Lawyers Association, CASE NOTE: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OF FREE SPEECH-PRIOR RESTRAINT OF SPEECH AND TIME, PLACE, AND MANNER RESTRICTIONS: Northeast Ohio Coalition for the Homeless v. City of Cleveland, 105 F.3d 1107 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 335 (1997). Tennessee Law Review, Summer, 1998, 6520Tenn. L. Rev. 1049)

Criminalization exacerbates homelessness and denies them access to social services National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006 (A Dream Denied: The Criminalization of Homelessness in U.S. Cities , January, 2006) http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/crimreport/report.pdf

Fortunately, street papers directly provide social services to people living in poverty UN 2007 (UN 2007 Annual Ministerial Review Innovation Fair, International Network of Street Papers, A Success Story, Friday, May 11, 2007 ) http://amrif.blogspot.com/2007/05/international-network-of-street-papers.html

The focus of all street papers is to increase social services to people living in poverty Smith 2003 (Rebecca Smith, “Real Change,” Autumn 2003, p.er)http://depts.washington.edu/stnews/research.htm

Finally, court action can solve for criminalization National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006 (A Dream Denied: The Criminalization of Homelessness in U.S. Cities , January, 2006)http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/crimreport/report.pdf

Scenario 2 is free speech

First-The constitution

The sixth circuit decision violates first amendment. it allows government encroachment on the liberty protected by the constitution. these are the very types of restrictions the first amendment is designed to prevent. Blakney 1998 (Tasha Blakney, member of the Board of Governors for the Tennessee Trial Lawyers Association, CASE NOTE: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OF FREE SPEECH-PRIOR RESTRAINT OF SPEECH AND TIME, PLACE, AND MANNER RESTRICTIONS: Northeast Ohio Coalition for the Homeless v. City of Cleveland, 105 F.3d 1107 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 335 (1997). Tennessee Law Review, Summer, 1998, 65 Tenn. L. Rev. 1049)

DON’T ROLL THE DICE – NONE OF THEIR IMPACTS OUTWEIGHS THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CONSTITUTION John A. Eidsmoe is a Constitutional Attorney, Professor of Law at Thomas Goode Jones School of Law and Colonel with the USAF, 1992 3 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 35, p. 57-9

MORAL OBLIGATION TO UPHOLD THE CONSTITUTION Daryl Levinson, professor of law at University of Virginia, Spring 2000 UC Law Review

Second is rights- By limiting self-expression and violating human dignity, government suppression of speech is the most serious affront to liberty. GREENWALT, 1989 (Kent Greenawalt, Professor of Jurisprudence, Columbia University, 1989, Columbia Law Review, January, 89 Colum. L. Rev. 119, p. 144-5)

Judicially enforcable rights, even if imperfect, and critical to long term democracy Michael Kent Curtis, Prof. of Law @ Wake, ‘3 [38 Wake Forest L. Rev. 313, “Judicial Review: Blessing Or Curse? Or Both? A Symposium In Commemoration Of The Bicentennial Of Marbury V. Madison: Judicial Review And Populism,” ln]

Free speech is key to democracy participation and stability Smolla, no date (Rodney, University of Richmond School of Law, 1st amendment center.org “Speech: overview”http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/Speech/overview.aspx, pg. online, ) Harvard - 272- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -273- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard

Democratic collapse causes extinction Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict 95 (October, "Promoting Democracy in the 1990's,"http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm)

Fortunately, street papers promote justice. they allow for people to exercise their first amendment rights by giving the homeless and impoverished a voice.

Smith 2003 (Rebecca Smith, “Real Change,” Autumn 2003, p.er) http://depts.washington.edu/stnews/research.htm

Scenario three is stigmatization The present system stigmatizes the poor constructing the poor as less than human, leading to inhumane actions Tropman, 98 (John E., Professor of non profit management and social policy @ U Michigan school of social work, “Does America hate the poor?: The other American dilemma; lessons for the 21st century from the 1960’s and 1970’s”, 1998, Praeger Publishers, pg.5-6 )

DEHUMANIZATION MAKES EVERY IMPACT INEVITABLE—IT IS THE SUM OF ALL EVILS. DEHUMANIZATION JUSTIFIES THE WORLD’S ATROCITIES. OTHER VALUE CONSIDERATIONS PALE IN COMPARISON. Berube, 1997 (David, professor of speech communication, NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE, June/Julyhttp://www.cla.sc.edu/ENGL/faculty/berube/prolong.htm

Fortunately the interaction fostered by street papers reduces stigmatization by destroying myths about the homeless. This ends dehumanizing practices. Oh, and it solves for poverty in 6 months. BAYLES, 2008 (Cara, Staff Writer, Whats Up Magazine finds a new home, 2/27/08) http://www.weeklydig.com/news- opinions/news-us/200802/street-sheets

Poverty is the equivalent of an ongoing unending accelerating thermonuclear war. James Gilligan, Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, 2000 edition, Violence: Reflections on Our Deadliest Epidemic, p. 195-196

STREET PAPERS BREAK DOWN CLASS BARRIERS. THEY PROVIDE AN AUTHENTIC EXCHANGE THAT ISN’T BASED ON PITY OR CHARITY van Lier, 1999 ( Piet, Journalist, “Selling the street beat,” The Quill. Chicago: Nov 1999. Vol. 87, Iss. 8; pg. 16, 4 pgs p. er)

STREET PAPERS TRANSFORM LIVES, PERSPECTIVES, AND THE GLOBAL AGENDA. EACH ACTION CONTRIBUTES TO THE CRITICAL MASS NECESSARY TO CHANGE THE WORLD Lareault, 2007 (Serge Lareault, INSP Chairperson, INSP Annual Review 2007) http://www.street- papers.org/assets/Documents/INSPAGMAnnual-Review2007.pdf )

Plan: In order to substantially increase social services for persons living in poverty in the United States, the United States Supreme Court should grant a writ of certiorari for Northeast Ohio Coalition for the Homeless v. City of Cleveland. The Court should overturn the decision rendered by the Sixth Circuit Court

Harvard - 273- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -274- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard byruling that fee requirements for the sale of street papers by persons living in poverty are unconstitutional.

