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ISSN : 0974 - 7532 Volume 9 Issue 6 Research & Reviews in BBiiooSScciieenncceess Regular Paper RRBS, 9(6), 2014 [199-206] Diversity and distribution of midge-fauna (Insecta : Diptera) of Jammu, and Ladakh Himalaya ()

R.C.Bhagat P.O.Box No.1250, G.P.O., Residency Road, , Kashmir-190001, J & K, (INDIA) E-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT KEYWORDS

In this paper midge-fauna, including 58 species, belonging to 35genera, Midge-fauna; under Nematoceran families, viz. Blephariceridae, Cecidomyiidae, Check list; Ceratopogonidae, Chaoboridae, , Deuterophlebiidae, Dixidae Distribution; and Scatopsidae, have been studied. These midges are occurring in differ- Diversity; ent kinds of habitats (aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial), in diverse areas Jammu; and localities of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayan regions. The chi- Kashmir; ronomid midgesare dominant in these regions, incorporating 38 species Ladakh; under 18 genera, followed by cecidomyiids and blepharicerids, having 8 Himalaya. spp. and 5 spp. respectively. Ceratopogonids and Chaoborids, are repre- sented by 2 spp. each, whereas deuterophlebiid,dixid and scatopsid, with 1 sp. each. Apart from these, about 29 genera, covering 42 new species (undescribed by earlier authors) of chironomid midges, prevalent in Tso Moriri lake of Ladakh region, have also been listed. The larvae of aquatic midges are inhabitant of diverse water bodies of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalaya, serving as food for fishes and as valuable bio -indicator of water quality. The database pertaining to different kinds of midges, has been updated in the light of recent systematic and nomenclatural changes. The local distribution and diversity of midge-fauna have been discussed. Be- sides, an up-to-date annotated check list of valid midge species, has been  presented. 2014 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA

INTRODUCTION midges), Cecidomyiidae (gall / terrestrial midges), Ceratopogonidae (biting midges), Chaoboridae (phan- The adultmidges are small to medium-sized , tom midges), Chironomidae (non-biting midges), with slender body, longer and segmented antennae, and Deuterophlebiidae (mountain midges), Dixidae (dixid long- legged. The larvae of midges are mostly aquatic, midges or meniscus) and Scatopsidae (dung midges). with well developed head capsule. These insects be- The midges are not only diverse group of insects but long to sub-order of order Diptera. The have adopted to different ecological habitats (aquatic, midge-fauna of Jammu, Kashmir and LadakhHimalyan semi-aquatic and terrestrial), occurring in vast areas and regions of paramount zoo-geographical importance in- localities of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh region. clude main families,viz. Blephariceridae (net-winged The larvae of gall midges and dung midges are ter- 200 Diversity and distribution of m.idge-fauna (Insecta : Diptera) RRBS, 9(6) 2014 Regular Paper restrial. The cecidomyiid larvae are known for produc- ing various earlier survey reports and other relevant ing galls in plants and damaging valuable crops. The published work, besides online data on the midges of larvae of non-biting midges, dixid midges, phantom the world. midges, biting midges, mountain midges and net-winged The synonymies of the taxa are listed under valid midges are inhabitant of aquatic and semi-aquatic envi- species, given in the parentheses in the systematic check ronments. The larvae