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HAX-1 Regulates Cyclophilin-D Levels and Mitochondria Permeability

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HAX-1 Regulates Cyclophilin-D Levels and Mitochondria Permeability HAX-1 regulates cyclophilin-D levels and mitochondria PNAS PLUS permeability transition pore in the heart Chi Keung Lam1, Wen Zhao1, Guan-Sheng Liu, Wen-Feng Cai, George Gardner, George Adly, and Evangelia G. Kranias2 Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575 Edited by Andrew R. Marks, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, and approved October 21, 2015 (received for review May 5, 2015) The major underpinning of massive cell death associated with since its discovery in 1997 (7), its presence in cardiomyocytes was myocardial infarction involves opening of the mitochondrial only recently identified. Interestingly, cardiac HAX-1 localizes permeability transition pore (mPTP), resulting in disruption of not only to mitochondria but also the endo/sarcoplasmic re- mitochondria membrane integrity and programmed necrosis. ticulum (ER/SR) and it binds to phospholamban, increasing Studies in human lymphocytes suggested that the hemato- inhibition of the SR calcium transport ATPase and reducing poietic-substrate-1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) is linked to SR calcium cycling. As cardiomyocyte contraction-relaxation is regulation of mitochondrial membrane function, but its role in coupled to calcium oscillation, HAX-1 is an important regulator of controlling mPTP activity remains obscure. Herein we used models cardiomyocyte contractility (12, 13). HAX-1 can also modulate ER with altered HAX-1 expression levels in the heart and uncovered stress responses by inhibiting the inositol requiring enzyme-1 (IRE- an unexpected role of HAX-1 in regulation of mPTP and cardio- 1) signaling arm, which diminishes cell death through reduction of myocyte survival. Cardiac-specific HAX-1 overexpression was asso- proapoptotic transcription factor expression and caspase activation ciated with resistance against loss of mitochondrial membrane in an ischemic insult, leading to improved contractile recovery potential, induced by oxidative stress, whereas HAX-1 heterozygous during reperfusion (14). However, HAX-1 also localizes to mito- deficiency exacerbated vulnerability. The protective effects of HAX-1 chondria in the heart (13), but its role in this organelle is unknown. were attributed to specific down-regulation of cyclophilin-D levels Importantly, human mutations in HAX-1 have been linked to mi- leading to reduction in mPTP activation. Accordingly, cyclophilin-D tochondrial function. These mutations, resulting in loss of protein or CELL BIOLOGY and mPTP were increased in heterozygous hearts, but genetic ablation of cyclophilin-D in these hearts significantly alleviated their activity, were discovered in a subgroup of severe neutropenia pa- susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mechanistically, alter- tients (8, 15, 16) and they were associated with loss of mitochondrial ations in cyclophilin-D levels by HAX-1 were contributed by the membrane potential in the neutrophils of the human carriers (16). ubiquitin-proteosomal degradation pathway. HAX-1 overexpression Thus, HAX-1 deficiency may cause a defect in the mitochondrial enhanced cyclophilin-D ubiquitination, whereas proteosomal in- membrane. hibition restored cyclophilin-D levels. The regulatory effects of One of the mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial mem- HAX-1 were mediated through interference of cyclophilin-D binding brane integrity is the mitochondria permeability transition pore to heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) in mitochondria, rendering it (mPTP), a large conductance channel that spans through the susceptible to degradation. Accordingly, enhanced Hsp90 expres- outer and inner membranes of mitochondria and becomes acti- sion in HAX-1 overexpressing cardiomyocytes increased cyclophilin-D vated upon oxidative stress, mitochondrial calcium overload, or levels, as well as mPTP activation upon oxidative stress. Taken alkaline intracellular environment. The opening of this pore together, our findings reveal the role of HAX-1 in regulating during an ischemia/reperfusion insult underlies the etiology of cyclophilin-D levels via an Hsp90-dependent mechanism, resulting in protection against activation of mPTP and subsequent cell death Significance responses. The massive cell death, associated with a heart attack, is mainly HAX-1 | necrosis | mitochondrial permeability transition | cyclophilin-D | due to disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity upon heat shock protein-90 activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Thus, it is important to understand how this pore is regulated he dynamics of contraction and relaxation in the heart are to prevent cardiac cell death. In this