Contention 3- SOLVENCY. THE SIXTH CIRCUIT’S DECISION SHOULD BE OVERTURNED. THE GOVERNMENTAL INTEREST DOESN’T OUTWEIGH THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS THAT ARE VIOLATED BY THE ORDINANCE. Blakney 1998 (Tasha Blakney, member of the Board of Governors for the Tennessee Trial Lawyers Association, Tennessee Law Review, Summer, 1998, 65 Tenn. L. Rev. 1049)

THERE IS A DEMAND FOR STREET PAPERS, WE MUST ACT NOW. UN 2007 (UN 2007 Annual Ministerial Review Innovation Fair, International Network of Street Papers, A Success Story, Friday, May 11, 2007 ) http://amrif.blogspot.com/2007/05/international-network-of-street-papers.html THE CURRENT SYSTEM IS BROKEN. THE PLAN ADDRESSES THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM. LICENSES SHOULDN’T PREVENT THE POOR FROM WORKING. DC Street Vendor, June 15, 2009 (More Permits Please, June 15, 2009)http://www.dcstreetvendor.com/index.cfm/title/More+Permits+Please

Contention 4-put away the courts DA’s Judicial Activism Is A Model for Constitutional Democracy Horowitz, Journal of Democracy Writer, 06 (Donald L., “Constitutional Courts: A Primer For Decision Makers”, http://muse.jhu.edu.floyd.lib.umn.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v017/17.4horowitz.html, 7/1/09)

Judicial Activism is key to protect liberty and the rule of law Bolick, CATO Institute Writer, 07 (Clint, A Cheer for Judicial Activism, CATO Institute, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=8168, 6/30/09)

That’s key to solve global nuclear war Rhyne 58 (Charles, fmr president @ American Bar Association, "Law Day Speech for Voice of America," 5/1/1958,http://www.abanet.org/publiced/lawday/rhyne58.html)

Grapevine High School TX – Jacob Quinn - Amy Schade – Disabilities Disabilities Affirmative - Glenbrooks

Contention one Inherency

TANF restrictions affect the disabled Disability Policy Collaboration 6 (Disability collaboration report, 3-23- 06, “The deficit reduction act of 2005-P.L. 109-171,” p 12)

Reauthorization of the TANF program was included…their TANF benefits run out

Disabilities are socially constructed identities – our representation and discourse are key to create social change and challenge these negative connotations Siebers 8 (Tobin, professor of English at UofM, Disability Theory, pg 4-5)

Disability is not a physical or mental defect…and with disabled people

Disability and poverty are inter-related, can’t solve one without the other Atkins 4 (Dan, Legal Advocacy Director of the Disabilities Law Program at Community Legal Aid Society, “The confluence of poverty and disability,” 2003-4, pg1-2, http://www.housingforall.org/rop0304%20poverty%20and%20disability.pdf)

It is relatively simple to make…to more adequate housing

Addressing poverty will be ineffective until change also incorporates disability Emmett 6 (Tony, research specialist of the Child, Youth, Family and Social Development research, Disability and Social Change, “Disability, Poverty, Gender, and Race,” pg 207)

In the last decade…disabilities are taken into account

Contention Two is Advantages – First is Biopower

The experience of dis/ability is one of ableist discrimination which reinforces biopower and barelife: the excluded disabled are always in a “state of exception” where their lives are considered not worth living, this was the root of eugenics and genocide as it allowed eradication to become an everyday practice Overboe 7 (James, Professor of Sociology at Wilfrid Laurier University, “Disability and Genetics: Affirming the Barelife (the State of Exception)*, May 07, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go2771/is_2_44/ai_n29354408/?tag=content;coll, pg 1-2)

Provoked, I felt…providing the service

The Current construction of the disabled as other reinforces biopower and binaries – but resistence is possible by fostering a disability counterculture created by the plan and our shift of the performativity of

Harvard - 275- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -276- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard disabled identity Kuppers 3 (petra, Associate professor English at UofM, “Disability and contemporary performance: Bodies on edge”, google books, 2003,http://books.google.com/books? id=i_HNABeBNEsC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=biopower+and+the+disabled&source=bl&ots=5NwYs7VCcv &sig=bZvGVEB8YRQPqlQODezl8tuPpKs&hl=3n&ei=AiXhSqKL14P18QbpsYj6AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=l&ved=0CAoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=biopower%20and%20the %20disabled&f=false)

Disability as a social category…a society of normalization’

Our demand turns the tables of the biopolitical apparatus. Our discourse and plan are a strategy that reverses power relations Campbell, Professor of IR at U of Newcastle, 98 (David, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity)

Recognizing the possibility of rearticulating…have also issued claims on society

This medical model causes extermination and dehumanization – removing barriers to active participation and using a new paradigm of disabled identity is critical to reverse the current politics Russell 98 (Marta, Beyond Ramps: Disability at the End of the Social Contract, p 16-17)

Dangerously, when people interpret…we become too easily disposable

Biopower and processes of normalization are linked – biopower seeks to eliminate those deemed abnormal and justifies violence and extermination. Massacres and genocides become vital culminating in extinction. Hoffmann 7 (Kasper, International Development Studies at Roskilde University, May, “Militarized Bodies and Spirits of Resistance,”http://diggy.ruc.dk:8080/bitstream/1800/2766/4/z2.pdf, p27- 9)

In modern forms of government…other inassimilable elements

Advantage Two is Hospitality

Nondisabled people categorize people with disabilities as the other and push them to the margins of society. Only plan action can recognize the abuse of the stauts quo policies Wendell 96 (Susan, The Rejected Body, Professor of Women’s Studies at Simon Fraser Universty, p 64-6)

For people with disabilities…affected by one’s actions

Intervention in the name of the other isn’t reducible to some sort of moral calculus because our ethic is defined as the infinite responsibility of unconditional hospitality Critchley 4 (Simon, English philosopher now teaching at the New School for Social Research, “Political Theory,” April 2004, aes)

However, and this is the really…political invention, for creation.

The impact to calculation is the zero point of the holocaust in which extermination is justified. The alternative to this and unconditional ethic towards the other. Dillon 99 (Michael, “Political Theory” 27:2 April 1999, p165 aes)

Quite the reverse…distinguishes political life

A hierchy of grief exists that places persons with non-normative bodies at the bottom. Those at the bottom are unreal and they must be killed because they are unmournable and ungrievable. Butler 4 (Judith P, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, aes p 32-5)

A hierarchy of grief could no doubt…unmarkable and ungrievable.

Failure to recognize our vulnerability leads to a fantasy of mastery and control that fuels the instruments of war. Realization of a corporeal vulnerability is key to prevent some lives being rendered unworthy of mourning. Butler 4 (Judith P, Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, aes p 28-31)

Mourning, fear, anxiety, rage…or to no sustenance

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase social services provided by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Act for persons excluded by existing work requirements.

Contention Three is Solvency:

Work requirements specifically harm those with disabilities; this lack of support is what actually causes dependence – case studies prove National Council on Disability 03 (“TANF and Disability-Importance of Supports for Families with Disabilities in Welfare Reform,” http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/2003/familysupports.htm)

“DD is a 42 year-old woman…TANF families in Pennsylvania

Work requirements of TANF provisions in the Deficit Reduction act harm those with disabilities – states have tried to solve but can’t due to new regulation – without changes states will continue to fail, HHS uses its new authority to limit state power – the federal government is key. Parrot 07 (Sharon Parrot, writer for the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, mar 1 2007, “The New TANF Requirements and Individuals with Disabilities,” http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1189)

The TANF provisions of the Deficit…requirements and providing services

Specifically – our restructuring of welfare and the discourses of current practices can challenge social exclusion Haylett 3 (Chris, Political Geography, Volume 22, issue 7, September P 765-8

The central piece of ‘cultural…possibility of a civil society

Discussions of disability are critical to reshape policies and practices of government exclusion Davis 97 (Lennard, “Disability Studies Reader,” pg1-2)

Now the impetus to recognize…the body and bio-power?

