Abstracts

Saturday 2nd May Morning sessions (9am - 1pm)

Figurines in Action Stephen Levinson and his team of cross-cultural researchers, John M. Matsunaga (University of California: and the photographic work of Gary Schneider. The result aims to open up alternative ways of understanding Berkeley) & Peter Biehl (SUNY Buffalo) representations of the human body such as those that were

in common circulation during the European Neolithic. Current figurine studies have attempted to understand the effects that figurines had on the perceptions, lived 9:40:-10:00am experiences, and daily practices of the people in the past Representing the Body: The Human Figure in the 7th-5th that created and interacted with them. Traditional Millennium BC interpretations of figurines as mother-goddesses, fertility Peter Biehl (SUNY Buffalo) symbols, or as mere reflections of social and political organization have been replaced by interpretations of This paper discusses how studying visual representations of figurines as active forms of material culture that played an the human body (from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic in important role in shaping people’s identities and social Southeastern Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and the relationships. Key questions in this line of research include: Near East) can aid us in understanding identity and What effects did figurines have on people in the past? personhood in the past. The paper looks at What do figurines do and how do they do it? That is, how anthropomorphism and miniaturization as well as at do they work? embodiment and entanglement. It will also scrutinize corporeal as well as ideational and symbolic attributes of the This session seeks to address these questions and contribute visual body in order to better understand the development to contemporary figurine studies by exploring the diversity of the human figure and to analyze its short-term and long- of approaches to figurines that have developed in light of term changes both on a spatial micro- and macro-scale. the recent trends in archaeological method and theory. In particular, special emphasis will be given to the study of 10:00-10:20am materiality, especially in regards to aesthetics, semiotics, Creating Bodies through Symbolic Commitment and agency, embodiment, identity, personhood, and the Compromise: a Cucuteni-Tripolye Case Study biography of objects. It is desired that participants would Raymond Whitlow (SUNY Buffalo) not only explore at least one of these theoretical issues through a detailed case study, but also provide clear The idea of a human body does not correspond to the total statements of the methods used to address them. physical dimensions and qualities of the physical human body. Although people draw inspiration from a deep 9:00-9:20am understanding of their own bodies, these representations Figurines in Action: An Introduction possess communica-tive power only insofar as they are John M. Matsunaga (University of California: Berkeley) and recognized by others. Figurines were a powerful tool for Peter Biehl (SUNY Buffalo) identity negotiation in the southeastern European Chalcolithic, but only if individuals 'bought-in' by 9:20-9:40am negotiating a particular shared syntax of symbols for Thinking about Differential Body Part Emphasis on representing the body. Thus, communication through Prehistoric Figurines representation of the body necessitates a commitment to Douglass Bailey (San Francisco State University) consistent symbolism rather than a variety of expression. Once embodied in material, the representation outlives the The attention of figurine analysts and voyeurs has long compromise between individual and shared concepts focused on the different emphases that figurine makers present at the moment of its creation. In this way a single placed of particular parts of figurine bodies: in some representation of the body gains increasing agency as a traditions, special treatment is directed to the breasts and conceptual marker for further buy-ins and rhetorical plays. buttocks; in others it is to the head and face. This paper Utilizing Chalcolithic figurines from Cucuteni-Tripolye addresses differential body part representation from two sites, I argue the agentive power of representations is most unrelated perspectives: the linguistic anthropology of manifest in these necessary symbolic commitments. 1 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK deepen, as well as intensify general material culture research. 11:00-11:20am Neolithic Materiality: The Technology and Daily Practice Quite literally, this paper explores theoretical and of Vinča Culture Anthropomorphic Figurine Production methodological implications of figurines and fragmentation, John M. Matsunaga (University of California: Berkeley) as the two areas of inquiry that go hand in hand and perform considerable influence on understanding and Recent developments in the study of figurines have production of the Balkan prehistoric archaeology. The pair challenged traditional approaches which view figurines as is also interesting because it is formulated by researchers passive and static visual representations. Figurines are now who are originally from the outside of the geographical area considered by many to be active and dynamic forms of – but have worked in the locale for a long time, and have material culture, which has enhanced our understanding of built on the local publications and assemblages – thereby the roles they played in past societies. While challenges to opening up the Neolithic Southeast Europe to the traditional approaches have broadened our current Anglophone (and general) public, albeit through specific perspectives towards figurines, a continued focus on visual lenses. representation has inhibited the exploration of additional ways in which figurines can be analyzed and understood. 11:40-12:00pm Of Sickle and Axe Men: Burials and Figurines in the Late In this paper, I draw on recent advances in figurine studies, Neolithic Carpathian Basin materials science, the anthropology of technology, and Dusan Borić, University of Cambridge theories of materiality, in an attempt to shift attention away from figurines as purely visual media and consider the The paper starts from an empirical case-study with evident social significance of their technology, production, and the homologies between the iconic form of representation found nature of the materials that are used in their creation. in burials and a particular figurine iconography of the Late Through an analysis of Vinča Culture clay figurines from Neolithic Carpathian Basin around 4700-4600 cal. BC. In the the Neolithic tell site of Vinča-Belo Brdo, I explore the only presently known intramural cemetery of the late Vinča varied social effects that figurine production and culture at the site of Gomolava, one finds exclusively male technological practice had on the people that created and burials of both adults and children, all placed in flexed consumed them. I argue that figurines are best understood positions on their left sides. By rule, adult burials were as material agents whose efficacy and social significance accompanied by ceramic vessels, stone axes and flint sickle arises not only through cultural practices associated with inserts. The taphonomy of axes’ and flint sickle inserts’ their consumption as finished forms, but also through the positions in relation to the body indicates that these items practices involved in all stages of their production. were always placed over the right shoulder of the deceased. Furthermore, I emphasize that the nature of the materials On the other hand, in the Tisza culture settlement of from which figurines are fashioned should be taken into Szegvár-Tűzköves, two clay figurines were found depicting greater consideration when attempting to understand their male (?) individuals: one with a sickle and the other with an overall significance in past societies. axe over their right shoulders.

11:20-11:40am Firstly, the significance and meanings of these particular Figurines and Fragmentation: Implications of the Two figurines in this wider region are contextualized in relation Paradigms on Southeast Europe Prehistoric Archaeology to the mortuary data by identifying a particular type of male Slobodan Mitrović (The Graduate Center, CUNY) embodiment, possibly shared by these two neighbouring communities. The likely ground-ing of such a In 2000 two books appeared that strongly influenced future representational embodiment is examined on the basis of scholarship on the Neolithic of Southeast Europe – Ingold’s concept of taskscape. Other instances of such Fragmentation in Archaeology by J. Chapman and Balkan gender-specific separations in different media of corporeal Prehistory by D. Bailey. The former in his volume established display during this period are explored. Secondly, possible notions of accumulation /fragmentation and enchainment, constitutive elements of a shared belief system are identified and these concepts were further elaborated on in J. in the appearance and utilization of a new visual-corporeal Chapman & B. Gaydarska 2007, where they were perhaps vocabulary with mythical and/or foreign elements, both in promoted to the level of proper theory. Bailey’s short figurine depictions and the mortuary domain. It is chapter on figurines in his 2000 volume was massively suggested that such corporeal “citations” might have related expanded in 2005 with Prehistoric Figurines, in which to particular historical dynamics that affected both the Tisza figurine scholarship gets full scrutiny and new ideas

2 and the Vinča culture groups in the terminal phases of the tell-based existence in this part of south-east Europe. 12:40-1:00pm General Discussion 12:00-12:20pm Archive Fever: Words, Images and Things in Neo- Assyrian Apotropaic Figurine Deposits Intimate Encounters, Postcolonial Engagements Carolyn Nakamura (Stanford University) Barbara Voss (Stanford University) & Eleanor Figurine studies have not been immune to the disciplinary Conlin Casella (University of Manchester) divide between words and things that pervades much of archaeological research. For practical reasons, this divide This session presents an ongoing collaborative project aimed often falls down the line of historic vs. prehistoric, or at stimulating research and discussion on issues of sexuality indeed, Classical (including Ancient Near Eastern) vs. in the archaeology of colonialism. Archaeology has tended archaeological methods. Figurines are one of the more to minimize sexuality in its studies of colonization and of evocative material cultures found in prehistoric contexts, colonial, colonized, and post-colonial societies, although our and researchers have turned to theories of embodiment, colleagues in other disciplines have long understood that materiality, and ritual in order to offer compelling sexual politics and sexual encounters were central to interpretations of such figurine worlds. Alternatively, projects of empire and in local responses to those projects. figurines from historic contexts are commonly subjected to What can archaeology’s methodological emphases on place, iconographic analyses that draw upon sophisticated material culture, and representation bring to studies of theories of representation and text. Such perspectives offer sexuality and colonialism? How do theories of materiality, different but equally thoughtful insights, and this paper landscape, and representation contribute new perspectives seeks to bring these varied perspectives into considered to queer theory and postcolonial theory? cooperation in order to evoke a more multidimensional image of an ancient figurine practice. 9:00-9:20am Sex in the Colonies: Performing Sex as Ritual Practice in Neo-Assyrian apotropaic figurine deposits (first millennium Punic Sites BC, now modern day Iraq) and their related texts provide a Mireia López-Bertran rare opportunity to examine the prescription and execution of a 'magical' ritual from ancient Mesopotamia. Representations of sexual organs in Ancient Mediterranean Commencing from Derrida's multiple notions of the archive, human terracotas have been traditionally interpreted in I discuss the various aspects of the figurine deposit connection with feminine or masculine fertility. assemblage as effective, ritual action. Drawing specifically Consequently, other possibilites related to the existence of from ideas of the archive as 'commencement and sex activities have been rejected due to the influence of commandment', guardian, consignation and promise, I Christian ideas in explaining religious phenomena in consider how words, images and figurines in Neo-Assyrian Antiquity. This paper seeks to identify the presence of sex as apotropaic deposits operated with an archival economy and ritual practice from two examples of Punic votive deposits: thus articulated not simply a gesture, but an institution of Illa Plana (Ibiza, Spain) and Bithia (Sardinia, Italy) (6th – 3rd protection. centuries BC). Both deposits have provided human terracotas with exagerated genitalia. I argue that sex would 12:20-12:40pm have been an essential activity in everyday life and, thus, it Figuring it Out: Figurines and the Body in the Neolithic would be understandable that it became ritualised. Sex Near East would be a ritual performance due to different reasons: Karina Croucher (University of Manchester) & Aurelie from hygienic or curative rituals to ways of cultural contact. Daems (Ghent University) It is my intention to compare figurines from both deposits in terms of different constructions of bodies and corporealities. Figurines remain intriguing, in part due to their likeness to Besides, I will focus on bodily local practices to analyze the the human body. This paper investigates relationships heterogeneity of colonial settings, which might have between figurines and the lived body, examining how influenced the way people engage with each other. figurine evidence may provide further insight into bodily treatment and manipulation. Using as a starting point evidence for artificial cranial modification, we investigate 9:20-9:40am the role that figurines can play in providing evidence of Intimate practices: daily and ritual spaces in the Western body modification in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia. Phoenician world (s. VIII-V a.C.)

3 Ana Delgado Hervás and Meritxell Ferrer Martín villages prior to direct engagement with colonists, rather (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona) than being limited to traditional colonial contexts such as mercantile outposts, missions, and other institutional In western Mediterranean Phoenician colonies practices and settings. Drawing on archaeological and ethnohistoric data material culture related to the daily and ritual life illustrate from the Yosemite region of California, this paper explores a cohabitation of groups of people that are social, cultural these issues as well as the challenges such contexts bring to and ethnically very heterogeneous. This heterogeneity is our notions of colonialism. common in all western Phoenician colonies. However, practices and material culture related with power 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK representations and social hierarchies in the colonial settings that we are studying here –Iberian Peninsula and Sicily- are 11:00-11:20am clearly different. This difference points out two aspects: on Gender Relations in a Maroon Community one hand different gender constructions; and on the other, Pedro Paulo A. Funari and Aline Vieira de Carvalho the existence of different sexual politics legitimating the (UNICAMP) colonial power of each one of these spaces. The goal of the paper is to study several interpretations in 9:40:-10:00am social sciences, especially in historical archeology, about Archaeology and text: How Epigraphy can contribute to gender relations in “Palmares Quilombo” (a marron rethink common people daily lives in Roman Empire community of 17th century Brazil). Faced with a variety of Renata Senna Garraffoni (Paraná Federal University/Brazil) views about the maroon community, and the gender relations and identities, the reader will be able to come to Literary sources and some Roman laws support a powerful the conclusion that there is no consensus, most importantly, image, which portrayed the common people as an idle mob that choosing and celebrating one of these ideas constructed that lived for bread and circus. As Archaeology can provide by scholarship conveys different power mess-ages. different evidence for interpreting the ancient past, there was a growing awareness that new epistemological 11:20-11:40am approaches, inspired in post-colonial theory, are important Sexual Anxieties and Material Strategies in Eighteenth- for a more critical approach to the Roman Empire. In this century Colonial Louisiana context, my paper will focus on the Epigraphic evidence Diana D. Loren (Peabody Museum, Harvard University) (the graffiti) scratched on the Pompeii’s walls. This particular type of material culture can provide us different In eighteenth-century French Louisiana, intermarriage approaches to the Roman daily lives and can help us to between Native women and French men was encouraged as rethink violence, sexuality, social relationship and Roman a way to expand the colony’s population. Simul-taneously, identity in a less normative experience. As there are few historical documents authored by government officials and theoretical studies of ancient graffiti or its interpretation, the missionaries redound with anxieties regarding the impact of aim of this paper is to contribute to a more pluralist interracial intimate relations on French men. Given that approach to the Roman past, emphasizing the diversity of these practices were so ordinary, part of the everyday points of view expressed on the walls and seeking for a rhythm of life in French Louisiana; can a discussion of the better understanding of this material culture neglected in material aspects of these intimate relationships be scholars’ discourses. adequately articulated? What material evidence exists (if any) regarding how Native men and women changed the 10:00-10:20am ways in which they clothed, adorned or presented their Renegotiating Sex? Norms and Taboo in the Wake of bodies in relation to intimate relations with French men? Colonial-era Depopulation Kathleen L. Hull (University of California, Merced) In this paper, I investigate this possibility by examining material culture related to the body and bodily adornment The biological, cultural, and psychological consequences for excavated from the Grand Village of the Natchez, an the indigenous people who survived disease-induced eighteenth-century Natchez Indian mound and village catastrophic mortality during the colonial era were complex. I employ theories of embodiment and materiality significant. Such circumstances likely necessitated a to interrogate the ways in which Natchez Indian people renegotiation, or at least critical examination, of sexual chose to cover and adorn their bodies with combinations of taboos and marriage practices as individuals sought to familiar and non-familiar material goods as it was here, on rebuild biologically viable communities. Significantly, these the personal, intimate level that we can begin to understand challenges to societal norms may have played out in native how these relationships were lived and materialized.

4 11:40-12:00pm This paper examines the spatial and material changes on the Enslavement and Sexual Relations on Nineteenth Century Diamond Fields of South Africa over a period of corporate Zanzibar consolidation in the late 19th century. The rise of a Sarah K. Croucher (Wesleyan University) monopoly on the Diamond Fields gave rise to the emergence of a closed compound system for the African In historical literature relating to the plantations of workers, while white workers were encouraged to live in nineteenth century Zanzibar, it is clear that enslaved women newly built suburban houses. On the mines emerged the played a key role within planter households. The context of practice of bukhontxana, a way of life in which the male Omani colonial rule placed sexual relations as a crucial miners lived in a form of marriage with younger men and factor in the creation of changing identities within a society the younger men took on traditionally female roles of undergoing massive social upheavals. Powerful men could marriage. This spatial remapping of Kimberley, and the have sexual relations with up to four wives and unlimited resultant effects on racially differentiated notions of concubined women (masuria). Male household heads were respective sexualities, were arguably a response to early life reliant on these women for their reproductive role in on the Diamond Fields, which had entailed a profound producing direct biological descendants. These children blurring of these reproductive injunctions. would in turn strengthen their social standing. Yet archaeological and historical interpretations of households 12:40-1:00pm on the East African coast have yet to really interrogate how Showing, telling, looking: Intimate encounters in the such relations structured daily life and were enacted within making of South African prehistory the material realm. This paper will explore such questions, Nick Shepherd (Centre for African Studies) and in doing so will attempt to foreground the importance of including sexual relations and enslavement as central to Colonialist archaeology is remarkable as much for what it the complexities of Zanzibari plantation society. excludes as for what it allows into the closely guarded confines of its texts, official accounts, and sanctioned range 12:00-12:20pm of concerns. This is never more so than in the case of the 'little bastard felons': An Archaeology of (Re)Production bodies of colonial subjects, a source at once of fascination, in Convict Era Australia anxiety, desire, fear, and a site of enactment of much of the violence of colonial retribution. Eleanor Conlin Casella (University of Manchester) As a discipline, archaeology’s particular investment in the This paper will examine the archaeology of female labour material, sensuous aspects of experience, its close tracking and childhood within a mid-19th century British colonial of bodies – their products, their capacity for work, their prison. Established in 1847, the Ross Female Factory interment and decay – brings the figure of the archaeologist incarcerated transported female felons and their dependant and the discourse at her/ his disposal into an uneasy, children in the British penal colony of Van Diemen's Land intimate, haunted relationship with themes of sexuality and (Tasmania), Australia. Termed "Factory" as a contraction of imagination, death and desire. Even as they are fended off, "Manufactory," the Ross prison enforced a disciplinary disavowed in official utterances, they make themselves labour regime based on the Victorian era English felt… as a set of spectral presences, as a kind of presence/ workhouse system. While under sentence, convict mothers absence. The grave, the archive, the photograph: each is worked at laundry, spinning, and sewing contracts, threaded through by a thematics of death and desire. It is producing inmate uniforms for the wider network of appropriate, then, that this exploration is based on material Imperial prisons. They also endured limited access to their from the archive of the South African archaeologist A.J.H. infants and toddlers, who were separately accommodated in “John” Goodwin (1900-1959). a communal Nursery Ward within the penal compound. Presenting a combination of site survey and excavation In a largely visually-based presentation I think freely results, this paper considers the materiality of production around questions of imagination and desire in the making and reproduction -- of female sexuality, childhood, and of colonialist archaeology. Can one identify an erotics of unfree labour -- that characterised life under British colonial death and display in colonialist archaeology? What is the incarceration. nature of the archaeological gaze, and how does it stage itself in a colonial context, marked by the epistemic violence 12:20-12:40pm of racism and patriarchy? Is there a way in which forms of Production and Reproduction: Sexual life on the Diamond archaeological practice, marked as they are by elisions and Fields blind spots, with their skittishness around questions of Lindsay Weiss imagination and desire, allow for new approaches in

5 understanding the deeper nature and meaning of colonialist discourse? Conversely, is there a way in which, by surfacing The decision to use foreign material objects, whether in questions of imagination and desire, we can begin to rethink place of or in association with local material culture, is often the basis of colonialist archaeology? seen as a claim to a particular individual or group identity. This is certainly the case when Mycenaean vessels and sherds turn up at Late Bronze Age sites in Italy. Scholars interested in local agency have treated them as an index of Material Practice, Identity and Community either emergent social identities (fledgling elites distancing themselves from local material practices), or of evolving Serena Love (Stanford University) & cultural identities, even of ‘Mycenaeanization’. But the A. Bernard Knapp (University of Glasgow) unevenness in the adoption of these objects belies these universal explanations. The distribution of the pots in Italy Archaeological discourse typically has sought to theorize varies significantly in different regions in terms of vessel settlements, households and communities as separate forms, quantities, contexts and time. While this may be due phenomena, recognized through shared spaces, materials in part to the vagaries of supply, that cannot explain all the and technologies. Recent considerations of identity and variability. Recently scholars have emphasized local agency material practice, in turn, have stressed the ways that people and indigenous self-expression as propelling these patterns, in the past situated themselves within intricate networks of suggesting that there are as many different ways of other people and things. These research trends, however, expressing identity materially as there are individuals. As have given less explicit attention to the context of the social individuals are not independent of their context, it is networks and material practices they seek to understand. worthwhile pushing the data further to seek evidence of This context is the community itself, the conceptual and local, communal influences in those choices. This paper physical entity in which individuals dwell. Although proposes that the discrepancies in the patterns of adoption communities are not inextricably attached to or bounded by of Mycenaean goods in Italy may best be understood not in a single locale, they are undeniably linked to some tangible terms of identities alone, but through community practices space or place. If we minimize the need to tie communities and networks that structured the reception of the foreign to a place and instead situate them in a multi-scalar web of goods and in no small way determined their impact on the practices, spaces and shifting identities, then we may individuals who made use of them recognize multiple social identities and material signatures as ‘communities of practice’. Contributors to this session 9:30-9:50am will address the complex and abstract notion of community Community Bundles and Bodies in Space through material practices and notions of identity. Timothy R. Pauketat (University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois) ‘Communities’ in this sense are not attached to a specific place but are considered as an intricate web of practices, Three lines of argumentation follow the proposition that places and identities. Both real and imagined communities community is neither a ‘real’ place nor an ‘imagined’ entity have extensive boundaries where the individual and the free of place, but a dimension of social experience. First, collective, outsiders and ‘others’, may be found. The community is to be analyzed as repetitive performance. objective of this session is to theorize communities in light Second, community is more accurately considered in terms of new perspectives on personhood, identity, material of the larger social fields or relational networks composed of practice and relationality, and so to understand how people variously dispersed nodes or agents (people, places, and lived together in the past. Papers from any period or place things). Third, community is implicit in certain contexts, are invited, but each contribution should seek to engage contingent on those nodes or agents. That is, community is with what we see as the three inseparable factors of identity, an emergent property of fields depending on the material practice and community. performative potential of those networks and nodes, which in turn are to be understood historically. Certain people, 9:00-9:10am places, and things gather, bundle, or focus fields of nodes or Introduction agents about them, and hence embody community, owing Serena Love (Stanford University) and A. Bernard Knapp to their genealogical and phenomenological qualities. (University of Glasgow) Explaining community, then, means delimiting the genealogies of these potential gatherers or the organizing 9:10am-9:30am qualities of these would-be attractors. Vignettes from pre- Local Communities and the Reception of Mycenaean Columbian North America illustrate the gathering Imports in Bronze Age Italy properties of certain human bodies, celestial bodies, and Emma Blake (University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona) posts as these were bundled together through processions

6 across landscapes. In the end, I suggest that we consider Communities are forged through performative material bodily movements through spaces as more central to practices that cite and recite relational connections between community than places or ‘sites of community production.’ people, places, animals and things and between the living Both Chacoan and Cahokian communities, for instance, and the dead. These connections matter to people; time and existed simultaneously at different scales as articulated by time again in archaeology we see the effort put in by people living or dead human bodies, bundled with huge timbers to renew the interweaving connections that sustain both and ancestral beings-in-the-sky via great pro-cessions along personal and communal identity. Why do they matter? ceremonial avenues. Because they are affective. Materials, practices and places evoke and provoke emotional reactions and communities 9:50:-10:10am are the key scale at which these affective connections play Fuzzy Boundaries and Multivalent Foci: Building out. Not only do they form the context for the public Identities in the Early Northern Iroquoian Village performance of emotion, they are in themselves sites for John L. Creese (University of Toronto at Mississauga, emotions to play out. The concept of conviviality, lifted Ontario) from Amazonian ethnography, reveals the effort that goes into affect and the emphasis that people place on the Boundaries and foci (both material and conceptual) emotive aspects of the relations that sustain sociality. By represent twin organizing principals that become important considering the affective nature of the material practices that in processes of identity formation at various social scales, forged identities, and the efforts put into maintaining from ‘individual’ to ‘community’, within increasingly conviviality, this paper will explore some of the relationally sedentary nucleated villages. Perhaps because of a post- connected communities that occupied Britain in the fourth enlightenment tendency to envision social categories such as millennium BC. kin, class, gender, or clan as un-problematically bounded cultural ‘givens’, and a western architectural canon that 11:20-11:40am materializes such classifications through the ubiquitous use Within You and Without You: Khirbet Kerak ‘People’ in of durable walls and fences, archaeologists studying the Levantine Towns and Autonomous Villages social implications of spatial organization in non-western Raphael Greenberg (Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel) contexts have emphasized the significance of boundary formation at the expense of other structuring processes. The The initial stages of the arrival of Khirbet Kerak ware ‘focus’ is another way of thinking about how daily activities producers/consumers in the southern Levant reveal and social groups are spatially ordered, one that privileges considerable diversity: some small, previously abandoned the accumulation of quotidian practices over planned sites seem to be occupied solely by the presumed migrants; architectural divisions. Unlike spaces defined by walls, foci at other sites the migrants appear to take over the sites are more fluid, permeable, ambiguous, and, importantly, gradually, whereas at the large site of Khirbet Kerak itself, multivalent. they remain a minority within an extant urban settlement. In each case, the maintenance of cultural boundaries by the Thus, foci may act simultaneously as boundaries and newcomers requires a different strategy. In this paper, I centerres; points of integration and segregation at different attempt to show where these strategies differ, and to spatial and social scales. The articulation of boundaries and identify evidence for interaction between the presumed foci into a system that structured the performance of social migrant communities in urban and village settings. identity during the first 450 years of Northern Iroquoian village development is explored in this paper. Social identities appear to have emerged referentially, with strong lineage-based corporate identity developing in response to 11:40-12:00pm challenges of integration at the community level, further The Red and the Black: Shifting Identities, Material stimulating the spatial classification and organization of Practices and Social Boundaries in the Upper Euphrates at individuals and nuclear families within highly ritualized the Beginning of the Early Bronze Age domestic spaces. Giulio Palumbi (Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy)

10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK A dynamic process of human relations (single, multiple, public and private), identity is continuously built, shaped, 11:00-11:20am changed and maintained. The way we live and die, love and Affective Communities in Neolithic Britain suffer, eat and work are daily human and social experiences Oliver Harris (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK) which define our position in relation to the others. At the beginning of the third millennium BC, the collapse of strong

7 political powers in the Upper Euphrates Valley (eastern Turkey) generated the formation of new communities and People’s identities are based on their participation within the fragmentation of the former socio-cultural identity. New different communities and materialized through practice. villages were built and new ancestral places founded: the We argue for an approach to past identities that emphasizes different social practices (economic, cultural and political) how individuals participated in different identity corresponded to different communities in material, communities through memory practices and their logics of economic and practical terms. This paper examines the material deposition. We use the rich record of ritual social dynamics, power and economic strategies as well as deposits from the U.S. Southwest to look at different logics the specific historical contingencies that provided the of depositional practices in two archaeological regions: context of interaction where the social and cultural Chaco and Hohokam. We compare ritual deposition boundaries of these communities contaminate, mix and between these two areas to illustrate how differences in the blur. content and treatment of deposits, the scale and secrecy of religious performances, geographies of social networks, and 12:00-12:20pm temporality of ritual were constructed through the memory Simultaneously Real and Imagined: The Social practices of individuals who were part of different identity Construction of Community in the Chacoan Southwest communities. Our analysis illustrates how ritual deposition Andrew Duff (Washington State University) can be used to get at ‘indigenous distinctions’ (Catherine Bell 1992), produced and practiced by people in the past, Although they have physical and spatial dimensions, rather than on archaeologists’ superpositioning of identity community exists simultaneously in the minds and in the categories. Such an approach helps to re-define how actions of community members. Imbued with meaning identities are shaped by emphasizing their relational through daily routine, the actions of ancestors, communal qualities within different social networks and communities events, and personal and collective associations, community of practice. is lived and reframed by individuals daily and over time. Bell, Catherine, 1992 Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. Oxford, Yet daily living implicates material practice, through which New York: Oxford University Press. we can engage the tangible and the imagined of community in the past. In the southern Cibola region of New Mexico, 12:40-1:00pm substantial constructions (great houses) referencing Discussion buildings in Chaco Canyon (ca. AD 1000-1150) and their associated residential settlements were built by people with divergent identities on a physical landscape largely devoid The Residues of Human Decisions: of previous occupation, providing an ideal setting to explore Archaeological Applications of Behavioral the social (re)construction of identity and community through its material manifestations. Ecology Brian F. Codding & Douglas W. Bird (Stanford Settlement and excavation data from two neighboring University) residential aggregates are used to discuss the material correlates of subsistence activities, communal construction, Since the early 1970’s behavioral ecology has provided a and intra- and intercommunity events—the largely material framework for generating hypotheses about decision evidence of community defined through repeated practice. making processes with clear archaeological relevance. Confronting the imagined of the Chaco-era community Applications from this approach have increased requires consideration of extraordinarily meaningful — dramatically since then, addressing a wide scope of albeit likely rare — experiences, such as calendrically-timed questions about subsistence transitions, life history ritual events and pilgrimage. When combined, it becomes evolution, technological variability, colonization, social possible to evaluate the relative scale of both real and organization, material display and symbolic capital. This imagined aspects of community—the real predominantly session highlights a few recent results from long-term local, the imagined conceptually unbounded—and how this ethnographic and archaeological projects guided by facilitated development of a larger Pueblo identity. behavioral ecology, with a panel discussion of how these results speak to big problems in interpreting the patterned 12:20-12:40pm residues of ancient decisions. Identity Communities and Memory Practices: Logics of Material Deposition in the U.S. Southwest 9:00-9:20am: Barbara J. Mills & Wendi Field Murray (University of Ethnoarchaeological insight on mobile prey acquisition Arizona, Tucson, Arizona)

8 Douglas W. Bird and Brian F. Codding (Stanford game hunting in western North America, but for the future University) management of artiodactyls under scenarios of global climate change that also project dramatic increases in Archaeological applications of behavioral ecological models extreme climate. typically rely on proxy measures of prey and patch rank – particularly common is the use of prey body size as a 9:40-10:00am correlate to mean post-encounter return rate. However, Risk sensitive foraging explains the geographical recent work with Martu foragers has shown that this distribution of native seed crop cultivation in Eastern proposed relationship is often swamped by prey mobility, North America which is also correlated with prey size, and results in a high Kristen J. Gremillion (Ohio State University) proportion of hunting bouts ending in failure. This conclusion raises questions about interpretations of Despite their low return rates, small seeds had important archaeological evidence for high proportions of larger taxa. advantages for human populations of the eastern US that Here we combine ethnographic and ecological data to relied on masting species—perennials that reproduce in examine when hunting bout success rates with larger synchrony at irregular intervals. Shortfalls of acorns and mobile prey may be more reliable as a function of prey perhaps other nuts would have made it impossible in some density. While high prey densities do not mitigate the high years to accumulate adequate winter stores. The cultivation pursuit costs associated with mobile prey, they do increase of annual seed crops, which were robust and reliable the overall certainty of prey acquisition on any given producers with broad environmental tolerance, greatly hunting bout. This has implications for understanding the reduced the risk of malnutrition over the winter months. meaning of archaeological measures of taxonomic Food production had its greatest impact where long winters abundance and their relationship to ecological factors and and high variability in nut yields converged. The utility of human hunting decisions. seed crops increased further during a millennium of intense flooding and cool temperatures that caused average nut 9:20-9:40am harvests to decline. Climatic seasonality controls of Late Quaternary artiodactyl densities in Western North America: tests 10:00-10:20am using human behavioral ecology Historicity: uncovering the past when foraging models fail Jack M. Broughton (University of Utah) Terry L. Jones (Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo)