ofsome species of chaoborid and list. The references to the authors reporting and de- cecidomyiid are predaceous, feeding on other small in- scribing taxa,are in the form of numbers,given in the sects. The larvae of blepharicerid and chironomid(blood square brackets in front of the listed species of different worm), serve as food for fishes, besides as valuable kinds of midges, belonging to various Nematoceran bio-indicators of water quality. The aquatic midges, have families. The details of references, in accordance with been found to be prevalent in diverse water bodies of numbers, are cited in the reference section of the text. Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh, like rivers, wetlands, In addition to these, abbreviations in connections with ‘ ’ lakes, streams, springs, nallas , ponds, marshes and local distribution of midge- fauna, have been used, cited rice fields, etc. under the valid species and also in parentheses. The A total of 58valid species of midges, belonging to keys to the abbreviations are given at the end of the 35 genera, 8 families of Infra-orders, viz.Bibionomorpha systematic check list. In future,a more comprehensive (8 spp.), Blephariceromorpha (6 spp.), study on the monitoring of chironomid midges, based (43 spp.)andPsychodomorpha (1 sp.), is known to on the fresh field collections, especially of those be- occur in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Himalayan re- longing to Kashmir region, is required to confirm the gions of Indian sub-continent. In addition to these spe- local distribution as well as for the identification of taxa cies, about 42 new under 29 genera of midges have up to the species level, of the listed species in the present also been reported from Tso Moriri Lake of Ladakh, check list. however, the details regarding descriptions and confir- mation of these new taxa are not available. In this com- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION munication, an updated annotated checklist of midge- fauna is provided and faunal diversity, with local distri- Systematic check list bution, have briefly been discussed. Besides, various ORDER : NEMATOCERA genera, covering number of new species (undescribed), INRA-ORDER1 : BIBIONOMORPHA pertaining to each genus prevalent in Tso Moriri Lake, Family1 :Cecidomyiidae (Gall midges) have also been listed. Subfamily1:Cecidomyiidae Tribe1 :Cecidomyiidae MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. DicrodiplosiscylindriformisKashyap[20,21,25] Distribution : K (Sri) The database presented in this communication per- 2. HolobremiacylindricaKashyap[20,21,24] tains to species and generaof different kinds of midges- Distribution : JK aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial / plant, occurring 3. Orseoliaoryzae (Wood-Mason)[5] in diverse localities and areas of Jammu, Kashmir State Host : Rice (Oryzasativa) of Indian sub-continent. The midge-fauna, actually cover Distribution :JK three geographically and climatically different regions Tribe2 :Aphidoletini of this State : i)Jammu (sub-ropical); ii) Kashmir (tem- 4. Aphidoletesaphidomyza(Rondani)[3,6] perate), including main Himalayan range of Kashmir Hosts :Aphid species on various host plants: Aphis Valley, PirPanjal Himalayan range, and iii) Ladakh (cold (A.)craccivoraKoch on Robinia pseudoacacia, desert), bounded on the North by eastern range of A. (A.) fabaesolanellaTheobaldon Karakorum mountain and TibetinPlateu. The database Rumexnepalensis,A.