Only a lack of consciousness reinforces hegemonic ideal – you should take on the view of the oppressed to destabalize the existing order Cook 90 (Anthony E, Associate Professor of Law and U of Florida, Harvard Law Review, March)

In conclusion, I believe…organization, and the street.

Our strategy is comparatively better than radical rejection: our modest demand on the state to act subverts dominant ideology from within. Zizek 98 (Slajov, Law and the Postmodern Mind, p. 92)

The dialectical tension between…unforeseen catastrophic consequences

No disads – The kill to save mentality, and the threatening quality we ascribe to other people stems from the failure to recognize our vulnerability in the face of difference. Racism and genocide are justified under their framework to destroy the threatening other. Burggrave 2k5 (Human Rights Review; 6:2)

According to Levinas, the core of racism…kernel of our conatus essendi (AS 60-61)

Grapevine High School TX – Tiffany Chieu - Parker Foster – Housing Housing Affirmative

Despite declining overall rates of povery, areas of concentrated poverty are growing, and living in poverty today is much worse than in recent decades. Carr and Kutty, professor at Columbia University and George Washington University; PhD in economics, with the Department of Policy Analysis and management at Cornell University, 2008(“Segregation” The Rising Costs for America”, Chapter 1, Page one)

“Living in poverty in America today reflects - impoverished African American and Latino enclaves.”

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) fails to meet its obligations to enforce fair housing laws allowing for decrimination to continue. Carr and Kutty, professor at Columbia University and George Washington University; PhD in economics, with the Department of Policy Analysis and management at Cornell University, 2008(“Segregation” The Rising Costs for America”, Chapter 1, Page one)

“Although some progress has - seek new neighborhoods of their choice.”

Plan – In order to substantially increase social services to persons living in poverty in the United States, the United States federal government should create an independent fair housing enforcements agency to replace the existing fair housing enforcement structure of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Funding and enforcement are guaranteed. We reserve the right to clarify our intent.

Advantages – Scenario one - Poverty Residents of areas of concentrated poverty are treated unfairly by being exposed to many social and economic issues that trap them there. Carr and Kutty, professor at Columbia University and George Washington University; PhD in economics, with the Department of Policy Analysis and management at Cornell University, 2008(“Segregation” The Rising Costs for America”, Chapter 1, Page one)

Residents of neighborhoods of concentrated – schools and recreational facilities.

Lack of mail fosters poverty. Girard and Trupin, lawyers, 2001. (David and Casey Trupin, lawyers, Qugust 31, 2001, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE CARL A. CURRIER, et al., v. WILLIAM J. HENDERSON, Postmaster General of the United states, et al.; No. ; PLAINTIFFS’ MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF THEIR MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUCTION; August 31, 2001; http://www.povertylaw.org/poverty-law-library/case/55300/55359d.rtf

The irreparable harm caused by - that mandate that mail be delivered as addressed.5

Denying homeless people PO boxes takes away their right to vote NCFTH ‘9 (National Coalition for the homeless, “A Legal and Practical Barriers to Voting for Homeless People” 2009http://www.nationalhomeless.org/projects/vote/legalissues.html)

While state and federal laws have eliminated - other requirements for that district or state.

Empowering the homeless through political voice solves poverty The Philadelphia Inquirer ‘7 (The Philadelphia Inquirer “Homeless, not voteless, in the city” March 13 2007 Lexis)

At any time, it is estimated – is happening," said the Rev. Miller.

Poverty is an ongoing thermonuclear war against the poor and is at the root of all other forms of violence. Gilligan, Prof @ Harvard, 96 (James Gilligan, Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Med and Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, 1996, Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes p. 191-196)

The deadliest form of violence is poverty. - to each other, as cause to effect.

Scenario Two – Racism The continuing of racial discrimination and lower quality of delivery of social services to people of color is a testament to the existence of racism in American society. Barndt, educator, trainer and organizer in the field of racial justice, 2007 (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p. 46-48)

If we measure results - our society's racism- wracked landscape.

Racism is embedded into the structure of our institutions and increases discrimination against people of color in daily life. Barndt, educator, trainer and organizer in the field of racial justice, 2007 (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p. 130-131)

Now, I know the picture I just painted - accepted concept and practice.

And, their counterplan can never solve racism without enacting transformational reform; simply trying to alter outcomes to be race neutral is only a transactional reform which maintains institutionalized racism. Only by establishing institutionalized anti-racist objectives can one invoke revolutionary transformation. Barndt, educator, trainer and organizer in the field of racial justice, 2007 (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p. 182-183)

When specialists in systems - manifestation of racism.

In a world of racism, all the negative's impacts are inevitable and increasingly likely. Only dismantling the walls of racism and replacing them with anti-racist institutions can humanity survive. Barndt, educator,

Harvard - 280- Lakeland District Debate 09’ -281- 莊文傑 (J.C.) Harvard trainer and organizer in the field of racial justice, 2007 (Joseph, Understanding & Dismantling Racism: the twenty-first century challenge to white America, p.219-220)

To study racism is to study walls - path to a racism-free society.

OBSERVATION THREE: SOLVENCY A national and independent fair housing enforcement agency is crucial to fair housing enforcement. Cisneros, Former Secretary, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, et all 2008[JACK KEMP, Former Secretary, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development; Founder and Chairman, Kemp Partners PAT VREDEVOOGD COMBS, 2007 President, National Association of REALTORS® OKIANER CHRISTIAN DARK, Associate Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor of Law, Howard University School of Law I. KING JORDAN, President Emeritus, Gallaudet University MYRON ORFIELD, Professor of Law, University of Minnesota School of Law; Executive Director, Institute on Race and Poverty at the University of Minnesota GORDON QUAN, Former Mayor Pro Tem and Chair of the Housing Committee, City of Houston, The Future of Fair Housing: Report of the National Commission on Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity]

In order to address the - housing enforcement at HUD.

Now is the key time for federal government action on housing policy to disperse and alleviate concentrated poverty. Alan Berube (Federal Reserve Board of Governors) 12/3/08, “Confronting Concentrated Poverty in Tough Economic Times”, Brookings Institute, http://www.brookings.edu/speeches/2008/1203_concentrated_poverty_berube.aspx

This is both an auspicious - promote regional and national prosperity.

Only comprehensive reform can solve. Piecemeal solutions will inevitably fail to resolve the complex interplay of problems associated with poverty. Carr and Kutty, professor at Columbia University and George Washington University; PhD in economics, with the Department of Policy Analysis and management at Cornell University, 2008, (“Segregation: The Rising Costs for American”, Chapter 1, Page one)

In communities of - mainstream financial services.