The loss of climatic equability that occurred toward the end Two decades of research on the California coast guided by of Pleistocene in North America has long been viewed as HBE (primarily optimal diet models) have produced a one of the critical variables that disrupted late Quaternary number of well-supported explanations for diachronic mammalian faunas—playing a possible role in both the variability in subsistence and technology. Attempts to extinction of some 35 genera of mostly large mammals and incorporate a key marine technology ---watercraft-- into tremendous range changes in a host of smaller ones. I these explanations have on more than one occasion outline here recent research that tests the hypothesis that illuminated patterning that is either poorly supported by or this extreme climatic seasonality persisted well into the unimportant to the primary tenets of HBE. Explanations for Holocene and that it played a major role in controlling the the spread and development of watercraft technology population densities of surviving artiodactyls (elk, bison, require recognition of certain historical contingencies that bighorn sheep, pronghorn, and mule deer) across the are illuminated through comparisons with unmet Holocene of western North America. Models from human predictions of optimization models. While these historic behavioral ecology are used to develop indices of trans- events are outside the theoretical emphases of the HBE Holocene paleo-artiodactyl abundances from archaeological paradigm (e.g., Polynesian contact with the New World) faunal and hunting tool assemblages that are then arrayed they nonetheless seem important to the broad outline of against climatic seasonality estimates derived from world prehistory. This raises questions about the relative Macrophysical Climate Models. The artiodactyl abundance importance of paradigmatic frameworks in investigating the records show significant correlations with the model- past. derived seasonality indices and suggest that artiodactyls occurred in low densities from the terminal Pleistocene 10:30-11am COFFEE BREAK through the middle Holocene—substantial increases occurred during equable, summer-wet periods of the late 11:00-11:20am Holocene. The analysis has implications not only for recent Behavioral Ecology and the Emergence of Social debate regarding the late Holocene ascendance of large Hierarchies in East Polynesia

9 Douglas J. Kennett (University of Oregon) friendship or ally networks. Certain kinds of costly hunting opportunities are believed to be one arena in which hunters Significant population aggregations and institutionalized can signal underlying qualities to other individuals. Costly social hierarchies developed widely in East Polynesia just signaling has important implications for the interpretation prior to European contact. Localized population growth of zooarchaeological assemblages and has been recently often parallels clear evidence for economic intensification used as the theoretical backbone to support arguments for and the emergence of institutionalized social hierarchies. A the rise of prestige hunting in California during the Middle multivariate model for group formation is developed in this Archaic. In this paper I use ethnoarchaeological data from paper within the broad framework of Human Behavioral Central African farmers, who conspicuously display their Ecology. Central to this model are the costs and benefits of material wealth, and forest foragers, who sometimes engage group living that accrue to individuals under changing in costly public hunting displays, to explore how costly ecological and social conditions. The Ideal Free Distribution, signaling might be reflected in archaeological remains. and associated Ideal Despotic Distribution, are employed to consider the dynamic character of habitat suitability, along 12:00-12:20pm with a suite of demographic and behavioral variables, that Folsom point manufacturing decisions: who gets to play? influence the adaptive value of group living. Reproductive- Nicole M. Waguespack (University of Wyoming) skew theory is used to analyze the effects of the social, political, and economic negotiations between dominant and The manufacture of Folsom projectile points is notoriously subordinate group members that either promote or deter difficult. Due to the high level of skill and the risk of failure aggregation and hierarchical social organization. The involved in their production, they provide an ideal case for predictions of this model are compared with evidence for examining the potential role of prehistoric hunter-gatherer the prehistoric development of institutionalized social lithic craft specialization. Among foraging peoples, craft hierarchies on the remote island of Rapa, French Polynesia. specialization tends to emphasize the productive abilities of specific individuals and groups operating under specific 11:20-11:40am technological constraints. A model of production Early-modern commodities as costly signals: the case of specialization linking raw material constraints and clay tobacco pipes from the seventeenth-century production risk is developed. Raw material availability and Chesapeake the relative frequency of Folsom projectile points, bifaces Fraser D. Neiman (University of Virginia & Monticello) and associated manufacturing debris from a handful of sites in the western United States are examined in relation to the Historians of the early-modern Atlantic world use the modeled predictions of specialized production. phrase "consumer revolution" to denote an increase in the production and consumption of commodities. Clay tobacco 12:20-12:40pm pipes dating from the 17th and early 18th centuries are Intensive seed exploitation and central place foraging in among the earliest examples. Signaling theory offers the the Australian arid zone tools with which to model interactions among pipe David W. Zeanah (Sacramento State University) and Brian consumers, who used certain pipe attributes as unfakable F. Codding (Stanford University) signals of resource holding potential, and pipe producers who designed pipes to maximize profits. The model offers Ethnohistoric accounts suggest that Australian foragers precise predictions about formal patterning in pipe stem relied heavily on seeds and promoted their growth by bore diameter distributions in time and social space. These burning-off climax vegetation. We suspect this was a are evaluated using data from 17th-century Jamestown, strategy necessary for arid zone occupation, because seed Virginia. plants are too dispersed to make their collection worthwhile without using fire to manage seed patches. If so, the 11:40-12:00pm Holocene proliferation of ground stone artifacts signals the Good Hunters and Rich Farmers: Is Costly Signaling emergence of fire-managed landscapes in the Australian Reflected in Material and Faunal Remains? arid zone. We use central place foraging theory to model the Karen D. Lupo (Washington State University) extent of managed habitat mosaics relative to occupation sites with the goal of generating testable predictions about Variability in hunting success is a well-known phenomenon the distribution of ground stone tools. among contemporary foraging populations. Good hunters can purportedly accrue a variety of benefits including high reproductive success, access to younger or harder working Iconoclash and the Archaeology of Violence wives, deference in political arena’s, and increased Toward Images 10 Severin Fowles (Barnard College/Columbia iconoclast, the unacknowledged intellectual patriarch of University) both Moses and the Taliban. Akhenaten’s refusal to tolerate the depiction of other gods beside his chosen god—or even to entertain the notion that the word “god” could be written Iconoclasm is when we know what is happening in the act of breaking and what the motivations for what appears as a clear in the plural—supposedly mark this pharaoh as the project of destruction are; iconoclash, on the other hand, is when architect of the world’s first counter-religion. While one does not know, one hesitates, one is troubled by an action for rejecting any such origin-story for iconoclasm, this paper which there is no way to know, without further enquiry, whether it seeks to investigate the ambiguities and murky theological is destructive or constructive. — Bruno Latour (2002:16) problems—the iconoclash—that followed in the wake of that bold, simple move of prohibition. This session builds off the efforts of Bruno Latour and colleagues (Latour and Weibel 2002; Taussig 1999; Goody 9:40-10:00am 1997) to expand our theoretical understanding of Animal/Inhuman iconoclasm and representational ambivalence beyond its Brian Boyd (Columbia) traditionally unique association with the religions of the Book. The central claim is that the tension between The session organizer asks: “…why did some communities iconophobia and iconophilia, between the destruction and indulge in figurative imagery while others abstained from the creation of images (broadly conceived) is an aspect of such images…?” My paper will focus on the contrast the human experience in all times and places. Hence, the between the relative lack of figurative image making in the study of why past peoples periodically rejected or did Epipalaeolithic Levant and the rich diversity of figurative violence unto images (why they broke figurines, burned image making in the subsequent Pre-Pottery Neolithic temples, defaced pictures and the like) is the necessary period. Current conventional understanding explains this compliment to the study of why they made these images in contrast in terms of a socio-economic shift to animal the first place. How are we to understand the reality that the domestication and agriculture. An alternative interpretation destruction of images is itself an act of image production? will place emphasis on changing human-animal relations What of those acts of defacement that seem to have the within a radical ecology, drawing upon recent research in ironic effect of “refacing” the icon, of recreating the fetish literary theory and philosophy. anew? And why, in the end, did some communities indulge in figurative imagery while others abstained from such 10:00-10:30am images altogether, and how are we to account for the long- Discussion term development of particular representational traditions in the past? 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK

9:00-9:20am Archaeology and the Second Commandment 11:00-11:20am Sev Fowles (Barnard College/Columbia University) Cuts, Dissections, and Holes: Consequences of Breaking the Surface As an introduction to the session, I begin by asking whether Douglass Bailey (San Francisco State University) anthropology—and archaeology more specifically—has been complicit in the division of the world into (1) a set of What happens when one cuts through an otherwise Abrahamic traditions within which the power of images as continuous surface? What happens when the skin is pierced, mediators is theologically contested and (2) a wide array of when the ground is trenched, when a wall is opened up? non-Abrahamic or pre-modern traditions in which it is When gaps form, when content is missing, when ellipsis assumed that the power of images is believed naively as a (and what is missing) becomes more important than what is matter of course. Finding the answer to be “yes,” I proceed present? What are the consequences of creating (or to argue for an expanded archaeological iconology, one that encountering) negative space? This paper asks these would view iconophilia and iconophobia as logically questions in the context of the Early Neolithic of intertwined and that would view image-making and image- southeastern Europe (6000-5500 cal. BC) with particular breaking as complementary phenomena. attention to what are traditionally understood as pit-houses. Potential answers push debate beyond function, symbol, or 9:20-9:40am (even) meaning and explanation. So, the Idol-Smasher is Doubly Mad Ellen Morris (New York University) 11:20-11:40am ‘ Sweet are the uses of adversity’: peering into the black- For Latour, following Freud, Akhenaten is the original 11 boxes of Hopewell mounds The virtual ontology of archaeological information, or the Andrew Martin (Bournemouth University, UK) cybernetics of archaeology, refers to all the interconnective relationships which the datum produces, the code of Latour’s idea that groups, forms and ideas are opened up transmission, and its transmittability. Because it depends on and even changed during controversies or iconoclashes has interrelationships, by its very nature information cannot be huge ramifications for archaeology. Under Latour such neutral with respect to how it is processed and perceived. It clashes are the few clear nodes through which we can trace follows that the process of knowledge and communication the network of associations – associations that are arrayed in have to be unified and represented by a single vector. 3D defense of icons, or their destruction, when they are information is regarded as the core of the knowledge attacked. Latour also argues that such a defense often takes process, because it creates feedback, then cybernetic the form of explicit material statements. When a controversy difference, among the interactor, the scientist and the starts, both sides “end up mobilizing the most ecosystem. It is argued that Virtual Reality (both offline and heterogeneous and distant elements, thus mapping for online) represents a possible ecosystem, which is able to themselves, for their opponents, and for the observers, what host top-down and bottom-up processes of knowledge and they value most, what they are most dearly attached to” communication. In these terms, the past is generated and (Latour 1987:205). The implication of this for archaeology is coded by “a simulation process”. Thus, from the first phases that if they are material, we can follow them. On the other of data acquisition in the field, the technical methodologies hand, Latour’s idea that objects and practices become and technologies that we use, influence in a decisive way all fetishes outside of controversies means that the meaning of the subsequent phases of interpretation and communication. these objects may not even be cognized by the people who In the light of these considerations, what is the relationship use them - with associations rarely related or even wrongly between information and represen-tation? How much related. This means we face a grave inequality in the data information does a digital model contain? What sorts of and we possess. A study of Illinois Valley Hopewell mounds how many ontologies ought to be chosen to permit an that were destroyed and ‘refaced’ with explicitly contrasting acceptable transmittability? These and many other questions deposits illustrates that iconoclashes often provide the best on related topics take on certain urgency because they relate situations for understanding cultural objects and practices. directly to the loss of information from understanding, learning, and the transmittability of culture. Indeed, our 11:40-12:00am ability to transmit culture depends on a model which Killing Mummies combines on the same axis processes of understanding and Terrence D’Altroy (Columbia University) communication. Thus, the questions which we pose in a phase of bottom-up knowledge (for example, in an archaeo- Why bother killing a mummy? This paper explores the logical excavation) will influence the top-down phases of political Implications of Inka views of sentience and power, interpretation, or the mental patterns (for example, a in which humans and various forms of consciousness were comparative analysis and reconstruction of models). From inhabitants of the world. People, clippings from their this derives the need to interconnect the top-down processes bodies, and their mummies were seen as living icons of with the bottom-up in accordance with a reciprocal systemic dividuated personas in which human consciousness interaction, for example in a virtual space where both resided. Within this conceptual framework, the Inkas were sequences can coexist. If we peremptorily separate highly selective in what could or ought to be represented in knowledge and communication, we risk losing information tangible form and thus what could be manipulated along the way, reducing the relationships that are physically or even destroyed. It is argued that the apparent constructed between acquisition/input and severity of Inka materiality is explicable because 1) power transmission/output. Archaeological communi-cation ought was resident in various living forms, and 2) iconic to be understood as a process of validation of the entire representations rendered their subjects susceptible to cognitive process of understanding and not as a simple malign forces." addendum to research, or as a dispensable compendium of data. 12:00-12:30 Topics: Discussion - Definitions and theoretical overview - Reconstruction processes - 3D Perception and cognitive impact - Relation between interpretation, communication and Cyber-Archaeology representation Maurizio Forte (University of California: Merced) - 3D Communities - Simulation processes

12 - Ontologies and territories of the cyber-space level of immersion in the cyberspace: if well implemented - Knowledge and communication embodied communities should be able to learn and transmit - Cybernetics and interpretation processes more knowledge and in a shorter time than traditional text- - Virtual settlements based “chatting” communities. We distinguish different - Virtual taxonomies types of embodiment (A-B-C) according to levels and - Interactivity and multivocality modalities of participatory learning and capacities of - Affordances and digital ecosystems interaction; each embodiment level will focus on a different kind of interactive learning interface, content target and group of users. 9:00-9:20am Cyber-archaeology: theoretical overview and virtual Embodiment A: Virtual Participatory Museum. In this case embodiment the VR system is planned for interactive platforms (each one Maurizio Forte & Nicolò Dell’Unto (University of California: with a mono display) and a large HD stereo display serving Merced) for group display. The users/players interact in a common 3D space, the rest of the audience can watch by stereo The ontology of archaeological information, or the vision. In this way it is possible to obtain a double cybernetics of archaeology, refers to all the interconnective participation: one active, between the user/players and one relationships which the datum produces, the code of passive between a larger audience watching the transmission, and its transmittability. Because it depends on environment in the large 3D screen. Target users are interrelationships, by its very nature information cannot be museum visitors. neutral with respect to how it is processed and perceived. It follows that the process of knowledge and communication Embodiment B: Simulation Participatory Environment. have to be unified and represented by a single vector. 3D (Powerwall, graphics.ucmerced.edu/ research.html). The information is regarded as the core of the knowledge primary purpose of this environment is to visualize datasets process, because it creates feedback, then cybernetic in a large and interactive high resolution display capable of difference, among the interactor, the scientist and the achieving a very high degree of 3D immersion. Within the ecosystem. It is argued that Virtual Reality (both offline and Powerwall environment it will be possible to integrate full- online) represents a possible ecosystem, which is able to body 3D motion capture devices in order to implement host top-down and bottom-up processes of knowledge and novel interaction interfaces between immersed users, the communication. In these terms, the past is generated and environment, and avatars or autonomous characters coded by “a simulation process”. Thus, from the first phases simulated in the virtual environment. This environment will of data acquisition in the field, the technical methodologies enable the team to develop new humanlike motion interfaces and technologies that we use, influence in a decisive way all for collaborative virtual environments, in particular for the subsequent phases of interpretation and communication. achieving seamless human-computer interactions accessible Thus, the questions which we pose in a phase of bottom-up to non computer experts for programming motions in the knowledge (for example, in an archaeological excavation) virtual environments. This will allow archeologists to will influence the top-down phases of interpretation, or the precisely program the correct motions associated with the mental patterns (for example, a comparative analysis and environment and will enable a novel concept of “Motion reconstruction of models). If we peremptorily separate Heritage”. Target users are: archaeologists and scientific knowledge and communication, we risk losing information community. along the way, reducing the relationships that are constructed between acquisition/input and Embodiment C: Virtual Communities. Here the destination is transmission/output. the cyberspace in Second Life where the University of At the University of California, Merced, we are California, Merced is managing two courses and digital labs experimenting different forms of virtual embodiment and with the students (lower and upper division). Target users: participatory learning. The innovation factor is mainly students, web communities. based on the principle of “enaction”: A principle employed by avatar-driven virtual (embodied) communities for 9:25-9:45am perceiving and constructing information. This neuro- From Computable Archaeology to Computational phenomenologic approach is based on the assumption that Intelligence. New the cognitive activity is “embodied”, i. e. not separated from Prospects for Archaeological Reasoning the body perception. In these terms it can be correctly Juan A. Barcelo (Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Spain) identified and communicated only within its specific context. It seems evident that embodiment depends on the

13 The question of whether it is possible to automate the 10:10-10:30 archaeological knowledge production is of both great Discussion theoretical interest and increasing practical importance because knowledge and information are being generated 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK much faster than they can be effectively analyzed. The approach adopted here is based on a fact that archaeologist 11:00-11:20am couldn’t evaluate 15 years ago: Computer programs do The Irreducible Ensemble: PLACE-Hampi work in real science, not only in archaeology. Maybe they Sarah Kenderdine (Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia) are more successful in other “harder” sciences, but we cannot deduce from this fact that Archaeology is a different This discussion examines several philosophical kind of science. Computable archaeology –if you do not like considerations (phenomen-ology, embodiment, corpothetics and the expression “automatic archaeology” is the proper way mediation) which form powerful interlocking arguments, of exploring new ways of answering the questions we have whose qualities are prerequisites for building presence and not yet answered. place in virtual heritage landscapes. The discourse draws upon Interpretive Archaeology and Interpretive 9:50:-10:10am Archaeological Systems theory and, Symmetrical VIRTUAL IMPACT: Visualizing the Potential Effects of Archaeology theory provides a basis for understanding Cosmic Impact in Human History*, complex emergent narratives in immersive virtual W. Bruce Masse (Los Alamos National Laboratory), environments. Firmly rooted in praxis, the argument Maurizio Forte (University of California, Merced), David R. explores these issues through research associated with Janecky (Los Alamos National Laboratory), and Gustavo applications from the PLACE-Hampi heritage projects Barrientos (Universidad de La Plata) (PLACE-Hampi and Hampi-LIVE). PLACE-Hampi is an embodied theatre of participation in the drama of Hindu Current models indicate that catastrophic impacts by mythology focused at the most significant archaeological, asteroids and comets capable of killing more than one historical and sacred locations of the World Heritage site quarter of Earth’s human population have occurred on Vijayanagara (Hampi), South India. Using two advanced average once every million years; smaller impacts, such the interactive and immersive stereographic panoramic display 1908 Tunguska impact that leveled more that than 2,000 systems, PLACE and The Advanced Visualization square km of Siberian forest, occur every 200-300 years. Interactive Environment, a translation of spatial potential is Therefore, cosmic impact likely significantly affected enacted in the two demonstrators where participants are hominine evolution and conceivably played a role in able to transform myths into the drama of a co-evolutionary Holocene period human culture history. Regrettably, few narrative by their actions within the virtual landscape and archaeologists are trained to appreciate the nature and through the creation of a virtual heritage embodiment of a potential effects of cosmic impact. We have developed a real world dynamic. Place-Hampi restores symmetry to the conceptual model for an extensible set of educational and autonomy of interactions within virtual heritage and allows research tools based on virtual reality collaborative machine and human entities to make narrative sense of each environments to engage archaeologists and the general other’s actions. public on the topic of the role of cosmic impact in human history. Our initial focus is on two documented asteroid 11:25-11:55 impacts in Argentina during the period of 4000 to 1000 B.C. Selective fidelity and prosthetics – from the Eighteenth- Campo del Cielo resulted in an energy release of around 2-3 century to Cyber-archaeology megatons (100-150 times the Hiroshima atomic weapon), Michael Shanks (Stanford University) and left several craters and a strewn field covering 493 km2 in northeastern Argentina. Rio Cuarto was likely more than Key components of a cyber-archaeology paradigm can be 1000 megatons and may have devastated an area greater tracked back to the eighteenth century and the European than 50,000 km2 in central Argentina. We are focusing on antiquarian tradition. This paper will focus on issues of reconstructions of these events and their potential effects on modeling and simulation, performance and narrative in contemporary hunter and gatherers. Our virtual reality relation to questions of representation and fidelity in virtual tools also introduce interactive variables (e.g., impactor and augmented realities. It will argue that we are still physical properties, climate, vegetation, topography, and addressing the same nexus of epistemological and social complexity) to allow researchers and students to ontological problems, but that there was actually more better investigate and evaluate the factors that significantly experiment in some quarters of the antiquarian tradition influence cosmic impact effects. that is highly pertinent to the dynamic modeling of past socio-cultural systems. A case will be made for a deeply

14 selective fidelity in simulation that remains tightly human spatial cognition is universal. However, it has been connected to the chracteristics of the real and substantive shown in recent studies in linguistics that significant "archaeological record". Examples will be drawn from the differences exist between language groups in this antiquarian tradition as well as from its geneaological fundamental cognitive domain, warranting research into descendants in contemporary media art and as exemplified how space/time is perceived and represented across the in the Presence project (http://presence.stanford.edu). human population. For instance, speakers of different language groups, e.g. Indo-European, Uto-Aztecan, may use a different frame of reference. Similarly, the general 12:00-12:20am assumption that universal spatial categories exists, such as The Fallacy of Reconstruction ‘mountain’, ‘river’ is not supported by this research; Jeffrey T. Clark (North Dakota State University) different spatial ontologies are evident and are likely based on (perceived) affordance and cultural ideas. These findings The idea of reconstructing the past has been part of have enormous implications for future development of archaeology almost since its inception as a discipline. In the geospatial technologies and the use of these technologies in th mid 20 century, the “reconstruction of culture history” and archaeology. the “reconstruction of past lifeways” explicitly guided the work of many archaeologists. Even those who considered Space/Time conceptualizations are expressed by humans in themselves “new archeologists” typically stuck with the natural language as well as in other languages, such as idea of “reconstructing” cultural process. In the realm of visual and morphic languages. Archaeological research virtual archaeology, or virtual heritage, the notion of primarily deals with visual and morphic representations “reconstructing” some ancient building or cultural setting is (2D, 3D), for example iconography, architectural design etc. dominant. Papers at professional conferences dealing with It is assumed within this paper that space/time virtual archaeology (e.g., CAA, VSMM, VAST) along with conceptualization underlies natural language expression publications discussing specific projects or general concerns and visual and morphic expressions in similar ways, related to virtual archaeology almost invariably use the term therefore linguistic research can aid in the creation of “reconstruction” in reference to the at least one project interpretive frameworks in archaeological research. objective. It is the contention of this paper that the notion of 12:45-1:00pm reconstructing the past is not only a misnomer but one that Discussion has been detrimental to the discipline. This holds true for conventional archaeology as well as virtual. We should only be talking about “constructions” of the past and rarely, if ever, about reconstructions. We are always constructing Path Dependence: Archaeological Perspectives models—whether verbal, mathematical, or graphical— which are tools for understanding, not statements of reality. on a Contemporary Issue The idea that somehow this is a more significant problem Michelle Hegmon (Arizona State University) for virtual models (reconstructions) than verbal is both false and has hindered the acceptance and use of virtual Path dependence describes a situation in which initial archaeology by the larger professional community. conditions establish a trajectory, making changes or reversal increasingly difficult. The concept was developed, and has 12:25-12:45am been studied, primarily in contemporary contexts and in the Exploring cognitive landscapes: toward an understanding fields of economics, political science, and science and of the relationship between space/time conceptualization technology studies. This work has suggested factors that and cultural material expression may contribute to path dependence, including large set up J. Van der Helst (University of New Mexico, USA) costs, coordination effects, and power asymmetries. Archaeologists often discuss similar concepts, including Placenames, or toponyms, that were collected historical contingency and trajectories, and technological ethnographically during the early 20th century in the traditions; and the long-term of the archaeological record Northern Rio Grande region for the Tewa world are provides an ideal setting for examining path dependence. analyzed and presented in this paper, in order to gain This session explores the applicability of the path insight in the relationship between cultural material remains dependence concept to archaeology, and draws on and the conceptualization of space/time of the Tewa archaeological cases to develop the concept. speaking people. The session will begin with an introduction that defines the Geospatial technologies, which are employed to explore concept of path dependence as well as salient variables and those relationships, have developed based on the idea that dimensions, and more formal theoretical discussion by 15 Hegmon and Bolin that develops comparisons and Pueblo I period (A.D. 700-900), established trajectories in syntheses among various perspectives. These will be each region that resulted in different paths. These initial followed by six papers that describe apparent cases of path conditions were: 1) the strength of ties with the regional dependence in the archaeological record, Cameron and Duff center at Chaco Canyon during its expansion and collapse, and Nelson, Kintigh and Abbott describing two sets of which implicates demography; 2) the importance of the alternative trajectories in the US Southwest, Striker household as an independent social unit, and 3) the examining historical trajectories and conflict in the Eastern development in the north of a primate center, Aztec Ruins, US, Goodman-Elgar on agriculture in the Andes, Ferguson and the lack of such a center in the Cibola region. The on monumentality in Europe, and Wattenmaker focusing on concept of path dependency is used to explore initial state building in Mesopotamia. Then, after the break, we conditions and trace their effect on the trajectory of will have a roundtable discussion focused on how to best development in each region. While not discounting social apply path dependence in archaeology, and considering and environmental explanations for aggregation and how archaeology may be able to contribute to the abandonment in the northern Southwest, we show that contemporary issue. different initial conditions and resulting historical processes caused differences in the ways people organized themselves 9:00-9:15am and used their landscape, processes difficult or impossible Introduction to reverse. That the earliest European explorers found Michelle Hegmon (Arizona State University) abandoned cliff dwellings in the Mesa Verde region and bustling villages in the Cibola region—that endure today— 9:15-9:30am was in part a product of different initial conditions in these Path Dependence: Theoretical Comparisons and Synthesis two regions resulting in their divergent paths through time. Michelle Hegmon & Bob Bolin (Arizona State University) 9:45-10:00am The intransigence of structures (both social and material), Examining Historical Trajectories of Inter-group Conflict and the need for change, is all too obvious in the world in the Protohistoric Eastern Woodlands around us. The concept of path dependence was developed, Sarah Striker (Arizona State University) primarily in technology studies, political science, and economics, as a way of describing and explaining this This paper explores the application of the concept of path phenomenon of intransigence. Although history matters in dependence to the well studied case of Iroquois almost all cases, the analytical and theoretical utility of the involvement in the North American fur trade. The Iroquois concept of path dependence is enhanced by adopting a clear occupation of key Great Lakes waterways at the time of definition that specifies in what cases it does, and does not, European contact set the stage for their unique and apply. Among the characteristics – and causes – of path transformative role in developing European and Native dependence are the importance of initial conditions; relations. In exchange for the furs they provided, Iroquois increasing returns, self-reinforce-ment, and positive groups received European material resources and greater feedback; large set up costs; and coordination effects. This regional power, a process that, at least initially, can be paper serves as an introduction to the case studies that described as involving increasing returns, one of the key follow. It (1) explains these characteristics; (2) explores characteristics of path dependence. However, the political ways in which they might be assessed archaeologically, and and economic successes enjoyed by the Iroquois exacerbated whether archaeology might suggest other characteristics; (3) pre-existing political and cultural conflict between the considers implications for general social theory, especially Iroquois and their Native and European neighbors. As the the relationship of structure and practice. beaver and other preferred sources of fur became rarer, the costs of participation in this once lucrative industry began to 9:30-9:45am outweigh the benefits. The political, economic, and cultural History Matters: Divergent Paths in the Post-Chaco ramifications of deep involvement in European commerce Southwest resulted in difficult conditions for the Iroquois, as well as Catherine Cameron (University of Colorado) & Andrew severe ecological consequences for beaver populations. The Duff (Washington State University) complex change associated with this involvement created a situation of social and economic “lock-in,” such that the Two patterns characterize the late prehistory of the northern Iroquois did not have the flexibility to alter their course, Southwest (twelfth to fourteenth centuries): abandonment despite its compounding disadvantages. of the Mesa Verde region to the north and aggregation of population into large villages in the Cibola region to the 10:00-10:15am south. Three initial conditions, evident as early as the Agriculture, Landscape Architecture and Path Dependence

16 Melissa Goodman-Elgar (Washington State University) Monumentality and place within the occupation of the landscape has been the focus of much discussion within The long-term impacts and accretionary nature of early medieval archaeology (Semple 1998; Williams 1998). In agricultural landuse suggests that path dependence will be particular, the re-use of prehistoric sites within early a productive approach to its study. Farming systems utilize medieval mortuary contexts has received much comment. technology at different scales with variable degrees of Documentary sources, such as Beowulf and The Wife’s flexibility to change and different temporalities. For Lament highlight the importance attached to prehistoric instance, stone hoes are relatively easy to make and their mortuary sites by early medieval society. The re-use of forms can vary without compromising functionality making prehistoric barrows, and the subsequent movement to them easily replaceable or reversible. In contrast, landscape Christian churchyard burial can be understood through the architecture (e.g., field wall, terracing, irrigation) has high development of a path dependent analysis. Theories of path labor and environmental set-up costs. Once established, dependency may offer the archaeologist an alternative coordination effects for field architecture are pronounced, approach to the interpretation of temporal change, space particularly for terracing as walls adjoined by stacking and monumental re-use within early medieval archaeology upward or extending laterally have lower set-up costs. and the discipline as a whole. Replacement or renovation at a landscape scale is also costly and landscape modifications are often impossible to reverse. 11:15-11:30am These long-term impacts may favor selective use of such Path Dependence, State-building and the Urban Process in technologies in order to maintain future landuse flexibility. Ancient Mesopotamia In addition, field architecture materializes land tenure Patricia Wattenmaker (University of Virginia) conventions based on fixed boundaries. As a result, it arises under social conditions that favor land Urbanism in ancient Mesopotamia in the fourth and third enclosure. This may initiate path dependence towards millennia entailed profound and far-reaching increased land enclosure amongst subsequent generations transformations in the ways people interacted with one seeking to secure resources, especially if such mechanisms another, relations between neighboring settlements, systems have been institutionalized. These dynamics will be of production and exchange, and inter-polity dynamics. explored by comparing indigenous farming strategies in the These changes took place at an unprecedented pace, and Peruvian Andes between the highly modified Upper involved the formation of new social institutions far larger, Mantaro Valley and the Cajamarca Valley, where landscape more intricate, but also more fragile, than those seen in the architecture is quite limited. These regions share a basic past. This paper draws on the archaeological evidence from range of technology and were both developed by the Inka as the ancient Middle East to delineate some of the key administrative centers. Yet, they demonstrate widely changes in cultural values, social institutions and inter- different landscape architecture. Moreover, the trajectories polity relations that took place as settlements expanded established in prehistory continue to effect farmers in both dramatically and their populations increased in both size regions today. and density. Path dependence theory, including concepts of lock-in and increasing returns, provides the framework for 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK examining linkages among changes in cosmologies and sociopolitical institutions that accompanied urbanism, the 11:00-11:15am ways that the urban process apparently enhanced the social Early Medieval Monumental Re-use in the British Isles: inequalities that initially helped set it in motion, the new Reinterpreting the Evidence through Path Dependency political landscape that led urban societies to risk their Christopher Ferguson (University of Oxford) survival by exploiting resources on an unsustainable scale, and the persistence of the urban way of life long after it This paper will examine how theories of path dependency, proved to be unstable and its many drawbacks became emergent within political science and economics over the known to city dwellers and rural residents alike. past decade, can be applied to the study of archaeology and archaeological events. Through this, the Annalist 11:30-1:00pm interpretation of the longue dureé can be refined to account Roundtable discussion for the archaeological event, allowing the interpretation of different temporal scales within one framework. The interpretation of early medieval mortuary sites within the Theorized Dwelling: Archaeology at Historic British Isles will be used as a case study. Homes

