Ė ROV IULIS UTIEN PO AŽ MB TO M GI IR S A and Men; A. J. Greimas), Senovės baltų pasaulėžiūra, Baltų religi- A IJ IM T R D U A jos ir mitologijos šaltiniai (The World Outlook of the Ancient A A L T M V Y Balts, Sources of Baltic Religion and Mythology; N. Vėlius), V Latviešu un lietuviešu sakāmvārdu paralēles (Latvian and Lithuanian Proverb Parallels; E. Kokare), Baltų mitologi- jos ir ritualo tyrimai (Studies of Baltic Mythology and Ritual; V. Toporov), Mītiskais literatūrā, folklorā un mākslā Lithuanian (Mythicality in Folklore, Literature, Art; J. Kursīte), Baltų re- liginės reformos (The Religious Reforms of the Balts; Collectors G. Beresnevičius).

Less has been written on comparative Baltic literature. The Coins following works, which appeared in the second half of the 20th c., are worth mentioning: Srovnávací dějiny baltických literatur: od nejstarších dob do součas- tics, Lithuanian researchers contributed the most, with such works as Lietuvių kalbos nosti (Comparative History of the Literature of the Baltic Nations from Ancient History 10 LITAS COIN FROM THE SERIES “LITHUANIAN SCIENCE” istorinė gramatika (Historical Grammar of the Lithuanian Language; J. Kazlauskas), to the Present; R. Parolek), Die Literaturen des Baltikums. Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung Baltų ir kitų indoeuropiečių kalbų santykiai, Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas (Relations (Literature of the Baltic Nations: Origin and Evolution; F. Scholz), Lietuvių ir latvių litera- Gold Au 999 Between Baltic and Other Indo-European Languages, Etymological Dictionary of Old tūrų ryšiai (Realtions Between Lithuanian and Latvian Literature; K. Nastopka), Kultūros Quality proof Prussian; V. Mažiulis), Lietuvių kalbos istorinė sintaksė (Historical Syntax of the Lithua- tradicijos baltų literatūrose (Cultural Traditions in Baltic Literature; S. Gaižiūnas) and others. Diameter 13.92 mm nian Language; V. Ambrazas), Lietuvių kalbos istorija (History of the Lithuanian Lan- Weight 1.244 g guage; Z. Zinkevičius), Baltų etimologijos etiudai (Baltic Etymology Etudes; V. Urbutis), Since 1964, international conferences of Baltic studies have been organised in Vil- Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas (Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Hy- nius and Riga. Major journals and serial publications in the  eld of Baltic studies are Edge of the coin: smooth Designed by Vaidotas Skolevičius dronyms; A. Vanagas), Re eksyvų tipologija (The Typology of Re exives; E. Geniušienė), the following: Filologu biedrības raksti (Riga, 1921–1940), Archivum Philologicum (Kau- Baltų kalbų struktūrų bendrybės ir jų kilmė, Baltų praeitis istoriniuose šaltiniuose (Com- nas, 1930–1939), Studi Baltici (Rome and Florence, 1931–1969), Acta Baltico-Slavica mon Structural Elements of the Baltic Languages and their Origins, The Baltic Peoples’ (Białystok, 1964–1970; Warsaw, from 1971), Baltistica (Vilnius, from 1965), Ponto-Baltica Mintage 5,000 Past in Historical Sources; S. Karaliūnas), Baltų kalbų įvardžių semantinė ir morfologinė (Florence and Milan, 1981–2005), Linguistica Baltica (Warsaw, 1992–2003), Res Balticae Issued in 2014 struktūra (The Semantic and Morphological Structure of Baltic Pronouns; A. Rosinas), (Pisa, from 1995), Балто-славянские исследования (Moscow, from 1972), Journal of Lietuvių kalbos leksika (Vocabulary of the Lithuanian Language; A. Sabaliauskas), Kalbo- Baltic Studies (USA, from 1970), Baltu loloģija (Riga, from 1991), Baltic Linguistics (War- Information is available at the Bank of Lithuania Tel. +370 5 268 0316 tyros darbai (Linguistic Works; A. Girdenis), Daiktavardžių darybos raida (Development of saw, from 2010). E-mail [email protected] Nominal Word-Formation; S. Ambrazas). www.lb.lt Prof. dr. Bonifacas Stundžia In the eld of Baltic archaeology, signi cant are such researchers as M. Gimbutienė (M. Gimbutas, The Balts and other works), R. Rimantienė (Akmens amžius Lietuvoje [The Stone Age in Lithuania]), A. Girininkas (Baltų kultūros ištakos [Origins of the Baltic Cul- The coin was minted at the UAB Lithuanian Mint www.lithuanian-mint.lt ture]), R. Kulikauskienė and others. In Lithuania and Latvia, several collective works 10 LITAS COIN FROM THE SERIES “LITHUANIAN SCIENCE” were published, dedicated to ancient Baltic history, ethno-genesis, issues on art, e.g.: Lithuanian Collectors Coins Из древнейшей истории балтских народов (From the Earliest History of the Baltic © Lietuvos bankas, 2014 Peoples; Riga, 1980), Lietuvių etnogenezė (Lithuanian Ethno-Genesis; Vilnius, 1987), The coins were photographed by Arūnas Baltėnas Designed by Liudas Parulskis Baltų menas. Art of the Balts (Vilnius, 2009). The publication uses photographs from the author’s personal archives and Vilnius University Library, Research in Baltic folklore and mythology began at the end of the 19th c.–early exhibits from the archives of the National Museum of Lithuania. Used on the cover is a fragment of the painting “K. Būga and J. Endzelīns in Riga“ by Šarūnas Milkevičius 20th c. (works by German J. Lautenbach, Finnish A. R. Niemi, J. Basanavičius and oth- ers), some work was done in the inter-war period (P. Šmits’ Latviešu mītoloģija [Latvian Published by the Bank of Lithuania, Gedimino pr. 6, LT-01103 Vilnius EXAMPLES OF CORDED Printed by UAB Lodvila, www.lodvila.lt Mythology], the works of J. Balys and others), but the most major works appeared WARE POTTERY in the second half of the 20th c.–early 21st c., e.g.: Apie dievus ir žmones (Of Gods FE MAP OF THE SPREAD OF BALTIC those who discovered them: August RD IN HYDRONYMS AND THE BALTIC A Leskien (German), Ferdinand de N TRIBES IN PREHISTORIC TIMES Saussure (Swiss; his works on D Baltic Studies D E Baltic studies were published S Baltic studies are a complex science involving A ER in Lithuanian in 2012), Filipp U ERG S NB comparative research of the spiritual and mate- Fedorovich Fortunatov S ZE U