Executive level policies are needed to diminish the widespread problem of housing discrimination in the U.S. Charles M. Lamb University at Buffalo Department of Political Science The State University of New York and Eric M. Wilk University at Buffalo Department of Political Science The State University of New York, 2009 [Buffalo Legal Studies Research Papers Series Paper No. 2009-07 Presidents, Bureaucracy, and Housing Discrimination Policy: The Fair Housing Acts Of 1968 and 1988, Politics & Policy, Volume 37, No. 1 (2009), pp. 127-149]

Segregation and discrimination - by most observers.

Only the federal government can successfully challenge the politics of exclusion: only the plan can send a broad signal that persons without houses are not second class citizens. National Coalition for the Homeless 2004 (a national network of Homeless Rights advocates, composed of a 32 member board. “Illegal to be Homeless”http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/crimreport/introduction.html)

This report, "Illegal to Be Homeless - plagues individuals nationwide.

The affirmative renegotiates our relationship to persons excluded from citizenship. This is important to overcome the obstacles of an ownership society and escape the reduction of homelessness to bare life. Leonard C. Feldman, 2004 (Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon. BA at Yale University, PhD at the University of Washington with research interests in contemporary the politics and law of necessity, Giorgio Agamben, Hannah Arendt, the politics of homelessness and public space, and the role of the state in constituting identities. “Citizens Without Shelter” Cornell Press 2004, p. 147- 148)

Recognizing our common dwelling - isolation and exclusion of bare life.

Legal advocacy is vital to allowing homeless persons to participate in democratic processes. Jonathan L. Hafetz; March, 2003; J.D., Yale Law School, 1999; M. Phil., Oxford University, 1992; B.A., Amherst College, 1990. The Author was formerly a staff attorney at The Partnership for the Homeless in New York City; 2003 Fordham University School of Law Fordham Urban Law Journal; 30 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1215, Homeless Legal Advocacy: New Challenges And Directions For The Future, Lexis-Nexis.

Because federal welfare - organizations in the community.

Our strategy is comparatively better than radical rejection: our modest demand on the state to act subverts dominant ideology from within. Zizek 1998—Slavoj, professor at the University of Ljubljana, Law and the Postmodern Mind, p. 92

The dialectical tension - unforeseen catastrophic consequences)

Great Hearts Academy AZ – Mike Henry - Sean Mulloy – ?

Greenhill School TX – Arnav Kejriwal - Kush Patel – ESA ESA Affirmative - Greenhill RR

Plan - Read At St Marks: The United States federal government, using the Professional Judgement Method as its basis, should provide just compensation to property owners, using Section Five authority provided under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, affected by the listing of the Lost River , the shortnose sucker, and the coho salmon.

Round Robin Plan Text: The United States federal government should provide just compensation to property owners, using Section Five authority provided under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, affected by the listing of the Lost River , the shortnose sucker, and the coho salmon.

Most Recent Plan Text: The United States federal government should provide just compensation to property owners in Oregon affected by the listing of the Lost River sucker, the shortnose sucker, and the coho salmon.

Observation One – Inherency:

The Endangered Species Act allows the federal government to take land away from farmers and establish that land as protected habitat for endangered species – this land is unable to be developed, and is held by the government without any compensation to the farmer

Dr. Coffman 2k3 (Renowned scientist and ecologist Dr. Michael Coffman, Drawing on more than 20 years of experience studying, teaching and testifying before Congress on the science and politics of the environmental movement, received his BS in Forestry and MS in Biology at Northern Arizona University his Ph.D. in Forest Science at the University of Idaho at Moscow, “The Problems with the Endangered Species Act,” pg online @ http://www.klamathbucketbrigade.org/ProblemswiththeEndangeredSpeciesAct_Coffman092704.htm // ghs-ef)

These rather nebulous criteria ……the endangered species.

In 2001 farmers in the Klamath Basin lost their land when the federal government determined that two species were endangered – this economically decimated the farmers and created a precedent for future property right abuse

Dr. Coffman 2k3 (Renowned scientist and ecologist Dr. Michael Coffman, Drawing on more than 20 years of experience studying, teaching and testifying before Congress on the science and politics of the environmental movement, received his BS in Forestry and MS in Biology at Northern Arizona University at

Flagstaff, Arizona and his Ph.D. in Forest Science at the University of Idaho at Moscow, “The Problems with the Endangered Species Act,” pg online @http://www.klamathbucketbrigade.org/ProblemswiththeEndangeredSpeciesAct_Coffman092704.htm //g hs-ef)

In the spring of 2001 …… one dime of compensation. To add insult to injury, the farmers still had to pay their ‘water tax’, an operation and maintenance fee that pays for the irrigation system.

A settlement is currently under negotiations – but the federal government is implementing certain conditions that will gut overall environmental protection and sidestep the issue of compensating the farmers

California Lawyer 2k9 (Daily Magazine, “A River Runs Through It Old adversaries agree to remove dams in the Klamath River basin, hoping to save farms, fish, and tribal culture,” pg online @ http://www.callawyer.com/story.cfm?eid=901298&evid=1 //ghs-ef)

Despite the many benefits of a comprehensive ……tribal fisheries will be applied."

Observation Two: The Endangered Species Act

A) Credibility –

First, the ESA is suffering a crisis of credibility – and public confidence is declining – this will eliminate the ESA’s effectiveness

Doremus 2k4 (Holly, Professor of Law and Chancellor's Fellow, University of California, Davis. “The purposes, effects, and future of the Endangered Species Act's best available science mandate,” Environmental Law, March 22, 2004 pg nexis//ghs-ef) a. Why Science Is Not Enough ….using the courtroom. Of the 27 decisions since 1999, nine involved anti- regulatory plaintiffs.

The Klamath decision is key to restoring credibility – the plan enhances the decision-making process

Doremus 2k4 (Holly, Professor of Law and Chancellor's Fellow, University of California, Davis. “The purposes, effects, and future of the Endangered Species Act's best available science mandate,” Environmental Law, March 22, 2004 pg nexis//ghs-ef)

V. MAKING THE BEST OF THE BEST ….supply needed credibility.

ESA is a global model for CITES – it is necessary for international enforcement

Daniel ‘99 (Mrs. Daniel received her B.S. in Political Science with a minor in English from Old Dominion University, and her J.D. from the College of William and Mary School of Law, “United States v. Smithfield Foods, Inc.: Note: Evaluating U.S. Endangered Species Legislation -- The Endangered Species Act As An International Example: Can This Be Pulled Off? The Case Of The Rhinoceros And Tiger,” pg nexis//ghs-ef)

The United States has a great ability to affect ……recommendation for critics of CITES.

Now is the key time – the vitality of the ESA is increasing

Balistrieri 2k2 (Carlo A., sole practitioner in Wisconsin with a strong interest in wildlife law and has represented various entities in matters concerning trade in threatened and endangered species of plants and animals. He has appeared at international conferences advancing the interests of his clients and has written position papers and articles on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered SpeciesofWild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Endangered Species Act, Law, Policy and Perspectives, pg 485-499 //ghs-ef)

Despite the fact that ……biological heritage.