17 Christina J. Hodge (Harvard University) & founding narratives both enable and constrain Christa M. Beranek (University of Massachsetts archaeological research: they frequently bring archaeologists to a site, yet archaeological research interests or results may Boston) not articulate well with them. As writers of archaeological narratives, however, we can learn from the efficacy of these At a TAG conference two decades ago, dwellings were earlier stories, especially since we work with many of the hailed as "arguably the single most important artefact for same materials: intimate, personal histories, tangible objects, reconstructing past societies" (Samson 1990:2). Inspired by and domestic landscapes. While adding an archaeological the persistent centrality of houses to archaeology and our dimension to the stories of historic homes, we build on the own professional experiences, session participants reflect on memory-making that these women began and tell the the intersection of public and civic agendas, heritage stories of the story-tellers. management, and archaeological theory at historic homes and house museums. Archaeologists are implicated in the 9:30-9:50am politics of the past, but to whom and how are we Working from Home: Tensions over Depicting a Feminist accountable as we engage in history-making? What Past at a Historic House Museum mediates the essential interplay of stakeholder and Kim Christensen (University of California Berkeley) professional values? Feminist theory has encouraged the study of the mundane The session attends to dwellings as compelling sites of and small-scale, and many archaeologies of households collective and individual memory-making that afford a have succeeded in examining the lives of a site’s occupants powerful, organizing presence. We explore intersections of and their connections to the broader social arena. At the progressive archaeological agendas and the sometimes same time, given the typical focus of historic house conservative realities of historic home sites through on-the- museums on showcasing the material culture of past lives, ground, in progress, and personal case studies. adopting the goal of showing ‘what life was like back then’ Samson, Ross. "Introduction," in The Social Archaeology of Houses, can clash with a desired emphasis on the decidedly non- edited by Ross Samson. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press normative legacy of a particular historic figure. Specifically, (1990). this paper explores the tensions involved in creating an 9:00-9:10am interpretive plan for a feminist historic house museum Introduction located in upstate New York. The house in question was the Christina J. Hodge (Peabody Museum, Harvard University) nineteenth-century home of the Gage family, whose most & Christa M. Beranek (University of Massachusetts Boston) famous member, Matilda Joslyn Gage, was prominent on both the state and national front in the effort to gain woman 9:10-9:30am suffrage (among other reform efforts). Excavations Founding Narratives: Revolutionary Stories at Historic conducted on the property have uncovered a rich array of Houses material culture that can be attributed to the Gage Christa M. Beranek (University of Massachusetts Boston) household and shed light on the family’s daily practices. The museum’s board of directors, however, is reluctant to Two Revolutionary War era homes, now historic houses and include information on the family as a whole and their daily sites for archaeological research, in Lexington and Concord, lives as part of the site’s interpretation, fearing that such Massachusetts, serve as starting points for a consideration of inclusion will obscure the focus on Gage’s work and reify memory, narrative, and history. These are both sites where existing gendered stereotypes regarding ‘the domestic early 19th-century women “made history,” mapping the sphere.’ This paper thus focuses on the perceived tensions political and military history of the American Revolution between ideas and things within the historical context of onto the domestic fabric of their homes by telling the stories house museums in general and the context of a politically of their recent ancestors, naming rooms, and preserving conscious museum-in-the-making specifically. furnishings. In their preservation efforts, these women may not have been primarily focused on telling their own stories, 9:50-10:10am but they made an important statement on the role of Our Site is Alive, Intimate, and Discomforting! Digging domestic spaces in national history and for their own power on Private Property with Descendants as history makers. As these women and many other Kaitlin Deslatte, Caroline Frank, and Krysta Ryzewski ordinary citizens used houses to create prospective memory, (Brown University) they developed a body of very resilient popular history and myth that often outlasted the physical presence of the Theoretical questions should inform interpretations of houses themselves. Like other bodies of evidence, these dwelling spaces as much as archaeological practices. The

18 practical challenges posed by working with descendants on African American History and represents the future site of a their lived landscape typically involve issues of dirt, the visitor’s center that will be part of a black history trail on mess, and inconveniences of sustaining a small army of Nantucket. The role of the extant house and the excavators while conducting one's life in the space. During archaeological process in practices of remembrance at the of our surveys and excavations on the property's house will be discussed as well as the potential avenues for homesteads, we constantly needed to negotiate. But what forgetting that allow groups to position themselves in happens when the archaeologist works with descendants, relation to perceived pasts. on their land, in dwelling spaces that have belonged to their ancestors for centuries, that they continue to own, and the 11:20-11:40am questions owners and archaeologist pose seem to diverge? Recollecting the Old Homestead: Memory, Place, Nostalgia Who owns the past? In speaking about work with Christina J. Hodge (Peabody Museum, Harvard University) indigenous peoples, George Nicholas and Kelly Bannister state: "the ultimate risk to both sides is the loss of control of This paper considers processes of memory-making at the knowledge." As the archaeologist gradually assumes some Elihu Akin House, a historic site in a New England coastal control of this lived-in space, a contest emerges. Referring village. Since the late eighteenth century, the house has been again to indigenous peoples, Meg Conkey points out that a place of dwelling and selective recollection via narratives "One need not be a social scientist to understand that the of history, identity, and place. The site has long fostered very cultural integrity of Indigenous peoples is inextricably nostalgic engagements with the past, understood as dependent upon their control of cultural knowledge." The entanglement in a present-past or longing for an idealized question we pose in this paper is doesn't this assertion hold and unattainable future-past. The once-"forgotten" property true for many groups of stakeholders, not only those who was recently purchased by the town and subjected to archaeologists have identified as disadvantaged. With over architectural preservation and archaeological study. As the five years of collaboration with "Greene Farm" descendants, house is reinvested with significance, it has been exposed we will use our experience to focus on current questions of and destabilized: valued by some, dismissed by others. The decolonization. place, its history, and its future are, simultaneously, being remade. How do agendas of remembering and forgetting 10:10-10:30am intersect with the uses of heritage? Who controls the Discussion production of knowledge? When practicing archaeology, how do you honor multiple stakeholders and the "public 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK trust" when priorities are misaligned with, or run counter to, each other? As a material/emotional discourse strongly 11:00-11:20am implicated in memory-making and the values of heritage, Families and Things: Social Relations and Materiality at nostalgia informs practice at the Akin House as at so many the Boston-Higginbotham House historic homes. Material culture can create nostalgic Teresa Dujnic (University of California Berkeley) recollection. And—importantly for those in heritage and allied professions—nostalgia is susceptible to manipulation. In recent research, memory work has been discussed as Nostalgia has implications for the way the Akin House is (or encompassing both the work done by past people with is not) developed into an educational center serving local respect to their own history and also the present–day and regional interests, as well as the interests of practices of archaeologists, historians, descendant archaeological heritage management. communities and other groups. This paper will focus on the latter, specifically addressing the ways that in present-day 11:40-12:00pm contexts stakeholders undertake memory work through Finding a Place for Archaeology at the Wilbor House in commemoration and everyday practices to create a place Little Compton, Rhode Island from which they can speak about their relationship with the Katharine M. Johnson (University of Massachusetts Boston) past. Memory work at historic houses, including both practices of remembering and forgetting, is tied in powerful The Wilbor House in Little Compton, Rhode Island has been ways to the materiality of extant buildings, antiques, and a fixture in the community for over fifty years; functioning artifacts. Memory work is also underwritten by the political not only as a headquarters for the Little Compton Historical and social contexts of the present. This paper will explore Society, but as an historic home and gathering for social some of the memory work undertaken by stakeholders at events. The house itself was built in the 1690s and stayed in the Boston-Higginbotham House in Nantucket the Wilbor family until the early 1900s when it was sold, Massachusetts. The house is owned by the Museum of occupied by various tenants, and then eventually given to

19 the Historical Society in 1955. Because the primary function The idea is to focus on material rather than discursive of the Historical Society is to be actively involved with the assemblages (however, they cannot be separated) in order to community and its history, it would not be beneficial to consider the complexity of human-nonhuman and organic- divorce the archaeology of this site’s past residents with nonorganic relationships (assemblage vs companion species those of its present or future. Recent archaeological vs actor-network-theory, etc.); to discuss a performative and excavations undertaken at the site have provided new agentive aspect of assemblage (what it does and how it information about the past occupants; but in what ways can functions rather than what it means), associations and this process and information be integrated into the site symbiotic relations as basic elements of analysis (relational history? This paper deals with how the archaeological materialism), the problem of territorialization and process at the Wilbor House has been and will be conveyed deterritorialization as factors of assemblage’s “identity” to members of the general public, and the ways in which (and space as created by assemblage). this process has complemented and changed the historical interpretation of the house itself. 9:00-9:10am Introduction 12:00-12:30pm Ewa Domańska (Poznan University/Stanford University) Discussion

Theory of Assemblage 9:10-9:40am Secondary Particles: “Everything is always already ready- Ewa Domańska (Poznan University/ Stanford made” University) Hayden White (Stanford University)

Assemblage is one of these “bridging concepts” that connect In this presentation I will attempt to address the so-called various disciplines while retaining their specificity. Argos problem as a way of identifying the ontological Commonly used in geology, paleontology, archaeology and presuppositions underlying all constructivist theories of art, recently it regains popularity in different fields (political reality. Rejecting for the moment any distinction between sciences - Manuel DeLanda, science studies – Bruno Latour, material and discursive agencements, I will suggest that the cultural studies - Brian Massumi). This process of paradox which attracts “assemblers” to the strategies of reappearance of the concept is accompanied by serious “assemblage” is that of (one version of) the Argos paradox attempts to theorize assemblage mainly by reference to how to make a new thing by putting together a congeries of Deleuze and Guattari’s understanding of the term (French old ones. agencement). 9:40-10:10am The panel “Theory of Assemblage” will gather scholars Strange Assemblages from various disciplines in order to discuss a non- or a- Geoffrey C. Bowker (University of California: Santa Clara) disciplinary approach to the concept of assemblage. From the understanding of assemblage as an equivalent term to “ Ontology” has become an oddly pervasive term across a Foucault’s epistemes, Kuhn’s paradigms, or Callon, Law number of fields. Frequently, builders of and Latour’s actor-network-theory, to its popular definition cyberinfrastructures to enable work across multiple as “a group of objects of different or similar types found in disciplines to treat complex issues (such as biodiversity and close association with one another”, the purpose is to climate change) ask the poor domain scientist: What is your problematize this concept from the point of view of ontology? While this question is generally greeted with a comparative studies in theories of human and social mixture of hostility and benign indifference, it is a sciences. Due to the course of discussion, the idea is to significant one that reveals tensions about the degrees to falsify and transgress modernist and postmodernist which we already know the objects that make up our world considerations on assemblage understood as a structure-like and by consequence constitute our computer surrogate, or in terms of the idea of the always-emerging, representations of it. The concept of “assemblages” is a the state of becoming, emergence, and production of perspicuous one for exploring new ways in which selves, difference and heterogeneity. In this sense, assemblage species and the world can (and should) be explored outside might serve as a “disturbing concept” that shows the of the boundaries of a single predefined ontology. limitations of its present understandings, on the one hand, and its potentialities for transgressing them, on the other. 10:40-11:00am COFFEE BREAK

11:00-11:30am

20 Hawking meets Hawking. The Ethnographic Study of a was inspired by Ryle’s “What is le Penseur doing?”—of an Statue assemblage. Hélène Mialet (University of California: Berkeley/Harvard University) 11:30-12:00pm Re-assembling the archaeological assemblage I begin by drawing your attention to a special, but at first sight Ana Bezic (Stanford University) merely curious feature of the notion of doing something, or rather of trying to do something. In the end I hope to satisfy you that this The notion of an assemblage has always been present in feature is more than merely curious; it is of radical importance for archaeology and remains to act as a classificatory tool par our central question, namely, what is le Penseur doing? excellence. What would archaeology look like if assemblage - Gilbert Ryle were no longer used as a term meaning “a group of What was for the philosopher a pure thought experiment different artifacts found in association with one another”? has been fleshed out for the ethnographer into an What if archaeological assemblages were no longer meaning improbable scene: the meeting of Stephen Hawking, the based structures? The concept of assemblage I am proposing man with Stephen Hawking the statue. The scene takes here is inspired by two ideas. The first one is from Latour’s place in Hawking’s office. A statue representing Hawking idea of the collective, and the second comes from DeLanda’s has been presented for approval before its definitive version theory of assemblages. By incorporating these views, the is made. Hawking, his assistants, his colleagues, the sculptor assemblage could then be seen as a result of the assembling and the ethnographer are present. The paper describes the of people and things (objects and processes) and in need of interaction between these different actors. It also wants to tracing their continual interactions rather then being defined take seriously the role of the statue as an actor. In taking by their associations. I propose an assemblage for into account the materiality of the statue, its circulation, its archaeology for which every assembling is a unique ‘event’, presence and what it allows, I will follow the mise-en-scène, a transformation rather than a combination. the articulation and shaping of an identity—the Thinker (Penseur). Where is Hawking? Where is the original, where 12:00-12:30pm is the replica? Who is who? Who is what? And what is General discussion Hawking—the Thinker, the man/the statue—doing? These Discussant: are some of the questions I will address through a thick Michael Shanks (Stanford University) description—to use Geertz term, which, as we will recall,

Abstracts

Saturday 2nd May Afternoon sessions (1pm-6pm)

Figurines in Action (cont) considered as non-human agents whose magical and John M. Matsunaga (University of California: supernatural essences complicated human/subject - material/object dichotomies. These capacities are linked Berkeley) & Peter Biehl (SUNY Buffalo) with their mimetic properties in addition to their archaeological recovery in caches and burials. In drawing 2:00-2:20pm on recent materiality and performance theory, this paper The Materiality and Performativity of Classic Maya expands on the active role of curated or cached objects to Figurines consider Classic Maya figurine-ocarinas, many of which are Christina Halperin (University of Illinois, Urbana- found archaeologically within middens. While earlier Maya Champaign) figurine studies have often focused on semiotic interpretations, I include in this investigation an Classic period (AD 300-900) Maya curated and cached examination of their social contexts of disposal and use, figural objects are frequently their scale, and their musical or noise-making capacities in 21 order to highlight their affective and animating roles. I demand a qualifier, "bone figurine", but the underscore objectification processes between humans and unqualified/unmarked form unambiguous-ly means the material world and discursive relations between "[ceramic] figurine"); they are understood to focus on different social actors in the constitution of ancient human subjects (again the unmarked subject "figurine", performances. against the marked "animal figurine"). Yet many recent studies have profitably worked across the lines between 2:20-2:40pm figurines and other things, asking such questions as, "when Ancient Mementos: Life Histories of Collected and does an anthropomorphic image become large enough to be Curated Figurines from Central Mexico called a sculpture and not be eligible to be described as a Lisa Overholtzer (Northwestern University) 'figurine'?"; "how can we abstract human subjects from a wider array of depicted things and animals?"; and "does the This paper reconstructs the life histories of ancient figurines medium matter, and if so, what do different media do?" that were collected and curated at Postclassic Xaltocan, Mexico in order to study their materiality, i.e. the mutually In this paper, I take these kinds of arguments - my own constitutive relationships between people and objects. A life previous work included - one step further, and ask whether history approach also allows us to study the production of we need to dismiss "figurines" entirely as a subject-- while Xaltocan as a place as it is structured by the movement of retaining contemporary figurine studies. What might we do, these figurines on the roads leading into the site. To do so, I if we did not take for granted that when we abstract a subset incorporate chemical provenance analysis of the figurines of material things in the present based on scale, medium, and stratigraphic evidence of their discard and build upon and subject matter, we are reproducing a meaningful previous research on their embodied household ritual use. category of the past? What is a figurine if it is not, in fact, an What emerges from this reconstruction is a view of Xaltocan object of past contemplation? as connected to or enchained to a network of ancient people, specifically people from Classic period Teotihuacan, 3:20-3:50pm through the collection and curation of artifacts or "pieces of Discussant places" from the already ancient site. Lynn Meskell (Stanford University)

3:50-4:20pm 2:40-3:00pm General discussion Person, Practice and Superego: The Function of Figurines in Ancient Teotihuacan, Mexico Warren Barbour (SUNY Buffalo) Intimate Encounters, Postcolonial Engagements (cont) When the ancient Teotihuacan state collapsed whole categories of figurines disappeared while others were Barbara Voss (Stanford University) & Eleanor modified or continued relatively unchanged. Examining Conlin Casella (University of Manchester) groups of Teotihuacan figurines and their trajectories after the collapse reveals what functions they may have served 2:00-2:20pm within the state and how they may have changed function Kinsey does Peru: Moche ceramics and the limits of pure in domestic and public religious practice from the city's description beginnings to the creation of myth and memories of the Mary Weismantel (Northwestern University) ancient city hundred of years later. In the 1950s, Peruvian archaeologist Rafael Larco Hoyle and 3:00-3:20pm American sexologist Alfred Kinsey attempted to collaborate No More Figurines: Questioning Homologies Between on a scientific project of great mutual interest: a Present and Past comprehensive study of ancient Pre- Columbian ceramics Rosemary Joyce (University of California: Berkeley) with a sexual theme. Both men believed in the power of empirical science: although the temporal and cultural What is a figurine? By now, the term is so naturalized distance between the twentieth century Americas and the within archaeology that it carries with it a plethora of first millennium was great, accurate description could givens: figurines are relatively small (less than life scale, provide a first step towards eventual analysis. This project certainly, and perhaps necessarily small enough to hold in was never completed, but it left a complex legacy that the hand); in many contexts, figurines are archetypally fired includes not only publications about and photographs of the clay objects (so that other small anthropomorphic sculptures Moche ceramics, but also the convoluted personal history of

22 Kinsey himself. Looked at today, this record demonstrates evolutionist bias of our discipline, archaeol-ogists often several things: the power of the empirical ideal; the seem to forget that these manifestations are only expressions difficulties inherent in achieving it; and the multiple of the kind of relations that people established among colonialisms that govern relations between Latin America themselves, and therefore of the ways of being of those and the U.S.; between elite Latin Americans of European people. The consequence is that if archaeology wants to heritage, like Larco Hoyle, and the indigenous Americas; approach past societies more accurately, issues of identity and even between the present and the PreColumbian past. need to be considered. Based on the standard western definition and conception of the person, several authors 2:20-2:40pm have isolated two different kinds of identity, the collective, Fetishizing the Body Ancient: metaphor, body politics, relational or ‘dividual’ versus the individualized one. and the DNA revolution in archaeology John Norder (Michigan State University) In this paper, by contrast, I suggest that: 1) identity is constructed through a much more flexible, subtle and One of the mainstays of essentialized archaeological complex process of intertwining collective (‘relational’) research has been the body. By itself or as a focus of the features with individualized ones; 2) ‘community’ can be attentions of past societies, it has been considered to be one understood as that social context where ‘relational’ features of the most critical sources of data for archaeological are dominant over the individualized ones in self- research. It is considered the key to understanding perception; 3) historically, the identities of men and women everything from individual health to concepts of social have gone through different procesess of transformation in status and cosmological insight. In many ways, the body is, that combination, which means that issues of gender also literally, a temple, something to worship through the need to be considered; 4) all such processes of imagination of archaeologists and biological anthro- transformation are structurally associated and therefore pologists. This paper explores the past and present materially expressed not only in changes in the relation with fetishism of the body as an object of continued colonial space or time, technology, and so on, but also in the domination in Native North America. Beginning with the diversity of types of material culture and in the American Indian critique of archaeology that resulted, in homogeneity or heterogeneity of each one of these types. part, in the passage of NAGPRA, I will examine the shifting Therefore it should be possible to draw some general landscape of body politics within this arena. Case studies approach to the type of community (more or less divided or such as Kennewick Man and the DNA revolution, which socio-economically complex) and the kind of identities has grown, sometimes shockingly and tragically, with the sustaining it in each historical moment of the past through support of American Indian communities, demonstrate that the analysis of its material remains. this fetishism continues to grow and challenges efforts at decolonization of the discipline. 2:20-2:40pm The Practice of Maintenance Activities: Material Culture 2:40-3:00pm and Identity in the Funerary Ritual of Argaric General discussion Communities Sandra Montón-Subías (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain) Material Practice, Identity and Community The term maintenance activities encom-passes a set of (cont) practices that involve the sustenance and welfare of all the Serena Love (Stanford University) & members of a social group. Usually related to care giving, A. Bernard Knapp (University of Glasgow) feeding and food processing, weaving and cloth manufacture, hygiene, public health and healing, 2:00-2:20pm socialization of children and the fitting out and organization Making Objects, Making Selves: Material Reflections on of related spaces, these activities comprise the basic tasks of Identity and Community daily life that regulate communities’ life courses and help to Almudena Hernando (Universidad Complutense, Madrid, stabilize social life. Originally undertaken by everyone who Spain) formed part of human communities, progressively, and for historical reasons, they became an integral part of women’s Archaeology has traditionally ignored the fact that concepts heritage in many traditional and historical societies. Because such as ‘economy’, ‘society’, ‘ideology’ or even ‘material they form part of the construction of identity in social culture’ are not realities that exist apart from the people interactions (‘we are what we do’), maintenance activities who produce them. Following the positivist and foster specific abilities and qualities, and confer on their

23 performers a particular understanding of the self, of the injunction was first expressed. I first reflect on how notions surrounding world and of the way of being in it. Paramount of the neighbor drawn from text-artifacts potentially to approaching the sense of community in the past is to complicate rigid structural visions of Near Eastern social visualize how this type of identity, usually defined as life. Then, drawing on a collection of early Iron Age relational, articulates across the social spectrum. In this agricultural communities in central Jordan, I demonstrate study, I propose to consider the relationship between how neighboring households both cooperated and maintenance activities and identity within the Argaric competed for subsistence and surplus wealth in a semi-arid communities of southeast Iberia (ca. 2250-1450 Cal BC), marginal environment. I pay particular attention to how beginning with the study of the material aspects of relationships between households are expressed in the built maintenance activities in the funerary record and environment and through material culture. I conclude by continuing with analysis of its structuration within other discussing how it was possible for neighbors to build wealth spheres of social life. so that they as well as their households might have achieved a state of exception in social life, a position from which they 2:40-3:00pm could determine the community’s fate. By returning to these Identities, Communities and Mortuary Practices in early iterations of the neighbor in the Near East, I not only Mesopotamia seek to re-envision the ‘communal’ in ancient societies, but Karina Croucher (University of Manchester, Manchester, also to improve on discussions of the neighbor in UK) contemporary critical thought.

Issues of identity and community lie at the very heart of 3:20-3:40pm everyday practice, influencing how people interact, relate to Discussion material culture, and to each other. We often assume that senses of community and identity are related to place, 3:40-4:00pm assumptions that are particularly strengthened by the Situating Potting Practice and Learning Community on location of the dead: this relationship between living spaces the Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia and mortuary places forms the focus of this paper. What Andrew P. Roddick (University of California, Berkeley, exactly is the relationship between the spaces of the living California) and the dead? What are the choices made by the living through the exchanges and deposition of material culture Our understanding of community boundedness is often surrounding mortuary events? How are mortuary practices entangled with notions of settlements and increasing related to the concept of community? This paper discusses sociopolitical complexity. This is particular-ly the case for these issues in the light of ongoing research on the ‘Royal the Late Formative Period (200 BC–250 AD) of the Lake Cemetery’ at Ur (Mesopotamia, ca. 2600-2400 BC), Titicaca Basin, prior to the spread of the Tiwanaku state. examining contextual evidence, mortuary practices, Titicaca Basin archaeologists take a ‘bird’s eye perspective’, identities and the communities responsible for the defining community boundaries — religious, political or deposition of some 660 people, including 16 ‘Royal Graves’, ethnic — by the presence and density of particular ceramic as well as the potential sacrifices suggested by the material. design styles across the landscape. This approach is suspect It also examines how concepts of identity and community in many cases, unproductive for more fine-grained social are bound up in material practices at Ur, investigating the questions, and ineffective for the ‘design-light’ ceramics of realms of the living and the dead. the Late Formative Period. In this paper I suggest that a focus on learning is a useful conceptual bridge to a more 3:00-3:20pm dynamic perspective of community; learning is central to How To Be an Exceptional Neighbor in the Ancient Near the cycles of social reproduction. Jean Lave and Etienne East Wenger’s (1991) seminal work on ’communities of practice‘ Benjamin Porter (University of California, Berkeley, offers a dynamic framework of situated knowledge with California) useful conceptual tools to consider crafting traditions. Pottery production is a tacit and embodied knowledge that Leviticus’s demand that we love our neighbors as ourselves is, like any form of social practice, learned in a community suggests that the person who embodies this category is of practice. I use ideas from Lave and Wenger, and the neither family nor stranger, but rather somebody whose greater situated learning literature, to investigate Late relationship to us is irresolvable and problematic. In the Formative communities of potting practice on the Taraco spirit of those recent thinkers who have returned to the Peninsula, Bolivia. I track shifting technological choices and problem of the neighbor, this paper explores that notion in bodily practices by examining ceramic attributes and the ancient Near Eastern milieu where the Leviticus compositional data from a large ceramic assemblage

24 excavated by the Taraco Archaeological Project. Lave, Jean, community life past and present. Using examples from and Etienne Wenger 1991 Situated Learning: Legitimate several archaeological sites in California – as diverse as a Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Spanish-colonial military presidio, an urban Chinese Press. immigrant neighborhood, and a 19th century brothel – this paper explores methodological and theoretical issues in 4:00-4:20pm archaeological research on the sexual dimensions of Communities of Practice and Political Organization in the community. Classic Maya Countryside Jason Yaeger (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin) 4:40-5:30 Discussant (and General Discussion) Communities can be productively under-stood as a Ian Hodder (Stanford Unviersity) confluence of people, place, and premise, following John Watanabe. Defined thus, the community is a flexible construct that focuses our attention on specific spatial The Residues of Human Decisions: frames, people’s interactions within those frames, and ways Archaeological Applications of Behavioral that ideation and identity shape and are constituted by those interactions. Communities do not exist sui generis; Ecology (cont) they are constructed through practices, ranging from Brian F. Codding & Douglas W. Bird (Stanford quotidian activities to marked practices that occur during University) more salient events. People belong to multiple communities; some are nested in a scalar fashion, others are cross-cutting. 2pm-5pm Panel Discussion In this paper, I discuss three very different communities that existed in the Classic-period Mopan River Valley of western Belize: the small, agrarian hinterland community of San Discussants: Lorenzo; the larger, imagined political community of Robert L. Bettinger (University of California: Davis) Xunantunich; and the elite community that was discontiguously distributed throughout the polity’s hamlets Michael A. Jochim (University of California: Santa Barbara) and larger centers. I focus on the distinct sets of material practices through which these communities were James F. O'Connell (University of Utah) constructed, and the venues in which those practices occurred. The members of each shared a salient identity, Stephen Shennan (University College London) despite the high degree of internal heterogeneity in each community. I chart changes in these communities and the Bruce Winterhalder (University of California: Davis) material practices through which they were constituted from the Late Classic to the Terminal Classic period, a time Steven L. Kuhn (University of Arizona) of significant population decline, environmental change, and political fragmentation. I close with a more speculative discussion of how people in different subject positions would have been affected by these larger changes, and how Iconoclash and the Archaeology of Violence their shifting strategies contributed to the changing nature Toward Images (cont) of these communities. Severin Fowles (Barnard College/Columbia University) 4:20-4:40pm The Historical Archaeology of Sexual Communities Barbara L. Voss (Stanford University, Stanford, California) 2:00-2:20pm The Numismatic State: Iconolcash and its Subjects during Sexual ideologies, sexual policies, sexual relationships, and the First Century of Islam sexual practices all shape the ways that communities are Darryl Wilkinson (Columbia University) formed. Some communities even come to be defined or known primarily through their sexual practices or sexual It has been suggested that there is no archaeological identities. Archaeological interpretations of historical evidence for the first Muslim state until some 70 years after communities, and archaeological engagement with living the initial Islamic conquests because until that time, no such communities, need to consider the sexual politics of state (in the sense of a centralized, bureaucratic government) actually existed. Seeking to address this 25 puzzling lack of material evidence, this paper considers a carefully; in the 19th c the cemetery was built over, specific moment in the emergence of the first Muslim state forgotten and disrespected. Late in the 20th c, these bodies (during the late 6th Century AD) when the pre-existing were relocated and had become ghosts, subjected to wildly Byzantine and Sassanian coinages were modified to divergent attitudes and behaviors by a Federal agency, the conform to a more 'Islamic' form. This moment is discussed African-American community / communities and as one which produced new kinds of political subjects archaeologists. through individuals' efforts to shape and regulate the material manifestations of the state. Iconoclash is therefore 3:00-3:20pm considered as a site for the creation of new ideologies that Discussion relate to shared understandings of political and religious subjectivity, rather than merely an expression of pre- existing iconoclastic or anti-idolatrous sentiments.