(A.)gossypii Glover on of these regions, has been updated in the light of latest Buckwheat,Fagopyrum spp. (F.esculentum, nomenclatural and taxonomical changes, after consult- F.kashmiranum, F.sagittatum); RRBS, 9(6) 2014 R.C.Bhagat 201 Regular Paper A. pomiDe Geer on Prunusdomestica, A. Distribution :K (Jeh, streams Son) (A.)spiraecolaPatch on Rubusantennifer, Family 2:Chaoboridae(Phantom midges) Chaetosiphonsp. on Rosa macrophylla; Subfamily :Choaborinae Capitophorushippophaes on Carduus 17. ChaoborusflavicansMeigen[38] edelbergii, Macrosiphum(M.)rosae Linnaeus on Distribution : J (Sur) cultivated rose, Rhopalosiphum sp. on Prunus 18. Chaoborussp.[31,44,45] sp. Distribution : K (Anc, Dal, Man, Nar, Nil, Jeh- Distribution : K Chh, Zer) Tribe 3: Mycodiplosini Family3 :Chironomidae (Non-biting midges) 5. CoquillettomyialongicurvatusKashyap[20,21,23] Subfamily1 : Distribution : 19. *ChironomuscircumdatusKieffer[36,50] Tribe 4 :Lasiopteridi Distribution : J (Uni, Suc) 6. CystiphorataraxaiiKieffer[53] 20. *Chironomus nr. flaviplumusTokunaga[36] Host :TaraxacumofficinaleWeber Distribution : J (Bis) Distribution : K 21. *ChironomusincertipenisChaudhuri and Das[36,41] Subfamily 2 :Porricondylinae (=ChironomusplumosusChernovsky)[27,30,42,47,51] Tribe :Porricandylini Distribution : J 7. ParepidosisrectangularisKashyap[20,21,26] 22. *Chironomus(Astrachironomus) javanus Distribution : K (Sri) Kieffer[36] 8. PorricondylasrinagarensisKashyap[20,21,26] (=ChironomusjavanusKieffer)[36] Distribution : K (Sri) Distribution : J INFRA-ORDER 2:BLEPHARICEROMO- 23. *Chironomuskiiensis Tokunaga[36] RPHA Distribution ; J Family 1: Blephariceridae(Net-winged midges) 24. *Chironomussamoensi Edwards[29,36] Subfamily:Blepharicerinae Distribution : J (Bis, Deo, Gad, San) Tribe :Blepharicerini 25. **Chironomuspseudothummi Str.[49] 9. Bibliocephala sp.[22] Distribution ; J Distribution : K (Kmc) 26. *ChironomusstriatipennisKieffer[28] 10. Blephariceraasciatica(Brodsaky)[54] Distribution : J (=BlepharocerakuenlunensisLackschewitz)[32] 27. Chironomus spp.[4,7,8,16,17,31,35,36,44,45] Distribution : L Distribution :J (Deo, Kab, Man ; stream in Bani; 11. Blephariceraindica(Brunnetti)[9,32,54] stream in Gad); K (Anc, Dal ; Jehand its tributaries – Distribution : L (Sat) Chh, Gant,Kha, Poh, Ram, Uri, Zer, ; Man, Nar, – 12. Blepharicerasp.[12,17] Nil;Rice fields in districts Ana, Bud, Ban, Pul, Distribution : K (Lid, Sin); J (Ban- Bishleri Stream) Kup, Sri; springs in Kul- Khu, Nag, Thu ; streams 13. Philorusbionis Agharkar[2] in Son). Distribution : K 28. Cryptochironomus sp.[40] Family 2: Deuterophlebiidae(Mountain Distribution :J Midges) 29. Glyptotendipes sp.[22] 14. Deuterophlebia mirabilis Edwards[14] Distribution : K (Yus- Doo, Kmc) Distribution : K (Gan) 30. Himatendipesglacies(Tokunago)[37,46] INFRA- ORDER 3. CULICOMORPHA Distribution : K Family 1Ceratopogonidae(Biting midges) 31. Micropspecrtrachandrarolensis Mahehwari & 15. Culicoidessp.[35,44,45] Maheshwari[33,34] Distribution : K (Jeh-Zer,Chh; Dal, Man, Anc, Nar) Distribution : L (Tso) 16. Bezzia sp.[1,8] 32. Micropspectrachanderi Maheshwari & 202 Diversity and distribution of m.idge-fauna (Insecta : Diptera) RRBS, 9(6) 2014 Regular Paper Maheswari[33,34] Distribution : L (Leh- Khal) Distribution : L (Tso) 51. Paratrichocladiusrufiventris(Meigen)[37] 33. Micropspecrtraglacies Maheshwari & Distribution : K (Gan) Maheshwari[33,34] 52. Smittia ?spicai[33,34] Disribution : L (Tso) Distribution : L (Tso) 34. Micropspectrahimachali Maheshwari & 53. Smittia ?spiculumiensis[33,34] Maheshwari[33, 34] Distribution : L (Tso) Distribution : L (Tso) Subfamily4 :Prodiamesinae 35. Micropspectralahulensis Maheshwari & 54. Monodiamesasp.