Biodiversity of Plants

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Plants are:  KINGDOM - Plantae  Multicellular  Usually autotrophic (make their own energy by photosynthesis)  Sexual and Asexual reproducers  Mostly terrestrial (land) and some aquatic (water)

Plants can be placed in 2 categories:

1. SEED PLANTS 2. NON SEED PLANTS

SEED PLANTS SEEDLESS PLANTS

GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS MOSSES FERNS  Produce enclosed (Bryophytes)  PRODUCE SEEDS SEEDS contained  NON SEED THAT ARE NOT in fruit  NON SEED PLANTS WITH A ENCLOSED  Vascular; PLANTS VASCULAR  Seeds that are  Reproduce using WITHOUT A SYSTEM exposed on the flowers, VASCULAR surface of cones;  called SYSTEM  Includes conifers FLOWERING  Dependent on such as pines, PLANTS diffusion and firs, spruce and  MOST osmosis for cedar trees ABUNDANT nutrients; PLANT ON  No roots; EARTH  Rhizoids (root- like structures)

MONOCOTS DICOTS

 Produce seeds in which  Produce seeds in which the embryo has only 1 the embryo has 2 cotyledon or seed leaf cotyledon or seed leaf (structure that helps  Examples: dandelions, nourish the plant) maple trees  Examples: corn, onions, orchids CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOCOTS AND DICOTS

PLANT TISSUES

There are 4 types of plant tissue: 1. Meristematic Tissue 2. Dermal Tissue 3. Ground Tissue 4. Vascular Tissue

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

 Cells divided by mitosis;  These cells differentiate into other plant cell types;

What type of animal cell is similar to plant Meristematic?

Describe the following Meristematic Tissues:

1. Apical Meristems

2. Lateral Meristems (Cambium)

3. Vascular Cambium DERMAL TISSUE

 Outermost cell layers  Function: o protection from cuts; o microorganism invasion; o water loss;  Examples o Leaves and stems may produce wax (prevent water loss) or fine hairs or painful irritants (to discourage herbivores) o Epidermal root tissues develop root hairs to increase water and nutrient absorption o Woody plants produce bark for further protection (bark consists of dead cells)

GROUND TISSUE

 All internal cells except vascular tissues  Function o Storage o Support o Photosynthesis  Examples o Fleshy portion of apples, pears, potatoes

Describe the following Ground Tissues:

1. Parenchyma Cells

2. Collenchyma Cells

3. Sclerenchyma Cells VASCULAR TISSUE

 For transport of substances in the plants

Describe the following Vascular Tissues: Xylem

Phloem

DIAGRAMS OF THE VASCULAR TISSUE ROOT AND SHOOT SYSTEM

FLOWERING PLANTS CONSIST OF 2 MAJOR REGIONS:

THE ROOT SYSTEM

 Usually below the ground  Function of roots:

 Edible roots include: o Carrots, radishes, sweet potatoes  2 forms: 1. Tap root o Large tapering main root o Example - carrot 2. Fibrous root o Many smaller roots of equal size that grow out of the bottom of the plant o Example – grass THE SHOOT SYSTEM  Usually found above the ground  Consists of stems, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits  Serves 4 functions o Photosynthesis o Transport of materials between leaves, flowers, fruit and roots o Reproduction o Production of some hormones ROOT GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION

Roots are commonly divided into 4 regions:

1. Root Cap

2. Zone of Cell Division: Apical Meristem  Found at the tips of roots and shoots  Responsible for primary growth (lengthening shoots and roots)

3. Zone of Elongation

4. Zone of Maturation Explain Root Pressure.

Explain the Cohesion-Tension Model

 Provide support for the above ground portion of the plant;  Connect roots with the remainder of the plant;  Store water and food;  Transportation system – xylem and phloem are located in the stems  Examples – potatoes

 2 types 1. Woody o Stems are hard and not easy to bend; strong o Composed of dead xylem tissue 2. Non-woody o Soft and bend easily; weak o Height limits

Vascular Cambium and Phloem Cells New Xylem matures into wood; Annual Ring is the amount of xylem produced in 1 year

Modified Stems: Describe with examples, the following types of stems

Bulbs:

Corms:

Rhizomes:

Runners / Stolons:

Tubers:

Tendrils:

Cladophylls:

LEAVES

 Green leaves (chlorophyll) are the site of photosynthesis Veins

Internode

Petiole

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND LEAVES

Simple Leaf – continuous undivided blade Compound Leaf – leaf that is divided into 2 or more leaflet

LEAF STRUCTURE Epidermal Cells

Palisade Mesophyll Layer

Spongy Mesophyll Layer

What is Transpiration?