2:20-2:40 3:20-3:40pm Material Practice and the Semiotic Metamorphosis of a A breaking of boundaries: the iconoclasm of English Sign: Early Buddhist Stupas and the Origin of Mahayana witchbottles Buddism Zoe Crossland (Columbia University) Lars Fogelin (University of Arizona) Iconoclasm stages the act of breakage as one which From at least the 3rd century BCE, Buddhist ritual focused expresses a negative moral valuation. Iconoclash opens up on stupas, stylized replicas of the mounds of earth in which the possibility to deepen and widen our understanding of early Buddhists interred relics of the Buddha. Beginning in why people make and break objects. This paper turns to 17th the 2nd century BCE, Buddhist monks in Western India century England to discuss the breaking of apotropaic began manipulating the physical shape of monastic stupas devices made from common and mass-produced Bartmann to make them appear taller and more massive than they or 'Bellarmine' jugs. These 'witch bottles' demonstrate the actually were. These manipulations were intended to assist power of the broken image to articulate anxieties over in asserting monastic authority over the Buddhist laity. bodily integrity in the context of the coming into being of a Employing theories of practice, materiality, and semiotics, I bounded sense of self. They also remind us of the domestic argue that intentional manipulations of the shape of stupas background to 17th century conceptualizations of the 'fetish' by Buddhist monks unintentionally led to the progressive and complicate its association with the exotic and 'other'. detachment of the primary signs of Buddhism from their original referents. Where earlier stupas were icons of the 3:40-4:00pm Buddha encased within indexes of his presence, later stupas Intercessory Images of Inter-ruption were symbols of the Buddha and Buddhist theology. This Angie Heo (Barnard College, Columbia University) change in the material practice of Buddhism reduced stupas’ emotional immediacy in favor of greater intellectual This paper will examine the political-theological detachment. In the end, this shift in the meaning ascribed to implications of divine images in circulation, made stupas created the preconditions from which the Buddhist perceptible through the commemoration of founding acts of image cult and Mahayana Buddhism emerged in the 1st violence - the truth confession of a martyr saint by torture through 5th centuries CE. The development of Mahayana and the territorial disruption of a body politic by war. Its Buddhism and Buddha images signified a return to iconic point of contemporary access is a dynamic of Coptic worship of the Buddha. Orthodox images of saintly and clerical intercession in 1967- 8 - the relics of St. Mark, the pilgrimage shrines of 2:40-3:00pm Jerusalem, the apparition of the Virgin Mary - during a Corpses and Ghosts: The African Burial Ground moment in which an Egypt unified was reckoning with the Nan Rothschild (Columbia University) mournful remembrances of the Arab-Israeli war. As I plan to suggest in the paper, this triplet emergence of images The bodies of the dead are especially significant actors and marks a co-constitutive convergence of body-rupturing their treatment is encompassed within aspects of iconoclash, events in which strands of nation-state sovereignty become handled with respect or trangressed and degraded at entangled in the modern institution of the papal-theological differing times in their trajectory. As their reality fades their seat of earthly power in the Coptic Orthodox church. The power may increase. The African Burial Ground in lower aim is to invite conversation with those interested in the Manhattan, NYC is an exemplar of such conflicting nature of sovereignty (church and state), territorial representations. In the 18th c. dead Africans were buried displacement and war, imperial expansion, the

26 indeterminate status of a body politic, and the communicative force of images in movement. We explore the use of virtual worlds for modeling changes in ecology and ideologies of landscape around the Wari 4:00-4:20pm (600-1000 AD) center of Cerro Baul, Peru. This was a Decontextualization and defacement: Joel Meyerowitz's dynamic period in Peruvian prehistory, with the Andes' post-9/11 photography first empires expanding into new regions and radically Zachary Hooker (Columbia University) altering the environments with irrigation works, monumental architecture, and new forms of urbanism. On Joel Meyerowitz was the only 'freelance' (i.e., non-forensic) the border between the two prominent highland states, Wari photographer allowed on site at the World Trade Center and Tiwanaku, this transition included the conversion of a immediately after the towers had fallen. During months of sacred mountain into a ceremonial and administrative photographing the ruins and clean-up effort at the site, center by the Wari. Meyerowitz produced nearly 10,000 negatives. This paper comparatively examines two productions that resulted from Our research has used virtual environments to investigate this endeavor: the first was a globe-trotting 27-photo architectural alignments and perceptions of space that exhibition curated and organized by the US Department of enhance our understanding of ancient ideologies of place. It State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs , which also has permitted us to recreate the vast network of opened in mid-2002 with the title "After September 11th: irrigation works and agricultural production. Ongoing Images from Ground Zero"; the second was a volume of research is using ecological modeling based on these virtual photographs organized by Meyerowitz himself and worlds to assess the environmental changes brought on by published as Aftermath: World Trade Center Archive and imperialism in ancient Peru. published by Phaidon in 2007. 12:25-2:45pm Via analysis of these two productions (and the press Valuing Simplicity: Archaeological Field Documentation releases, interviews, and publicity that surrounded them), and Less Formal Approaches toward Semantic this paper first considers the State Department's Interoperability de/recontextualization of these images as a form of Eric C. Kansa (University of California: Berkeley) defacement or politically productive iconoclasm. This view is then contested through an emphasis on the autonomy of Web-based scholarship can be far more rapid, cost-effective, the 'image-in/for-itself' – the inevitable inability of any conversational, open, and transparent than print-based image to control its contexts. From this viewpoint, the publication. However, despite the success of popular Web possibility of a redemptive quality within the autonomous 2.0 systems for informal information sharing, much image is considered, a quality that coalesces the context of archaeological field documentation and analyses still see its production despite subsequent defacements or little dissemination in collaborative online environments. To decontextualization. However, such a redemptive reading meet archaeological data-sharing needs, some advocate of images may be contingent on particular styles of reading, highly formalized “Semantic Web” approaches that particularly allegorical reading, conceived as a process of integrate vast collections of data by referencing common redemption by which mythologized images (or, 'screen disciplinary ontologies (formal conceptual systems). In memories') can escape the hegemonic contexts that frame contrast, this paper will argue that, even though useful them and provide truly historical material with which one Semantic frameworks such as the CIDOC-CRM exist, the can accurately analyze and critique a particular images primary barriers to data sharing are social and practical, as found context. well as theoretical. Elaborate and formal semantic structures, while indeed facilitating efficient data exchange 4:20-5:00pm and interoperability, can sometimes constrain meaning and Discussion interpretive possibilities. In contrast, a more “mashup- oriented” approach with simplified and less elaborate semantics, while being less ambitious from a technical or Semantic Web point of view, may be more justifiable from Cyber-Archaeology (cont) the perspective of archaeological interpretation and theory. Maurizio Forte (University of California: Merced) 2:50-3:10pm 2:00-2:20pm Cyber-archaeology: Steering Beyond the Artifact towards Virtual Landscapes at Cerro Baul, Peru Situated Understanding Patrick Ryan Williams (Field Museum of Chicago) Erik Champion (Massey University, New Zealand)

27 tombs of the Western Han Dynasty. Despite their When we talk of cyber-archaeology, it is possible to think of importance they risk to be lost because of the critical digital archaeology, archaeological methods that conditions of plasters and colours. They show a very rich incorporate digital technology. Yet this term is too generic to repertory of subjects such as scenes of daily life, rituals and convey the recurring issue of communicating conflicting ascension to heaven. These examples of mural paintings accounts of the past to a wide variety of audience. We contain a very complex interpretation code explaining the require a term that inspires the participant to move past the relations between life and death during the Western Han contemplation of artifacts as singular objects, and to dynasty. A simple description of the subjects and also the conserve the situated processes and ways in which this 3D virtual reconstruction of the tombs are insufficient for knowledge has been retrieved. When archaeology is used to approaching a correct cultural interpretation. In this paper communicate artifacts and events of historical significance we present a preliminary case study on the semantics of the to the wider public, we may also be reminded of virtual tomb M 27’s iconography (excavated in Xi’an in 2004 and heritage. Despite its succinct nature, this term is, documented by laser scanning) obtained through 3D virtual unfortunately, an oxymoron. Are we attempting to almost cybermaps. The use of virtual-cyber mind maps stresses the convey the importance of preservation and conservation? I interpretation of the spatial, religious and symbolic proffer this definition: cyber-archaeology is the complicit connections (affordances) of the different subjects and capacity of digital media to allow the visitor to be immersed images decorating the vault and the walls of the tomb. inside archaeological findings and approaches, way-finding Through this simulation process the potential semantic their way through alternating and even conflicting recomposition of the tomb creates new metaphors of viewpoints. Such way-finding necessitates meaningful learning and communication. participation for the visitor to truly engage with the experience, not the superficial personalization or 3:40-4:00pm widespread destruction of commercial game-worlds. To General discussion bring life back to virtual worlds for the enjoyment of the spectator, we require more understanding of communication design, specifically, interaction design. An Island View of Theory: Archaeological While commercial games offer ready-made environments, Thought in Hawaii, Past, Present, and Future tools, and genres, more interrogative and critical media is required, that is reflection-friendly, and not just trigger- James Flexner (University of California: happy. The potential of counter-factual worlds, thematic Berkeley) interaction, and virtual worlds as constrained socially participative media will also be discussed as methods to This session will explore the various theoretical frameworks improve situated under-standing. that have shaped and continue to shape archaeological thought in Hawaii. Archaeological theory has followed a 3:15-3:35pm unique developmental trajectory in Hawaii, with emphases 3D Cybermaps of the Western Han Tombs on culture history, historical anthropology, evolutionary Nicolò Dell’Unto, Fabrizio Galeazzi & Paola Di ecology, and historical ecology, and with less explicit Giuseppantonio Di Franco (University of California, emphasis on so-called post-processual archaeologies when Merced) compared with certain strands of scholarship in North America and Europe. There has also been increased This project of the Virtual Museum of the Western Han emphasis in recent years on public archaeology and Dynasty is a joint research between UC Merced and the indigenous archaeology in the Islands. It is not a goal of this Jiaotong University aimed to the digital documentation of session to focus exclusively on the application of various archaeological sites, artifacts and cultural relics of the 'post' theories (postmodernism, postcolonial theory, post- Western Han Dynasty. The outcome of this process will be processualism) in Hawaiian archaeology, though a the creation of a virtual museum, based on collaborative discussion of these bodies of theory is welcome. Rather, the environments, dedicated to the Western Han Dynasty and goal will be to highlight a variety of approaches to and able to integrate new archaeological datasets coming from influences on archaeological theory in Hawaii. the fieldwork activities (most part of them unpublished), monuments, and famous collections of artifacts of the Xi’an Hawaiian archaeologists do not often get together to "talk archaeological museums. theory" per se, but the discipline of archaeology in the Islands is host to vibrant, relevant theoretical debates. It is One of the most important archaeological examples in Xi’an worth discussing the kinds of theories that shape is represented by the mural paintings of the monumental archaeological thought in Hawaii in a wider forum, both to

28 contribute the unique viewpoints that have developed taken as a given element, a progression of years against among archaeologists working in the Islands to the which the course of history can be measured. For discipline at large, and to engage with theoretical influences archaeologists, time had to be discovered, through creative from other parts of archaeology. ways of arranging artifacts, and through emerging technologies, radiocarbon dating being the most widely and Papers are invited for this session which explore the history rapidly adopted example in the discipline. At the same of archaeological thought in Hawaii, which highlight time, the material record of archaeology contains one of the theoretical orientations now prominent in Hawaiian most direct means to assessing a broad spectrum of details archaeology, and which may suggest future directions for concerning daily life in the past, while the written records theory in Hawaiian archaeology. The geographical focus for with which historians often concern themselves may focus this session is Hawaii, but papers should present broader on particular events or individuals, remaining relatively theoretical discussions that will be relevant for the discipline mute about the day-to-day patterns that formed the as a whole. backdrop of those phenomena. In situations where 2:00-2:10pm archaeology and history overlap, scholars are provided an Introduction opportunity to construct a detailed picture of the past, using James Flexner (University of California: Berkeley) the different kinds of information available in the archaeological and written records. To explore this 2:10-2:30pm framework, Hawaiian archaeology will be used as a case Traditional Ethnohistory and Archaeological Evidence: study, in which there is widespread use of ethnohistoric Seeing beyond the Royal Court of the Kamehameha data for the interpretation of pre-contact material, and a Dynasty in Kawaihae, Island of Hawai‘i rich, growing tradition of post-contact archaeologies in the Mike T. Carson archipelago.

Archaeological investigation at the royal court of the 2:50-3:10pm Kamehameha Dynasty in Kawaihae, Hawai‘i Island, Spatial patterning and social structure in traditional presents an unequaled opportunity to compare traditional Hawaiì ethnohistory with archaeological evidence. A critique of Julie Taomia cultural traditions and historic accounts suggests that they were shaped by the ruling elites, suppressing other potential Archaeologists have long recognized the significance of the voices in history and moreover over-writing the past. spatial distribution of material remains to interpreting past Beneath the surface, earlier occupation layers pre-date the cultures. However, models that have been used to interpret historic royal precinct of the A.D. 1790s through 1820s. archaeological remains are often based in the knowledge Archaeological excavations provide the means to place the base of the archaeologists, which are based in their own stratified cultural deposits, occupational horizons, and cultural concepts. Using language and cognitive studies, activity areas in the context of depositional history, Lehman has noted the applicability of a mathematically environmental transformation, and changing social derived explanatory model to social and spatial circumstances over the course of several centuries. The conceptualizations of speakers of Austronesian languages, resulting long-term and material-based perspective including Polynesians (see Lehman & Herdrich 2002). This compares and contrasts with the ethnohistoric view of local model posits a concept of a powerful point with radiating and regional cultural history. fields of influence. Boundaries to the field of influence are established where the field encounters a field of another 2:30-2:50pm power point. The power of the point is conceived of as Where Archaeology Ends, When History Begins: Time crucial to life, but is also dangerous and must be controlled. Theories from Hawaii Lehman and Herdrich demonstrate the pervasiveness of this James Flexner (University of California: Berkeley) concept in Samoan language and culture. Their analysis includes terms that are found across Polynesian languages Archaeology and history, constructed at the broadest with the same or very similar semantic meanings, including possible scale, are both concerned with the same thing: the tapu (kapu), mana, noa and mata (maka). In this paper I will human past. Yet the approach the two disciplines take to explore the manifestation of this model in Hawaiian the same topic can be very different, especially given material culture. archaeology's connection to anthropology in North American settings. Time plays an important role in the Lehman, F.K. (F.K.L. Chit Hlaing) and David J. Herdrich. ways that archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians 2002. On the relevance of point field for spatiality in construct the human past. For historians, time is generally Oceania, pp. 179-197 in Giovanni Bennardo, ed.

29 Representing Space in Oceania: culture in language and theoretical viewpoint, with emphasis placed on 1) mind. Canberra Pacific Linguistics. distinguishing conceptual trends and associations in research conducted in the Islands and beyond; and 2) 3:10-3:30pm assessing future directions that focused studies of Questions of Space and Place: Progress and challenges for monumental architecture by archaeologists may help to take spatial archaeology us – and how Hawaiian examples can offer an invaluable Mark D. McCoy (San Jose State University) point of departure.

Spatial archaeology is a diverse, evolving field that 3:50-4:10pm contributes to fundamental method and theory in The Maka`ainana Transformation in Hawai`i: anthropological archaeology. Rooted in settlement pattern Archaeological Expectations Based on the Social Effects of and regional archaeology, more recent approaches centered Parliamentary Enclosure in England on landscape and historical ecology have challenged us to Tom Dye think about how we view, analyze, interpret, and represent Property is a social relation defined by rights that are the spatial component of the archaeological record. These universally contested and negotiated. Societies differ across theoretical developments permeate the discipline and shape space and through time in their emphasis on one or the both our research questions and designs. In addition, other of two broad classes of rights. Rights of person--- methodological developments in spatial technology have rights not to be excluded from uses and enjoyments---are also impacted core archaeological practices including how contrasted with so-called rights of property---rights that we find and record archaeological remains, manage data, exclude others from those same uses and enjoyments. and investigate the historical relationship between our Archaeological theory and research indicates that Hawai`i species and the world around us. began a shift from rights of person to rights of property around the fifteenth century. Archeologists have just begun In this paper I review the progress and continued challenges to explore the nature, timing, and scope of social changes archaeology faces as we integrate more sophisticated associated with the re-definition of property in traditional notions of space and place in our research and come to have Hawai`i. It is argued here that the well-documented effects a greater reliance on spatial technology. I begin by of Parliamentary enclosure in eighteenth century England presenting a case study of spatial analysis and technology in yield hypotheses that can be tested against the Hawaiian the archaeology of the Hawaiian Islands to reveal larger archaeological record. Suggestions for implementing some trends in the discipline. In this review, I highlight two tests are offered. themes that are mainstays in research on Hawaiian prehistory and Pacific Island archaeology in general: 4:10-4:30pm human-environment relationships and monumentality. Not The Emergence of Primary States in Ancient Hawaii. only are these common to research in other regions of the Robert J. Hommon world, but they are useful to the discussion of how to move spatial archaeology forward. The multi-disciplinary study of the rise of competing indigenous Hawaiian kingdoms, the last and perhaps most 3:30-3:50pm thoroughly documented example of primary state Ideas set in stone: archaeological theory and ancient emergence, is well suited both to apply and to contribute to Hawaiian monumental architecture state-formation theory. The emergence of the Hawaiian Jesse W. Stephen (University of Hawai'i at Manoa) states appears to have been a broad spectrum transformation of traditional Polynesian society whereby The archaeological record of Oceania demonstrates social rank sharpened into socio-economic class distinction; remarkable achievements in architecture, exemplified by the ascribed, sacred status was eclipsed by secular political remains of monumental constructions that supported achievement as the basis for rulership; control of land activities from athletic competitions to agricultural harvests. passed from traditional lineage to governing faction; This paper addresses the shape and trajectory of government was radically simplified by the invention of archaeological theory through the lens of extant stratified control hierarchy, a structure of bureaucratic monumental architecture in the Hawaiian Islands. offices built on the template of the ranked hierarchy of Beginning with a historical review of monumental chiefs; customary giving of gifts and offerings became a architecture and its engagement by archaeologists in taxation system; a state religion, controlled by a professional Hawai‘i, this discussion offers a baseline for the study of priesthood and political leaders, grew out of community ancient architecture and its relation to archaeological theory ritual; and warrior kings routinely waged true conquest across the archipelago. In turn, this paper takes a broader warfare to expand their realms by capturing, incorporating,

30 and governing political units complete with their populations of resident producers. By definition, theoretical approaches provide frameworks that enable certain kinds of questions, while excluding Factors implicated in the emergence of Hawaiian states others. Fencing the field of archaeological inquiry thus include the immigration of high ranked chiefs from East creates areas that are seen by practitioners as "in," while Polynesian archipelagoes and the introduction of the sweet others are perceived as "out." This paper provides a brief potato and other crops during the Late Voyaging Period (ca overview of some of the lines that have been drawn in the A.D. 1200-1400) followed by the onset of food shortages and theory and practice of archaeology in Hawai’i. Axes for competition for wealth in pigs and other goods as comparison include: unit and scale of analysis; agricultural expansion approached limits on reliably epistemology; dimensions of difference; and the role of productive agricultural lands, ca A.D. 1550. ethnohistoric sources. Observations are proffered regarding the relationships between these different theoretical perspectives, the sociopolitics of archaeology, and, in 4:30-4:50pm keeping with the TAG 2009 conference theme, “the future of Biocomplexity Theory in Hawaiian Archaeology: Islands things” in Hawaiian archaeology. as Model Systems Patrick V. Kirch (University of California: Berkeley) 5:10-5:30pm General discussion This paper takes the position that archaeology in Hawai‘i Discussant (and elsewhere in Oceania) may benefit from developments Kent Lightfoot (University of California: Berkeley) in biocomplexity theory, which is concerned with the dynamic and often non-linear coupling between natural and cultural systems. In particular, I argue that Oceanic islands Producing Subjectivity: Archaeologies of —of which Hawai‘i is perhaps the best known exemplar— Capitalism, Modernity and Social Action offer outstanding “model systems” for investigating and understanding past human ecodynamics. In a model Bryn Williams (Stanford University) and Lindsay system, fundamental variables can be readily identified, and Weiss (Columbia University) the mechanisms of interaction among them tested. While model systems are by definition simple, they nonetheless In today's world, transnational flows of people and capital contain all of the essential elements found in more complex seem to pass over the power dynamics of national and systems, or in systems that operate on a larger scale; hence, colonial regimes of old. Global capital, what some would their widespread application and utility. Polynesian islands, term Empire, is imagined to be a shadowy and including the Hawaiian archipelago, offer a set of indeterminate presence that is perpetually in flight. In its contrastive model systems for human ecodynamics due to a wake, and perhaps in opposition to this new state of affairs, small number of well-defined “state factors” that display the category of the multitude has been raised, a radically especially clear properties. Natural state factors in Hawai‘i heterogeneous social formation bringing with it an include biogeochemical gradients as a function of time and emancipatory ability to constantly exceed and surpass the geological development; strongly orthogonal variation in oppressive capacities of Empire. climate; and, disharmonic and highly endemic biotic components. Key cultural state factors include: relatively The emancipatory hope being invested in these new social late colonization of a previously uninhabited set of islands; formations suggests the need for a historical genealogy of a short, well-controlled time scale for cultural evolution; multitudes, past and present. We suggest that isolation of the cultural group after initial colonization; archaeologists working in the trails of fragmentary and significant demographic transitions; and, significant shadowy networks have always straddled the ruins of transformation in the scale of sociopolitical complexity. A various multitudes over the centuries and grappled with further degree of cultural control stems from the application constant shifts between deterritorial-ization and of a phylogenetic model for Polynesian cultural evolution, reterritorialization. This session invites participants to allowing discrimination of homologous retentions from examine these past and present multitudes. What kinds of subsequent innovations or adaptations. subjects and subjectivities are produced on the margins of capitalism and colonialism and to how do these subjects 4:50-5:10pm simultaneously evade, rework, and create these same power Fencing the Field: The Ins and Outs of Theory in structures? Is this sort of indeterminacy, also reflected in the Hawaiian Archaeology archaeological record, part constitutive of the modern Cynthia Van Gilder (St Mary’s College of California) world?

31 2:00-2:20pm 2:40-3:00pm Selling My Heritage to the Highest Bidder; this is the Price 'WHERE ARE THE PEOPLE?' of Freedom Multitudes in Empires Uzma Rizvi (Stanford University) Reinhard Bernbeck

Inspired by a quote from an Iraqi entrepreneur on the topic Archaeology ought to be a practice concerned with people, of national heritage, this paper will investigate the past to present. But as an academic discipline, archaeology reformulation of post-War heritage discourse in has deep roots in projects of classifying people and their contemporary Iraq. This will include an evaluation of artifacts as "cultures", "societies", "traditions" in order to systems of governance that incorporate facets of late dominate. Conceptualizing past and present peoples as capitalism and a neo-liberal agenda with the export of multitudes can provide a way out of this foundational democracy on a country's effort to reclaim and redefine its dilemma without deleting at the same time people's power national and cultural heritage. Through these discussions in to act. I use a comparison of the U.S. empire and ancient local publics, the perception of freedom reconstitutes Assyria to show the possibilities of an archaeological re- subjectivity through resistance to larger international forces conceptualizing of power relations. Ideological and and efforts to contend with the histories of internal disputes. repressive means of control let unruly multitudes appear in Such narrow fields of interaction (physically, mentally, and the interstices. emotionally) have given voice to particular forms of discourse that index altered value systems and shifted 3:00-3:20pm relationships to the past. In some instances, that move has Far Out West: Frontier Subjectivities in New Mexican rearticulated colonial frameworks related to international Hippie Communities imperial impulses in the form of globalized markets, Kaet Heupel rendering (not for the first time) archaeological material culture as commodity. Within that fluctuation however, At the frontier, things that are “outside” of capital are there are some local groups that are re-appropriating the altered, becoming commensurable with the commodity- concept of commodity as a form of resistance. In an effort to form. New Mexico has long been seen as a geographical amplify that slight shift within which resistance might be frontier, beginning with the first European expansions into articulated, this paper will look at the 'selling of heritage' as the Americas ? however, the moments at which things are constituting new subjectivities emerging from discourses of revalued and recirculated as they cross frontiers that are not liberation and new forms of social change. necessarily just spatial needs to be better analyzed. From the 1960s Taos offered a new kind of frontier for the production 2:20-2:40pm of (indigenous) cultural capital, just as it had once been a Caribbean Complexities frontier for the capitalization of land and labor. This paper Marc Hauser thus approaches capitalism as more than a distinct set of structural inequalities and ideological formations, In eighteenth century english imperial formations, the kinds suggesting that it might be better understood as a certain set of quotidian documents written at the margins of empires of material reconfigurations as human subjects at capital’s can reveal significant information about everyday colonial frontier are called to perform the work of transforming non- life, but it also reveals anxieties and concerns of capital into capital. These processes, which occurred at the parliamentarians in London and assemblymen in Jamaica. level of the everyday, material practices of the hippie In this paper I attempt to illustrate on the one hand how pioneers in New Mexico, allow us to consider capitalism empires and colonialism works, and on the other how within a more appropriately archaeological framework. people took advantage of social and geographic spaces While hippies sought, ostensibly at least, to avoid the overlooked and set aside to create and transform the reaches of capital, their lived experiences at the frontier landscapes of their enslavement and labor. I examine the were deeply entangled with the emergence of new forms of disjunctures between imperial interests, the refraction of indigenous cultural capital that became open to these interests in the practices of administrators in the commodification in ways that had previously not been colonies, and the everyday lives of the enslaved. Through possible. By taking capitalism to be a series of frontier my analysis of material culture I illuminate both the effects, this paper discusses the way in which frontier incomplete articulation of imperial interests in the colonies, processes in the Taos area of northern New Mexico worked and the ways in which the everyday practices of the to produce transformed hippie subjects in the 1960s and enslaved both enabled but also exceeded imperial 1970s. prescriptions.

32 3:20-3:40pm the part of these new social formations involve textual, Cultivating Marginality visual and mental representations usually informed by and Bryn Williams (Stanford University) heavily rooted in material culture, and the past. Thus, I conclude, archaeologists are attending to a peculiar California underwent a rapid re-territorialization during the reconfiguration of the modern world in which, our relation 19th century as it was politically and economically integrated to material culture and things, can offer a nuanced into the United States. This process of re-territorializaiton perspective about how this process shapes new was marked by its uneven application. Specifically, some confinements and cores of power. places and spaces within the physical boundaries of the state were characterized as marginal to the new regime. This 4:20-4:40pm marginality was manifested as an imagined exclusion from Where, in the multitude, does freedom lie? the economic and juridical workings of State and National Lindsay Weiss (Columbia University) government. The story of the Diamond Fields in late 19th century South This paper focuses on one of these “marginal” spaces – the Africa was a story about the superfluous people of Point Alones Village in Pacific Grove, CA. To what extent modernity; men and women who migrated globally to a was this marginality a rhetorical strategy? To what extent diamond rush site where dreams of fabulous riches fueled was it experienced in practice? Is the cultivation of marginal their daily labors. Traditionally, this historical moment has places a necessary component of imperial domination and been carved up according to the traditional narrative of the domestication? And finally, what can discussing the history rise of monopoly capital. However, by tracing the routes of of a hundred year old “marginal” place tell us about the stolen diamonds across the diamond fields, an entirely “new” regimes of uneven sovereignty engendered by the different landscape reveals an entirely different set of spread of globalization? dynamics at work at this moment.

3:40-4:00pm What is relevant to consider about this somewhat more Discussion heterogeneous and less monolithic reading of the events on the diamond fields is the double challenge it presents-- 4:00-4:20pm firstly it challenges the assumption that within such The Heirs of the Ancestors in a New and Hyper-real heterogeneity resides an innate emancipatory potential and Modernity second, it suggests that the careful examination of just such Dante Angelo heterogeneous social formations of empire is crucial for better understanding the political dynamics at work. For Modernity, it is been said, was above all an all- the diamond fields, diverse groups of people came together encompassing project, which based its principles in a set of and enacted unprecedented dimensions of social hybridity, goals, values and notions of social, economic and cultural and at the same time, the communal presumption of being ? structures. However, whereas the envisioned future of outside? of any monolithic political form enabled the modernity was a programmatic projection of society as a imposition of a series of tremendously illiberal constraints, whole, its program has split and developed a shape-shifting ultimately leading to segregation. nature – interpreted by some as multiple modernities (Eisenstadt 2000) – in which a myriad of subjectivities have 4:40-5:00pm emerged. Most of the tensions arisen by the ubiquitous The Archaeology of Empire in Nineteenth Century power of global capital, which has been theorized as elusive Zanzibar and flowing (Appadurai 1996), nonetheless, relate the Sarah K. Croucher (Wesleyan University) struggle for resources, be they cultural, natural or other, as Historical archaeology is particularly well suited to the expressed in (new) debates concerning heritage, identity, study of ‘multitudes’ within empires due to the manner in and political and cultural citizenship.In this paper I argue which material remains direct archaeologists attention to that not only archaeology sheds light and inform on the quotidian practices. Yet rarely do we take this opportunity formation of these new subjectivities but also, and mainly, to question taken for granted historical narratives about the it is/was instrumental in the articulation of many of these nature of Empire. In this paper I draw on case study subjectivities. Based on ethnographic and archaeological material from nineteenth century Zanzibar to explore the fieldwork in northwestern Argentina, I contend that relations between imaginings of colonial populations and material culture offers the opportunity to trace the the everyday local practices through which Empires were articulation of subjectivities, both regarding hegemonic and understood. counter-hegemonic discourses. Strategies of legitimation on

33 5:00-5:20pm When Empires Collide: The Archaeology of an In the volumes Empire and Multitude: War and Democracy in Internment Camp the Age of Empire, Hardt & Negri theorized that emerging Bonnie Clark (Denver University) contemporary phenomena are encompassed in the absence of a single empire that exerts power in a colonial sense; In the wake of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, rather, the global system itself connects into the new approximately 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry were geopolitical order of Empire. Most archaeological projects removed from the West Coast of the United States. These are comprised by what could be seen as its own multitude were people caught between two warring empires, set adrift of researchers from myriad nationalities. The nation-state is, both politically and economically. Throughout the Spring however, still by far the predominant recipient and owner of 1942, individuals and families were in a state of upheaval, of archaeological artifacts excavated by sanctioned projects. forced to decide which of their possessions to take with In this paper we draw from examples that range from the them in the two parcels allowed each family member. With Metropolitan Museum of Art’s recent Beyond Babylon exhibit bank accounts frozen, such decisions were critical. Do you to archaeological excavations from the Balkans and Panamá bring your warmest coat or your wedding presents? Do in order to explore how objects, people, and the practice of you leave behind or destroy objects that call attention to the archaeology fall betwixt and between easy definitions of ancestry for which you are being imprisoned? And what do nation-states and Empire. Objects that could be considered you do once you are in camp? How do you obtain good ecofacts can at times fall into a less territorialized domain and materials? How do you transform a militarized setting and are in many cases more easily moved over national into something even marginally habitable? Oral histories borders. Looted materials from unsanctioned excavations shed light on many of these decisions, but recent traverse national borders in exchange for capital far more archaeology at the Granada Relocation Center (better fluidly. Museum exhibitions can at times draw together known as Amache), provides evidence of an even wider both looted and officially excavated artifacts in fascinating suite of strategies. The tangible history of the site reveals temporary conglomerations of objects and representations small rebellions, expressions of cross-cutting identity, and of their identity. These exhibits require permissions and overwhelmingly, a need to reclaim a sense of self through a loans from myriad nations, yet reconfigure the identity of sense of place. As physical evidence of the often very those objects in terms far outside national boundaries – in personal cost of “national security,” these remains retain a turn both dissolving and reifying national borders. particular vibrancy, serving as touchstones in current debates about today’s empires and multitudes. 5:40-6:00pm Discussion 5:20-5:40 Between Nation-state and Empire: Babylon and beyond Slobodan Mitrović (Graduate Center, CUNY) and Karen Holmberg (Columbia University)