Z rial culture of the Baltic nations. Depending (Russian), Jānis Endzelīns R

E E B T on which nation’s culture is studied, Baltic (Latvian) and others. R E B studies are divided into Lithuanian stud- L th A ies, Latvian studies, Old Prussian studies, In the rst half of the 20 c.,

D

A etc. By researched problem area, the Baltic linguistic studies thrived works of specialists in Baltic studies can in Germany, but there were emi- fall under linguistics, literature, folklore, nent researchers also in Finland, Hol- mythology, history, archaeology, an- land, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland KA ZIM thropology and so on. and elsewhere. In Lithuania and Latvia, I ER A Baltic studies centres were estab- S B German linguist, archaeologist and eth- lished with the founding of uni- Ū G nographer A. Bezzenberger (1851–1922), long- versities (in Riga in 1919 and in A T time professor at the University of Königsberg, is RSCHA Kaunas in 1922), the most fa- KU H considered the father of Baltic studies. The term mous researchers there being IC R D Balts (Baltic languages) was created and used J. Endzelīns and K. Būga. From IE R for the  rst time in 1845 by the German lin- th F the second half of the 20 c., guist G. H. F. Nesselmann, who was also Germany, Poland, Russia and a professor at the University of Königs- the Czech Republic were famous berg. for their strong Baltic studies cen- tres, while Baltic language researchers As a separate eld of Baltic studies, rose in other European countries as well as Baltic linguistics is the most well-formed in the USA and Japan. Abroad, such major, gen- JĀN and widely-known. There had been at- IS eralising works appeared as J. Endzelīns’ EN D tempts to compare Baltic languages in the Z Baltu valodu skaņas un formas E Renaissance, but research based on the his- L [Sounds and Forms of the Baltic ĪN torical comparative method was only begun in the S R Languages] and Latviešu valo- ICHE th LE mid-19 c. and over just a few decades it reached das gramatika [Grammar of the CH S a high scienti c level. The basis for Baltic lin- T Latvian Language], two etymo- S U guistics was set by F. Kurschat, a philologist G logical dictionaries of the Lithu- U from Lithuania Minor, in his work on Lith- A anian language (E. Fraenkel’s uanian language sounds and accent and W. Smoczyński’s), (1849; translated into Lithuanian and C. Stang’s Vergleichende Gram- published in 2013) and German lin- matik der baltischen Sprachen [Com- guist A. Schleicher’s grammar of the parative Grammar of the Baltic Lan- Lithuanian language (1856). At the guages], V. Toporov’s Прусский язык: Словарь th end of the 19 c. more signi cant works [Dictionary of the Prussian Language], BALTIC appeared, important sound laws of Baltic P. U. Dini’s Le lingue baltiche [Baltic Languages]. ANTHROPOLOGICAL languages were discovered and named after After World War II, in the  eld of Baltic linguis- TYPE