Guard Cells What are guard cells?

SEEDS AND FRUIT Most of the species we eat are angiosperms. Most commonly the seeds and fruit are used to feed the 7 billion (+) people on the planet.

The worlds’ 3 most important crops are:

 Other important crops are soybeans or other beans.  The edible portion of these crops are the ______ The seeds of these plants are high in protein, carbohydrates and fibre.  What is pectin?

FRUIT  Structure that develops in the ______of a pollinated angiosperm  Fruits help the plant spread its ______o Maple keys, dandelion fluff are examples of fruits with a form that helps them spread o Consumed in animals and pass through the digestive tract unharmed and are deposited in another location  Many vegetables are actually fruits – cucumbers, pumpkin, tomatoes, zucchini, squash  Other common fruits include bananas, mangoes, apples

POLLINATION  Process by which pollen is moved from the anther (portion of male reproductive structure – STAMEN) to the female egg cells and fertilizes these cells.  Some plants can fertilize themselves and others need pollen from a different plant.  Some plants even have separate male plants and female plants.  The pollen is able to travel between plants in many different ways, wind, animals, birds, and insects (BEES).  Once the eggs are fertilized they become ______ The petals fall and in some species the ovary develops into the ______,

STAMEN: PISTAL:

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS

Label and describe the various parts associated with Flower Anatomy OVERVIEW OF PLANT STRUCTURE

Briefly describe Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms:

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Describe the following methods of asexual reproduction

NATURAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION 1. RUNNERS OR STOLONS

2. RHIZOMES

3. SUCKERS

ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION

1. DIVIDING / SPLITTING

2. GRAFTING

3. STEM CUTTING

4. LEAF CUTTING

CONTROL OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT  Plant development involves growth (increase in the number and size of cells) and differentiation (change in the form or function of the cells)

INTERNAL FACTORS

PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR (PLANT HORMONES)  Chemical produced by plant cells that regulates growth and development  5 common plant hormones (Describe them):

1. AUXINS

2. GIBBERELLINS

3. CYTOKININS

4. ABSCISIC ACID

5. ETHYLENE

EXTERNAL FACTORS  Plants must be able to respond to external factors such as temperature, the amount of light and amount of moisture  Changes in these factors may result in changes in the amounts of plant growth regulators  There are 2 examples of environmental responses: 1. TROPISM 2. PHOTOPERIODISM

TROPISM  Changes in growth pattern or movement in response to directional environmental stimuli o Thigmotropism

o Phototropism

o Gravitropism

PHOTOPERIODISM

PEST CONTROL  ALWAYS COMPETITION AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF PLANTS  Host of Fungi, insects and other organisms feed on and in plants  Look for ways to eliminate or control these competitors;  Effective pest control is required

PESTICIDES  A chemical used to kill pests o Insecticides – o Fungicides – o Herbicides –  Broad Spectrum Pesticides o Kills a large variety of species  Selective Pesticides o Kills only limited or specific species

PESTICIDE SAFETY  Pesticides are regulated to protect human health and natural environments  Legislation governs the sale, use and storage of pesticides;  Risks on human health have led to the elimination of a number of pesticides

BIOACCUMULATION

 PROCESS BY WHICH THE CONCENTRATION OF A COMPOUND INCREASES THROUGH THE FOOD CHAIN  THE CHEMICALS DO NOT BREAK DOWN SO THEY PERSIST IN THE ENVIRONMENT

WHY DO HUMANS GROW PLANTS? 1. FOOD  corn, tomatoes  grains – corn, rice, beans  herbs – basil, oregano

2. MEDICINE  Codeine o analgesic (pain killer) o made from the plant Papaver somniferum

3. PULP AND PAPER  937 tons of paper is used each day (not including food products such as wrappers)

4. FUEL  Source of heat in wood burning stoves, fireplaces

5. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS  Wood is the most common building material – Homes, furniture, etc.

6. CLOTHING  Fibres / Fabric – cotton, rayon

7. DECORATION  Annuals - Live only for 1 growing period  Biennials - Live for 2 growing periods  Perennial- Long living, live for a number of growing period

WORKING WITH PLANTS Plants are an important part of our lives. There are many careers associated with the growing and caring of plants.

Arboriculture  The cultivation of trees and shrubs  Arborists – people who work with Arboriculture

Forestry Technology  One of Canada’s largest industries  Measure forest resources  Forest fires, Firefighting methods, Prescribed burns

Horticulture  The science and art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants  Work in nurseries, greenhouses, garden centres, landscaping firms

Hydroponics

Turf Management  Growing and maintaining lawns  Golf courses, sports fields, public parks, private residences