Sunday 3rd May Morning sessions (9am - 1pm) Contemporary and Historical Archaeology in Theory (CHAT) conference series. CHAT has occurred in the British CHAT @ TAG: Symmetry and Diversity in Isles since 2003 (past events were held in Bristol, Leicester, Archaeologies of the Recent Past Dublin, Sheffield and London), providing a forum for B. R. Fortenberry (Boston University) & Adrian archaeologists to present new and exciting work T. Myers (Stanford University) unhindered by traditional academic rubrics. It was established “to provide opportunities for dialogue to Archaeologies of the recent and contemporary pasts are develop among researchers in the fields of later historical messy, complicated affairs - for practitioners of these archaeology and the archaeology of the contemporary archaeologies, gone are the days when data and world”, and aims to be a “dynamic forum for innovative interpretations could be put into neat categories. As critical discussion that seeks to challenge and push the historical archaeology and contemporary archaeology limits of archaeological thinking.” This session then, offers increasingly find a place within the academy, the number of papers that follow the spirit of the CHAT conferences, that researchers practicing such archaeologies, and the diversity is, papers that push theoretical and methodological of their views, both continue to increase. This healthy, ever boundaries in their focus on the recent and contemporary increasing multi-vocality, is highlighted yearly by the pasts. The session aims to both showcase the diversities, but 34 also tease out the symmetries, between the wide array of historical archaeologists to grapple with broad issues of archaeological projects and understandings that fall under colonialism, capitalism, and slavery, wrote that one could the larger, common project, of archaeologists' investigation “conceive of archaeological studies along the lines of into the recent and contemporary pasts. Mintz’s study of sugar, tracing material mechanisms by which economic and class structures are reinforced and 9:00-9:10am maintained.” Yet, despite Deagan’s foresight, historical Introduction archaeology has been slow to fully appreciate the value of BR Fortenberry (Boston University) and Adrian T Myers Mintz’s work and to embrace commodity-based studies. (Stanford University) Inspired by the work of Mintz, as well as the ideas of Caribbean scholar Eric Williams, this paper argues that 9:10-9:30am historical archaeologists should seek to understand how the Respectability and Razzle-Dazzle: Consumption, political-economic structure of particular commodities Recreation and Class in Turn-of-Century San Francisco shaped the social relations in the emerging Atlantic world. Eleanor Conlin Casella (University of Manchester) This is especially true for historical archaeologists working in the Caribbean, where exotic commodities, and the people What is the materiality of class aesthetics? How do objects who produced them, reveal insights into the seeds of become identified as 'refined'? Or as 'trashy'? Studies of modern consumerism. class relations have traditionally emphasized the power of 9:50-10:10am elite-designed landscapes to produce and regulate social Of Other “Scapes”: The Heterotopology of Fascist Sicily Joshua Samuels (Stanford University) identity. This paper will examine a late Victorian recreational venue on the edge of San Francisco, California Using the extensive agricultural land reforms and building to consider the simultaneous existence of parallel class programs undertaken by Italy’s Fascist government in Sicily identities. Established by Adolph Sutro in 1894, the between 1926 and 1943 as a case study, this paper critically Gardens and Baths of Sutro Heights were intended as an examines Foucault’s concept of “heterotopia” in the context elegant philanthropic gesture, providing San Franciscans of archaeological landscapes. Archaeologies of the recent with a refined yet affordable venue for seaside recreation. past are well-suited to examine these heterotopologies: However, while describing his venue as a "land of cultured blurring the line between past and present while groves and artistic gardens, the home of a powerful and juxtaposing archaeological, archival, and ethnographic data, refined race," Sutro filled it with lowbrow amusements and we draw attention to the gaps, contradictions, and alternate kitsch spectaculars designed to attract the paying punters. orderings that make up the world around us. However, This paper will consider how this landscape of elite although Foucault’s heterotopia has been broadly appealing intention and aspiration became actively reshaped by the across the humanities and social sciences, I describe its parallel tastes and recreational interests of working-class limitations to the archaeological analysis of material culture, urban San Francisco. space, and power. Putting recent scholarship on the archaeology of colonialism and labor relations into dialogue 9:30-9:50am with complementary research in critical human geography, Commodity Fetishism and the Historical Archaeology of I argue that an archaeologically-informed ‘spatiality’ the Atlantic World presents a more productive avenue to appreciate the Frederick H. Smith (College of William and Mary) landscapes of Fascist land reform, in the past and on into the present. In his influential book Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History, the celebrated anthropologist 10:10-10:30am Sidney W. Mintz investigated the social and symbolic Multi-Sited Ethnography and its Relevance to meaning of sugar and used it as a prism through which to Archaeology: Trials, Tribulations, and Trajectories view the political-economic processes that connected Krysta Ryzewski (Brown University) different societies in disparate regions of the emerging Atlantic world. Mintz’s commodity-based approach serves Multi-sited ethnography, the research method outlined by as a model for historical anthropologists seeking to explicate anthropologist George Marcus in 1995, but also rooted in the forces that have shaped life in the modern era. Soon earlier anthropological critiques of enthnographic writing after its release, Kathleen Deagan, in her thoughtful and representation, has found recent application in commentary on “questions that count” in historical historical archaeology. As a research design, multi-sited archaeology, foresaw the potential value of Mintz’s work for ethnography is well-suited for examining the "circulation of historical archaeologists. Deagan, recognizing the need for cultural meanings, objects, and identities in diffuse time- 35 space" (Marcus 1995:96). In archaeological practice, multi- It used to be the case that archaeological features and sited ethnography or, more specifically, multi-sited artefacts were principally on a human scale. But that archaeology, entails the creation of comparative familiar world is changing fast. As archaeology extends its frameworks, which are variably flexible in the scales and range of focus further forward in time its subject matter is spaces of contextualization that they allow. The "successful" moving beyond human proportions. Developments in application of multi-sited ethnography to archaeological macro- and micro-engineering mean that artifacts are no studies requires developing appropriate sets of comparisons longer limited in size by physical limitations of the body. between sites with genuine, traceable historical or Artificial features can be thousands of times smaller than archaeological connections (e.g. kinship, material culture, the eye of a needle, or as vast as undersea salt caverns natural environmental features, exchange networks) hollowed out to serve as storage containers for reserves of (Beaudry 2005:308). While appealing as a vehicle for natural gas. As scale and impact of material culture extends establishing connections and networks that potentially outwards and inwards in both macroscopic and microscopic bypass neatly bounded temporal, technological, or social directions, contemporary archaeology needs to change in foci, where does this vehicle take actually us? Is multi-sited order to keep track of it. This paper explores the archaeology a truly useful methodological and theoretical implications of the archaeology of the very large and the tool? How is multi-sited archaeology "successfully" applied? very small. Are there limits in its applicability? These questions are critically examined through a case study of the human- 11:40-12:00pm material relationships involved in the colonial iron industry Transitional Living in Post-Industrial England: An of Rhode Island. Archaeological View Sefryn Penrose (Oxford University) 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK Since the day Mr Toad gave up his canary-colored caravan 11:00-11:20am for a shiny red motor car, some of the most evocative names The Paradox of Inside/Outside: Archaeology and the 2003 of English industry have been associated with transport: Bam Earthquake Morris cars, De Havilland planes, Swan Hunter ships. Leila Papoli Yazdi (Buali University, Iran) However, the later 20th century saw companies merged, collapsed, or subsumed, and production consigned to the How do contemporary Iranians balance the pressures of industrial past. In Oxford, the Morris Minor housing estate society with their individual desires? What are the material and the Oxford Business Park take the place of car representations of this delicate balancing act? This case manufactories; in Wallsend, Swan Hunter's symbolic study addresses these dual questions through shipbuilding cranes were dismantled and sent to the Bharati archaeological investigations at the city of Bam, in South shipyards in India. How does this changing economy and East Iran. Bam was largely destroyed by a powerful the lives of its workers manifest in the archaeological record earthquake on December 26th, 2003 – tragically, more than when the post-WWII period is characterized by not just the half the population was killed. Many mud brick houses and overlaying of strata, but its excision? This paper offers an concrete buildings alike were flattened. Five years after the archaeology of a de-industrialized English landscape – the disaster, a contemporary archaeology project was conducted ruinations and resurrections of the past – as they are remade in Bam and archaeologists excavated six houses destroyed for an uncertain post-industrial future. in the earthquake. The research revealed that the difference between pressures of society and individual desires make 12:00-1:00pm people behave paradoxically – but this behavior would not Discussant: be apparent in their daily, public lives. In this case though, Barbara L Voss (Stanford University) the excavations reveal how life in Bam is divided in to the two general spheres of inside/outside. Ultimately, the data demonstrates the differences between the residents’ Histories, Identities, Theories traditional lives lived outside of their homes, and their Laurie Wilkie & Rosemary Joyce (University of private lives lived inside their homes. California: Berkeley) 11:20-11:40am Beyond Human Proportions: Towards an Archaeology of Historical archaeology is one of the sources of sophisticated the Very Large and the Very Small contemporary theory in archaeology, particularly rich in Matt Edgeworth (University of Leceister) approaches to the creation of ongoing historical identities and the lived experiences of difference. The participants in this session will foreground their engagements with diverse 36 theoretical approaches and contribute to emerging documents produced during the period of time in which discussion of the role of theory in historical archaeology, they are interested. Like any other form of archaeological and the role of historical archaeology in theory construction. materials, documents demand the use of appropriate methods that will allow them to be used in the manner 9:00-9:10am appropriate to specific analytic approaches. Approaching Histories, Identities, Theories: Taking Stock documents from perspectives of practice theories in Rosemary Joyce and Laurie Wilkie (University of California: archaeology, I outline here a general methodology that Berkeley) treats these forms of material culture as active in creating specific social relations, for which they may often be the In this introduction to the session, we present an overview only remaining material trace. I illustrated this with of the state of the art in the relationship between "theory" in examples from my work on colonial Honduras. historical archaeology, and of historical archaeology in 9:50-10:10am theory construction. We note the centrality to both historical Thinking about Identity in Bioarchaeological archaeology and broader archaeological theory of a suite of Investigations of Health and Disease concepts-- memory, materiality, identity, space, practice, Sabrina Agarwal (University of California: Berkeley) and discourses-- that are handled with great subtlety in contemporary historical archaeology, studies not generally Bioarchaeology offers unique evidence with which to included among genealogies of contemporary theory. We consider and recreate the identity of historic people. ask whether there are interesting substantive reasons for Traditional biocultural models have long been used to infer this, and whether, given the blurring of many of the ways of temporal, geographical and within-population differences discriminating between historical archaeology and in health and disease in the past. However, the exploration archaeology as a broader pursuit, work from the historical of dualistic aspects of identity such as sex/gender, corpus is entering or will begin to enter the canon of ontogeny/childhood, and senescence/social aging in the archaeological theory proper. study of archaeological skeletal remains is still fairly uncommon. The study of bone (micro)morphology from 9:10-9:30am archaeological remains can be used to examine patterns of Theorizing Space in Historical Archaeology bone maintenance and loss in past populations. These Stephen A. Mrozowski (University of Massachusetts, (micro)morphological indicators of bone maintenance are Boston) an exceptional bony medium with which to consider the construction of identity during life as they literally reflect This paper explores the use of spatial theory in Historical the lived experience of the body crafted at cellular level Archaeology with an emphasis on the production and through bone remodeling. Using two case studies in symbolic quality of space. Drawing on a variety of case historical bioarchaeology, from Medieval England and studies from North America and Britain this paper outlines Pioneer Canada, this paper will consider the role of gender spatial production in both rural and urban contexts. It and aging in the interpretation of biological age- and sex- presents a multi-scaler interpretive framework that argues related patterns of bone maintenance and bone loss. for the simultaneity of material, social and cultural- Patterns in bone maintenance and loss that differ within and historical space. This interpretive framework draws its between historical and modern populations suggest that theoretical inspiration from the writings of Henri Lefebvre, patterns in morphology are the result of gendered Susan Zukin, David Harvey, Edward Soja, and Arturo influences acquired over the life course of individuals. The Escobar as well as the work of archaeological theorists combined use of historical and biological data, and critical focusing on materiality, the body and nature. interpretation of patterns of bone maintenance in historical populations, dramatically changes our understanding the 9:30-9:50am aging human skeleton and etiology of postmenopausal bone Dialogic Analysis and Social Fields: Documents in loss in modern populations. Further, these interpretations Archaeology forward our understanding and study of bone morphology Russell Sheptak (University of California: Berkeley) (in both healthy and diseased states) as the product of hybridity, as both a biological and a cultural entity, that can Historical archaeology continues to have an uneasy contribute concrete evidence to dialogues of individual and relationship with documents, despite the incontrovertible social identity in archaeology. fact that documents, as a specific kind of material remains, pragmatically define the boundaries of the approach under 10:10-10:30am any definition, however restricted or wide. That is, all Discussion historical archaeologists have the potential to work with

37 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK Heather Law (University of California: Berkeley) and Guido Pezzarossi (Stanford University) 11:00-11:20am The Author in the Archaeology, or “Pay attention to the In the local histories of Grafton, ample mention is made of man behind the curtain” the impoverished nature of Sarah Boston and her living Bonnie Clark (Denver University) environment. Recollections emphasize the marginal space that she occupied within the colonial community. Since the Historical archaeologists who engage with the lived bulk of these local histories were produced anywhere from experience of difference share not just an approach to the 70-100 years after Sarah Boston died and left her home archaeological record but typically also an approach to empty, this discourse is probably being influenced by and writing about that record. As authors, such practitioners directed at the physical remains of her home in some stage make consistent use of first- and even second-person of decay. The actual homestead (while visible on the pronouns. This style of presentation acknowledges that landscape until the 1920's in the form of a door stone and a both archaeologists and their audiences, like past actors, cellar hole) became diffused and in a sense further obscured have contingent and changing identities. One’s engagement by the physical reuse of the landscape over time. We argue with the past, like one’s engagement with the present, is a that the diffusion and obfuscation of the physical place Sarah part of an arc of life experience. To pretend otherwise, in an inhabited has caused it to become primarily a conceptual attempt to make the work appear more scientific or space loosely tethered to the landscape of Keith Hill by the objective actually makes it less so, because it obscures the old legends of Sarah's presence. In this case, the locus of knowledge production. This belief, so radical not unexcavated hillside has the potential for just as much voice so long ago, is common among the most recent generation as the excavated farmstead, with the benefit of more of historical archaeologists, who have been enculturated in a momentum. Left untested and unchallenged, the eastern world where archaeological writing has been subjected to slope of Keith Hill could still be marshaled to retell the theoretical scrutiny. To us, the first person comes naturally stories that the old legends depicted: stories that echoed and and thus seems unproblematic. However, embracing the supported the racist characterizations of the early 20th “I” is an act that separates us from our cousins in history, century. History's unknowns and inaccuracies would leave who with few exceptions, continue to mask their voice. the landscape vulnerable to these kinds of appropriations, in Informed by Rosemary Joyce’s The Languages of Archaeology, which problematic projections would be allowed to blanket this paper draws from personal experience and the writings the landscape, thereby conceptually re-colonizing keith hill of other junior scholars to locate the author in the and linking the present directly to the colonial past. Using archaeology. maps, drawings, local histories and material culture, this paper will discuss the ways that social memories are 11:20-11:40am "inherited, inhabited, invented and imagined through the Occulted diaporas: approaches to ambiguous identity in landscape"(Holtorf and Williams 2006:237). historical archaeology Katherine Hayes, University of Minnesota 12:00-12:20pm Outside Looking In: Scaling Spanish colonial buffer Identity, as complex constructions of subject, is a line of practices study to which historical archaeology is extraordinarily Jun Sunseri (University of California: Santa Cruz) well-suited. This is so because we employ combinations of material traces relating to (for example) discursive, A multi-scalar approach allows archaeologists to address embodied, and memory practices. To what extent may our the potentially situational nature of community studies serve as models to non-text-aided archaeologies of membership in pluralistic society. If applied within a identity? I offer a cautionary example from my research at practice theory framework, such an approach is an aid to Sylvester Manor, in which the illustration of African-Indian exploration of how frontier communities may have entanglements could only be accomplished by reference to expressed various aspects of their identities in different broader histories of racial discourse, and social memory and contexts and at different scales of social performance. This forgetting. I will explore how some community histories are case study of a historic buffer settlement (LA 917) on the not merely muted or faintly represented, but additionally northern frontier of Colonial New Mexico uses multiple, are structurally occluded. complementary lines of evidence of varied types and spatial scales including: 1) analyses of archaeological ceramic and 11:40-12:00pm faunal assemblages related to domestic foodways and 2) GIS Memory and the Appropriation of History: Legend and analysis of remote sensing, survey, and excavation data to Landscape in a Colonial New England Village recognize patterning of the tactical and engineered

38 landscapes of the study site. In this way, New Mexican on social constructs, has become increasingly anti- archaeological sites that have long been dichotomized as disciplinary. On the other hand, anthropologists, "Spanish" or "Indian" are revisited in a more nuanced and conservation specialists and archaeologists have textured exploration of colonial ethnogenesis. increasingly realized that pigments and dyes constitute an integral part of the environment of both, early and modern 12:20-12:40pm societies. This session will discuss the need for theoretical Death and Cricket: the non-modernist history of 19thC frameworks when integrating color in material culture cremation studies. How does our current thinking about color reflect Andrew Martin (Bournemouth University) and prejudice our understanding of the past and present? Is color a useful tool to reconstruct patterns of identity, How do you conceive of a past without a culture/nature interaction and influence? Are colors detectable in the divide when all of our techniques, tools, theories and material record and how far do colors and colored artifacts philosophical assumptions are based upon such a divide? A materialize voices? Our session seeks to explore a wide glance at how Latour has been used in archaeology so far range of current approaches to color, and demonstrate how indicates it is virtually impossible to apply Latour’s non- results achieved through interdisciplinary research can form modernist concept of objects to ‘religious’ things without an integrative part of general science. Papers focus on grafting it onto some modernist social theory and examples from the ancient Near East, Central Asia, Egypt, perpetuating the divide. Historical studies of science have and the Mediterranean Europe, though comparative studies helped to illustrate how enmeshed culture and nature are in will be included. Short video clips will introduce the process of scientific development and thus have enabled institutions important for researchers interested in color archaeologists to understand the process of their archaeology. archaeological practice. But it has been more difficult to apply the other ramification of Latour’s conclusion – that 9:00-9:10am past religions were also enmeshed integrations of culture Introduction and nature – since so few Latourian studies have been done Alexander Nagel (University of Michigan) of historical change in ‘religious’ knowledge and practice to illustrate it. 9:10-9:30am Color, Perception and Value: New Perspectives on Early This paper presents a brief history of the gradual adoption Glass of cremation in 19th Century Britain which threatened the Chloe Duckworth (University of Nottingham) Christian practice of burial – a practice central to Christian theology. This colorful and messy history illustrates the The Late Bronze Age in Western Asia and in the east profound problem with attributing ‘cultural’ change to Mediterranean witnessed an explosion in the use of vitreous universal social or functionalist theories, but points to materials and the first widespread production of glass. The Latour’s conclusion that groups are defined and changed unique properties of glass rapidly came to the fore, most through dissent over multifaceted local issues. Using notably in vessel production. The perception of glass itself Latour’s methodology to follow actors (human and non- was, however, intimately bound up in its color and human) through controversies, it is shown that such a brilliance, reflecting early links with attributed properties of technique could be useful in archaeology to uncover local semi-precious stones. Archaeometric studies thus far have networks of significance and the heterogeneous actors focused on the chemical and isotopic composition of early (including in this case Cricket!) used to establish them. glass in order to compensate for lack of evidence of production sites and provenance. However, archaeologists 12:40-1:00pm have not previously been able to answer vital questions Discussion about the origins of the various colorant-opacifiers. This paper introduces the application of ToF-SIMS, an analytical technique capable of identifying the colorant-opacifiers The Color of Things: Debating the Role and added to ancient glass. Case studies from Egypt, Future of Color in Archaeology Mesopotamia and Greece will be introduced, contrasts analyzed in the light of epigraphic and archaeological Alexander Nagel (University of Michigan) evidence for the value of glass, its color, visual properties and relationship with other materials. It emerges that color According to David Batchelor, author of Chromophobia (2000) was a vital factor in the inception and development of glass color, though bound up with the fate of human culture has as a material; initially in terms of the impetus behind been systematically marginalized and degraded in academic production and later as the unique properties of glass studies, does not easily fit into current intellectual debates 39 became appreciated. The framework of analysis presented although their recognition within the archaeological record will be useful to developing wider methods of considering is itself a matter of investigation. The majority of the color and its role in the perception, value and production of colored stones feature no evidence of use, and appear to artifacts, having wider resonance in improving our have been collected by the nearby Euphrates River and understanding of technological choice and social value of transported to the site for purely aesthetic reasons. materials, in particular new or artificial ones. Likewise, suggestions of ad-hoc usage of many of the stones imply that traditional Western models of a strict functional- 9:30-9:50am aesthetic dichotomy do not appear to apply to this early Color Symbolism in the Ancient Near East: The Royal Near Eastern society. Cognitively, both archaeological Tombs of the Cemetery of Ur recognition and early classifications concerning aesthetic Martina Zanon (Università Ca' Foscari, Venezia, Italy) and functional value are involved in both past and present treatment of the stones. Conversely, by employing models The symbolic meanings of colors have been studied for a of color archaeology, the idea of an archaeological aesthetic number of modern and pre-modern cultures, but only rarely is both questioned and maintained. for those of Ancient Near East. This paper focuses on various classes of colored artefacts from Mesopotamia from 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK the 3rd to the 1st millennium BCE: mural paintings and glazed materials, but also inlays of pieces of jewellery. I will 11:00-11:20am first examine the existent Mesopotamian literary texts, in Colorful Images of the Greek Neolithic order to try to ascertain possible symbolic meanings Stella Katsarou-Tzeveleki (Hellenic Ministry of Culture, attributed to different colors. The 242 composite jewellery Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology-Spelaeology of Southern finds excavated in the sixteen Royal Tombs of the Cemetery Greece) of Ur of mid-3rd millennium BCE are made of cornaline (red), lapis-lazuli (blue), ivory (white), glazes (red), shell In this paper I discuss the variability of color in Greece in (white), limestone (white) and bitumen (black), and are the 6th and 5th millennia BCE. In this period we witness an differently combined with metals such as gold, silver, increased contribution of color to the formation of material electron and bronze. Blue and red (lapis-lazuli and culture, ranging from the careless monochrome pottery cornaline) are frequently coupled in the jewellery. Were surfaces to the shiny polished and homogeneously they representing the union of different opposites: feminine monochrome pots, and to the polychrome patterned and masculine gender (creating the concept of fertility), or surfaces. Color serves here as both, a critical chronological the two fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture: the and cultural marker: the Middle Neolithic man prefers light divine and the human worlds, elite above all, the royal red monochrome surfaces and red-on-light patterns, while power beneficiated by god that mediate the two worlds? his successors change towards dark shiny monochromes These two colored stones are frequently associated with and white- or polychrome-patterned dark backgrounds. gold and silver. Brightness of colors is an aspect that needs Equally, the designs are chronologically and geographically more attention and investigation. Luminous colors, as variable: Middle Neolithic red designs vary from central metals or precious stones, are synonymous of holiness, Greece (weaving-inspired) to southern Greece (abstract pureness, beauty, so they can be assimilated to the divine linear) and the Aegean islands (weaving-inspired linear), world. The blue/red/metals triad corresponds to the while variations of colorful designs on dark backgrounds prehistoric basic triad black/white/red, where black is are more generally homogenized over the southern Greek substituted by blue that we consider a kind of dazzling peninsula in the next period. To what degree, however, had black, and metals can be considered the substitute for the availability of raw substances and firing procedures luminous white (or even red). influenced the formation of color aesthetics? Why were monochrome vases chosen on one occasion and a 9:50-10:10am polychrome of the same shape on another? Since colored An Archaeology of the Aesthetic: Examination of the designs are a kind of material ‘script’ and color is the means Güzel Taş from Fistikli Höyük of writing this script and visualizing the material ‘language’ Jayme L. Job (State University of New York, Binghamton) of symbols, how does color complement or strengthen the meaning of a visual code? An analysis of the güzel taş (“beautiful stones”) from the Early Halaf site of Fistikli Höyük in southeastern Turkey 11:20-11:40am present an opportunity to explore concepts of cognitive and Seeing Red: Color as a Ritual Cue on Egyptian Female color archaeology. As naturally-occurring manuports, the Figurines stones merit collection and consideration by archaeologists,

40 Elizabeth A. Waraksa (University of California, Los have been the preserve of deities, Archaic aristocrats, and Angeles) Eastern barbarians. Contrary to the Greek cliché, Neo- Assyrian and Achaemenid Persian sculpture also shows At least six standardized types of nude female figurines, carefully measured, status-conscious application of ranging in date from the New Kingdom to the Late Period polychromy, with highly patterned garments reserved for (ca. 1550-664 BCE), have been excavated by the Johns the king and other outstanding figures. While the Greeks Hopkins University from the temple precinct of the goddess apparently did not invent white sculpture, they may be Mut at Karnak. These figurines, with their characteristic credited with inventing the prejudice against the overly torso-level breakage, frequent refuse context, and colorful as part of the trope of oriental decadence, long conspicuous red coloring, have been recently identified as influential in Western thought. components of magico-medical rites to protect and heal. 12:00-12:20pm This paper will detail the materials and techniques used to Reading Between the Figures: Colored Words on Athenian produce female figurines like those found at the Mut Vases in the 20th century Precinct, focusing in particular on the red pigment present Amy C. Smith (University of Reading) on many figurines. This red coloring is a trait not previously investigated for this class of object and, indeed, is one that Graffiti and letters incised or scratched onto the pots played frequently goes undetected or un(der)reported. This paper an important role in the decoration of Archaic and Classical will also address the terminological issues that arise when Athenian vases from ca. 580 to 340 BCE. They are relatively one attempts to gather data on the coloration of Egyptian well studied and understood as evidence of economy and ceramic figurines. Lastly, the implications of this color study society. But the vast majority of words on Athenian vases for our understanding of the ritual function of Egyptian are painted onto the surface with the same red, brown, black female figurines will be discussed. Using archaeological, or even white clay slip that was applied before the firing of textual, and material data, it is argued that these objects, the vase. Some dipinti are illegible or meaningless formerly typically identified as votive “fertility figurines,” ('nonsense inscriptions'), but the vast majority comprise had a wider and more active magico-medical use, and that artist signatures, 'kalos' names, character labels, and speech the red hue of the figurines signaled that the objects – at a bubbles. crucial stage of their use – were malevolent and ultimately to be destroyed. The recent exhibition Colors of Clay has brought overdue attention to the widespread use of added color in the 11:40-12:00pm ceramic arts of Athens. Yet even in that context the painted Polychrome: More Than (One) Color words are almost ignored. This paper considers the reasons Susanne Ebbinghaus (Harvard University) for the relative inattention of 20th century scholars to dipinti on Attic vases. It will also investigate the artist's choices Recent research on the coloration of ancient Greek and with regard to colored text. Were letter colors and forms Roman marble sculpture and architecture has finally chosen to improve legibility, the perceived value of each art restored color to the domain of Classical art, popularly work, or simply the efficiency of the artist's work flow? perceived as perfectly white. The degree to which these How did the placement of dipinti in relation to the overall monuments were colored, however, is still disputed. At composition affect the product and the viewer's experience issue is not color but polychromy, no hard and fast category of it? What do changing styles (especially with regard to but a relative term defined by current norms and values. color choices) tell us about the relative importance of such With the ready availability of colors in the 19th and 20th words in the society that created them? centuries, the colorful came to be seen as cheap and commercial. Understanding the rationale behind the 12:20-12:40pm coloration of ancient monuments requires consideration of The Polychromy of Iberian Sculpture and the Conflicting ancient views of polychromy, which may be reconstructed Presentation in Archaeology in part on the basis of written and visual evidence. As in Dirk Paul Mielke (German Archaeological Institute, Madrid) other cultures, the ancient Greek term for “polychrome” or “variegated,” poikilos, was used like a color term, to describe As all pre-modern sculpture ancient Iberian sculpture was animal skins, scales, and feathers, and colorful, often polychrome. However, the study of polychromy concerning Eastern dress. Figuratively, the term had both positive and Iberian sculpture has been of only minor importance thus ambiguous connotations, denoting dazzling craftsmanship far, although the masterpiece of Iberian culture, the as well as a cunning mind. In Greek sculptural enigmatic Lady of Elche, discovered by chance in 1897, representations, a high degree of polychromy appears to bears abundant traces of paint residues. If considered at all,

41 the existence of polychromy was stated, yet there was are supported with robust data sets and positioned under hardly any reflection about the significance of the theoretically nuanced lenses are especially encouraged. coloration, both in archaeological publications as well as in exhibitions. Here, the view on Iberian sculpture 9:00-9:20am concentrates on a monochromatic dimension, in connection Introduction: Connecting the absent subject and the with a major focus on the form. In this context, Iberian passive object in Near Eastern and Mediterranean sculpture obtained novel relevance attaching more archaeology importance to modern sociological aspects, therefore Benjamin W. Porter and Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper differing from the original signification. In order to study (University of California: Berkeley) the integration of sculpture into sociological processes of its period, this paper will focus on both the context and the This introduction sets out a genealogy of the ways in which original presentation of ancient Iberian polychrome Near Eastern and Mediterranean archaeologists have sculpture. conceived of subjects and objects, and the relationships between them. What is striking about this genealogy is that 12:40-1:00pm it does not unfold evenly across time or geography, but Discussion rather, is linked to tensions between disciplinary epistemes and critical inquiry. The writings of Smith and Gosden inspire us to respond to these disjunctures. We offer several Bridging Subjects and Objects in the Near comments urging that 1) arguments insisting that the category of the individual did not exist in antiquity should Eastern and Mediterranean World be replaced with the question: how was personhood Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper & Benjamin Porter constituted through historical and cultural contingencies? 2) (University of California: Berkeley) objects be understood as unstable signs whose meanings and powers shift while circulating through new regimes of This session explores the entanglement of persons and value, and 3) that objects and subjects participated in objects in Near Eastern and Mediterranean societies. Papers recursive relationships that produce entanglements often will investigate this relationship from a variety of visible in the historical and archaeological records. These perspectives including evocative practices of making and ideas will be briefly explored in case studies drawn from destroying, displaying and decorating, using and reusing. Hellenistic Mesopotamia and the Iron Age Levant. We are interested in exploring how notions of individuals, communities, and polities become manifest in material 9:25-9:45am forms, and in turn, how objects broadcast meanings to the Promiscuity and Identity: The Role of Ivory Seals within societies in which they circulate. We will approach this the Changing Social Landscape of Early Second issue from two sets of questions. How do objects, as actors Millennium Crete possessing agency, shape societies by constructing a range Emily S. K. Anderson (Yale University) of possible human-object interactions – thereby controlling human actions? When and how does language play a role It is traditionally understood that the island of Crete in determining the meanings, functions, and limitations that underwent significant changes in socio-political objects adopt? In light of these inquiries, we will also organization and interaction at the turn of the second contemplate a second set of questions: those concerning the millennium BCE, as it transitioned to its first “palatial” relationship between the subject and society. How did social formation. Following Gosden (2005), with this paper I people categorize themselves and create divisions within approach this transition from the perspective of objects, in their societies? When is it possible to investigate, or even order to consider how changes in the object world could challenge, essentialized categories (such as gender and have created “social beings with new sensibilities and forms profession) as a way to describe the ancient subject? How of relatedness.” In particular I investigate a contemporary can we use objects – and, in particular, the subject-object group of seals fashioned of imported hippopotamus ivory. relationship – to better understand categories and These seals were among the first on Crete to be engraved conceptions of social difference? with differentiated seal-symbols, and also presented the first discrete glyptic stylistic/iconographic group, which Participants are encouraged to dialogue with two recent canonically incorporated representations of lions—a beast works from the archaeological literature, Adam Smith’s ‘The not native to Crete. These aspects of the seals acted through end of the essential archaeological subject’ (2004) and Chris two distinct social venues: First, as objects worn on the Gosden’s ‘What do objects want?’ (2005). Case studies that body, their distinctive material and form would have been directly associated with the social identities attached to

42 acting human seal-owners. Second, when reproduced in desired magical act, and were thereby used as vehicles for clay impressions fixed on objects, the differentiated seal- sympathetic magic. Magical thinking assumes that the will symbols facilitated a new mode of social interaction on the of an individual can be expressed or enacted via a mediating island in which social identities could be construed for a object. But what is the relationship between that magical seal-owner—through manifest impressions—in contexts object and its individual maker or user? In one respect, it is separated from the corporeal human seal-owner himself. I a tool; however, a consideration of Gosden’s 2005 article discuss how these objects functioned not merely as material “What do Objects Want?” raises an alternate perspective culture tools of socio-political change, but as dynamic actors from which to approach this question, suggesting that the which shaped, directed, and enabled a new type of human object may take a more active role. More than a tool, these experience on Crete, which was visibly, sensibly, and objects may be understood as a prosthetic extension of temporally/spatially different, and which moved and individual attention (or intention) thus blurring the related humans in new ways. Thus I suggest how the distinction between the non-corporeal self and artifact “promiscuity” of the ivory seals, incorporating imported (between subject and object). Drawing upon the scholarship elements within a new Cretan object-type, can be newly of Zainab Bahrani, this paper argues that the line between appreciated as having held a distinct socio-symbolic role subject and object is blurred due to the nature of within the changing Cretan landscape. representation in Near Eastern images and image-making. Specifically, the role of images that represent aspects of the 9:50-10:10am self other than the body, in anthropomorphic form. The Is there No Balm in Gilead?: The Power of Liminal conclusion of this argument, which engages the concept of Landscapes and Contested Boundaries as Cognitive the salmu in ancient Near Eastern art, suggests that while Artifacts in Iron Age Northern Jordan the act of making and manipulating such objects can be William Zimmerle (University of Pennsylvania) understood as a prosthetic act, the objects themselves are not prostheses but consciously rendered, dependent Recent surveys of the archaeological evidence from Iron representations of a present and active self. Age Jordan have failed to evaluate the northern region of the country known from the Hebrew Bible as Gilead, 11:25-11:45am focusing instead on the more southern polities of Edom, Bedrock of Place, Springs of Being: Anatolian Rock Moab and Ammon. Gilead, a fertile region with neither Reliefs as Event-Places definable borders nor a kingdom in the Iron Age, was listed Ömür Harmansah (Brown University) as marginal and frontier in both the textual narratives and historical inscriptions of the ancient Near East. In this paper, This paper explores the complex set of located practices at I draw on Near Eastern historical sources as well as places where human engagement with the mineral world archaeological data in order to recover the value of this and its geological wonders are most pronounced. Imagined neglected landscape. Through a matrix of texts and tells, in this case are caves, springs, sinkholes and rock outcrops and guided by Adam Smith’s categorization scheme of the of mountainous landscapes, which are almost always drawn subject-object relationship, I will highlight how Gilead into the realm of cultural imagination through the stories transformed the ethnic identity of its subjects and neighbors anchred to their “bedrock”. This work is inspired by the —from nomads to kings—in the early state formation of the growing interest in archaeology in the socio-symbolic first millennium BCE Levant. Anthropological studies on implications of the mineral world, the rise of the concept of marginal communitas in light of nineteenth and early “place” in the humanities and social sciences, but most twentieth century travel narratives will contribute to a importantly a Heideggerian understanding of the nature of political typology of Gilead’s spatiality in the Iron Age. an eventful place-world. Using the case of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age rock reliefs of Anatolia (Hittite/ Luwian/ 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK Phrygian), I will argue that the monumental inscription of landscapes are only late appropriations by the imperial elite 11:00-11:20am of specific places of human practice that are always already Re-evaluating the Mediated Self: The Making, rich in their social significations and cultural associations, as Manipulation and Meaning of the Early Bronze Age part of a lived place-world. The making of rock reliefs Figurine Corpus from Umm el-Marra, Syria themselves and the production of their monumental Alice Petty (Stanford University) inscriptions both derive from and displace such located practices, through the state-sponsored colonization of places Previous visual, spatial and functional analyses of a corpus in a program of creating subjects of the state. In Pierre of Early Bronze Age figurines from the site of Umm el- Nora’s terms, places of memory are replaced by sites of Marra, Syria indicate that these objects were signifiers for a official history and spectacles of the state. I will further