study, we reported that Thighly regulated by a finely tuned cross-talk between demand hematopoietic-substrate-1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) is an by the periphery and energy production by the mitochondria. inhibitor of the pore and promotes cell survival. HAX-1 works The heart relies on mitochondria for fueling ATP on a beat-to- through recruitment of a chaperone protein called Hsp90 from beat basis and for adjusting mitochondrial metabolism to meet cyclophilin-D, a major component of the pore. Displacement of the increases in cardiac output during exercise and flight-or-fight Hsp90 from cyclophilin-D promotes cyclophilin-D degradation, responses (1, 2). Mitochondria are also essential in controlling resulting in inhibition of pore opening and cell death. Given that cell death through apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy (3, 4). Indeed, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore disruption of mitochondrial integrity underlies cardiomyocyte death contributes to various diseases, our findings have broader associated with myocardial infarction (5) that attributes to one of applications reaching beyond the heart. every six deaths in the United States (6). The mitochondrial hematopoietic-substrate-1 associated pro- Author contributions: C.K.L., W.Z., and E.G.K. designed research; C.K.L., W.Z., G.-S.L., tein X-1 (HAX-1), a 35-kDa protein has recently emerged as a W.-F.C., G.G., and G.A. performed research; C.K.L., W.Z., and G.-S.L. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; C.K.L., W.Z., and G.-S.L. analyzed data; and C.K.L. and E.G.K. critical regulator of cell survival in various tissues (7–9). Indeed, wrote the paper. global ablation of HAX-1 was shown to result in death by 14 wk The authors declare no conflict of interest. of age due to neuronal degeneration from excessive cell death This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. (10). In addition, a recent study demonstrated that degradation 1C.K.L. and W.Z. contributed equally to this work. of HAX-1 triggers cell death in human B-cell lymphoma, further 2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. supporting the pivotal role of HAX-1 in dictating cell survival This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. (11). Although HAX-1 has been studied in various cell types 1073/pnas.1508760112/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1508760112 PNAS Early Edition | 1of10 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 cardiac injury (5), because it allows solutes and ions that should its ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation, which, in turn, be excluded from mitochondria to infuse into their matrix. Con- protected mitochondria from oxidative stress and calcium overload. comitantly, influx of water results in swelling of the originally These beneficial effects of HAX-1 were mediated through Hsp90, compacted cristae structure, leading to complete mitochondria which appeared to stabilize Cyp-D protein in cardiomyocytes. membrane failure and subsequent activation of massive necrotic Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which cell death and fibrosis (5, 17). This injury is irreversible, posing the HAX-1/Hsp90 complex may inhibit activation of the mPTP greater damage to organs that possess limited regenerative via regulation of Cyp-D levels, and promote cardiomyocyte sur- capacity, such as the heart (5). Although the mitochondrial vival upon oxidative stress and calcium overload in ischemia/ permeability transition pore was first described in 1976 (18), the reperfusion injury. full identity of its protein components remains obscure. Several constituents have been proposed (17), but only cyclophilin-D Results (Cyp-D), a peptidyl-prolylcis-trans isomerase (PPI) in the mito- HAX-1 Preserves Mitochondria Membrane Integrity and Inhibits Cell chondrial matrix, has been a genetically proven regulator of Death. The integrity of the mitochondrial membrane is crucial in mPTP (19). Ablation of this protein by gene targeting or phar- maintaining cardiomyocyte function and survival. Increases in macological inhibition by cyclosporine A can effectively prevent the generation of reactive oxygen species or mitochondrial cal- the opening of the pore and inhibit the activation of cell death cium overload during cardiac stress, such as ischemia/reperfusion during ischemia/reperfusion injury (17, 19), demonstrating the injury, can disrupt mitochondrial membrane integrity, dissipate crucial role of Cyp-D function in cell survival. Furthermore, Cyp-D membrane potential for ATP production, and cause massive activity in cancer cells can be regulated by a mitochondrial chap- cell death (5). HAX-1 has recently emerged as a regulator of erone network that involves the cytosolic heat shock protein-90 cardioprotection, and we have shown that it localizes to mito- (Hsp90)
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