CITES fosters international cooperation and eliminates hostility – it solves US-Sino relations

Watters and Xi 2k2 (Visiting Professor, Fulbright Scholar, Institute of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, Professor of Law, Institute of Environmental Law, University of Wuhan, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, “The Protection of Wildlife and Endangered Species in China,” pg nexis//ghs-ef)

In considering China's …….objectives they have. n256

US – Sino cooperation prevents extinction - it solves every impact

Wenzhong, PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2-7-2K4 (Zhou, “Vigorously Pushing Forward the Constructive and Cooperative Relationship Between China and the United States,” http://china- japan21.org/eng/zxxx/t64286.htm)

China's development needs …….China-US relations.

And increased global cooperation solves all nuclear wars

Seita ‘97 (B.S., California Institute of Technology; M.B.A., Stanford; J.D., Stanford. Professor of Law, Albany Law School of Union University, “Globalization and the Convergence of Values,” Cornell International Law Journal, pg nexis//ghs-ef)

The perspective that ……the risk of nuclear war.

CITES is necessary to prevent extinction

Kazmar, Law @ UC-Davis, 2K (6 U.C. Davis J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 105)

Learning from the past, the …….the next millennium.

Observation Three – Property Rights:

A) The Constitution

The ESA is a clear infringement on property rights – which hampers our constitution

Dr. Coffman 2k3 (Renowned scientist and ecologist Dr. Michael Coffman, Drawing on more than 20 years of experience studying, teaching and testifying before Congress on the science and politics of the environmental movement, received his BS in Forestry and MS in Biology at Northern Arizona University at Flagstaff, Arizona and his Ph.D. in Forest Science at the University of Idaho at Moscow, “The Problems with the Endangered Species Act,” pg online @http://www.klamathbucketbrigade.org/ProblemswiththeEndangeredSpeciesAct_Coffman092704.htm //g hs-ef)

What has happened to bring ……privately owned acres. [4] The law, however, has an even more sinister side: each protected species has been listed without any consideration of the resulting social or economic impact on the people living and working in the habitat area. Moreover, most of these laws are based entirely on bad to nonexistent science.

This property issue has a large overall impact on the constitution debate – it implicates the entirety of governmental regulation

Oswald 2k (Lynda, Associate Professor of Business Law, University of Michigan Business School; Visiting Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School. This manuscript received the 1999 Holmes- Cardozo Award of Research Excellence from the American Business Law Journal, “Property Rights Legislation And The Police Power,” American Business Law Journal Spring, 2000 37 Am. Bus. L.J. 527 pg nexis//ghs-ef)

The property rights movement …..for the change." n8

The US constitution is modeled globally – simply the perception of an unfair Constitution creates a flawed model

Blaustein 2k3 (Albert P. Blaustein is professor of law at Rutgers School of Law. He is the author of a six- volume work on the Constitution entitled Constitution of Dependencies and Special Sovereignties. “Our Most Important Export - The U.S. Constitution is a model for thegovernments of other nations; Critical Essay,” pg nexis//ghs-ef)

All this leads to the question: …..freedom upon which it is based.n

This collapses South Korea – it destabilizes the peninsula

Diamond and Kim 2k (Larry, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, Byung-Kook, Byung-Kook Kim graduated from Harvard University with B.A. in Economics, and with Ph.D in political science, Consolidating democracy in South Korea, pg 35-6 //ghs-ef)

If the constitution …..threshold of consolidation.

That’s the biggest risk of nuclear war

Knight Ridder 3-10-2K (“Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”)

Few if any experts …..There are elements for potential disaster."

B) International Property

First, now is the critical time for private property rights – countries are looking to the US as a model

Jacobs 2k9 (Harvey, received his graduate degrees from Cornell University (Ph.D, 1984). He has won awards and recognition for his research and teaching from Cornell University (in 1980 and 1982), joint appointment as Professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning and the Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, “u.s. private property rights in international perspective,” Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, pg online @ http://urpl.wisc.edu/people/jacobs/jacobs%20publications/Jacobs%20-%202009%20-%20PPR%20in %20Intl%20Perspective%20-%20Linc%20bk.pdf //ghs-ef)

This is a period of ……and its political system (de Soto 2000; Thallam 2008).

Second, support for domestic agricultural property rights is a critical model internationally – especially in Africa

Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs 2k8 (U.S. State Department, April 30, 2008, “The United States of America National Report on Agriculture, Rural Development, Land, Drought, Desertification and Africa,” pg online @ http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rpts/104272.htm //ghs-ef)

Our agricultural programs ……$5.6 billion in 2006.

Now is key for African Agricultural protection – it’s critical to land and soil management, and Kenya’s economy

Norton-Griffiths 2k8 (Mike, is a long-term resident of Kenya, where he researches issues of land-use economics and the economic foundations of conservation and land use policy “Revitalizing African

Agriculture,” PERC Reports: Volume 26, No.3, September 2008 pg online @ http://www.perc.org/articles/article1082.php //ghs-ef)

The skyrocketing price …….security of their property rights.

Kenya is key to counter-terror efforts – collapse opens the space for failed states

The Washington Times 2k8 (“Kenya 'critical' to U.S. military; Instability hits anti-terror ally,” pg nexis//ghs- ef)

A destabilized Kenya ……various peacekeeping missions.

Terrorism causes escalation and full-scale nuclear retaliation

Speice, JD Candidate Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary, ’06 (Patrick, February, “Negligence And Nuclear Nonproliferation: Eliminating The Current Liability Barrier To Bilateral U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Assistance Programs” 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, William and Mary Law Review, lexis)

The potential consequences …..use of nuclear weapons. 53

State failure destabilizes the globe – results in disease spread, nuclear terrorism, and rogue nations – this guarantees nuclear war

The African Studies Centre et al 2K3 (The Transnational Institute, The Center of Social Studies, Coimbra University, and The Peace Research Center – CIP-FUHEM, “Failed and Collapsed States in the International System,” December, found at: http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/failed/2003/12failedcollapsedstates.pdf)

In the malign scenario …..could be faced with direct attacks on their national security.

The plan is key – environmental protection is the starting point for protecting property rights

Wood 1/1/09 (Mary Christina “Instilling a fiduciary obligation in governance; Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present andFuture Generations, part 2,” Environmental Law, pg nexis//ghs-ef)

A. The Ecological Context …..on private lands. (147)

Observation Two: Solvency

Only compensation can revive constitutional credibility – no other action can relieve the government of this duty

Muedeking 2k3 (Julia, “Taking the Heart of the Klamath Basin: Is It Free?,” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, pg nexis//ghs-ef)

"Where the government's ……their private property.

The plan is a model for future ESA decisions – it sends a national signal

Christian Science Monitor 01(“Drought and a Western” May 24, 01 Lexis), (greenhill-cp)

Seen from 1,000 feet in …..federal Endangered Species Act.