43 speculate that as “objects” of such colonizing gestures, the participates in shaping the concept of masculinity for elites geologically wondrous places and the subtle everyday and presents an ideal representation of masculinity. In this practices associated with them merge into a single corpus model, the vigorous and skilled body plays a key role in that can be called an “event-place”. Event-places are constituting Sasanian masculine identity. therefore powerful loci that hold agency on the long-term shaping of landscapes and often resist political interventions 12:15-12:35pm (Gosden 2005). Contexts and Objects: The Rise of the Athletic Sanctuary in Ancient Greece and the Creation of Mainland Greek Following Adam Smith's (2004) critique of the creation of Male Ideals in the Greek Archaic (ca. 700-500 BCE) archaeological subject, I argue that archaeological David Small (Lehigh University) landscapes are constructs as "homogenized social worlds" that locate the archaeological subject to a clearly delineated, Gosden (2005) refers to an agency of objects, and the effects distant past. This cutting away of ancient environments they have on people. If we are referring to the effect of from contemporary landscapes is a modernist gesture that objects on individuals, a good place to look is the ancient highlights the rupture between pre-modern and post- Greek athletic sanctuary, such as Olympia. It was within industrial landscapes. In this scenario, the spatial practices these contexts that men (I am gender specific here) of the contemporary dwellers in archaeological landscapes interacted, not only with the landscape, but with the are rendered essentially irrelevant and ontologically materials within this landscape to form a concept of male disjunctive. Rock reliefs and sacred springs, in contrast, are identity. Objects in this sense were buildings, such as transhistorical localities of human interaction, places of temples, or exercise yards; statues of victors in games, or memory that relate to all episodes of landscape history statues of those who cheated; or votives, such as helmets rather than archaeologically essentialized categories such as which were worn in victorious battles. It was through the "Hittite". Such sites remained in existence as practiced, lived temporary participation in this context that several of the places over time and were exposed to varied social ideals of ancient Greek manhood were fashioned. This interactions and cultural imaginations. It is suggested that paper explores the way in which men were affected by these ethnohistorical and ethnographic accounts of archaeological objects. It will also look at the recursive nature of this places may indeed reveal much about their material agency relationship, as men were to create new objects for this on long-term landscape processes. context, and new objects of related form and possible genealogy for their own social contexts with the ancient 11:50-12:10 Greek polis. Active Body: The Role of the Body in constituting Masculine Elite Identities in Sasanian Rock Reliefs In many ways, Greece presents us with an excellent case for Maryam Dezhamkhooy (University of Tehran, Iran) this type of study. We have a very good understanding of the genealogy of Greek materials. Forms and assemblages The body has been the subject of human deliberation and can be traced back to the early Iron Age (ca. 1000 BCE). We pictorial art since antiquity. Individuals experience the are assisted in this work by the relatively good living world and engage in social practices via the body. chronological control archaeologists have at their disposal in Indeed, the body as both the subject and object of praxis ancient Greece, both in understanding the evolution of plays a key role in shaping personal and social identities. different materials and their assemblages, and in This paper investigates the role of bodily practices and understanding broader chronological changes as given by interactions with material culture in defining masculine historical sources. identity for elite audiences during the Sasanian period (224- 650 CE), an era characterized by empire. More than thirty 12:35-1:00pm rock reliefs from this period are found in western and Discussion southwestern Iran such as Tagh-e Bostan, Naghsh-e Rostam and Tang-e Choagan. The main subject of most reliefs is the ceremony of the Sasanian king’s investiture. In addition to How Archaeology Makes its Subject(s): Groups, investiture, these reliefs represent Sasanian elite ideals about Things, and Epistemic Injustices masculinity. In constituting masculinity, emphasis is placed on the body without visual reference to sexual organs. The Berkeley Archaeology Group - Meg Conkey body appears as object and subject at the same time. On the (University of California: Berkeley) one hand, the body is the object of elite gaze and representation -- the observers of this representation are Archaeologists have long used objects as defining exclusively Sasanian elites. On the other hand, the body characteristics of what they suppose to be more-or-less

44 bounded social groups, people who are presumably Credibility, Horizons, and the Changing Nature of Groups connected through what we perceive to be a shared material in the Ancient Andes culture. We have a long legacy of characterizing such Matt Sayre (University of California: Berkeley) groups as “cultures”, often labeling them as the people of a certain pottery type (e.g., Bell-Beaker Culture), architectural The question of who writes the past has long preoccupied or other technological style. While this may appear to be a archaeologists and others concerned with social history, harmless sort of classificatory strategy, there are numerous, however the power issues behind classically defined often deeply problematic issues that it can generate. Not archaeological cultures can be opaque even to only does such a characterization tend to reduce the inquiry archaeologists attempting to question their own doxastic into the dynamics of how social and cultural entities biases. While the powerful tend to have a solid framework develop, form, and engage with their social worlds because of data to draw upon the powerless are more likely to have an “identity” is already pre-determined, but, as we can see knowledge that can appear opaque or disjunctive at initial in numerous cases in the contemporary world, such labels glance to the outside observer. These issues of credibility of identity can often lead to troubling epistemic injustices (to and prescribed notions lead to cases of epistemic injustice, use a term of Fricker 2007) of static identities and hence a not solely in the archaeological reconstruction of the past resulting discrimination, among many other possibilities but also in the lives of modern people. The resulting and actualities. In this session, papers are invited that creation of defined cultural groups, often times associated address various aspects of this interesting dilemma, ranging with broadly and oddly defined ceramic styles, have a long from those papers that might explore the long standing and and continued history in the Andes. This paper will on-going ways in which archaeologists in specific settings examine the continued use of a broadly defined make their subject(s), as well as those that explore the archaeological horizon that is connected to a pottery style epistemic practices that can lead to specific cases of and a people and analyze the epistemic injustices and static injustice(s) in the contemporary world or historical past. identities that arise from this practice.

9:00-9:10am 9:50-10:10am Introduction Making Subjects Out of Nothing: The Materiality of Maya Meg Conkey (University of California: Berkeley) Class Construction Chelsea Blackmore (University of California: Berkeley) 9:10-9:30am Archaeological Groups, Things and Interpretations Equating a single cultural group to a classificatory scheme John M. Chenoweth (University of California: Berkeley) has implications for not only how archaeologists develop the concept of cultural “identity” but how we investigate Groups, while never stable or static, are certainly enduring; and theorize about internal social dynamics within that yet the material culture associated with them may vary same society. For the ancient Maya, social organization widely across both space and time. Social identities -- remains largely understood as a two class system—that of understood as groups of people -- provide ground for commoner and elite. The material remains used to mark further debate and potentially for further clarity. This paper these categories are based largely on objects and materials will consider recent theory concerning both “things” associated with wealth—monumental construction, (materiality) and “groups” (social identities) in order to elaborate burials, polychrome ceramics (particularly fine interrogate what shared material culture actually means for wares and vases) and long-distance trade items like jade, those who share it, and how archaeologists might begin to obsidian, and marine shell. Elite identity is marked by the examine it. This question has far-reaching implications for identification of these things, but also in their quality and archaeological interpretation, for instance in understanding diversity. Commoners, on the other hand, have no unique how we define archaeological „cultures” or “identities” material signature. Rather, they are defined as a material through material culture and what this means certain negation of elites—a static representation of social, political, people shared in the past. But it is also central to the and economic domesticity. Even though gendered and modern practice of archaeology, as we must consider the household archaeologies have added significantly to our potential results of normalizing certain conceptions of understanding of commoner daily life, rarely do we groups, the kind of generalizations of people our contextualize commoners as active political subjects. This interpretations invite, and the potential for “epistemic paper examines how commoner material culture, even in its injustice” which may result from our formulations. most fragmentary form, can be used to reframe discussions of ancient Maya society as an internally diverse and 9:30-9:50am dynamic culture.

45 10:10-10:30am archaeologists at work on 12 different sites threatened by Discussion the Ilısu Dam and studied this “history in the making.” I witnessed the specific techniques archaeology uses in order 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK to transform a mound of earth into the scientific laboratory of archaeology. But, as accepted knowledge about the past is 11:00-11:20am produced; as archaeological “groups” are created from the How my premises make me to close my eyes to objects: ground, multiple processes of inclusion and exclusion Ignorance of Prehistoric sites in Bam (SE Iran) simultaneously occur. This paper will attempt to go beyond Omran Garazhian (Buali sina Department of Archaeology, these epistemic questions however, and reflect upon my Hamadan, Iran) experience as an ethnographer of archaeology in this region. Southeastern Turkey, the country’s poorest area, has been The wind is blowing and replaces the sands. Land surface is the stage for the military conflict between Turkey’s army covered by the sand hills; the scattered bushes can be and the P.K.K. (the Kurdish Workers’ Party) for over 25 observed on the dried river basins. On some heights, the years now. What larger role does archaeology play in the black stones can be observed. All the landscape is desert. politics of this region? What are some of the unjust Despite of 21th century technology, only few palm gardens ramifications of archaeology’s epistemic “reality” in this are located here; it is the landscape of Darestan and Bam, SE conflict-ridden zone? Iran. I visit this landscape as archaeologist and I search an object. Several archaeologists have visited Bam district, 11:40-12:00pm Stein, Caldwell, Karlovsky, Madjidzadeh, and tens of Contemporary Socio-Politics and Construction of Cultural archaeologists who have attended the annual conference of Categories in South Asia "the history of architecture ". They may have only visited V. Selvakumar (Tamil University) Bam citadel, the huge brick made structure that is registered by World Heritage, too. In the several written texts about Constructs are like the courses of river: very powerful. The prehistoric of SE Iran, only three sites of Chalcolithic and river water cannot escape the course and the final late Neolithic are pointed. None of the archaeologists has destination--the ocean! Construction of archaeological thought about the survey of western Loot desert. Can the cultures marked the larger part of 19th and 20th century desert be the context of prehistoric settlements? archaeology in South Asia. Similarly, contemporary groups Furthermore, most theories of Neolithic discussed about of India were grouped into various categories such as western parts of Near East and not the eastern parts. 'Aryans,' 'Dravidians' and 'primitive tribes' based language, region and physical features, primarily by the colonialists. I find the object: there are fourteen PPN and PN sites and a Origins for many of the archaeological cultures/identities PPN settlement with 5/7 hectares extension and in situ were searched outside South Asia. These identities, which architectural remains. About seventy prehistoric sites (from still remain the focus of many researchers, have played PPN to Bronze Age) are all located in a 40×60 km extension multiple roles in the contemporary socio-politics and in Darestan, an archaeologically ignored area. What has popular arena. Dominant contemporary social groups been ignored, the subject or the lack of the object? This perceive themselves as descendants of these constructed paper discusses about the archaeologists blindfolded minds identities/cultures and there have been claims and and some suggested reasons of it: contemporary natural competitions to ownership to civilizations/cultures (e.g. landscape, archaeologists’ subjectivity and their premises of Harappans). Contemporary groups use such constructed objects conditions in a region, with the case study of new identities to legitimize their action or status in the society excavations and surveys in Bam, Darestan. treat others as 'migrants' and 'outsiders. Epistemic injustice is observed in the perception of groups such as the 'dalits' 11:20-11:40am ('untouchables') or 'primitive tribes' as static and Constructing Epistemic “Realities” in a Conflict Zone: unchanging entities. This paper explores the various Salvage Archaeology in Southeastern Turkey dimensions of impact of the constructed cultures and Laurent Dissard (University of California: Berkeley) identities in South Asian Archaeology on the contemporary society. Salvage excavations have been undertaken by archaeologists since the 1960s in southeastern Turkey before 12:00-12:20pm the construction of large dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Tsimologo ya ntlha: “They are still old-fashioned” rivers. My research looks at the history of these excavations David Cohen (University of California: Berkeley) and the contributions they have made to Anatolian archaeology. In the summer of 2008, I observed

46 Critical engagement by archaeologists has revealed the Based on two recent years of ethnographic fieldwork as well potential power of our epistemological output, positive and as primary and secondary historical sources, this paper negative. Understandings of how archaeological practice examines the history of heritage tourism at the Tsodilo Hills. and interpretations, via the ethnography of archaeology, are From adventurers and researchers to safari operators and in no way outside of politics has created the necessity for us self-drive tourists, the presence of rock art and living San to be more aware of and engaged in the trajectories of the people together continues to be the most important tourist knowledge we create. Archaeology has created its subjects attraction the Tsodilo Hills offers, especially for those in to serve its own means, and it is time for more effort to be search of “Bushmen.” The Ju/’hoansi San living nearby the put toward means of bringing about epistemic justice in Tsodilo Hills have participated in the heritage tourism what we do. This paper examines anthropological practice industry – though, solely at the local level – for several in southern Africa and suggests ways that we can become decades due to the international community’s enduring more critically engaged in our writing of the past through fascination with San culture past and present. This case interfaces with social justice, group politics, and study demonstrates how heritage tourism became a transparency. subsistence strategy for the Ju/’hoansi San at the Tsodilo Hills during an era in which they lost their traditional 12:20-1:00pm hunting rights. Discussion by Participants: Facilitated by Meg Conkey and Doris Maldonado *The title of this paper uses “Bushmen” to refer to Khoi-San (University of California: Berkeley) speakers who are now known collectively as “San,” a name members of various Khoi-San language groups decided to use during a historic 1996 meeting. I am using the older and Musealizing Indigeneity: Heritage, Ethics and more informal term “Bushmen” because this paper addresses an essentializing understanding of San cultures the Tourist Audience through popular representations and heritage tourism. Madeleine Douglas & Rachel King (Stanford University) The Dilemma of the Included Past: Archaeological Education in the New South Africa This session will address how indigenous cultures represent Rachel King (Stanford University) themselves and are represented by others for a tourist audience. Topics to be addressed include: how the presence Since 1994, the democratic government has sought to re-cast of a tourist audience shapes the media and content of the role of heritage in education as a discourse of display; the impact of tourism on local culture and multiculturalism, recognition, and social justice. economy; how tourism shapes culture as commodity; Archaeological education (AE) emerged to answer this call collaboration and ethics in the museum or cultural heritage with an emphasis on the multivocality of the past and the site setting, including national parks and monuments; and material representation of archaeological practice in the role of international agencies (UNESCO, ICOMOS). social and economic lives of the new South Africa’s citizens. Despite the explicitly created space for AE in school Bushmen and Bushmen Paintings: A History of Heritage curricula and projects created by parastatal organizations, Tourism at the Tsodilo Hills however, AE has struggled to actualize itself. In all but self- Rachel Faye Giraudo (University of California, Berkeley) contained, privately-funded programs, AE is constantly placed under the heading of environmental education and The San (Bushmen)* of Southern Africa and the rock art becomes incorporated with themes of conservation, which imagery attributed to them catapulted into Western are ill-equipped to deal with the complex role of material consciousness in the 1950s through popular tourist heritage in South African social imaginings. accounts, literature, and media. Sir Laurens van der Post was one author who brought worldwide attention to the This paper seeks to address the question of why San and their rock art beginning with his BBC television archaeological education is often subsumed under series (1956) and book (1958), both titled, The Lost World of environmental education in South Africa. Why do the the Kalahari. The enigmatic Tsodilo Hills, located in tropes of conservation and the interconnectedness of northwestern Botswana, was van der Post’s destination on ecology appear so easily applicable to the concept of his 1955 expedition, and this rock art site subsequently material heritage? What are the impacts of this on the lived became an iconic link between rock art and living San experiences of archaeological education? I argue that the people. answers lie in incompatibilities of the state-led invocation of heritage simultaneously as a dynamic representation of

47 South African expression, and as a solid, unmoving agency that themselves provide the possibility for the foundation for progress and modernity. domestication of plants and animals? (4) Do violence and death act as the foci of transcendent religious experience Identity-Making and Native American Self- during the transitions of the early Holocene in the Middle Representation in the Museum Setting East, and are such themes central to the creation of social life Madeleine Douglas (Stanford University) in the first large agglomerations of people?

This paper is a comparative case study analyzing the 9:20-9:40am strategies four museums across the United States employ in The symbolism of Çatalhöyük in its regional context the representation of Native people and groups. Topics to Lynn Meskell & Ian Hodder (Stanford University) be addressed include how authorship and thus identity- making is determined within the museum context; how the The aim of this chapter is to situate the symbolism and ritual demographic of the museum visitors is or is taken into at Çatalhöyük into the wider context of the Neolithic of account in the formation of these exhibits; and differences eastern Turkey and the Middle East. Four general themes between exhibitions that includes the consultation of Native seem to recur and to underpin the symbolic repertoire at people versus Native authorship. Çatalhöyük and sites such as Göbekli in southeast Turkey. The first theme is surprising in that it has long been assumed that early agricultural societies in the Middle East were associated with the image of the nurturing female or Exploring 'the religious' at Çatalhöyük: An mother. In fact there is much quantitative evidence for a Interdisciplinary Dialogue phallocentrism at many sites, especially in Turkey. A second, but closely related, general focus is on dangerous Ian Hodder (Stanford University) wild things. Many symbolic representations and practices focus on wild animals, but especially on the hard, The aim of the work reported on in this session was to dangerous, pointed parts of wild animals. This symbolism implement an interdisciplinary study of the role of religious seems partly related to the memorialization of animal kills ritual in the emergence of complex societies, involving a and feasts, but it also has dimensions that focus on the group of natural scientists, archaeologists, anthropologists, piercing of flesh. Body manipulation and the piercing and philosophers and theologians in a novel field-based context. remaking of the flesh constitute a third general theme. The Through the period of the project from 2006 to 2008, practice of severing, circulating and passing down heads at members convened at Çatalhöyük for a week each summer, Çatalhöyük is an important part of the construction of and also met in seminars at Stanford University. At the site history houses and the long-term temporalities they they talked with the field team and spent time in the embody, and related practices may occur elsewhere. The specialist laboratories discussing ways in which the data final general theme concerns the focus on symbolic from the site could inform the main questions being elaboration on the house. Throughout the Middle East the addressed by the project. The papers in this session result house established continuities and histories as subsistence from this experiment in bringing scholars from diverse economies increasingly involved delayed returns for labor. backgrounds to work with archaeologists ‘at the trowel’s But the placing of wild animal imagery inside houses may edge’ at Çatalhöyük. have had another dimension linked to changing conceptions of the environment. In the Neolithic wild animals may no longer have been seen as provided by the environment and 9:00-9:20am its spirit world but as provided by ancestors or human Introduction: the Templeton project at Çatalhöyük: its mythic figures. goals and outcomes Ian Hodder (Stanford University) 9:40-10:00am Why should ethnographic analogies help? This paper introduces the site of Çatalhöyük and the work Çatalhöyük and house based societies of the interdisciplinary group. It outlines the four questions Maurice Bloch (London School of Economics) considered by the group. (1) How can archaeologists recognize the spiritual, religious and transcendent in early The paper will consider the use of ethnographic analogies time periods? (2) Are changes in spiritual life and religious by archaeologists trying to interpret the distant past. It will ritual a necessary prelude to the social and economic concentrate on how far and how little social and cultural changes that lead to ‘civilization’? (3) Do human forms take anthropologist's concept of "house based societies" can on a central role in the spirit world in the early Holocene, illuminate the Catalhuyuk remains. Under what conditions and does this centrality lead to new conceptions of human 48 can analogy be causal? Is it because contemporary people experience for special attention, and the play of absence and living in certain "house based societies" regularly consider presence. the world in similar ways that it is reasonable to suggest that the Neolithic people of Catalhuyuk shared these ideas? 11:20-11:40am Particular attention will be paid to the way houses create The Neolithic cosmos of Çatalhöyük continuities in time. How they are more stable and longer Paul Wason (The John Templeton Foundation) lasting than the lives of the people who live in them. How houses therefore become "transcendental". What does this Ideas about the basic nature of the universe, what I am mean for our understanding of "religion"? Finally, I shall calling our cosmology, permeate what we think about examine the possible significance of the use of wild animals everything else and influence how we live. For example, in house decoration in terms of a wider theory of the although where we came from does not really determine "transcendental". who we are, where we believe we came from does affect how we imagine our capacities and so what we are willing to 10:00-10:20am become. Scientific discovery has done much to revise and Modes of religiosity at Çatalhöyük enrich our own cosmology over the past century, but Harvey Whitehouse (University of Oxford) throughout history, and even now, ideas about what and who is out there and about agency and causation -- how it This paper seeks to reconstruct certain features of ritual and all works and why things happen -- have more often been social organization at Çatalhöyük by combining a general religious and philosophical ideas. In this paper I attempt a theory of ritual transmission with interpretations that we preliminary exploration of what we might learn about the and others have made of the archaeological evidence. Our cosmos inhabited by the Neolithic people of Çatalhöyük. theory relates aspects of ritual performance (especially This is relevant to the four core questions of this project, emotionality, frequency, and exegetical thinking) to social because cosmology is related to religion, but allows me to morphology (especially the scale, structure, and avoid, for the moment, issues of what religion is. cohesiveness of cults at the settlement). We argue that from comparatively fragmentary information concerning the Topics covered include understandings of time (time and nature of prehistoric rituals at Çatalhöyük we can infer a change in general, the past, and the future), understandings surprisingly rich picture of how religious knowledge was of space (the shape of the cosmos at large, houses and floor constituted, transmitted and transformed over the lifetime plans, and a place to live), and humans and other beings. This of the settlement and how ritually based coalitions formed, is simply an initial study and I will end by mentioning other interacted, and changed. elements of cosmology which should be considered in future work. 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK 11:40-12:00pm 11:00-11:20am Magical deposits at Çatalhöyük: a matter of time and The materiality of ‘religion’ at Çatalhöyük place? Webb Keane (University of Michigan) Carolyn Nakamura (Stanford University) When is magic? That is, when does an act or thing become How should we identify religion as something distinct from magical if it does so at all? Leaving the difficult discussion the more general category of culture? If we accept that of what constitutes the religious or spiritual at Çatalhöyük some speculation, or what Peirce called “abduction,” can to the other participants in this session, I will instead focus help open up the evidence, we must still be wary of the on what might constitute the magical domain at tendency in religious speculation to project the author’s Çatalhöyük. These two themes are no doubt related. Indeed, particular preoccupations onto prehistory, prematurely before one can ‘look’ for magic in a Neolithic context, one eliminating what Hodder has called its “strangeness and must have a somewhat clear idea of the material forms and ‘otherness,’” and indulging in teleological thinking. And practices that religion encompasses first. After briefly yet science should include the abduction of likelihoods, if it discussing the archaeology of the religious domain, I will is not to be mired in narrow empiricism. In my discussion then discuss a few possible magical valences at Çatalhöyük, of the evidence at Çatalhöyük, I will propose elements of a focusing on certain materials and their qualities, mixed polythetic definition of religion that respond to these two deposits, and their specific locations and temporalities. demands. I sketch out some general consequences of attending to the materiality of religion as we know it in the 12:00-12:20pm ethnographic record. A discussion of the evidence from Coding the Non-Visible: Possibilities and Limitations in Çatalhöyük will focus on the marking of some domains of Understanding Symbolic Behavior at Çatalhöyük

49 Wentzel van Huyssteen (Princeton Theological Seminary) Kenneth Aitchison (Institute for Archaeologists), Karina Croucher (University of Manchester), This paper argues that archaeological evidence can provide longer-term perspectives on how religiosity develops in Hilary Soderland (University of California: relation to economy and society, and that interpretation Berkeley) & George Smith (South East needs to be sensitive to the specificity of material contexts. Archaeological Centre) Van Huyssteen accepts that the hiding and revealing that took place in the Çatalhöyük houses had a religious Concepts of value and worth usually underlie many of our dimension. Looking back in time, the Palaeolithic cave activities as archaeologists, whether consciously or paintings in Europe indicate an embodied symbolic process otherwise. The ways in which these are manifested in in which the non-visible could be codified - thus providing practice can be both obvious and more subtle, and context the basis for the earliest forms of religiosity. He uses work dependent. based in neuroscience to argue that altered states of consciousness played a role, in contextually specific ways, in Physical monumental remains are open to direct, immediate the production of the symbolism in the houses at and apparent (e)valuation, whether social, intellectual or Çatalhöyük, and links are drawn to imagistic modes of economic, but the transient and intangible past has value religiosity. In thinking about religion or spirituality in the too, constructed through the memories and meanings that Neolithic we should not expect to discover some clearly become attached to locales. demarcated, separate domain that we could identify as 'religion' as such. A neurological bridge allows us to In this session we would like to explore how concepts of understand some dimensions of the ways in which religion value are constructed and contested, how they can be was embedded in daily life at Çatalhöyük, but for van applied to intangible pasts, and the methodologies of Huyssteen the more important point is that the neurological measuring value, discussing the value of social and shared capacity for different forms of consciousness is linked to the meaning, memory and identity as applied to concepts such human ability to remember, imagine, and symbolize. as the cultural value of sites of trauma, the archaeology of Human spiritual and religious experience can thus be commemoration, transient archaeologies of the immediate understood as an emergent consequence of the symbolic past, shared senses of place and identity, and the physicality capacity in humans. of social memory.

12:20-12:40pm 9:00-9:20am Temporalities of religion at Çatalhöyük Intangible past: transient present. A case study of value Peter Pels (Leiden University) and how it is assigned Fay Stevens (University College London & University of This essay tries to contribute to the interpretation of Notre Dame) religious practices at Çatalhöyük by employing a systematic Visiting the site of Stonehenge (Wiltshire, UK) today is an distinction of time-scales for analysis. Using an empirically experience many people consider to be intangible and grounded conception of the ‘religious’ as that which transient. Drawing upon the experiences of international appears in the archaeological record as specially marked or students taking a course in archaeology and ethics at the articulated, the essay outlines the different temporalities University of Notre Dame (London Programme), this paper that Çatalhöyük people may have been aware of, and uses considers how value is defined and assigned by these this analytical scheme to discuss different interpretive students in their experience and understanding of the site possibilities and narratives. In conclusion, it suggests that and its environs. Issues raised include rights of ownership, Çatalhöyük may not have been a particularly ‘religious’ political and moral viewpoints, multi-vocality, and how society, and that we may profitably study transcendence in these are articulated. This approach positions the students’ the Neolithic by attending to the points in the evidence understanding through the critical lens of the value of where we see that different time-scales overlap or are cultural perceptions of sites/landscapes and encourages an articulated on each other. awareness of issues of identity, individual and social responsibilities and professional conduct. As such, a 12:40-1:00pm consideration of value (in this context) and how it is Discussion assigned can be seen to engage students with the very notion of an intangible/transient past/present and the resulting development of intellectual ideas in the discipline. Archaeologies of the Transient and Intangible: What Gets Valued and Why? 9:20-9:40am 50 Building a past: the construction of early Neolithic My historical archaeology classes conduct a research project identity and structures analyzing who puts up historic markers in southeast Jolene Debert (University of Manchester, UK) Michigan and why. This project has revealed which kinds of sites have a modern constituency, and which kinds of sites The phenomenon of the early Neolithic timber structure has are not marked. It is significant that many historic markers intrigued, divided and sparked much debate as to its role mark buildings that have become intangible in the sense within early Neolithic life in Britain. With a refinement in that they have been destroyed. Some markers are also dating, the transition into the Neolithic is becoming clearer concerned with intangible aspects of heritage at sites, such though muddied with countless contradictory theories and as marking the home of a woman who dressed as a man and interpretations. The intangibility of their function and served in the Civil War. Remains of this activity would meaning has stunted work. probably not be excavated at the woman's post Civil-war marital household site that has been marked but has also In an attempt to remove this barrier to understanding their been destroyed. This case also illustrates the androcentric nature, I have looked directly at the material evidence of emphasis in historic markers in the Detroit area. The vast these large structures, specifically the flints, investigating majority of historic markers focus on men's public activities, the construction of memory and its association with a place. even when marking a man's house site. House site markers These large timber buildings were the first monuments built may mention a man's wife and children, but seldom name in the early Neolithic in Britain. It is clear that their meaning them. The family is subsumed under the male head of was pivotal for the development of the new identity of household. Only 12% of historic site markers focus on people invoking these changes to their lifeways. women's activities. Charitable sites are also rarely marked, a fact that is probably related to the ideology that considered 9:40-10:00am women innately more pious, moral, and suited to charitable Exposing tangible heritage in correlation with a system of activities than men. Most historic markers are concerned values and concepts within Mexican archaeologies with men's capitalist activities, materializing the dominant Lilia Lizama Aranda (EMCSA), Julio Hoil (CIESAS), Harlen national narrative of industrialization. In Detroit, most Tuz (University of Yucatan/EMCSA) and Susana Echeverría marked sites are white, but the African-American Castillo (University of Yucatan) community has marked many churches, underground railroad sites, black schools and households, still Mexican local concepts as to what gets valued and why are predominantly focussing on men's activities. Very few specifically oriented in economics within a global age. This historic markers are concerned with Native American sites, means that cultural heritage moves on a platform on which and the narrative usually focuses on white conquest. Many value is ascribed in terms of economic gains. We will white site markers are concerned with colonization and do explain cases in which archaeological sites, our first not mention Native Americans. The intangible dominant platform, are in themselves categorized within a staircase of group narratives determine which tangible historic sites are economic importance based on their physical features, marked as significant aspects of America's heritage. setting aside intrinsic perspectives of value: political, social, and technological. On the other hand, we have a platform of 10:30-11:00am COFFEE BREAK concepts that consciously surrounds specialists’ activities; concepts that include inhabitants’ desires to help protect 11:00-11:20am and promote a cultural site for their own benefit. This Value in prehistory (with reference to the Balkans) platform should have a balanced set of values and concepts Lolita Nikolova (University of Utah) to include binding heritage and the identity of local descendants with that of a site. Finally, we should learn, Value is one of the essential topics of conceptualization in teach, and communicate diverse heritage to professionals the recent theoretical prehistoric research on the Balkans and engage them with the public at large. Measuring value (see e.g. Bailey 1998, 2005; Souvatzi 2008; Nikolova et al. in terms of networking allows us to create a system 2009 with refs.). Our research attempts to explore how the recognizing efforts achieved in developing countries. concept of value evolved, materialized and developed during the Neolithic, Copper and earlier Bronze Ages 10:00-10:20am between the Carpathians and the Aegean. We have a two- Historic markers: the construction of valuable heritage, fold goal: to test the modern understanding of value against tangible and intangible the archaeological data and to observe whether the Suzanne Spencer-Wood (Harvard University) empirical data from Balkan Prehistory will bring theoretical conclusions that may contradict some of the general understanding of value in Prehistory.