[52] – Maheshwari[33, 34] Distribution : K (Jeh.and itstributaries Gant., Kha, Distribution : L (Tso) Poh, Ram, Zer) 36. Micropsepectraspatulata Maheshwari & Tribe :Pentaneurini Maheshwari[33, 34] 55. Pentaneura sp.[35,44,45] Distribution : L (Tso) Distribution : J (Man); K (Anc, Jeh- Chh, Zer; 37. Pseudochironomussp. [31] Man, Nar) Distribution : K (Dal, Nil) ***Chironomidae = Tendipedidae 38. Strictochironomus sp.[48] 56. Tendipesatrella Townes[12,31] Distribution : J (Gad) Distribution : K (Dal, Lid, Nil and Sin) 39. Tanytarsussinuatus Goetghebuer[37] Family 4.Dixidae(Dixid midge or Meniscus) Distribution : L (Dra) 57. Dixaplatystyla Edwards[15,43] Subfamily2 :Diamesinae Distribution : K Tribe :Diamesini INFRA-ORDER 4: PSYCHODOMORPHA 40. Diamesa(Diamesa) aberrataLundbeck[55] Family :Scatopsidae (Dung midge) (=Diamesaaberrata Lundbeck)[39] Subfamily :Psectrosciarinae Distribution : K (Har, Gan) 58. Anaspausiskashmirica Freeman[19] 41. DiamesakasulicaPagast[39] Distribution : K (Gul) Distribution ; K (Gan, Har) Key to above given abbreviations : Ana- 42. Diamesatenuipes Goetghbuer[39] District of Kashmmir, Anc- , Band- Distribution : district of Kashmir, Bani- Banihal, Bis- 43. Diamesasp.[8,52] Bishleri stream, Bish- Bishnah wetland, Bud- – ’ ’ Distribution : district of Kashmir, Bun Buniyar Nalla , Subfamily 3: Chh- Chhatabal, Dal- , Deo- Deolo vil- 44. Cricotopus sp.[8,37] lage, Doo- Doodganga stream, Dra- Drass, Gad- Distribution : K (Gan, Son) Gadigarh, Gan- Gangbal, Gant- Gantmulla, Gul- 45. Eukiefferiellahalvorseni Casper[10,37] , Har- Harmukh, J-Jammu Province, Jeh- Distribution : K (Har) Jehlum River, JK- Jammu and Kashmir State, K- 46. Krenosmittia?labellum( Maheshwari & Kashmir Province, Kar- Kargil, Kha- Khanabal, Maheshwari)[33,34] Kab- Kabir colony, Khal- Khalsi,Khu- Khudnag – Distribution : L (Tso) spring, Kmc- KhanshahManshah canal,Kul 47. Krenosmittia?lamminansis[33,34] ,Kup- district, L- Ladakh Prov- Distribution : L (Tso) ince, Leh- Leh district,Lid- Lidder stream, Man- 48. Krenosmittia?longulusi[33,34] , Nag- Nagrad spring, Nar- Distribution : L (Tso) Naranagh wetland, Poh- PohruNalla, Pul- ’ ’ 49. Paracladiusalpicola(Zetterstedt)[37] district, Ram- Rambiar Nalla , San- Sangrampur, – Distribution : L (Leh-Khal) Sat- Satpura Tso, Sin Sind stream, Son- Sonmarg, 50. Paracladiusn.sp(undescribed)[37] Sri- Srinagar district, Suc- Suchetgarh, Sun- RRBS, 9(6) 2014 R.C.Bhagat 203 Regular Paper ’ ’ Sundran Nalla , Sur- Surinsar Lake, Tso- Tso Lidder stream of Kashmir, and Bishleri stream in Moriri Lake, Tum- Tumbernag spring, Uni- Uni- Banihal locality of Jammu region. In addition to versity campus, You- Yousmarg, Zer- Zero Bridge. these, Philorusbionis, has been found to be occur- *indicates pseudothummi- cytocomplexchironomid ring in the streams in Kashmir region. Mountain species, cytologically confirmed midge,Deuterophlebia mirabilis (Deuterophlebiidae), ** indicate pseudothummi- has been observed to inhabit high-altitude lake, Gangbal cytocomplexchironomid species in Kashmir. *** indicate family Tendipedidae is being sup- Culicomorphan midges (Ceratopogonidae, pressed in favour of chironomidae Chaoboridae, Chironomidae, Dixidae) and Bibliomorphan midges (cecidomyiidae) Psychodomorphan midge (Scatopsidae) Eight species of gall midges are found to be Phantom midges (Chaoboridae) and biting midge prevalent in Jammu and Kashmir region, belonging (Ceratopogonidae) of Jammu and Kashmir include two to sub-family Cecidomyiinae (6 spp.) and species each. Choaborids, Chaoborusflavicans, has Porricondylinae (2 spp.). The cecidomyiids are not been reported from Surinsar Lake of Jammu, whereas only inducing galls in plants but also damaging Chaoborus sp. showed wide occurrence in Dal, crops,and other economically important plants, be- Manasbal, Nilnag and Anchar lakes, besides sides as an important predator of aphids (plant lice). wetland and river Jehlum of Kashmir. The Asian rice-gall midge, Orseoliaoryzae is a ma- Ceratppogonids(biting midges), viz.Culicoides sp. jor pest of rice (Oryzasativa) in Jammu and Kash- and Bezzia sp., found to be widely prevalent in river mir[5]. Cystiphorataraxaiis reported to be Jehlum, Dal, Manasbal and Anchar lake, besides causingmines in the leaves of herb, streams of and Naranag wetland. Cystiphorataraxaii in Kashmir region[53]. TheCulicoides is a potential vector of Blue tonge(BT) Aphidoletesaphidomyza is an important predator of disease of sheep, other domestic and wild ru- aphids in its larval stages and also as polyphagous, minants. BT disease is reported from Jammu and Kash- including number host plant species. In Kashmir val- mir State, caused by Blue tongue virus (BTV). This ley, A.aphidomyzais found to be a predator of aphid economically important disease is not only endemic to pest, Aphis gossypii, damaging Buckwheat. In addi- this region but also has potential to spread rapidly and tion to this, it is also an important predator of num- the particular species of Culicoides involved in the ber of other species of aphids, damaging fruit crops, transmission of this disease has not been identified[56,57]. medicinal plants and other host plant species. The Dixid midge or Meniscus, Dixaplatystyla(Dixidae) is details of host aphid- complex of A. aphidomyza,on reported to occur in the aquatic environment of Kash- various plant species are given in the systematic mir. Check list. This gall midge possesses potential as a Chironomid midges (non-biting midges) are the biological control agent of aphid pests of economic most tolerant aquatic insects to water and air tempera- importance. ture and also exhibit extreme elevational ranges, occur- Blephariceromorphan midges (blephariceridae ring in glacial melt streams in the Himalayan moun- [18] and deuterophlebidae) tains . Earlier, the check list of chironomid midges of – Indian Sub-continent given by Chaudhuriet Net winged midges, belonging to the family al.(2001),listed a total of 313 species of chironomids Blepariceridae of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh region, under 59 genera, belonging to four sub-families[11]. are represented by 5 species These midge species are A total of about 38 species, pertaining to 18 genera :Bibliocephala sp., prevalent in the streams of Yousmarg of non-biting midges, belonging to family Chironomidae, (Kashmir)); Blephariceraasciatica and B. indica, re- under three sub- families, viz. Chironominae (21 ported from high-altitude water bodies of Ladakh; spp.),Orthocladiinae (10 spp.), Diamesinae (4 spp.), Blepharicerasp.showing distribution in the Sind and Prodiamesinae (1 sp.) and Tanypodinae (1 sp.),besides, 204 Diversity and distribution of m.idge-fauna (Insecta : Diptera) RRBS, 9(6) 2014 Regular Paper Tendipesatrella (Tendipediae = Chironomidae), spp.), Micropspectra(2 n.spp.), Neostempellina (1n. unplaced in any sub-family, are known to occur in vast sp.), Xenochironomus(1 n.sp.) localities, in diverse water bodies of Jammu, Kashmir III.Podonominae : Paraboreochlus (1 n.sp.). and Ladkahhimalayan regions (see systematic annotated checklist). 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