And, Compensating those hurt by ESA rulings solves property rights and protects endangered species – it forces the FWS to prioritize their agenda

The cost of implementing ……the intent of the U.S. Constitution!

Observation Three – Topic Education:

The federal government defines cash assistance as a direct social service – it is the core of the topic

Gais 2k9 (Thomas,*Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, The Journal of Federalism 2009 39(3):557-579, “Stretched Net: The Retrenchment of State and Local Social Welfare Spending Before the Recession,” 6/19/2k9, pg Wilson Select//ghs-ef)

These findings are based largely …..own revenue sources.

Social services include temporary cash assistance – they are part of a safety net

Allard 2k8 (Scott, Scott W. Allard is Associate Professor in the School of Social Service Administration at the University of Chicago, “Rethinking the safety net: Gaps and instability in help for the working poor,” pg online @ http://www.scottwallard.com/Allard%20Focus%202008.pdf //ghs-ef)

The “safety net,” …….financing annually.5

Only our evidence assumes the delivery mechanism – most social services are selective cash transfers

Segal 2k10 (Elizabeth A. Segal is the Associate Dean of Arizona State University's College of Public Programs and is a Professor in the ASU School of Social Work. Additionally she serves on the CSWE Commission on Leadership Development. Along with this text, Elizabeth Segal has multiple publications, including a social policy textbook and numerous journal articles, and is co-editor of the Journal Of Poverty. Her areas of research and interest include inequality, social justice and low-income women, children and families, “Social Welfare Policy and Social Programs: A Values Perspective, 2nd Edition,” pg online @ http://www.wadsworthmedia.com/marketing/sample_chapters/0534644937_ch01.pdf //ghs-ef)

Blending Social Welfare Policy……..which is a residual approach.

Their Title Twenty Interpretation is arbitrary – even if there is a prohibition against the funds, they can still be used for cash transfers

Senate Committee Report 35 ‘96

(Committee Report 35, “Part 1 - DEVELOPMENTS IN AGING: 1996 VOLUME 1,” pg online @ http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/35? &sid=cp1050AFa6&l_f=1&l_file=list/cp105cs.lst&hd_count=50&l_t=417&refer=&r_n=sr036v1.105&db_id= 105&item=35&sel=TOC_890179& //ghs-ef)

(A) SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK GRANT Social services programs are ……and program planning.

Greenhill School TX – Lyall Stuart - Christian Patterson – ESA ESA Affirmative - St Marks

Plan: The United States federal government, using the Professional Judgement Method as its basis, should provide just compensation to property owners, using Section Five authority provided under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, affected by the listing of the Lost River , the shortnose sucker, and the coho salmon.

Observation One – Inherency:

The Endangered Species Act allows the federal government to take land away from farmers and establish that land as protected habitat for endangered species – this land is unable to be developed, and is held by the government without any compensation to the farmer

Dr. Coffman 2k3 (Renowned scientist and ecologist Dr. Michael Coffman, Drawing on more than 20 years of experience studying, teaching and testifying before Congress on the science and politics of the environmental movement, received his BS in Forestry and MS in Biology at Northern Arizona University his Ph.D. in Forest Science at the University of Idaho at Moscow, “The Problems with the Endangered Species Act,” pg online @ http://www.klamathbucketbrigade.org/ProblemswiththeEndangeredSpeciesAct_Coffman092704.htm // ghs-ef)

These rather nebulous criteria ……the endangered species.

In 2001 farmers in the Klamath Basin lost their land when the federal government determined that two species were endangered – this economically decimated the farmers and created a precedent for future property right abuse

In the spring of 2001 …… one dime of compensation. To add insult to injury, the farmers still had to pay their ‘water tax’, an operation and maintenance fee that pays for the irrigation system.

A settlement is currently under negotiations – but the federal government is implementing certain conditions that will gut overall environmental protection and sidestep the issue of compensating the farmers

California Lawyer 2k9 (Daily Magazine, “A River Runs Through It Old adversaries agree to remove dams in the Klamath River basin, hoping to save farms, fish, and tribal culture,” pg online @ http://www.callawyer.com/story.cfm?eid=901298&evid=1 //ghs-ef)

Despite the many benefits of a comprehensive ……tribal fisheries will be applied."

Observation Two: The Endangered Species Act

A) Credibility –

First, the ESA is suffering a crisis of credibility – and public confidence is declining – this will eliminate the ESA’s effectiveness

Doremus 2k4 (Holly, Professor of Law and Chancellor's Fellow, University of California, Davis. “The purposes, effects, and future of the Endangered Species Act's best available science mandate,” Environmental Law, March 22, 2004 pg nexis//ghs-ef) a. Why Science Is Not Enough ….using the courtroom. Of the 27 decisions since 1999, nine involved anti- regulatory plaintiffs.

The Klamath decision is key to restoring credibility – the plan enhances the decision-making process

Doremus 2k4 (Holly, Professor of Law and Chancellor's Fellow, University of California, Davis. “The purposes, effects, and future of the Endangered Species Act's best available science mandate,” Environmental Law, March 22, 2004 pg nexis//ghs-ef)

V. MAKING THE BEST OF THE BEST ….supply needed credibility.

ESA is a global model for CITES – it is necessary for international enforcement

Daniel ‘99 (Mrs. Daniel received her B.S. in Political Science with a minor in English from Old Dominion University, and her J.D. from the College of William and Mary School of Law, “United States v. Smithfield Foods, Inc.: Note: Evaluating U.S. Endangered Species Legislation -- The Endangered Species Act As An International Example: Can This Be Pulled Off? The Case Of The Rhinoceros And Tiger,” pg nexis//ghs-ef)

The United States has a great ability to affect ……recommendation for critics of CITES.

Now is the key time – the vitality of the ESA is increasing

Balistrieri 2k2 (Carlo A., sole practitioner in Wisconsin with a strong interest in wildlife law and has represented various entities in matters concerning trade in threatened and endangered species of plants and animals. He has appeared at international conferences advancing the interests of his clients and has written position papers and articles on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered SpeciesofWild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Endangered Species Act, Law, Policy and Perspectives, pg 485-499 //ghs-ef)

Despite the fact that ……biological heritage.

CITES fosters international cooperation and eliminates hostility – it solves US-Sino relations

Watters and Xi 2k2 (Visiting Professor, Fulbright Scholar, Institute of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, Professor of Law, Institute of Environmental Law, University of Wuhan, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, “The Protection of Wildlife and Endangered Species in China,” pg nexis//ghs-ef)

In considering China's …….objectives they have. n256

US – Sino cooperation prevents extinction - it solves every impact

Wenzhong, PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2-7-2K4 (Zhou, “Vigorously Pushing Forward the Constructive and Cooperative Relationship Between China and the United States,” http://china- japan21.org/eng/zxxx/t64286.htm)

China's development needs …….China-US relations.