51 In the context of Balkan prehistoric data (e.g. Nikolova 1999,  Early Neolithic (Koprivets I – Karanovo I-II – Starčevo) 2000, 2003; Nikolova et al. 2009; Bailey 1998, 2000, 2005; (later 7th – mid 6th millennium cal BCE); Todorova 2002; Souvatzi 2008), it looks that prehistoric  Late Neolithic and Early Copper Age (Karanovo III – IV – V value is a concept that had developed gradually, including – Vinča – Boian – Hamangia – early Cucuteni) (later 6th – new and different material and non-material expressions mid 5th millennium cal BCE), and dependant on innovations, complexity, multi-scale  Late and Final Copper Ages (Sălcuţa / Kodzhadermen / cultural networks and many other factors. Specific problems Bubanj – Gumelniţa / Karanovo VI / Varna – Sălcuţa IV / are how the concepts of value and wealth interacted in Telish IV – Cernavoda I – later Cucuteni) (later 5th – earlier Balkan Prehistory, as well as how innovative materials (e.g. 4th millennium cal BCE), and spondylus, copper, gold, silver, etc.) created new values. We  Early Bronze Age (Cernavoda III / Boleraz – Yunatsite – will also outline the differences between the settlement and Ezero – Coţofeni – Kostolac – Vučedol – Pit Grave Culture, burial data for analyses of value in Prehistory and the sharp etc.) (later 4th – 3rd millennium cal BCE). ambiguity of some archaeological records by constructing anthropological models. The archaeological framework includes the following cultural horizons: 11:20-11:40am Fly me to the moon: protecting the immediate past at the surviving former workers and local residents, was also Apollo 11 Tranquility Base Site recorded by many of the volunteers. Beth Laura O'Leary (New Mexico State University) However, it was the volunteers’ enthusiasm to use and Many of the "Space Age" artifacts and sites lie at the discuss the archaeological deposits they were excavating as boundary between heritage objects and space junk. It is a a means to explain the more recent past, often understood large complex technological assemblage which is transient through the oral history they themselves had recorded, that in several respects: it is thought to represent outmoded and undercut the standard concept of ‘value’ in archaeology. obsolete ideas, is no longer working and is perceived as The discovery of a 17th century glass-flue, as expected, was standing in the way of more advanced technologies. The particularly ‘valued’ both by the archaeologists and the preservation issues are huge in terms both of volume and of volunteers who took a great deal of pride in the discovery. how to protect objects in space or on other celestial bodies Yet, it was the chance for the volunteers to come together, in like the Moon. The challenges faced by the Lunar Legacy a place where a shared sense of identity and awareness of necessity of valuing the significance of the Apollo 11 the immediate past was associated with local social landing site on the Moon are explored as well as how to memory, that was of more ‘value’ to this project. This paper find ways of dealing with heritage in off-earth will explore these conflicting senses of ‘value’ and explore environments. how the understanding of the archaeological layers and deposits became a contest between excavation 11:40-12:00pm methodologies and the replaying of memories and The contesting of value at Prestongrange? meanings associated with the histories of more recent Phil Richardson (Newcastle University) relatives. Thus, the paper demonstrates how, in this instance, it was the transient nature of the excavation It recently has been suggested that in the fields of process itself, and not just the results of excavation, that was archaeological heritage and public archaeology, of real ‘value’; it created a rich working environment and archaeologists have to confront the central issues of what added considerably to the quality and importance of the archaeology does, what archaeology makes, and what project as a whole. archaeology is for. In this regard Value would appear of central importance. The issue of what is valued, why and by 12:00-12:20pm whom surfaced recently at The Prestongrange Community Displaying prejudice and subjectivity: archaeologists’ Archaeological Project (a heritage project developed by East treatment of Mesoamerica versus their lack of interest on Lothian Council Archaeological Service) near Edinburgh, Aridamerica (hunter-gatherer) archaeology in Mexico Scotland. The standing remains of the 19th century colliery Leticia González Arratia (Museo Regional de La Laguna, predominate the site but also visually disguise the fact that Torreón, Coah., México) the site has had a lengthy and highly significant social and economic past. The excavations and documentary work History of Mexican archaeology reveals a great interest in were conducted by volunteers from the local community, studying sites and monumental sculpture since the second many of whom had relatives, some not so distant, that had part of the XVIIIth century. Since that time, both nationals worked in the on-site industries. Oral history, provided by and foreigners have focused their attention on large

52 prehispanic cities, mainly those showing impressive archaeologists. The result has been an absolute silence about architecture, decorated ceramics, stone steles, etc. These the importance of their technological improvements, types of remains are found mostly in Central and Southeast economic, social and political strategies, as well as their Mexico in the cultural area known as Mesoamerica. ritual life, and even to ignore the monumentality of some archaeological remains such as pictographs, petroglyphs Other types of archaeological remains, such as those left by and burial places. hunter-gatherer societies or small agricultural villages in the 12:20-12:40pm desert of Northern Mexico in the cultural area known as Heritage values in contemporary society Aridamerica, were only acknowledged seriously as part of George Smith (Southeast Archeological Center) the study of archaeology after the second part of the XXth century. This has to do with the history of the country as Discussion of heritage in the twenty-first century must well as with politics and the need to reinforce Mexican include the many voices representing the heritage sector identity. It is also related to a prejudiced attitude on the part and stakeholders, including but not limited to those in of archaeologists towards societies lacking architectural archaeology (university professors as well as governmental, remains, stone sculpture and decorated ceramics, private sector, and public archaeologists), law, economics, considered as unworthy of being studied and denying them historic preservation, education, tourism, and indigenous even the possibility that they had built their own and populations. Discussions should address how the past is characteristic civilization different from Mesoamerican valued and how such values can be defined and applied to societies. public policy, spending, management, education (at all levels), education and training of heritage sector The aim of this paper is to provide an account of this fact professionals, economic and sustainable development, and and propose that the archaeology of hunter-gatherer delivered services relating to a collective heritage in a societies of the desert in Mexico have been the target of manner that is accountable and includes public subjective and biased treatment on the part of involvement.

Sunday 3rd May Afternoon sessions (2pm - 6pm)

CHAT @ TAG: Symmetry and Diversity in We argue that a valuable epistemological approach emerges Archaeologies of the Recent Past (cont) from the simultaneous investigation of contemporary Stó:lō fishing camps (where we attempt to translate Stó:lō B. R. Fortenberry (Boston University) & Adrian perceptual language into an anthropological one) and T. Myers (Stanford University) household-level artifact assemblages (which provide insight into the production of fish butchery tools). As a theoretical 2:00-2:20pm basis for modeling the latter, we consider the role of Aboriginal Fishing Practices in Past and Present: An contemporary fishing camp assemblages in the organization Archaeological Approach to the Study of Colonial- of cooperative activity and the development of Influenced Changes in Stó:lō (Coast Salish) Household organizational relations that cross multiple planes of Organization interaction and involve multiple actors. Catherine Bailey (University of California, Los Angeles), Anthony P Graesch (University of California, Los Angeles) & David M. Schaepe (Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre, British Columbia, Canada) 2:20-2:40pm Material Landscapes and the interstices of Ethnicity: Post- This paper discusses an archaeological approach to studying Contact indigenous interiors of South-Central California Stó:lō (Coast Salish) lifeways through 200 years of colonial David Robinson (University of Central Lancashire, UK) influence in the upper Fraser Valley of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Examining the cultural practices of Theoretical approaches to ethnicity have proven to be contemporary Stó:lō communities provides a framework for sophisticated and flexible in interpreting the rapidly examining how Aboriginal lifeways were impacted by changing post-contact archaeological record of California. shifting spheres of interaction with non-Aboriginal settlers. However, is ethnicity always a satisfactory way to 53 understand changes enacted within indigenous known that there are direct historical links among communities? New research into interior South-Central individuals at Jamestown and other Virginia Company California has identified indigenous historical occupation of Period (1607 – 1624) sites to Irish plantations, historical sites in specific ‘backcountry’ contexts. In this paper I wish archaeology in Ireland and elsewhere in southeastern to consider if the material evidence found at these sites may Virginia is producing evidence that there are more Irish fall between the crevices found in our theories of ethnicity influences on the 17th -century colonial project than by working through material culture in its social and previously thought. physical landscape context. Archaeological evidence is the best point of departure for 2:40-3:00pm understanding southeastern Virginia’s 17th century Fire and Ruination: The Potentially Liberating Force of settlements because of the destruction of most colonial Near-Total Destruction in Expanding Interpretation at the records. Using archaeological evidence from the Kate Chopin House/Bayou Folk Museum (Cloutierville, Nansemond Fort (44SK192), a c.1635 - 1680 inland fortified LA) bawn in Suffolk, Virginia, I posit that architectural evidence Julie H. Ernstein (Northwestern State University) indicates a fort plan similar to forts from the same period in Ireland. Artifacts recovered during excavation at This presentation considers the archaeology of recent events Nansemond point to three distinct occupation phases, —specifically the loss of a National Historic Landmark producing a chronology that allows individuals to be property to a fire last October—as an opportunity to revisit associated with the property. The material remains also the creation of meaning(s) and, consequently, revise and speak to a shift in economic and trading patterns, and an expand heritage interpretation at this site. Students, faculty increased reliance on locally produced items. By and an alumnus from the author’s university engaged in contextualizing the Nansemond Fort in a comparative salvage operations at the site and were joined by neighbors, framework with English plantation sites in Ireland, a clearer community members, and the property owners (a local picture of the influence and adaptations that these earlier historic preservation group) in mourning the loss of this colonial ventures had on the development of Virginia nationally significant resource which—among other things emerges and permits the consideration of the agency of —had been home to turn-of-the-20th-century feminist writer individuals to shape the Virginia landscape based on their Kate Chopin (1850-1904). However, it was the subsequent previous colonial experiences. prospect of dedesignation as a NHL, the potentially 3:20-3:40pm devastating impact of this loss to local heritage tourism Ancient Egypt and Brazil: A Theoretical Approach to the efforts, and trying to assist the property owners in Uses of the Past determining where they might go from here, that has Pedro Paulo A. Funari & Raquel dos Santos Funari proven a somewhat revelatory experience. Specifically, (Unicamp, Sao Paolo, Brazil) contemporary archaeology—as the archaeology of recent Archaeological theory has been paying attention to the uses events and their direct relevance for our increased of the past in different contexts. This paper deals with the appreciation of the evolving nature of meaning, collective way ancient Egypt has been used to forge Brazilian memory, and understanding the past—functions as a means identities in the last two hundred years or so. for turning this terrible loss into a gain in the form of expanding both formal and informal interpretive 3:40-4:00pm opportunities at the site. Snapshots of History and the Nature of the Archaeological Image 3:00-3:20pm Travis Parno (Boston University) Pipes, Pots, Palisades and People: Atlantic Connections at the Nansemond Fort, Virginia Archaeology, as it is experienced by tenured professors and Luke J. Pecoraro (Boston University) young field school students alike, occupies a unique position at the intersection of materiality and temporality. English colonization of Virginia has been characterized as By its very definition, the discipline, which is of course a boldly intrusive, spreading out quickly from the first modern construction, handles the remains of past societies. toehold at Jamestown into the hinterlands and leading to This multifaceted relationship informs every archaeological open hostility with native peoples almost from the start. The action we undertake, from field work to publication. tactics used and methods employed in colonizing Virginia Photography is also imbricated in this nexus of the material were not new; many of the Jamestown venturers were and the temporal. Every photograph captures an instant in themselves involved in plantation efforts in the late time, a frozen representation of a context’s materiality. This 16th/early 17th centuries in Ireland. While it has long been is both a constraining and emancipating quality. It prevents 54 the photographer from illustrating the true depth of any national scale/level (the realm of federal social policy) was setting’s materiality, but allows him to construct the context directed more at masculine worlds of trade and commerce according to his own agenda. In this way, photography, and international relations (national defense). The crisis of with its limitations and abilities, plays an important role in the Great Depression, however, far exceeded the abilities of how archaeology is depicted in both the public and local charities and the local state to handle its responsibility academic spheres. and a ‘scaling up’ occurred in which the national state stepped in to avert a continental social crisis. This was, To illustrate just how photography is able to manipulate however, a re-scaling that at first privileged structurally both materiality and temporality, I will first explore how we unemployed white men with federal programs for the understand each of these characteristics and how they relate ‘worthy poor’ coming later. Through a collaborative to the power of the image. The history of photographic historical archaeo-geographic study, we raise the question: technology provides a clear example of how materiality and how did individuals, families, non-state institutions such as temporality are truly entangled. I will then discuss the charities as well as the local state learn to exist within this phenomenon of Japanese tourist photography in the late re-scaled world of federally funded welfare? Or, to put it 19th-century to show the scale at which a simple set of another way: where and how did the subject learn the photographs can define a culture. Lastly, I will offer some performance of national/federal citizenship? How might thoughts regarding the ways in which we construct this performance have been reflected in everyday spatial archaeological photographs. It may be time to rethink the and material practice? We suggest that collaboration manner in which we employ photography to represent the between archaeology and geography allows us to construct complex practice of archaeology. something not really attempted on a synthetic level for the recent past—a historical archaeology and a historical 4:00-4:20pm geography of the state as viewed and lived from the bottom Toward a Historical Archaeo-Geography of the Rise of the up. American Welfare State: Spatial Re-Scaling and the Materiality of the New Deal 4:20-5:00pm Anne E. Mosher (Syracuse University) & Laurie Wilkie Discussion (University of California: Berkeley) Discussant: Michael Wilcox (Stanford University)

While there has been a rich exchange and collaboration between the disciplines of archaeology and geography in Histories, Identities, Theories (cont) the UK—particularly in the realm of landscape Laurie Wilkie & Rosemary Joyce (University of archaeologies—less intellectual cross-pollination has occurred in the US. In this paper, we offer possible California: Berkeley) explanations for why this was the case. We also envision the possibilities for ‘historical archaeo-geography,’ a 2:00-2:20pm collaboration that draws upon both the complementary and Brothertown commemoration practices and the materiality unique practices of the two disciplines of historical of mass consumption archaeology and historical geography. Together, we share Craig N. Cipolla (University of Pennsylvania) concern for space and place in time (synchronicity) and over time (diachronicity). What historical archaeology brings to Mass consumed items are indeed the bread and butter of the table is a fine-grained consideration of household lives historical archaeology. This paper investigates the and practices. This meshes with historical geography’s materiality of such items. More specifically, it explores the sensibilities regarding the complex interplay and social affects of replacing the “homemade” with the “store connections between multiple scales— linking the body, bought”. I examine shifts in commemoration practices of the family, and household to the neighborhood, community, Brothertown Indians, a multi-tribal community of Christian state, region, nation, and the global. Native Americans that moved west together starting in the late 18th century. Early on, the Brothertown commemorated We explicitly discuss a collaborative project that will their dead with locally produced limestone markers bearing investigate the geopolitical and material dimensions of ‘state no inscriptions. In the early 19th century, members began re-scaling.’ Building upon the work of Theda Skocpol consuming professionally made marble headstones. These (1992), political scientist Suzanne Mettler (1998) notes that stones nearly replaced “homemade” stones by the mid-19th prior to the New Deal, state responsibility for women, century. How were identities represented with blank children, the unemployed, poor and elderly resided at the “mute” stones as compared to mass-consumed stones local scale/level (a feminized domestic realm) whereas the bearing inscriptions? Did this transition play a role in

55 fostering new social distinctions within the community? become both the cause and consequence of our shared and How do these patterns compare with shifting social twisted lives, thus, dispensing time and creating an relations between the Brothertown Indians and other immediacy between two worlds; the material past and the contemporaneous Native and Euroamerican communities? I historical present. pursue these questions by drawing upon theories of practice and semiotics. The answers to these questions are not only 3:00-3:30 important for historical archaeologists but also have Discussant: implications for broad theories of materiality, ethnogenesis Kent Lightfoot (University of California: Berkeley) and mass consumption.

2:20-2:40pm The Color of Things: Debating the Role and Understanding subjective experiences of the material Future of Color in Archaeology (cont) world: A phenomonological approach the archaeological record Alexander Nagel (University of Michigan) Kira Blaisdell-Sloan (University of California: Berkeley) 2:00-2:20pm While phenomenological approaches to the archaeological Color Power: Exploring Color and Status in Early record have varied, one of the greatest potentials of these Chorasmian Elite Mural Art approaches lies in their emphasis on the subjective Fiona Kidd (Department of Archaeology, University of experience of the material world. In this paper I review the Sydney) theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of this variety of phenomenological approach to the archaeological record. The monumental building complex at Kazakly-yatkan in Based on a review of this literature and a case study from ancient Chorasmia, modern Uzbekistan, provides a unique Colonial Honduras, I argue that archaeological data in opportunity for the contextualized study of color in elite general, and historical archaeological data in particular, are ritual contexts in 1st century BCE Central Asia. Color at well suited to phenomenological analysis. Critical to the Kazakly-yatkan was produced using various media and success of such an approach is a move towards the techniques. Polychrome mural art and relief sculptures, gold incorporation of multi-sited, reflexive analysis. leaf, moulded copper alloy, painted columns and stone column bases suggest that a planned program of visual art decorated the complex. A ‘portrait’ gallery comprising at 2:40-3:00pm least 27 bust portraits painted on the eastern façade of a Twisted lives: the mergence between the material past and corridor surrounding the central building of the complex the historical present raises several critical issues in scholarly approaches to color. Kristján Mímisson (Univeristy of Iceland) Torques depicted on the personages indicates that members of the elite were shown. However, diversity in headdress People’s biographies are dominated by a multitude of type, costume color and ornamentation style suggests that factors. In recent years it has come to a general the individuals were differentially ranked. Other significant understanding that people’s lives are embedded in things characteristics in the use of color associated with the just as things are premising the biographies of people. This portraits such as the ubiquitous red ears, and the notion has infiltrated both anthropology and archaeology in distinguished use of yellow suggest that color, rather than various approaches to the cultural biographies of things, the being a question of personal choice or taste, represents a life courses of objects and the inseparable interrelation significant category of enquiry in the pre-Islamic Iranian between materialities and the person, unfolding a variety of world. To what extent is it possible to define the role of lived experiences in the past and the present. specific colors in elite ritual contexts? How can personal choice and taste account for the use of color in such In this paper I will explore how the category of biography contexts? Through a contextualized study of the portraits transcends the barriers of time. It is a discussion about how and their associated color traits, this paper will explore how the material past, i.e. the tangible traces of times long gone, color can materialize voices in elite contexts in the pre- intermingles with the historical present, the context of Islamic Iranian world. history that is presently and continuously being constructed and negotiated, and how the materiality of biographies is a 2:20-2:40pm blending of the two. The argumentation rests upon my own The Colors of the Sasanian Empire: Color and Sasanian involvement with the biography of a 17th century peasant Seals from the site of Búðarárbakki at the borders of the southern Judith A. Lerner (Independent Scholar, New York) highlands of Iceland. The site and its materiality have 56 By the end of the reign of Shapur I, the Sasanian Empire Response and Discussion (224-663 AD) stretched from the River Euphrates to the Discussant: River Indus and included modern-day Armenia and David Batchelor Georgia. This paper will focus on Sasanian seals and color. Sasanian seals are made from a variety of stones and hence are of different colors. In addition to their utilitarian Bridging Subjects and Objects in the Near function, seals were carved from stones that had aesthetic Eastern and Mediterranean World (cont) appeal; further, many—if not most—seals had for their owners amuletic value. This value came not only from the Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper & Benjamin Porter image carved on the seal, but also seems to have derived (University of California: Berkeley) from the type, and thus color, of stone on which the image was carved. Indeed, there seems to be a connection between 2:00-2:20pm the choice of subject for a seal and the kind or color of stone Objectified Bodies: Reconstructing a “Foundation Burial” on which it is carved. This paper will explore such from Late Bronze Age Alalakh (Ancient Syria) connections, drawing upon Iranian and Zoroastrian beliefs Alexis Boutin (Sonoma State University) about color that may have influenced Sasanian seal-carvers and their patrons, as well as on Ancient Near Eastern and An unusual burial of a child was excavated recently at Classical traditions. Alalakh (Tell Atchana), a regional capital of ancient Syria. Dating to the mid-second millennium BCE, this burial is 2:40-3:00pm unique at the site insofar as it is the only one incorporated Colored History: The European Polychromy Debate of the directly into wall foundations. As such, it apparently 19th Century and the Contribution of Spain represents a “foundation burial.” In the first part of this María Ocón Fernández (Freie Universität, Berlin) paper, I discuss how such burials have traditionally been interpreted as a type of foundation deposit: objects buried Color constitutes an important reference point of the past in a building’s foundations as an act of sanctification or and the present. At the same time, polychromy belongs commemoration. If the traditional interpretation of amongst the phenomena of multiplicity, pluralism, and foundation burials is accurate, then an explicit or implicit mass culture that have become integral parts of our material process of objectifying the decedent’s earthly remains culture and current world views. For nineteenth century presumably was involved. I then describe how this process architects, the reference to the colorful image of antiquity of objectifying bodies in ancient cultures is replicated by was a general premise for their theoretical understanding contemporary osteological analyses. Recent discourse in and their own practise. With the emerging European bioarchaeology has focused on how standardized methods polychromy debate, color mutated from an "uncertain of analyzing skeletons (e.g., numbering rather than naming) grandeur" (A. Prater) to the intrinsic key. Not only a bastion and interpreting skeletal data (e.g., writing conventions that of European culture, but the traditionally accepted "white are dominated by the passive voice) can de-humanize the Classicism" (Winckelmann) associated with the images of very people whose remains they purport to explain. Europe and its antiquity would be completely revised. In the last part of the paper, I propose that narrative modes On the basis of the European polychromy debate of the of interpretation, which interweave skeletal and nineteenth century, this paper will address the following archaeological data to create fictive osteobiographies, are questions: Could the question about the phenomenon of one way to re-subjectify human skeletons. Rather than 'European Identity' be answered by examining the inception employing reified axes of identity to reconstruct an essential of polychromy in European architectural history? How does skeletal subject (cf. Smith 2004), however, these narratives the interpretation of multicolors as a 'conjugative element' draw on the materiality of human skeletal remains to stand within the nineteenth century polychromy debate on reconstruct the embodied experiences of past individuals a European level? How would the contribution of Spain, within specific socio-historic contexts. with the background of its specific historical experience and in the face of the current conflict between Western culture 2:25-2:45pm and Islam, be viewed? The role of Archaeology, which was People of Kemosh?: Investigating a Cultic Context from just being established as a discipline at the time, will be Iron Age Jordan given special consideration in this context of Annlee Dolan (San Joaquin Delta College) interdisciplinary discourse. Wadi ath-Thamad Site #13 (WT-13) offers a unique 3:00-4:00pm opportunity to explore the relationship between object and

57 subject in a solely religious context. This extra-mural shrine around and within the older temples indicate that aspects of is situated upon an ancient trade route in Moab, central the landscape conditioned and constrained the burial Jordan, with artifacts having a wide-ranging provenience. practices of these singers. Conversely, these priestesses Neutron activation analysis has shown that there are reused and re-inscribed the landscape of Medinet Habu to artifacts of a local and foreign origin, suggesting that both define their group and individual identities, demonstrating neighboring nomadic peoples and passerby’s worshipped at the dialectical complexities between subjects and objects. this site. Thus the subject-object relationship can be examined in light of how the shape or form of the object 3:15-4:00pm affects the function and meaning. It appears that at WT-13, Discussion: Reflections on the subject/object divide local inhabitants viewed the possible foreign travelers and Marian Feldman (University of California: Berkeley) their cultic paraphernalia in a positive light. That is, foreigners were likely accepted into the region and the cult place at WT-13. Moreover, foreign sacred objects were not Archaeology: The Discipline of Things considered disrespectful or profane, and instead likely Michael Shanks (Stanford University), Timothy influenced and shaped the local style. Gosden (2005) notes that in order for an object to be impactful emotionally, there Webmoor (University of Oxford) & Christopher are certain rules to which the form of the object must Witmore (Brown University) conform. This concept is of the utmost importance when examining a collection of artifacts that are cultic in nature. ‘ Ta archaia’, quite literally ‘old things’ are at the These objects form a distinct group whose function and etymological root of archaeology. So a concern with things, meaning go beyond everyday utilitarian items. Not only do an obligation to 'materiality', a commitment to landscape they carry powerful connotations, but these sacred objects runs to the heart of the profession. take on an importance that is outside of themselves and their intrinsic value. As a result, the exceptional group of The weather patterns across the social and natural sciences artifacts from WT-13 provides the perfect opportunity to are shifting; and many of these shifts are centered upon a look at the subject-object relationship. (re)turn to things. Under the banner of things, the traditional social-natural science divide (and its ontological grounding) is being challenged from different positions (actor-network- 2:50-3:10pm theory, artificial intelligence, posthumanism, cognitive The Agency of Landscapes: Object-shaped Identities in science, environmentalism, phenomenology, science and Elite Female Burial Practices of First Millennium Egypt. technology studies) and archaeologists are recognizing these Jean Li (University of California: Berkeley) profound transformations. However, instead of reassessing the unique potential of their own disciplinary practice and, In his discussion of subject agency, Gosden (2005), following in turn, contributing to and advancing these debates, Clark and Gell, writes, “…objects set up universes of their practitioners have largely reconfirmed an old and deeply own into which people need to fit…things behave in ways rooted inferiority complex of being a second string social which do not derive simply from human intentions and in science by adding the products of forerunner disciplines fact channel those intentions.” This paper uses the site of and sciences to their accounts of the past (an attitude which Medinet Habu in southern Egypt to examine the ways is in fact a product of the very rifted regime that these new meaningful interactions of subjects and objects result in discourses want to do away with). object agents shaping the identities of people. The site of Medinet Habu is an especially fitting context in which to This session takes leave of such a parasitical attitude (an examine these entanglements of objects and subjects. attitude which insults archaeology) and revisits core aspects Originally housing the older state and funerary temples of of the archaeological. Drawing together a diverse group of the New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1069 BCE) the landscape of archaeologists, it offers a bold picture of what it is Medinet Habu was gradually transformed in the Late archaeologists do. It builds a case that at the heart of Period (ca. 747-525 BCE). At this time it was used as a archaeology is a trans-disciplinary set of practices and necropolis for a group of priestesses, the Singers in the understandings that address the very nature of what it is to Residence of the Temple of Amen, whose functions be human and how in turn humans relate to things and included the stimulation of sexual energies of the creator companion animals. It speaks to our unique and long-term god. Engaging with Gosden’s key issues of form and perspective on human relations with material goods, the genealogy, the paper examines how the object landscape of design of things, and the nature of the past. Placing to one the past as materialized in the New Kingdom temples side the narrow foci of human intentionality, essentialist acquired subject-ness in the Late Period. The tombs situated notions of property and meaning, this session offers far

58 more interesting and refreshing accounts of our traces of their many transactions/exchanges. Just as it shared/mingled material world and the importance of the would be a disservice to things by emphasizing any one role past. Indeed, the radical ethical implication of a symmetrical over the others, it would be an injustice for archaeology to approach is to redeploy humanism’s care for people to carve out a partial share in things as ‘ta archaia’. encompass a collective of humans, things and non-humans (including our fellow creatures). My purpose in this paper is show how in order to be faithful to the bewildering diversity of things, archaeology cannot In the course of detailing a more democratic ontology this be construed as holding to domain of ‘ta archaia’ session will address a number of questions: exclusively. In order to be symmetrical, archaeology must  How does a symmetrical understanding of people, things come to recognize how it begins as ‘pragmatology’. Much and animal relations over the long term offer alternative like things, ‘pragmata’ fulfill many more roles than what is accounts of human history? covered by the ‘material past’. To this end, I offer several  In what ways do things and our fellow creatures come vignettes from Greece. together with humans to co-produce society and shape history? 2:20-2:40pm  How does a symmetrical archaeology reveal the extent to ‘ Going along, remembering the way'. An archaeology of which thing are caught up in innovation and tradition? movement in Iceland  How do our accounts of the past change by understanding Oscar Aldred (University of Iceland) any period, epoch or era in terms of time percolation?  In what ways do things impact sensation and cognition? In this paper I will explore the types of relations that exist in  Why have things, instruments and media been ignored in the practices of transhumance and pastoralism to and from histories of archaeology and theories of ‘representation’? the highland pastures in Iceland. I will assess what this tells  Why have considerations of ‘heritage’ become lodged with us about the archaeologies of movement that are the non-material and how does care for people and things materialised and embodied in the bonds that are forged urge a reconfiguration of heritage? between animals – environments - humans. Although these  How will a ‘politics of things’ transform archaeology? movements are based on the repetitive seasonal practices that are 'traditional', this tradition is reinforced both by its innovations (a retrogressive placement of historical change 2:00-2:20pm that shrinks) and its improvisations (as a forward looking From pragmatology to archaeology, with the aid of a few practice that is rhizomic and grows). In view of these vignettes from Greece perspectives, I will offer a different type of temporality, one Christopher Witmore (Brown University) that is flattened which neither privileges a backward or forward looking temporality, but rather views repetitions Archaeology’s original obligation has been to ‘ta archaia’, which relies precisely on the inconsistencies that are literally ‘old things’. There is nothing wrong with this conducted in a given contemporary situation. This entails a commitment so long as archaeology holds fast to the cares complex and ongoing alignment of observation with an specified by its etymology—a duty to stuff out-of-date; a active world, one in which movement which is generative, concern for those forgotten associations covered by ‘ta relational, temporal and the way things are done. archaia’. Difficulties ensue, however, when, in spite of its Movement then in this sense is both an amplification and etymological roots, ‘archaeologists’ expand their remit to reduction, but also aleatory through the paths that encompass all things implicated within other webs of collectivities work with and against the perceived concurrent relations. Though ‘ta archaia’ things may be, hegemonic and subjugated relations of humans - animals - they are also a lot of other things in addition. seasonal cycles of environmental change.

Things, we might say, are simultaneously gatherings, 2:40-3:00pm matters of concern, objects and archives. As ‘gatherings’ Making quarries move: the case of Fasillar they connect achievements seemingly distant in time and Bradley Sekedat (Brown University) space. As ‘matters of concern’ they draw in various groups supposedly scattered in space and time. As ‘objects’ (a term Far from resourceful places in a landscape, quarries are that we neither deploy in opposition to, nor as detached involved in intimate forms of interaction between people, from, that which is commonly taken to be encompassed by technologies, materials and the environment. At quarries, the traditional notion of ‘subject’) things continue to do as these things come together in a way that continuously alters they have always done—fulfill roles and swap properties the terrain, thereby altering that which forms an integral with humans and nonhumans. As ‘archives’ they bear part of relationships that occur at the those places.

59 Implicated in this as well is the constant movement of become exponential in scope. Therefore, in this paper I material to and from quarries: tools, people, water, animals investigate some of the ways in which the Colosseum is and so forth all come in, while blocks, partially finished distributed and translated and argue that these actions sarcophagi, and decorated surfaces move out. From this allow for it to be in Rome and in many other places perspective, quarries must be looked at in terms of the simultaneously. movements they entail, which also necessitates a shift away from strict definitions of quarries, both conceptually and 3:20-3:40pm geographically. This paper will look at quarries and Symmetry in the archaeology of technology: microscopic quarried stone from a perspective that emphasizes points of departure movement and material. The blocks of stone sent from the Krysta Ryzewski (Brown University) quarry implicate different places with that quarry from a material perspective, just as the incorporation of different The black box of technology demands more than the powers materials at quarries brings together an integrated notion of of traditional archaeological observation to open it and to quarries as places or landscapes: they cohere as something understand the complex processes that lie within. Beginning complicated, the actions of various times forming the from microscopic details of iron objects, this paper examines terrain, and the interactions of various materials literally networks of innovation and tradition archaeologically. The distributing a quarry beyond its immediate environment. discussions critique the continued linear treatment of Using the site of Fasıllar, Turkey as an example, this paper technological processes, frequent explanatory uses of will develop a picture of a specific, long-term use quarry as slippery notions such as Industrial Revolution, and something moving, diverse, and integrative. archaeological orientations that separate the social from the material elements of material culture. Symmetry provides 3:00-3:20pm the vehicle for moving away from these constraints and Where is the Colosseum?: following the image/paper trails shortcomings, along paths that recognize the heterogeneous of an 'emblem' of Imperial Rome nature of the materials of colonial ironworking, and towards Cecelia Weiss (Brown University) directions and questions that were otherwise invisible in our former archaeological treatments of technology. Symmetry Where is the Colosseum? The answer to this question seems also urges us to use tools and theories beyond our obvious: it is a structure that stands prominently in Rome, immediate disciplinary comfort zone in accessing the in the valley between the Palatine and Esqueline Hills, and human-material visibilities that we seek. While this here it has stood for nearly two thousand years. A veritable experiment opens the black box of technology using icon for the "Roman past-as-glorious," for "Roman present- transdisciplinary tools, it remains possible to produce as-tourist destination," the Colosseum is a prominent visibilities that are anchored in archaeology and contribute feature both on the Roman cityscape and in the to nuanced archaeological understandings. contemporary collective imagination. However, since its construction, the Colosseum has been translated in to 3:40-4:00pm numerous media (coins, maps, books, photographs, video Discussion games, the internet, film and television, etc.). Past treatments have dealt with these media as epiphenomena, 4:00-4:20pm as mere representations of an "original." If, however, we Dingpolitik and beyond: archaeology, symmetry, politics consider media as modes which translate something of the Alfredo Gonzales-Ruíbal (Universidad Complutense de material world, they are thereby able to circulate the world Madrid) at a distance. If we understand the Colosseum to be distributed through media then the prospect of identifying It has sometimes been pointed out that symmetrical any one place that it occupies suddenly becomes much more anthropology and actor network-theory are essentially complicated. apolitical for epistemological reasons: apparently, there is no much room left for dissension and conflict in the Moreover, the nature of the thing itself needs to be called networks explored by ANT. However, I think that a into question. Even though as a building-in-itself we seem focus on the constitution and working of collectives in a to be dealing with a singular entity, a bounded object, the symmetrical sense is not at odds with a political stance. In Colosseum is also a heterogeneous ensemble. It is this paper, I will try to show the usefulness of archaeology implicated in a complex network of materials, interactions, in unraveling the genealogies of modern collectives from a actions, pasts, and presents. Not only is the building a critical position. By comparing the way in which collectives multiplicity, but through its translation in various media, of people and things have been constituted in our society the possible modes of accessing and engaging with it and in other societies past and present, we may find out

60 ways of bypassing modern dualism that have proven to be human from nonhuman, specialist from stakeholder, we tremendously negative both in social, political and ought to unpack the transformative and collective (people, ecological terms. In this way, we can turn archaeology into a media and instruments) process of mediation. The aim is relevant discipline for thinking other ways of being in the to recover a deanthropocentric ethnography of world. archaeological practice. Instead of an encounter with archaeological material or a record (whether described as 4:20-4:40pm textual or physical), archaeologists and things - Pyramids and Palimpsests. Object, Event and Assemblage archaeological materials, instruments and media - are mixed in the Archaeological Record at every step. This mixing of archaeologists and the Gavin Lucas (University of Iceland) archaeological confounds the conventional research flow as linear; it is continuous and reversible. The past as a In 1919, Alfred North Whitehead gave a series of lectures collective and participatory ‘heritage ecology’ packed with subsequently published as the Concept of Nature; in those people and things. lectures, he provocatively called the Great Pyramid at Giza an ’event’ (not simply a building, or an object); Whitehead‘s 5:00-5:20pm intention was to argue against a materialist theory of nature, We have always been cyborgs by which he meant an atomistic, object-centred theory Michael Shanks (Stanford University) rather than one which foregrounded the ’passage of nature’ as he called it – the fact that the world is in a constant state This paper will ground the themes of the session in of flux or becoming, rather than one composed of static contemporary posthumanism through the concepts of elements. Whitehead was openly influenced by the french cybernetic organism (cyborg) and prosthesis. Looking to the philosopher Henri Bergson and both thinkers were of archaeology of the archaic Mediterranean Greek state, polis course important to Delueze. In this paper, I want to draw and body politic, will provide a way of connecting on the ideas of these philosophers to explore the relations modern(ist) angles on artificial life and human being or between object and event as they are articulated in our ontology (La Mettrie to Haraway) with current arguments understanding of the archaeological record and in concerning archaeology as an active engagement with the particular, suggest that as archaeologists, we are not simply remains of the past. The politics of presencing, of translating digging up the residues of events but digging up actual the past into the present through future-oriented projects events. To appreciate this point however, means re-thinking and policy, will be addressed and connected to issues of what we mean by terms such as object and event and also scientific re-presentation, of how archaeologists witness and enriching other concepts which we usually take for granted, work upon sources. especially the concept of ’assemblage‘. At the heart of this problem is the relation between time and materiality and 5:20-6:00pm understanding the complexities of writing histories from/of Discussion things.

4:40-5:00pm Theorizing (in between) Space and Place in Archaeological prostheses and media ecologies Archaeology Timothy Webmoor (Oxford University,) Uzma Rizvi & Josh Wright (Stanford University) We increasingly function in the world through things. This is no less true for how we work on the past and make claims Theorizing in between space and place situates to know it. The archaeological process is less to do with archaeologists at a very specific point, one at which we are discovering and representing the past than with working forced to question and be sensitive to spatial ontology and with media to assemble a past for us to know and engage. the nature of our knowledge about spatial phenomena. Instead of asking how do we document and represent the Questioning the centrality of location as place and location past we ought to ask how we work with media and within the logic of interpretation and documentation of instruments to assemble the past. This paper considers archaeological data, this session evaluates the placelessness archaeological fieldwork and recovers the active role of of social and political organization. Key themes we hope to visual media. Such media are archaeological prostheses – cover include: New theories on the organization of mobile augmentations of ourselves and the past. societies; the flexible mobility of urban spaces; scale-free and Taking things seriously involves asking what and who are localized concepts of exchange; the semiotics of space at all involved in working on the past? Contrary to embedded scales; equivalencies between large areas and local spaces; notions of 'representation' which distance past from present, the incorporation of the supernatural into social space; ephemeral spaces that come into existence for a variety of 61 reasons; the valence of bonds between heterogeneous places and environments; concepts of events, time geography, 2:30-2:50pm chronotypes and similar temporal formulations of location Rock carvings as an entrance to the understanding of large and place, the use of a network metaphor as a way of scale changes in Northern Sweden during the Neolithic understanding the structure of space and place, and and Bronze Age boundaries formed from both spaces and places. In addition Ylva Sjöstrand (Stockholm University ) to moving away from previous ideas of centrality, some key concepts that we would like to include are, ideas of scale No one who has studied the elk motif featured in the rock and scale-free theorizing, a critical examination of art of northern Scandinavia could possibly doubt its definitions of place, theorizing the transformations of importance. Pictorial presentations of this animal are, spaces, and a critique of the space-hostile judgement of however, very diverse and the motif can not be interpreted mobility as irrationality. as a homogenous group. Instead, we need to investigate its We invite papers that offer new looks at archaeological data complex range of variations. Here, I intend to focus on one that inform innovative theoretical approaches that move aspect that has been omitted, the fact that the elks usually beyond discussions in which space is, and can be, made via have been depictured with rather straight or angled legs. In social, interlinking interests and interstitial coexistence my opinion, the difference between elks with angled and towards a focus on the archaeology of the experience in straight legs respectively is an important aspect that has between space and place. been very much overlooked. The elks leg position affects the figures visual identity to such an extent that it is obvious 2:00-2:10pm that they where intended to signify different concepts. Thus, Introduction the existence of a dichotomized relation between elk figures Uzma Rizvi & Josh Wright (Stanford University) with straight and angled legs respectively. In this paper, I will argue that the straight and angled legs can be 2:10-2:30pm understood as manifestations of complex and large scale Stones and People: Viking Age Gotlandic Picture Stones processes that occur in the region during the period 2500- Alexander Andreeff (University of Gothenburg, Sweden) 1800 BC.

The Viking Age (9th-11th cent. AD) picture stones from the 2:50-3:10pm Island of Gotland, Sweden, constitute a promising material Archaeology and landscape in the Mongolian Altai: the for studies of the relationship between materiality, identity, semiotics of monuments within space iconography, and landscape. About 15 picture stones are Esther Jacobson-Tepfer (University of Oregon) still standing at their original site, emphasizing natural and political borders in the ancient landscape. They are erected Over the last fifteen years, the Mongolian Altai Inventory at causeways, crossroads, fords and bridges that has surveyed a mountainous region of approximately 21,500 represented boundaries and transition points between sq km in far northwestern Mongolia. This effort has resulted farmsteads and districts. The picture stones have in the location and documentation of several thousand traditionally been interpreted as memorials made in honour surface monuments and many thousands of petroglyphs of distinguished male members of the local society. A few of previously unrecorded and largely unknown. In order to the sites have been excavated and cultural layers at the base make sense of this data in the aggregate and to allow focus of some stones indicate that sacrifices, ritual meals, and on individual monuments and typologies, we have ritual depositions were performed. A recent excavation developed a number of approaches, all of which locate done by the author of a picture stone site has revealed a monuments within physical, cultural, and mythic extensions unique combination of finds. Scattered at the base, probably of space and time. These approaches may be conceived in remains of a disturbed deposition, were found cremated terms of nested contexts. The first is spatial––referring to the human bones from probably two individuals and artefacts region itself and its geophysical character. The second I will that can be interpreted as grave goods. Preliminary results call distributional: Where are monuments located and where indicate that the artefacts are older then the picture stone. are they not? How are they grouped or combined? Within This might suggest that the human remains and the artefacts which kinds of archaeological and physical contexts? And were exhumed from an unknown cemetery and re- what is the profile of that distribution over time? The third deposited during the inauguration ceremony when the is relational, by which I refer to the relationships of any one stone was erected. These finds confirm that the picture monument to directionality, to larger physical features stones not only were memorials but also parts in complex (mountains, ridges, rivers, confluences), and to earlier social practices linking human remains, landscape, and cultural layers. Using a variety of approaches in the field monuments. and in the lab, we are able to develop a multi-dimensional

62 understanding of cultures and monuments in relationship to interpretation will also be addressed, with particular the landscape and over a period of several thousand years. reference to the “Mohave War Trail,” a distinctive feature of the Colorado Desert also known as the “Trail of Dreams,” a 3:10-3:30pm dichotomy in nomenclature that captures the complexity of A network approach to the role of the physical understanding landscapes of movement. environment in social interactions Tim Evans, Ray Rivers (Imperial College London) and Carl 4:10-4:30pm Knappett (University of Toronto) Netherworlds: children's and others' alternate spatialities Peter Whitridge (Memorial University of Newfoundland) In this paper we propose new statistical models of interaction networks that help clarify the relationship Archaeologists assume the task of characterizing past between geophysical ‘space’ and relational social ‘space’. realities as if singular representations of ancient lifeworlds As our main example we take the Middle Bronze Age have ever existed. Unfortunately these worlds were as Minoan maritime network of the S. Aegean, developing messy as our own, and do not allow of a simple best ideas begun in [1]. This is chosen not only because island account. At any given time and place the social world was archipelagos provide a simple physical substrate for social composed of overlapping and intersecting realities in which interactions, but that these interactions are strongly individuals participated in complex ways, according to an constrained by the available marine technology. Our array of social identities based on class, gender, age, multiscale approach, which shows how interactions emerge ethnicity etc. Further, individuals' understandings of place, over large scales while still possessing regional attributes and the spatial performances in which they engaged, varied informed, in turn, by the local environment, accommodates between one another as much as did the larger social volatility in this environment, changes in technology and is frames. And of course, individuals conceived of, and acted maximally stable against our ignorance of the archaeological within, the world in different ways in different contexts, and record. As the archaeological record becomes more at different moments in the life course; even the self may be complete we need a more sophisticated analysis of the an Other. The worlds of children illustrate the relational aspects of material culture, which we exemplify archaeological challenge presented by such profuse, briefly for early Viking networks of N. Europe. unstable, stacked realities. Children inhabit the same spaces 3:30-3:50pm as adults, but employ different understandings and spatial Discussion practices. Their distinct social geographies organize places for playing, hiding, fighting, learning, working, and so on. 3:50-4:10pm These overlap and intersect adults' and others' networks of Theorizing “The Warpath” places, and eventually metamorphose into them. By way of James E. Snead (George Mason University) illustration, ethnographies illuminate Inuit children's topologies in northern North America during the early Interpreting paths and trails remains problematic for twentieth century, which in turn help make sense of the archaeologists working within the landscape paradigm. For spatial patterning of children's material culture at precontact some, these features are seen as links between places, the and early historic Inuit sites in Labrador. These results spatial framework integrating larger networks of meaning. contribute to the opening of an archaeological dialogue on A second perspective suggests that paths and trails are the radical social multiplicity of places. meaningful places in their own right, engaging other nodes within the landscape but with particular significance 4:30-4:50pm emerging from the specific associations of movement. Time, On the edges: The Portuguese in India memory, distance, proximity, belonging, and separation can Praveena Gullapalli (Rhode Island College) all be invoked by walking the path, connotations embedded within specific historical and cultural contexts. The Portuguese colonial presence in South Asia occupied Paradoxically our difficulty fitting paths and trails into a areas along the western coast of the subcontinent from space/place dichotomy mirrors the methodological modern day Gujarat to Kerala. These areas mediated challenge presented by ambiguous archaeological data and between terrestrial and maritime trading realms and discontinuous, elusive features. This paper explores these regimes, with Portuguese control of their colonies issues, in particular the relationship between movement, predicated more on maritime control than on terrestrial paths, and conflict as expressed in the idea of “the control. Indeed, as has been noted, their empire was an warpath,” an 18th century conceptualization of indigenous empire of the ocean with little incursion into the land patterns of movement on the American frontier. The masses onto which their colonies clung. In this way, influence of these cultural tropes on archaeological Portuguese colonies were on the edges of their empire.

63 Similarly, these same colonies were on the edges of Friends of Archaeology of Jordan has carried out terrestrial South Asian polities. Yet these edges were archaeological research in the copper ore rich Faynan region neither margins nor marginal, for they were of profound of southern Jordan that relates to these periods. The project interest as the places of significant trading and economic is known as the Edom Lowlands Regional Archaeology activity and production for numerous groups including but Project (ELRAP) and focuses on an anthropological not limited to South Asians and Portuguese. These groups archaeology study of the role technology, specifically metal employed various tactics to maintain the nature of (and production, on social change during the Iron Age (ca. 1200 – access to or control over) trading sites as the Portuguese 500 BCE). By applying high precision radiocarbon dating, worked to monopolize them (and as a result change their on-site GIS digital archaeology recording, and other tools to nature and meaning). Using the Portuguese intervention as control time and the context of artifacts (space), the team has a starting point this paper begins an exploration of the extended the Iron Age chronology of this part of the changing nature of these coastal areas, focusing on the southern Levant (popularly known as the ‘Holy Land’) by implications, if any, for the South Asian polities who over 300 years. This newly extended chronology has experienced this new phenomenon and how these spaces inadvertently drawn the ELRAP team into heated debates may have been transformed for them. concerning the relationship between sacred texts (the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament) and the archaeological 4:40-5:10pm record. In this session, ELRAP team members present a Movement, Diaspora, and Rupture series of papers that explore new theories and methods for Bryn Williams (Stanford University) what may best be referred to as ‘historical biblical archaeology’ – a more pragmatic way of striving to remove In traditional archaeological models of the Overseas Chinese ideology and bias from historical archaeology. communities that formed in North America during the 19th century, the movement of Chinese men (and occasionally 2:00-2:10pm women) into diaspora represented a fundamental rupture Introduction from normal life. Living in diaspora entailed moving into a Thomas E. Levy (University of California: San Diego) liminal space, a kind of social purgatory where individuals were “in between” identities. In this geographic and imaginary space the Overseas Chinese were constantly 2:10-2:30pm working towards an anticipated social sedimentation, either The New Pragmatism: Integrating Anthropological, as “Chinese” (albeit richer Chinese) in their homeland or as Digital, and Historical Biblical Archaeologies “Chinese Americans” or “Chinese Canadians” in North Thomas E. Levy (University of California: San Diego) America. This paper questions this model by drawing attention to its historical and material failures. It also Over the past three decades of so, Biblical archaeology, or explores the theoretical and practical implications of this the archaeology of the Old Testament, has suffered as a model for contemporary debates about immigration, culture paradigm of scientific archaeological investigation. In this change, and national belonging. lecture, I would like to suggest a new pragmatic approach to what should be referred to as ‘historical biblical 5:10-5:40 archaeology’. Accordingly, it is a type of historical Discussants: archaeology where researchers strive to understand the Ian Hodder, Uzma Rizvi and Josh Wright (Stanford relationship between sacred and other ancient texts and the University) archaeological record in the same way that historical archaeologies around the world should attempt to confront ancient texts and the archaeological record with particular Changing Models for Understanding Biblical attention to the contribution of high precision radiocarbon dating and GIS tools for controlling both time and space. Edom: Anthropology, Environment and Following a brief discussion of the history of Biblical Information Technology archaeological research Southern Levant, the historical Thomas E. Levy (University of California: biblical archaeology paradigm advocated here is discussed San Diego) based on recent research in the Iron Age of southern Jordan.

The archaeology of the southern Levant that focuses on the 2:30-2:50pm 2nd and 1st millennia BCE is closely linked to traditional Questioning the deterministic paradigm: Reflections of ‘Biblical archaeology.’ Since 2002, a team from UC San Bedouin folklore in the archaeological evidence in Diego, the Department of Antiquities of Jordan and the Faynan, Jordan

64 Erez Ben-Yosef (University of California: San Diego) conventional print data cannot provide. It opens a new arena for how archaeologists can simultaneously publish Ethnographic studies of Bedouin tribes in the Sinai their research in scholarly journals but also provide a more Peninsula have demonstrated the unique place of acacia tree in-depth online format for collaborative research and in the folklore and tradition of pastoral nomads in arid investigation. It makes available an online Geographic zones of the southern Levant. The tree, one of the most Information System of 2D and 3D ceramic profiles from prominent perennial plants in the floral landscape of the archaeological publications of Iron Age (1200-580 BCE) southern Levant and a substantial source of wood, is Southern Levant ceramics. The PIQD stores all ceramics considered sacred by the tribal societies of Sinai, and a strict profiles published for the region digitally using a system of laws and customs protects it from cutting down, mathematical algorithm called the “curvature function.” pruning and harm. Consequently, the main wood used by This algorithm enables researchers to query and analyze these societies consists of semi-shrubs and shrubs (e.g., morphological differences in ceramic profiles using an Retama and Haloxylon), and in the rapidly regenerating objective, quantitative method similar to BLAST searches Hydrophytic vegetation (e.g., Tamarix and Nerium) found commonly employed in the biological science to identify near high water table environments. patterns of similarity in complex datasets. Results from a recent implementation of the PIQD will be demonstrated This paper suggests that the interpretation of more than using datasets collected from recent excavations in Ancient 9,000 identified charcoal fragments from the Iron Age (c. Iron Age Edom located in Southern Jordan. 1200 – 500 BCE) copper production district of Faynan (Jordan) should be done in the light of the ethnographical 3:10-3:30pm evidence from Sinai. In lieu of the common explanation that StarCAVE 3D: Virtual Reality, Anthropology and the acacia was in use as fuel only from the Roman period Biblical World because of ecological change, the lack of acacia charcoal Kyle Knabb, Jurgen Schultz and Thomas E. Levy (University during the Iron Age is a marker of tribal, semi-nomadic of California: San Diego) society that probably a had similar value system in relation to its natural assets as the tribal societies of Sinai. In later The StarCAVE at UCSD’s California Institute for periods, when the copper industry was controlled by Telecommunications and Information Technology is an centralized empires, the acacia was incorporated as a fuel in immersive virtual reality environment where we have proportional scale to availability, and the cultural developed a process for modeling archaeological sites to be sensibilities of local societies were no longer relevant. visualized in three dimensions. The project strives to accomplish four things: create compelling visual imagery, Acknowledging social agency as part of the interpretation develop a new hermeneutic toolkit, integrate GIS and fits into the recently suggested model of a tribal-state polity virtual reality and contribute to the preservation of cultural for Iron Age Edom, where tribalism is the fundamental heritage. Archaeologists and anthropologists rightly argue mechanism of social interaction - even in considerably large- that digital archaeology and visualization theory is scale enterprises like the one conducted in Faynan. underdeveloped. At the same time, rapid changes in Independent key aspects of the tribal-state model support technology make it difficult for theory to keep up. the ethnographic parallelism suggested here, while in return Archaeologists need to strike a balance between the theory the evidence from Faynan coupled with ethnography and practice of digital technologies. substantiates the model and elaborates its implications. The excavations carried out at Khirbat en-Nahas provide an 2:50-3:10pm abundance of data for testing the benefits of modeling The Pottery Informatics Query Database– A New Digital archaeological sites in virtual reality. Models and the Archaeology Tool for Analyzing South Levantine Iron process of modeling are fundamental to interpreting Age Pottery archaeological data. Working through models is often the Neil G. Smith*, Avshalom Karasik+, Tejaswini Narayanan*, best way to explain and experiment with the meaning of Thomas E. Levy*, Uzy Smilansky+ (* University of data. In a general sense a model is a simplification, which California, San Diego; +Weizmann Institute of Science, we can easily understand and manipulate, of some part of Rehovot, Israel) reality, which is more difficult to comprehend. Thus, if we can understand the process and end result of a model we The Pottery Informatics Query Database (PIQD) is a new can attempt to apply that understanding to the situation in online tool designed to enable researchers to test their own reality we are trying to figure out. Virtual reality and interpretations and models against an ever-expanding computer modeling offer two great benefits to digital medium of ceramic datasets in ways that archaeologists. First, they allow the researcher to illustrate

65 reconstructed sites. This is especially helpful to the public, observations made by early antiquarians and archaeologists. who has little or no experience in reading archaeological Over time the notion of the photograph as an objective tool maps. Modeling assists the researcher articulate and representing factually the process and results of communicate his or her interpretation of the archaeological archaeological excavations has rightfully eroded. Critiques data. Second, the model can allow the archaeologist to test of the photograph in archaeology have focused on problems new theories, ideas and reconstructions and see the effect of of contextuality and artificiality of production, especially in those new interpretations on the site. It is these strengths this digital age. Notwithstanding these faults, the that make virtual modeling such a valuable tool. photograph in the digital age has remarkable objective potential when used as an integral part of a systematic 3:30-3:50pm digital excavation. Utilizing the geo-referenced Iron Age Foodways in the Faynan District – photographic data applications within a larger database of Zooarchaeology Perspectives on Paleo-Economies in archaeological data, such as the Digital Archaeological Atlas Southern Jordan of the Holy Land (DAAHL) database, allows for more Adolfo Muniz (University of California: San Diego) collaborative research opportunities utilizing larger subjective data sets in ways previously unavailable. This Recent archaeological research at Khirbat en Nahas in the integration signals a new step for the use of the photograph, Faynan region of southern Jordan is beginning to provide as integration into excavation methods increases, in its evidence on the role of metal production and its effects on digital form as an important facet of larger scale, regional the evolution of complexity in this region. Intertwined research using diverse data sets accessible in the digital within the fabric of society is the relationship between the media. Further careful data management in order to inhabitants of this site and their use of animal resources. maintain original images preserving academic integrity and Current zooarchaeological research from the Iron Age site of allowing for reproducibility of results furthers analytical Khirbat-en-Nahas stresses a correlation between the goals outside of the field using the digital medium. While intensity in metal production and the changes in the animal of course the photograph does not replace the actual artifact, economy. Additionally, the diversity of species identified at it does being to allow for new considerations utilizing this site indicates the interaction sphere of the Faynan digital technologies. The test bed for this has been UC San region extended beyond local ecological niches to the Diego’s Edom Lowlands Regional Archaeology Project coastal areas. (ELRAP) that provides the examples used in this lecture.

3:50-4:10pm 4:30-5:00pm The Meaning of Melekh: Archaeological Readings of Discussion Genesis 36 Marc A. Beherec (University of California: San Diego) Spatiality in Conflict: The Archaeology and Among the challenges facing archaeologists who seek to Anthropology of Space in Conflict Zones integrate textual and archaeological evidence are the complexities of translation and source criticism. One of the Simone Paturel (Newcastle University) most interesting passages dealing with the early history and social structure of Edom is the genealogy and king list of '(Social) space is a (social) product… the space thus produced also serves as a tool of thought and of action; that in addition to being a Genesis 36. This paper will consider the historical means of production it is also a means of control, and hence of geographical, semantic, and source criticism background of domination, of power; yet that, as such, it escapes in part from those this chapter in order to understand its complexities. This in who would make use of it.' turn will shed light on the convergence of lines of evidence, - Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford: including archaeology, which illuminate and obfuscate the Blackwell, 1991), p. 26. history of the land of Edom. The 'spatial turn' is now well established in the social 4:10-4:30pm sciences, through the work of Henri Lefebvre and Photography in the ELRAP Digital Archaeology System geographers like Edward Soja. Space in this sense is socially and Beyond constructed. Physical spaces stand in a dialectical Aaron Gidding (University of California: San Diego) relationship with the societies that inhabit them. What happens to these spaces when conflict occurs and what Archaeology and photography both share their origins in happens to our interpretations in spaces that lie within the mid 1800s and grew complementarily as fields. Early on zones of conflict? photography was used as an objective tool to verify the

66 'Space, Power and Conflict: theorizing the relationship This session will explore two key themes. The first theme is between social space and violence' how do spaces shape our response and experience of Andrew Green (Independent Researcher) conflict, be that domestic space, communal space or the wider landscape? How do we react to the restriction of Spaces have long been seen as contested in a physical sense physical space that was once open and undisputed and is as territory to be fought over or the space where violence now inaccessible? How does this affect social spaces and occurs. Yet this perspective on space is limited to seeing it as relationships? How are power relationships expressed a resource to be owned and exploited. The 'spatial turn' through spatiality and how are those power relationships provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between inverted and contested? The second theme will examine (social) space and violence in much greater depth. Power how we as archaeologists and anthropologists respond to relationships are expressed spatially; Foucault expressed zones of conflict? How do we study and research within this by expanding his well-known Power-Knowledge regions that are disputed? How does the spatiality of dialectic to include Space while Henri Lefebvre saw violence conflict affect our interpretations and reception of our work? as essential to the growth of the politico-economic space and Together these two streams explore our perception and central to the foundation of the modern state. Edward experience of spatiality and conflict. Said's Orientalism is also fundamentally spatial, consisting of the creation of an 'imaginative geography' that 'othered' 2:00-2:10pm Eastern culture. This paper examines how these ideas and Introduction others can be applied in two contexts. Firstly to explore the Simone Paturel (Newcastle University) relationship between spatiality and violence where those spaces in question are the under archaeological study, and 2:10-2:30pm secondly to explore the archaeologist's relationship to Spatiality, Memory and Conflict in Beirut: Living the Civil contested spaces within which she or he is working. War and After Simone Paturel (Newcastle University) 2:50-3:10pm Bordering History / Historicizing Borders: Nationalism, Conflict is inevitably spatial and space often leads to Internationalism and the Fate of Famagusta conflict. Territory holds resource and emotional value and is Michael Walsh (Eastern Mediterranean University) the source of conflict between those that seek control. Power relations are determined through spatial relations. Dispute The historic walled city of Famagusta, located just inside the over spaces leads to their reconfiguration, destruction and borders of the internationally unrecognized Turkish renewal. Social memory also plays a significant role in Republic of Northern Cyprus, is a priceless cultural resource spatial relations during and after conflict. Memory is used to in the Eastern Mediterranean. Here, forgotten, lies the claim spaces for particular agendas while forgetting is also enormously wealthy artistic and architectural legacy of used to eliminate inconvenient pasts. This paper explores Byzantine, Lusignan, Genoan, Venetian, Ottoman, British spatiality, memory and conflict in Beirut during and after and Cypriot rule. In its one thousand year history, the Lebanese civil war of 1975-1990. The account is drawn Famagusta has been the meeting point of East and West, from my own personal experience of the civil war, having Christian and Muslim, Greek and Turkish, and today lies on lived in the Beirut suburb of Achrafieh until 1987. I explore the border / fault line between the Europe Union and Asia. the role that spatiality plays in conflict on a personal level, A matter of a few kilometers from the UN Green Line which considering how the forced reconfiguration of space affects divides the island of Cyprus militarily, and now doomed by daily life and how conflict redefines spatial relations and its isolation in an unrecognized state, Famagusta faces an vice versa. Social memory was an important element in this inappropriately bleak future, to follow its rich though conflict as the different participants constructed new turbulent past. Political borders have entrenched it, while narratives to suit the changing political situation. In a manipulations of the historical mind, have re-positioned it similar way the history of Lebanon was reconfigured after as 'out of reach' to the world. Its suburb of Varosha (in the conflict to construct new personal and political identities Greek) / Maraş (in Turkish) is behind a secondary military in the post civil war era. Conflict is often seen in causal border and has been a ghost city for 34 years – its terms through a narrative of 'who did what to whom' or a population forcibly and hastily expelled. The borders chronology of war and peace. This paper aims to redress the around this city, and its collectivized and nationalized balance and explore how spatiality and memory construct memory (for Greeks/Christians and Turks/Muslims alike), personal experience in a time of conflict. are absolute. This paper examines the historical and cultural legacy of Famagusta and places it within a modern 2:30-2:50pm understanding of the nationalism and internationalism

67 which still determines its fate. The paper also looks at the representative of a regional view of what archaeology is. efforts made to re-engage the international community and Historically, archaeological activity in Cyprus has been reports on some early successes in this process of heritage characterized by excavations and, as such work is inherently welfare management through the European Union and the destructive, it is thus perceived as an activity that cannot US based World Monuments Fund. also preserve cultural property. Excavations, as a result, are virtually absent in northern Cyprus because of the view that 3:10-3:30pm they conflict with the UNESCO regulations. In August of The Kral Tepesi/Vasili Salvage Excavation Project 2008, however, an international team conducted an Uwe Muller (Eastern Mediterranean University) underwater archaeological survey along part of the coastline of northern Cyprus in an effort both to document material, The UNESCO Second Protocol of 1999, which updated the and to apply a new methodology that does not require UNESCO Hague Convention of 1954, limits archaeological intrusive activity to collect and interpret its data. The activity in occupied territory to work performed to purpose of this paper is to expand upon the issues raised "safeguard, record, or preserve cultural property." above, as well as to demonstrate that legitimate UNESCO, as it views the northern 38 percent of Cyprus as archaeological practices, above or below water, are still occupied territory, feels that this convention applies to this viable in disputed regions governed by such international disputed region. While this regulation itself contains a regulations. number of interpretive conflicts – it never defines what kind of archaeological activity does, or does not, safeguard 3:50-4:10pm cultural property, for example - the virtual lack of Sites of Memory / Sites of Malice: Graves, Churches, and archaeological activity in northern Cyprus is also Ethnic Spaces in Northern Cyprus representative of a regional view of what archaeology is. Allan Langdale (University of California: Santa Cruz) Historically, archaeological activity in Cyprus has been characterized by excavations and, as such work is inherently In teasing out a rhetoric of contentious spatialities for destructive, it is thus perceived as an activity that cannot Cyprus no sites are more eloquent or more socially charged also preserve cultural property. Excavations, as a result, are than the ruined Byzantine and Orthodox churches and virtually absent in northern Cyprus because of the view that graveyards in northern Cyprus. Similarly, nowhere are the they conflict with the UNESCO regulations. In August of historical moments of ethnic rage so vividly evident even 2008, however, an international team conducted an after 34 years. This paper examines the tensions and underwater archaeological survey along part of the coastline stratagems that have been used since the Turkish of northern Cyprus in an effort both to document material, intervention of 1974 regarding the exiled sacred sites, the and to apply a new methodology that does not require responses of those exiled from them, and the reactions of intrusive activity to collect and interpret its data. The those who currently are in physical 'ownership'. This study purpose of this paper is to expand upon the issues raised hopes to analyze the specific problematic of the Cyprus above, as well as to demonstrate that legitimate situation in terms of its ecclesiastical and funerary sites, archaeological practices, above or below water, are still around which several strands of social anxiety are gathered. viable in disputed regions governed by such international The material for this study consists of a range of artifacts, regulations. including photographs of Orthodox graveyards, which today remain torn apart as they were in late August of 1974. 3:30-3:50pm Here, for example, the nature of the iconoclasm is examined Rethinking Archaeology in Disputed Territories as an instance of the extirpation of 'Greekness' from the land Matthew Harpster (Eastern Mediterranean University) (i.e. unburying the dead so they cannot 'occupy' the land). In other cases, the sacred sites of Orthodox churches—still The UNESCO Second Protocol of 1999, which updated the sacred loci for Greek Cypriots, now existing for them only in UNESCO Hague Convention of 1954, limits archaeological memory and imagination—are converted by Turkish activity in occupied territory to work performed to authorities to tourist sites or neglected as 'ruins' thus "safeguard, record, or preserve cultural property." creating a dialectic of physical 'ownership' but UNESCO, as it views the northern 38 percent of Cyprus as social/functional denial. Greek Cypriot representations, occupied territory, feels that this convention applies to this most notably the publication Cyprus: A Civilization disputed region. While this regulation itself contains a Plundered will also be examined in terms of their value as number of interpretive conflicts – it never defines what kind directing historical/ethnographic 'readings' of Turkey's of archaeological activity does, or does not, safeguard intervention and the barbarity of Turks. Other instances cultural property, for example - the virtual lack of include a brief case study of the destruction of the Avgasida archaeological activity in northern Cyprus is also Monastery Church in response to the mass killings of

68 Turkish Cypriots by retreating Greek Cypriot paramilitaries in late August of 1974. In a compilation of contested spaces and objects the Cyprus ethnic division thus finds a configuration beyond the standardized, purely political representation.

The range of engagement ranges from the very private to the wider public social tensions in Cyprus. I will consider, for instance, the case of a profoundly personal narrative with regards to the churches of northern Cyprus: a forty- year old Greek Cypriot woman who, without telling anyone (even her family), snuck to northern Cyprus to visit her village church which she had last seen when she was 6 years old. The paper also considers recent attempts to reintroduce a dialogue of bi-communality on Cyprus and a reframing of exiled spaces and revisionism of the conflict and rewriting of memory (confession, forgiveness, reconciliation). The potentials for compromise and the difficult road to remapping the spatialities of conflict, both actual and figurative, are discussed as a way to re-envision a unified notion of 'Cyprus'.

4:10-5:00pm Discussion

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