And increased global cooperation solves all nuclear wars

Seita ‘97 (B.S., California Institute of Technology; M.B.A., Stanford; J.D., Stanford. Professor of Law, Albany Law School of Union University, “Globalization and the Convergence of Values,” Cornell International Law Journal, pg nexis//ghs-ef)

The perspective that ……the risk of nuclear war.

CITES is necessary to prevent extinction

Kazmar, Law @ UC-Davis, 2K (6 U.C. Davis J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 105)

Learning from the past, the …….the next millennium.

Observation Three – Property Rights:

A) International Property

First, now is the critical time for private property rights – countries are looking to the US as a model

Jacobs 2k9 (Harvey, received his graduate degrees from Cornell University (Ph.D, 1984). He has won awards and recognition for his research and teaching from Cornell University (in 1980 and 1982), joint appointment as Professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning and the Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, “u.s. private property rights in international perspective,” Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, pg online @ http://urpl.wisc.edu/people/jacobs/jacobs%20publications/Jacobs%20-%202009%20-%20PPR%20in %20Intl%20Perspective%20-%20Linc%20bk.pdf //ghs-ef)

This is a period of ……and its political system (de Soto 2000; Thallam 2008).

Second, support for domestic agricultural property rights is a critical model internationally – especially in Africa

Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs 2k8 (U.S. State Department, April 30, 2008, “The United States of America National Report on Agriculture, Rural Development, Land, Drought, Desertification and Africa,” pg online @ http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rpts/104272.htm //ghs-ef)

Our agricultural programs ……$5.6 billion in 2006.

Now is key for African Agricultural protection – it’s critical to land and soil management, and Kenya’s economy

Norton-Griffiths 2k8 (Mike, is a long-term resident of Kenya, where he researches issues of land-use economics and the economic foundations of conservation and land use policy “Revitalizing African Agriculture,” PERC Reports: Volume 26, No.3, September 2008 pg online @ http://www.perc.org/articles/article1082.php //ghs-ef)

The skyrocketing price …….security of their property rights.

Kenya is key to counter-terror efforts – collapse opens the space for failed states

The Washington Times 2k8 (“Kenya 'critical' to U.S. military; Instability hits anti-terror ally,” pg nexis//ghs- ef)

A destabilized Kenya ……various peacekeeping missions.

Terrorism causes escalation and full-scale nuclear retaliation

Speice, JD Candidate Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary, ’06 (Patrick, February, “Negligence And Nuclear Nonproliferation: Eliminating The Current Liability Barrier To Bilateral

U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Assistance Programs” 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, William and Mary Law Review, lexis)

The potential consequences …..use of nuclear weapons. 53

State failure destabilizes the globe – results in disease spread, nuclear terrorism, and rogue nations – this guarantees nuclear war

The African Studies Centre et al 2K3 (The Transnational Institute, The Center of Social Studies, Coimbra University, and The Peace Research Center – CIP-FUHEM, “Failed and Collapsed States in the International System,” December, found at: http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/failed/2003/12failedcollapsedstates.pdf)

In the malign scenario …..could be faced with direct attacks on their national security.

The plan is key – environmental protection is the starting point for protecting property rights

Wood 1/1/09 (Mary Christina “Instilling a fiduciary obligation in governance; Advancing the Sovereign Trust of Government to Safeguard the Environment for Present andFuture Generations, part 2,” Environmental Law, pg nexis//ghs-ef)

A. The Ecological Context …..on private lands. (147)

Observation Two: Solvency

Only compensation can revive constitutional credibility – no other action can relieve the government of this duty

Muedeking 2k3 (Julia, “Taking the Heart of the Klamath Basin: Is It Free?,” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, pg nexis//ghs-ef)

"Where the government's ……their private property.

The plan is a model for future ESA decisions – it sends a national signal

Christian Science Monitor 01(“Drought and a Western” May 24, 01 Lexis), (greenhill-cp)

Seen from 1,000 feet in …..federal Endangered Species Act.

And, Compensating those hurt by ESA rulings solves property rights and protects endangered species – it forces the FWS to prioritize their agenda

Dr. Coffman 2k3 (Renowned scientist and ecologist Dr. Michael Coffman, Drawing on more than 20 years of experience studying, teaching and testifying before Congress on the science and politics of the environmental movement, received his BS in Forestry and MS in Biology at Northern Arizona University at

Flagstaff, Arizona and his Ph.D. in Forest Science at the University of Idaho at Moscow, “The Problems with the Endangered Species Act,” pg online @http://www.klamathbucketbrigade.org/ProblemswiththeEndangeredSpeciesAct_Coffman092704.htm //g hs-ef)

The cost of implementing ……the intent of the U.S. Constitution!

Observation Three – Topic Education:

The federal government defines cash assistance as a direct social service – it is the core of the topic

Gais 2k9 (Thomas,*Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, The Journal of Federalism 2009 39(3):557-579, “Stretched Net: The Retrenchment of State and Local Social Welfare Spending Before the Recession,” 6/19/2k9, pg Wilson Select//ghs-ef)

These findings are based largely …..own revenue sources.

Social services include temporary cash assistance – they are part of a safety net

Allard 2k8 (Scott, Scott W. Allard is Associate Professor in the School of Social Service Administration at the University of Chicago, “Rethinking the safety net: Gaps and instability in help for the working poor,” pg online @ http://www.scottwallard.com/Allard%20Focus%202008.pdf //ghs-ef)

The “safety net,” …….financing annually.5

Only our evidence assumes the delivery mechanism – most social services are selective cash transfers

Segal 2k10 (Elizabeth A. Segal is the Associate Dean of Arizona State University's College of Public Programs and is a Professor in the ASU School of Social Work. Additionally she serves on the CSWE Commission on Leadership Development. Along with this text, Elizabeth Segal has multiple publications, including a social policy textbook and numerous journal articles, and is co-editor of the Journal Of Poverty. Her areas of research and interest include inequality, social justice and low-income women, children and families, “Social Welfare Policy and Social Programs: A Values Perspective, 2nd Edition,” pg online @ http://www.wadsworthmedia.com/marketing/sample_chapters/0534644937_ch01.pdf //ghs-ef)

Blending Social Welfare Policy……..which is a residual approach.

Their Title Twenty Interpretation is arbitrary – even if there is a prohibition against the funds, they can still be used for cash transfers

Senate Committee Report 35 ‘96

(Committee Report 35, “Part 1 - DEVELOPMENTS IN AGING: 1996 VOLUME 1,” pg online @ http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/35?

&sid=cp1050AFa6&l_f=1&l_file=list/cp105cs.lst&hd_count=50&l_t=417&refer=&r_n=sr036v1.105&db_id= 105&item=35&sel=TOC_890179& //ghs-ef)

(A) SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK GRANT Social services programs are ……and program planning.

Greenhill School TX – Alison Glazer - Myra Noshahi – ?

Greenhill School TX – Sankalp Banerjee - Azhar Unwala – ?

Greenhill School TX – Avantika Banerjee - Akshay Bhushan – ESA Same as Above

Howard High School MD – Alix Arungah - Abhik Pramanik – PRWORA Work Welfare Affirmative - Bronx

There are NO MAJOR CHANGES in TANF benefit levels or SERVICES and the NEW budget plans to create a “WORK ADVANTAGE” program using Federal Stimulus Funds. How services will be funded in the future when reserves run dry is UNCERTAIN.

DC Fiscal Policy Institute, '09 (Affiliate of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “What’s in the FY 2010 Budget for TANF,” May 15, http://dcfpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/2010tanftoolkit1.pdf)

PLAN:The United States Federal Government will substantially increase social services for persons living in poverty in the United States by lifting the work requirements, family caps and time limits initiated under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. Funding and Enforcement through normal means and affirmative speeches will clarify intent.

OBSERVATION TWO: RACISM

Racism is an evil weed sown in the garden of humanity, its seeds sown in its earliest days sending fresh shoots each season so that once again little has changed

BARDNT, '91 (Joseph-ordained minister;Director of a non profit organization called CrossRoads, “Dismantling Racism: The Continuing Challenge to White America; p. 11-12)

WE WILL ISOLATE TWO INDEPENDENT RACIAL NARRATIVES

FIRST: INSTITUTIONAL RACISM EMBEDDED WITHIN WELFARE REFORM

Racism can be expressed with a violent Fist or a Velvet glove. Contemporary Racism has slipped on the velvet glove, invoking a devastating power of illusion by focusing merely on individual bigotry leaving untouched society’s racist systems and institutions.

The history of United States welfare policy is SHROUDED in race and yet the federal government’s involvement has NEVER gone far enough to ensure welfare policy would account for racial disparities nor ERASE the influence of race in the implementation of welfare by the states.

SCHRAM,'08 (Sanford F.-;Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research @ Bryn Mawr College Racial Disparities in Welfare Policy: A New Racism? http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/6/2/6/2/pages62620/p62620-1.php, Welfare and Race in Historical Perspective)

Welfare reform is a RACE-NEUTRAL policy that REINFORCES racial disadvantage by giving states enough discretion to impose MORE restrictions on non-whites, remaining SILENT on how national policy poses DISTINCTIVE RISKS for many non-whites. Data shows how welfare reform is THOROUGHLY bound-up in processes that perpetuate racial inequity

SCHRAM,'08 (Sanford F.-;Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research @ Bryn Mawr College Racial Disparities in Welfare Policy: A New Racism? http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/6/2/6/2/pages62620/p62620-1.php, Welfare and Race in Historical Perspective)

The Failure To Act In The Face Of Institutional Racism Is A Death Sentence To People Of Color And A Disregard For The Systematic And Targeted Extermination Of Black People Perpetuated By White Racism

MUNFORD, '96 (Clarence J.-; Prof of Black Studies and History @ University of Guelph (Ontario)“RACE AND REPARATIONS: A Black Perspective for the 21st Century”; p. 416-17)

Racism is a systemic harm that is embedded in the Status Quo, descriptive of what is occurring NOW, their Disadvantages are RISKS, probable impacts that MAY or MAY NOT happen, in the search for the Best Policy option systemic harms should be evaluated first.

MOHAN, '93 (Brij Mohan, Professor at LSU, ECLIPSE OF FREEDOM 1993, p. 3-4. (DRGCL/B1049))

The ONLY ACCEPTABLE Policy Option is the REJECTION of RACISM

MEMMI, '00 (Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris 2000 Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165)

Nuclear weapons could NOT be possible without racism, the nuclear cycle is WROUGHT with racist practice, Racism underscores EVERY aspect of US nuclear weapons policy and has been at the CORE of the nuclear endeavor since its VERY beginning.

ROBINSON, '05 (David-; Executive Director Pax Christi USA, 2k5,“The Racism at the Core of US Nuclear Weapons Policy; COMMONDREAMS.org; May 15;http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0515-22.htm)

Nuclear Weapons are the ULTIMATE guarantor of INSTITUTIONAL RACISM around the globe as almost ALL the nations that have nuclear weapons are white, they are for the most part WHITE

PEOPLE’S WEAPONS. The role of people of color in the history of nuclear weapons has been one of EXPLOITATION, people of color NEVER sharing the power that comes from owning NUCLEAR WEAPONS which intersect with RACE economically as well, with money spent on nuclear arms buildups trading off with real SECURITY for low income communities which are disproportionately people of color.

OAK RIDGE ENVIRONMENTAL PEACE ALLIANCE, '09 (OREPA-; Stop the Racism Imperialist Weapons? Building a world of peace requires making the connections.; member of COMMUNITY SHARES; site content copyright 2006-2009; http://www.stopthebombs.org/racism.php)

Overcoming RACISM is ESSENTIAL in mounting Anti - Nuclear Strategy

KOVEL, '83 (Joel, Albert Einstein College of Medicine -author, trained physician, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst; Against the State of Nuclear Terror; South End Press, Boston p.118-121)

A stance against the institutional walls of racism is the only mechanism for survival

SECOND: WELFARE REFORM UNIQUELY HARMS POOR BLACK WOMYN

Welfare has become RACIALIZED with the image of the “welfare queen” ROUTINELY displayed as a Black womyn, BURDENS to society that take the public’s money and giving nothing back. These STEREOTYPICAL images have been REINFORCED through the time limits and work requirements under Welfare Reform

WILLIG, '05 (UC - Davis Law Professor,California Law Review, December, Lexis)

These UNCHECKED stereotypical images of Black Womyn are inherently dangerous and threatens a politics of EUGENICS. We are just a SHORT STEP away from a combination of RACIST and SEXIST rhetoric on INVOLUNTARY STERILIZATION

HORSBURGH, '96 (Bev-, Associate Professor of Law @ ST Thomas University“SCHRODINGER'S CAT, EUGENICS, AND THE COMPULSORY STERILIZATION OF WELFARE MOTHERS: DECONSTRUCTING AN OLD/NEW RHETORIC AND CONSTRUCTING THE REPRODUCTIVE RIGHT TO NATALITY FOR LOW-INCOME WOMEN OF COLOR,” 17 Cardozo L. Rev. 531, January, Lexis)

Sterilization was the first step in the Nazi genocide machine, making the more drastic efforts of the holocaust possible

National Reference Center for Bioethics Research, '06 (http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/publications/scopenotes/sn28.htm)

Eugenic thinking will form the basis for the American Final Solution- it is designed to eradicate all non-elites

Watson and Jones, '06 (http://www.prisonplanet.com/articles/april2006/060406fbivisit.htm)

MUST REJECT ANY FORM OF STATE SPONSORED EUGENICS

Harvard Law Review, '08 (REGULATING EUGENICS, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 1578, April, Lexis)

Howard High School MD – Alix Arungah - Abhik Pramanik – Abortion

Abortion Affirmative - Wake